Publications

community based vector control in malindi, kenya.	community involvement has become an important component of the national malaria control strategy in kenya, resulting in the organization of groups charged with addressing mosquito and malaria-related concerns within the community.	0	17604514
cumulative mortality of aedes aegypti larvae treated with compounds.	objective to evaluate the larvicidal activity of azadirachta indica, melaleuca alternifolia, carapa guianensis essential oils and fermented extract of carica papaya against aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) (diptera: culicidae). methods the larvicide test was performed in triplicate with 300 larvae for each experimental group using the third larval stage, which were exposed for 24h. the groups were: positive control with industrial larvicide (bti) in concentrations of 0.37 ppm (pc1) and 0.06 ppm (p ...	0	25119939
aqueous neem extract versus neem powder on culex quinquefasciatus: implications for control in anthropogenic habitats.	control programs using conventional insecticides to target anthropogenic mosquito habitats are very expensive because these habitats are widespread, particularly in cities of most african countries. additionally, there are serious environmental concerns regarding large-scale application of most conventional insecticides. clearly there is a need for alternative methods that are more effective, less expensive, and environmentally friendly. one such method would be the application of preparations m ...	0	22233153
the basil and the neem.		1903	20760787
structure of the neem (azadirachta indica) gum.		1951	14849163
pharmacological studies on melia azadirachta [n. o. meliaceae]. ii. estrogenic and antipyretic activity of neem oil & its fractions.		1958	13586930
studies on plant gums: i--identification of nitrogenous compounds in neem (azadirachta indica) gum and isolation of d-glucosamine.		1967	4233809
study of antiviral activity of tender leaves of margosa tree (melia azadericta) on vaccinia and variola virus: a preliminary report.		1969	4309947
the proteinaceous, gum polysaccharide from azadirachta indica a. juss.		1971	5152099
[influence of neem tree extracts on inflammatory changes of the gingiva].		1971	5292567
studies on plant gums. ii. separation of protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich components of neem (azadirachta indica) gum.		1973	4792919
chemical compounds from azadirachta indica as inhibitors of potato virus x.		1974	4829363
proceedings: pharmacological studies on the leaves of azadirachta indica.		1974	4156703
[margosa bark extract for inflammatory mucous membrane diseases].		1976	1077013
suspected contaminated margosa oil poisoning.		1978	750889
cardiovascular effects of azadirachta indica extract.	a crude extract of the leaves of azadirachta indica was studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits. these effects include profound hypotension and a minimal negative chronotropic effect, which increased at higher doses. in one rabbit, 200 mg of extract/kg decreased the heart rate from 280 to 150 beats/min. the extract also exhibited a weak antiarrhythmic activity in rabbits against ouabain-induced dysrhythmia.	1978	702308
studies on plant gums: part iii--isolation & characterization of a glycopeptide from neem (azadirachta indica) gum after pronase digestion.		1978	753744
studies on the composition of milk with the use of neem seed expeller cake (az adirachta indica) on lactating buffaloes.		1979	573242
male antifertility activity of azadirachta indica in mice.		1980	7205685
studies on plant gums: part viii--isolation & characterization of a high molecular weight glycoprotein from neem (azadirachta indica) gum.		1981	7309097
margosa oil poisoning as a cause of reye's syndrome.	vomiting, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, and encephalopathy developed in thirteen infants within hours of ingestion of margosa oil. liver biopsy of one infant and necropsy examination of icr strain mice after experimentally induced margosa-oil poisoning demonstrated pronounced fatty infiltration of the liver and proximal renal tubules as well as cerebral oedema. electron microscopy demonstrated mitochondrial damage. these findings indicate that margosa oil may be ...	1981	6110100
margosa oil poisoning in india and malaysia.		1981	7330956
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of azadirachta indica.		1981	6972048
reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: report of a case with postmortem findings.		1982	7081175
inhibition of oviposition by volatiles of certain plants and chemicals in the leafhopperamrasca devastons (distant).	oviposition by the leafhopperamrasca devastans (distant) on its susceptible host plant, cotton (gossypium hirsutum var. ps-10), was inhibited by the volatiles of certain plants and by the vapors of some chemicals occurring in various plants when these were presented at a distance from the ovipositional substrate. the effectiveness of the volatiles of the plants for inhibiting the oviposition decreased in the order: eucalyptus > coriander=castor=tomato > lime,ocimum being without effect. among th ...	1982	24414944
current status of plant products reported to inhibit sperm.	this report reviews research on plant-derived agents that prevent sperm production if taken orally by the male or that incapacitate or kill sperm on contact if used vaginally by the female. it would be of great value to develop fertility inhibitors that are totally selective for reproductive systems and enzymes, and there is a possibility that a plant-derived drug may have this effect. plants that have been studied for their fertility inhibiting effects in the male include: aristolochia indica l ...	1982	12179631
mutagenicity testing of two tropical plant materials with pesticidal potential in salmonella typhimurium: phytolacca dodecandra berries and oil from seeds of azadirachta indica.	in this study the mutagenic potential of two tropical plant materials was investigated in salmonella typhimurium strains ta98 and ta100. the oil extract from seeds of azadirachta indica showed no mutagenic activity in either strain with or without addition of metabolizing systems. when extracts of phytolacca dodecandra berries were tested, only the butanol extract caused direct mutagenicity in ta98. after addition of rat liver homogenate, again only the butanol extract was positive in ta98. addi ...	1983	6352253
the mutagenicities of seven coumarin derivatives and a furan derivative (nimbolide) isolated from three medicinal plants.	seven coumarin derivatives (imperatorin, heraclenin, xanthotoxin, marmesin, chelepin, oxypeucedanin, esculin) and a furan derivative (nimbolide) were screened on 6 ames tester strains (ta92, ta94, ta97, ta98, ta100, ta102). the eight compounds are chemicals isolated from three nigerian medicinal plants: afraegle paniculata, clausena anisata, and azadirachta indica. different preparations of the former are taken by nigerians for gut disturbances, and a concoction of the latter called "agbo" is ta ...	1984	6387161
anti-implantation effect of neem oil.		1984	6532974
neem oil as a vaginal contraceptive.		1984	6724648
some pharmacological actions of 'nimbidin'- a bitter principle of azadirachta indica-a juss (neem).	nimbidin the major bitter principle from oil of seeds of azadirachta indica a. juss was investigated for various pharmacological actions in a number animal models. on central nervous system it exhibited moderate sedative effect it did not show any significant cardiovascular effects in experimental animals. autonomic pharmacological studies (in-vitro) revealed pronounced anticholinergic antihistaminic (h1-receptor), anti 5 ht and antinicotinic activities. but in-vivo tests did not show any antich ...	1984	22557456
ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning.		1984	6501205
studies in the chemical constituents of azadirachta indica part ii: isolation and structure of the new triterpenoid azadirachtol.	a new triterpenoid named azadirachtol ( 1) has been isolated from the fruits of azadirachta indica juss. (neem) of which the structure is reported on the basis of chemical and spectral data. azadirachtol appears to be the first apo-tirucallol (apo-euphol) derivative possessing an eight carbons side-chain with an oxygenated ring system isolated from neem. moreover, it is the first instance of the isolation of an 11-hydroxy triterpenoid from any of the various parts of neem.	1985	17345262
effect of nimbidin on gastric acid secretion.	nimbidin, the crude bitter compound from neem has been investigated for its gastric anti secretory activity in rats and cats. it exhibited significant anti - secretory activity in pylorus ligated rats and cats. in lumen - perfused rats it suppressed the basal as well as histamine and carbachol stimulated gastric acid output at 40 mg/kg (i.v). however it had no effect on asa - induced back - diffusion of h+ ions. this anti secretory activity of nimbidin was found to be similar to that of h2 - rec ...	1985	22557506
nimbolide, a constituent of azadirachta indica, inhibits plasmodium falciparum in culture.	the terpenoid lactone nimbolide, the structure of which has been unambiguously established, was found to inhibit plasmodium falciparum in culture with a moderate potency. the ec50 against the parasite line k1 from thailand was approximately 2.0 microm (0.95 microgram/ml). the ec50 of crude aqueous extract of azadirachta indica var. siamensis (sadao tree), was 115 micrograms/ml, and of crude ethanol extract was 5.0 micrograms/ml. since nimbolide is a major constituent in these extracts, it could ...	1985	3895455
investigation of an animal model of a reye-like syndrome caused by margosa oil.	following reports of a reye-like syndrome in children resulting from margosa oil (mo) ingestion, we administered mo to laboratory rats in an attempt to produce an animal model of reye's syndrome. male rats were injected intraperitoneally with either mo or corn oil and observed for clinical signs of a toxic response. after 15 h the animals were administered a second dose and the mo-treated animals developed florid neurological symptoms. the animals were then sacrificed and blood samples were anal ...	1985	4080457
effect of azadirachta indica on plasmodium berghei berghei in mice.	azadirachta indica leaf extract has been investigated for antimalarial activity against drug sensitive strain of p. berghei berghei in mice. on administering the extract subcutaneously to infected mice in the "4-day schizontocidal test' 41.2% suppression of parasitaemia was observed. a similar observation was made when the extract was injected for 3 days before the animals were infected with the parasites, 21.7% chemosuppression was obtained. when treatment commenced after the infection had alre ...	1985	2994439
biochemical mechanism of the antimalarial activity of azadirachta indica leaf extract.	the antimalarial herb, azadirachta indica, acts by redox perturbation in the form of the imposition of substantial oxidant stress during malarial infection. the aqueous leaf extract substantially inhibited nadph cytochrome c(p-450) reductase activity in rats with a significant increase in the microsomal protein. the aniline hydroxylase activity and the phenobarbitone metabolism were also enhanced. the flavonoids quercetin-3-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) were isolated as the major ...	1986	3081917
in vitro antibacterial activity of neem oil.		1986	3102364
screening azadirachta indica and pisum sativum for possible antimalarial activities.	solvent-free extracts obtained from the leaves of azadirachta indica and pisum sativum were screened for antimalarial action using plasmodium berghei in mice. four days of oral dosing with 500 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg of the methanol extract of a. indica showed a parasite suppression which was statistically significant although all test animals died after 5 days, just 1 day longer than the untreated control group. a 50 mg/kg oral dose of the aqueous extract of p. sativum was found to have significant ...	1986	3531729
antifertility effect of neem oil in female albino rats by the intravaginal & oral routes.		1986	3699874
ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest due to neem leaf poisoning.		1986	3759898
effect of neem seed oil on the blood glucose concentration of normal and alloxan diabetic rats.		1986	3762197
assessment of oestrogenecity of neem leaf extract in rats.		1986	3818029
ethnopharmacological study of azadirachta indica. a conceptual evaluation.		1986	17345518
immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of azadirachta indica.		1986	17345390
'antiandrogenic properties of neem seed oil (azadirachta indica) in male rat and rabbi'.	azadirachta indica (neem) seed oil brings about a significant diminution in spermatozoan motility and density. it leads to reduction of fertility rate in rats and rabbits. the body weight of the animals remain unaffected but the weights of reproductive oranges declined. reduction of cauda epididymal protein, sialic acid, acid phosphatase and seminal vesicular fructose concentration in rats and rabbits could bedue to antiandrogenic action of the seed oil as confirmed with the help of bioassay tec ...	1987	22557585
the toxicity of azadirachta indica leaves in goats and guinea pigs.	the effects produced by the administration of aqueous suspensions of the green or dried leaves of azadirachta indica, a common tropical plant, were investigated in goats and guinea pigs. at doses of 50 or 200 mg/kg given orally over a period of up to eight weeks, the plant produced a progressive decrease in body weight, weakness, inappetence, and loss of condition. there were also decreases in heart, pulse and respiratory rates. diarrhea was observed in animals given the fresh leaves. in goats, ...	1987	3824869
inhibition of mitochondrial functions by margosa oil: possible implications in the pathogenesis of reye's syndrome.	margosa oil (mo), a fatty acid-rich extract of the seeds of the neem tree and a reported cause of reye's syndrome, has been used in the induction of an experimental model of reye's syndrome in rats. it has been reported that mo causes a decrease in in vivo mitochondrial enzyme activity similar to that seen in reye's syndrome. we have attempted to uncover some of the biochemical mechanisms of mo's toxicity by examining its effect in vitro on isolated rat liver mitochondria. male rat liver mitocho ...	1987	3658544
immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous extract of azadirachta indica stem bark.	the interference of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of azadirachta indica with different parts of the human immune system was investigated. the extract showed strong anticomplementary effects which were dose-and time-dependent and most pronounced in the classical complement pathway assay. moreover, a dose-dependent decrease in the chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed and a dose-dependent increase in the production of migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes.	1987	3302545
mutagenicity tests of cashewnut shell liquid, rice-bran oil and other vegetable oils using the salmonella typhimurium/microsome system.	in view of the shortage of edible oils in india, nutritional and toxicological evaluations have been carried out on some unconventional oils to determine whether they might be safe for human consumption. as part of these evaluations, eight unconventional oils were tested by the ames mutagenicity assay, using salmonella typhimurium strains ta98 and ta100 with and without metabolic activation with s-9 mix prepared from the livers of rats pretreated with sodium phenobarbitone or aroclor 1254. of th ...	1987	3315902
in vitro antimalarial activity of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf and seed extracts.		1987	3330711
extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: effects onspodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith),acalymma vittatum (f.), andartemia salina leach.	hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. the extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith)] (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [acalymma vittatum (f.)] (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adults. toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,anemia salina leach. feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some ...	1987	24301362
[experimental study of the effect of raw materials of the neem tree and neem extracts on dermatophytes, yeasts and molds].	in traditional indian medicine, various parts of the neem tree have been used for centuries, especially with skin diseases. these products are often applied in human mycoses. we tested some dried neem materials, neem oils as well as simple neem preparations and extracts with regard to their effect on 14 of the most common pathogenic fungi. neither the dried neem materials nor the medical preparations and oils had any effect on fungal growth; most of them were even contaminated with molds. some o ...	1988	3407264
acute toxicity study of the oil from azadirachta indica seed (neem oil).	the seed oil of azadirachta indica (neem oil) is well known for its medicinal properties in the indigenous indian system of medicine. its acute toxicity was documented in rats and rabbits by the oral route. dose-related pharmacotoxic symptoms were noted along with a number of biochemical and histopathological indices of toxicity. the 24-h ld50 was established as 14 ml/kg in rats and 24 ml/kg in rabbits. prior to death, animals of both species exhibited comparable pharmacotoxic symptoms in order ...	1988	3419203
non-hormonal post-coital contraceptive action of neem oil in rats.	neem oil, a natural product of azadirachta indica was investigated for various hormonal properties in relation to its post-coital contraceptive action. at subcutaneous doses up to 0.3 ml/rat, neem oil did not possess any estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or progestational activity and appeared not to interfere with the action of progesterone. these findings were confirmed using the histo-architecture of the uterus of treated rats. since the post-coital contraceptive effect of neem oil seems to be non- ...	1988	3419204
folklore therapeutic indigenous plants in periodontal disorders in india (review, experimental and clinical approach).	though a number of plants and their parts are used for dental ailments among population in rural and urban areas of developing countries, in india however, the most common house-hold, road-side plants are mango (mangifera indica), neem (azadirachta indica; melia azadirachta), ocimum (ocimum basilicum), tea-dust (camellia sinensis) and uncommonly murayya, i.e., currey leaf (murayya koenigi) [chopra et al. 1958, kirtikar and basu 1935, nadakarni 1954, satyavati 1984]. the leaves of these plants ar ...	1988	3042642
mechanism of antifertility action of neem oil.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether the antifertility effect of the antiestrogenic substance neem oil, extracted from the seeds of azadirachta indica, acts directly on the uterus or through absorption from the vaginal epithelium into the general circulation. in 4 groups of rats the left uterine horn was ligated 2 days after coitus. rats in group a were used as controls. in group b 25 mcl neem oil was administered intravaginally on days 2-4 with the animals in head down position ...	1988	3225018
effects of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids on mitochondrial function and structure: pathogenetic implications for reye's syndrome.	linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a constituent of margosa oil which has been implicated as a cause of reye's syndrome (rs) in infants. increased concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been found in sera from patients with rs. isolated rat liver mitochondria exposed to the peroxidized (but not unperoxidized) methyl esters of linoleic (c18:2) or linolenic (c18:3) acids showed decreases in state 3 and uncoupled respiratory rates and in respiratory control and adp/o ratios ...	1988	2900617
evaluation of four azadirachtin rich fractions from neem, azadirachta indica a. juss (family: meliaceae) as mosquito larvicides.		1988	2908329
non-terpenoidal constituents from azadirachta indica.	studies on the acidic fraction of the fresh, uncrushed twigs of azadirachta indica juss (meliaceae) (neem) have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of one new and three unreported isocoumarins along with two unreported coumarins. the petroleum ether extract of the fresh leaves yielded a hydrocarbon fraction, the gc-ms of which led to the identification of eight saturated hydrocarbons. fatty acid compositions of leaves, twigs, and fruits of neem have also been determined.	1988	17265315
effect of meliaceous seed extracts on growth and survival ofspodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith).	hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 10 plant species (including neem-azadirachta indica a. juss.) of the family meliaceae were incorporated into artificial diet at various doses and fed to fall armyworm [spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae)] larvae in nochoice tests. all produced significant mortality, reduced larval growth rate, increased time to pupation, or all three, at some concentration. the two highest doses of all of the ethanol extracts caused 100% mortalit ...	1989	24271431
animal model of margosa oil ingestion with reye-like syndrome. pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver.	the aetiology and pathogenesis of reye's syndrome (rs) are incompletely understood. a number of environmental toxins and biological agents, including viruses, have been postulated to cause rs, either acting alone or synergistically. most investigations have suggested that the primary insult is in the liver mitochondria, leading to a complex biochemical catastrophe, with death from encephalopathy. margosa oil (mo), a long-chain fatty acid compound, has been shown to cause a reye-like syndrome wit ...	1989	2593049
effects of drugs and fatty acids related to reye syndrome on brain water content in rats.	brain water content was measured by gas-chromatography in rats following intraperitoneal injection of drugs and fatty acids related to the etiology of reye syndrome. a statistically significant increase in brain water content was observed following injection of 5% glucose solution, valproic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, calcium hopantenate, margosa oil, 4-pentenoic acid, linolenate and arachidonate. seizures occurred in all animals given valproic acid, margosa oil and 4-pentenoic acid, and in 25% ...	1989	2516690
azadirachtin as a larvicide against the horn fly, stable fly, and house fly (diptera: muscidae).	effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem seed, azadirachta indica a. juss., were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the born fly, haematobia irritans (l.), the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), and the house fly, musca domestica l. when an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, lc50 and lc90's for larval horn flies were 0.096 and 0.133 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. an emulsifiable concentrate (ec) had an lc5 ...	1989	2600264
spectroscopic and biological investigation of nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide from azadirachta indica.	the reisolation of nimbolide [1] from azadirachta indica of tanzanian origin and the isolation and structure elucidation of a new limonoid, 28-deoxonimbolide [2], from the same plant source are reported. for the first time, unambiguous 1h- and 13c-nmr assignments of compounds 1 and 2 are presented, as well as their in vitro cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines.	1989	2614419
characterization of anti-complement compounds from azadirachta indica.	the crude aqueous extract of azadirachta indica bark possesses an inhibitory activity on both classical (cp) and alternative pathway (ap) activation of human complement. purification of the compounds with the guidance of the ap-inhibitory activity involved extraction with methanol, dialysis, ion-exchange procedures and gel-permeation chromatography. this sequence yielded two polymers, nb-i and nb-ii, one a highly active compound with a relatively low molecular weight (nb-ii) and the other a less ...	1989	2615417
[anti-infective phytotherapies of the tree-savannah, senegal (occidental africa). iii: a review of phytochemical substances and the antimicrobial activity of 43 species].	a review has been made of the ethnobotanical and pharmacological data of 43 medicinal plants of the tree-savannah used by the diola against infectious diseases. the traditional use of ten plants can be explained by pharmacologically active principles: adansonia digitata, azadirachta indica, carica papaya, cassia tora, fagara leprieurii, guiera senegalensis, khaya senegalensis, mangifera indica, psidium guajava and voacanga africana. four of these herbs are recommended for use in primary health c ...	1989	2664354
an ethnopharmacognostic approach to the search for immunomodulators of plant origin.	the search for immunomodulating plant constituents through basic and field inquiries into the literature and practices of traditional indian medicine is treated. the strategy of data collecting proceeds through aspects of an ethnobotanical, an ethnopharmaceutical, an ethnopharmacological, and an ethnomedical nature. in the experimental immunopharmacognostic phase, immunomodulatory compounds are isolated and purified through action-guided fractionation procedures. the results described here refer ...	1989	2682699
studies on in vitro degradation and in vivo digestion of a slow ammonia releasing urea product.	a slow ammonia releasing urea product (uromalt) has been produced by autoclaving and drying of germinated barley and urea. in vitro degradability of nitrogen (ivdn, raab et al., 1983) was in average 62 +/- 9% in 4 hours, compared to 76 +/- 8% with an autoclaved and dried mixture of urea and not-germinated barley. mixtures of urea with leucaena l. or azadarichta indica (neem cake) showed degradabilities of about 80 and 93%, respectively, when dried at 39 degrees c, but of 65% when dried at 100 de ...	1989	2735818
biochemical and histological studies of reproductive organs in cyclic and ovariectomized rats supporting a non-hormonal action for neem oil.	subcutaneous administration of neem oil to cyclic rats caused significant damage to the luminal epithelium of the uterus and to the uterine glands. it also decreased glycogen and total protein contents in the ovary and uterus, while the activity of acid phosphatase in these organs was increased significantly. studies in ovariectomized rats revealed that the administration of neem oil decreased protein and glycogen content and increased acid phosphatase activity in the uterus whereas its conjoint ...	1989	2747262
antifertility effects of neem (azadirachta indica) oil by single intrauterine administration: a novel method for contraception.	a novel use of neem (azadirachta indica) oil, a traditional plant product, for long-term and reversible blocking of fertility after a single intrauterine application is described. female wistar rats of proven fertility were given a single dose (100 microliters) of neem oil by intrauterine route; control animals received the same volume of peanut oil. whereas all control animals became pregnant and delivered normal litters, the rats treated with neem oil remained infertile for variable periods ra ...	1990	1983033
antifertility effects of leaf extracts of some plants in male rats.	ethanolic leaf extracts of different local folklore plants (azadirachta indica, beaumontia grandiflora, chordia dichotoma, casiarea tomentosa, diospyros embryopteris, milletia auriculata and melia azedarach) were investigated for antifertility effects on male rats in oral doses of 100 mg/kg daily for 21 days. though, none of these extracts interfered with spermatogenesis, anti-implantational and abortifacient effects were observed in females mated by the males fed with leaf extracts of a. indica ...	1990	2253961
volatile fraction of neem oil as a spermicide.	the volatile, odorous fraction of neem oil coded as nim-76 obtained by steam distillation was investigated for in vitro spermicidal activity. the data showed that the minimum concentration which inhibited spermatozoal motility was 0.25 mg/ml for rat and 25 mg/ml for human spermatozoa. the effect of the drug on spermatozoal motility was found to be dose-dependent. the activity of this drug was not altered in the presence of vaginal or cervical mucus. intra-vaginal application of nim-76 in rabbits ...	1990	2257744
plant products as protective agents against cancer.	out of various spices and leafy vegetables screened for their influence on the carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme, glutathione-s-transferase (gst) in swiss mice, cumin seeds, poppy seeds, asafoetida, turmeric, kandathipili, neem flowers, manathakkali leaves, drumstick leaves, basil leaves and ponnakanni leaves increased gst activity by more than 78% in the stomach, liver and oesophagus, - high enough to be considered as protective agents against carcinogenesis. glutathione levels were also significan ...	1990	2283166
evaluation of the possible role of glucose, carnitine, coenzyme q10 and steroids in the treatment of reye's syndrome using the margosa oil animal model.	glucose and steroids have been used in the treatment of children with reye's syndrome, while carnitine and coenzyme q10 have been the subject of some recent studies which suggest that these agents may have a role in the treatment of reye's syndrome and reye-like syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning. because of the paucity of causes of reye's syndrome seen at any one centre, the clinical variability of the disease, and limited knowledge of definite aetiologic factors, controlled clinical trials ...	1990	2288230
ritual hot baths (wankan-jego) in zaria, nigeria.	among the hausa-fulani women of zaria, nigeria, "cold" or "sanyi" is thought to be a common cause of illnesses, and especially edema (swelling) during pregnancy. the traditional treatment for these illnesses is a hot bath. the new mother or mother-to-be sleeps in an overheated room and must take baths in very hot water, called "wankan- jego," to keep out the cold. the birth attendant uses a bundle of leafy twigs from tamarind or neem trees to splash hot water over the women's body. this spla ...	1990	12157981
effect of azadirachtin on mesocyclops leuckarti sensu lato, vector of dracunculiasis.	extension or otherwise of characteristic insect development inhibitory effects of the neem sesquiterpenoid azadirachtin have been examined on eggs and nauplii of the crustacean cyclops, m. leuckarti sensu lato, a major vector of guineaworm disease at 0.1 ppm and above doses. azadirachtin reduced survival of early nauplii (n1 to n3) at 0.1 ppm and above doses. no such effect was observed when eggs and late nauplii (n4 to n5) were exposed. azadirachtin did not affect the moult cycle when late naup ...	1990	2151143
margosa oil poisoning as a cause of toxic encephalopathy.	margosa oil is an extract of the seed of the neem tree and is widely used as a traditional medicine by indians in india, sri lanka, burma, thailand, malaysia and indonesia. used mainly for external applications, it is often administered orally to neonates and infants regularly in small amounts. margosa oil causes toxic encephalopathy particularly in infants and young children. the usual features are vomiting, drowsiness, tachypnea and recurrent generalised seizures. leucocytosis and metabolic ac ...	1990	2259944
tricyclic diterpenes from the stem bark of azadirachta indica.	two new diterpenoids, margosone and margosolone, have been isolated from the stem bark of azadirachta indica a. juss (neem) and their structures established as 12,13-dihydroxy-14-isoporpylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one, respectively, through chemical and spectroscopic studies.	1990	17221373
synthesis of antifeedants for insects: novel behaviour-modifying chemicals from plants.	the need to protect our food supply from predatory insect attack using more ecologically acceptable methods has led to a rapidly growing interest in behavior-modifying chemicals from natural sources. compounds which deter insects from feeding (antifeedants) are attracting special attention owing to their potential use in integrated pest control management systems. we have been studying the synthesis of plant-derived compounds that display antifeedant properties. the aim of the work is to underst ...	1990	2086043
postembryonic development and reproduction incorcyra cephalonica (stainton) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) on exposure to eucalyptus and neem oil volatiles.	postembryonic development and adult emergence ofcorcyra cephalonica (stainton) were adversely affected in varying degrees when individuals were reared for the first 2 weeks of larval life or for a similar duration from the sixteenth day of their lives in an environment of eucalyptus oil volatiles. this was, however, not so in the progeny of parents exposed to these volatiles for only 5 min. exposure of this pest to neem oil volatiles during larval stages for similar periods failed to produce suc ...	1991	24258647
ethnopharmacognostical survey of azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae).	literature data on respectively botany, chemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacology and toxicology of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) are reviewed and evaluated. in traditional literature, preparations of the tree are claimed to be vulnerable in wide spectrum of diseases. especially for inflammation-related diseases a good correlation is found with the results of recent experimental investigations. in addition, a variety of other biological activities are reported. most frequently the eff ...	1991	1753794
hypoglycemic effect or neem bark and flower on streptozotocin - induced diabetes in mice.	three to six hours after the administration of extracts of neem bark or flower, the blood glucose levels of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice dropped significantly. however, neem flower possesses stronger hypoglycemic activity than the bark. hypoglycemic action of these extracts may be due to their metabolic effect on tissue and or due to increase in insulin secretion.	1991	22556555
toxicity of crude neem extracts (n-4) and (n-9) against late 2nd instar larvae of musca domestica l. (pcsir strain).	the ld50 of crude neem extract (n-4) and (n-9) was found to be 4.80% and 0.47%, respectively. the range of mortality was found to be increasing (at 95% confidence limit) with increase in concentration of solution.	1991	16414685
antifertility activity of volatile fraction of neem oil.	nim-76, the odorous and volatile fraction of neem oil, was investigated for its antifertility activity in vivo in rats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. the drug is effective when applied before coitus but not so when applied during post-coital stages. it, therefore, appears to act mainly by its spermicidal effect. no alteration in the estradiol (e2) and progesterone (p) values was observed after the application of the drug in monkeys.	1991	1764946
neem oil--a fertility controlling agent in rhesus monkey.	neem oil, an oil extracted from the seeds of azadirachta indica has been found to act as a good spermicidal agent. pre and post coital application of the oil intravaginally prevented pregnancy in rhesus monkey.	1991	1812107
effects of azadirachtin in rhodnius prolixus: data and hypotheses.	the effects of azadirachtin a, a tetranortriterpenoid from the neem tree azadirachta indica j., on both development and interaction between trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, and its vector rhodnius prolixus were studied. given through a blood meal, a dose-response relationship of azadirachtin was established using antifeedant effect and ecdysis inhibition as effective parameters. a single dose of azadirachtin a was able to block the onset of mitosis in the epidermis and ...	1991	1841982
barrier contraceptives, spermicides, and periodic abstinence.	although barrier contraceptives were among the first methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy ever described for human use, with the advent of the non-coitally related oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices, they gradually fell into relative disuse. however, for a variety of reasons, this is no longer the case. there is a renewed interest in these techniques both as a major form of birth control and also as our best protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, many ...	1991	1878503
activity-guided isolation and identification of azadirachta indica bark extract constituents which specifically inhibit chemiluminescence production by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.	the a. indica crude aqueous bark extract inhibits the generation of chemiluminescence by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn). guided by this activity the responsible compounds were purified by extraction with different organic solvents and hplc. gallic acid, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin, and (as a 2:1 mixture) (+)-catechin and epigallocatechin were isolated and identified by means of hplc, tlc, ms, 1h-nmr, uv, and cd data. commercial samples of gallic acid, (+)-catechin and ...	1991	2062961
toxicity and igr effect of two new neem products against aedes aegypti (pcsir strain).	crude extract and isolated compounds from neem, azadirachta indica and melia azedarach (meliaceae) are being tested in various countries. the present study deals with the effect of two new compounds and their parent fraction from the fresh winter neem leaves, isolated by siddiqui et. al., 1986. the lc50 of nfd is 0.58 ppm, nimocinolide 0.625 ppm and isonimocinolide 0.47 ppm. abnormal larvae, pupae and intermediates were also found.	1991	16414684
mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme of a filarial worm setaria digitata: some properties and effects of drugs and herbal extracts.	mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mmdh) and malic enzyme (mme) of a filarial worm setaria digitata were studied. mmdh exhibited the highest activities in the oxidation and reduction reactions at ph 9.5 and ph 6.2, respectively, while mme did so in the malate decarboxylation reaction at ph 6.8. mme showed no detectable activity on the pyruvate carboxylation direction. the km values for malate (1.7 mm) and oxaloacetate (0.17 mm) and the ratio of vmax oxidation: vmax reduction (2.73) tend to favo ...	1992	1291764
effects of azadirachta indica a juss on some biochemical, immunological and visceral parameters in normal and stressed rats.	effects of a. indica (ai) were evaluated on some biochemical, immunological and visceral parameters in normal and stress rats. ai (100 mg/kg) lowered blood glucose, triglyceride and sgot levels in normal rats, and attenuated stress-induced elevations of cholesterol and urea levels. in rats immunized with srbc, ai enhanced the humoral antibody response to the antigen. further, ai facilitated the footpad thickness response to srbc in sensitized mice and also enhanced leucocyte migration in immuniz ...	1992	1294481
"antimalarial" medicinal plants and their impact on cell populations in various organs of mice.	we have investigated the effects of leaf and bark decoctions of ocimum gratissimum, azadirachta indica, morinda lucida and enantia chlorantha on (a) the course of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis malaria (b) reticulocyte and haematocrit values and (c) nucleated cell numbers in the spleen, bone marrow, peritoneum, liver and peripheral blood of swiss albino mice. results obtained showed that normal mice infected with the parasite (10(4)/mouse) suffered fulminant parasitaemia which resulted in death, ...	1992	1308080
effects of azadirachtin on rhodnius prolixus: immunity and trypanosoma interaction.	the effects of azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid from the neem tree azadirachta indica j., on both immunity and trypanosoma cruzi interaction within rhodnius prolixus and other triatomines, were presented. given through a blood meal, azadirachtin affected the immune reactivity as shown by a significant reduction in numbers of hemocytes and consequently nodule formation following challenge with enterobacter cloacae beta 12, reduction in ability to produce antibacterial activities in the hemoly ...	1992	1342719
hepatoprotective activity of azadirachta indica leaves on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats.	effect of a. indica leaf extract on serum enzyme levels (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) elevated by paracetamol in rats was studied with a view to observe any possible hepatoprotective effect of this plant. it was interesting to observe that serum enzyme levels were much elevated in paracetamol induced animals than in those receiving a combination of paracetamol and lead extract. it is stipulated that the extract t ...	1992	1459654
evaluation of neem, azadirachta indica, with and without water management, for the control of culicine mosquito larvae in rice-fields.	applications of neem, azadirachta indica (meliaceae), to rice-fields were evaluated with the dual objective of controlling the culicine mosquito vectors of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and enhancing the grain yield. since crude neem products deteriorate under improper storage conditions, a laboratory bioassay was developed to screen neem cake powder against mosquito larvae, culex quinquefasciatus. only samples of neem giving over 90% bioassay mortality were used in field trials. when good q ...	1992	1463896
the use and efficacy of azadirachta indica adr ('neem') and curcuma longa ('turmeric') in scabies. a pilot study.	in the ayurvedha and sidha system of medicine (indian system of medicine) azadirachta indica adr ('neem') and curcuma longa ('turmeric') has been used for healing chronic ulcers and scabies. the 'neem' and 'turmeric' was used as a paste for the treatment of scabies in 814 people. in 97% of cases cure was obtained within 3 to 15 days of treatment. we find that this is a very cheap, easily available, effective and acceptable mode of treatment for the villagers in the developing countries. we have ...	1992	1496714
on the toxicology of azadirachta indica leaves.	brown hisex chicks were fed diets containing 2% and 5% azadirachta indica leaf from their 7th to 35th day of age. thereafter, the chicks were fed control diet for 2 weeks. a depression in body weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization was observed in chicks fed a. indica leaf when compared with the control. the main clinicopathological changes were increases in lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities and uric acid and bilirubin concentrati ...	1992	1548899
experimental azadirachta indica toxicosis in chicks.	brown hisex chicks were fed azadirachta indica ripe fruit at 2, 5 or 10% of basic diet from their 7th to 35th d of age. decreased body weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization and hepatonephropathy were most severe in chicks fed the 10% a indica diet. these changes were accompanied by anemia and increases in ldh, got and alp activities and uric acid concentration and by decreased serum total protein. hepatocytes and renal tubular cells did not completely revert to normal 2 w after removal ...	1992	1609490