Publications

hammondia heydorni infection in sheep, goats, moose, dogs and coyotes.	the transmission of hammondia heydorni among sheep, goats, cattle, dogs and coyotes is described. oocysts of h. heydorni, obtained from dog faeces by feeding naturally infected goat meat, were fed to an experimental goat. after 312 days tissues from this animal were fed to 2 dogs. one dog, which received goat muscle, shed oocysts, whereas the other dog which received brain, spleen, kidneys, lungs and liver did not. oocysts from the dog fed goat muscle were fed to an experimental sheep. after 73 ...	1980	7422358
protective immunity against clinical toxoplasmosis in dairy goats vaccinated with hammondia hammondi and hammondia heydorni.	to determine the virulence of toxoplasma gondii, twelve 2- to 3-month-old goats were inoculated orally with 1,000 to 100,000 infective oocysts of the gt-1 strain of t gondii. four of 4 goats inoculated with 100,000 oocysts, 4 of 4 goats inoculated with 10,000 oocysts, and 2 of 4 inoculated with 1,000 oocysts died (or became moribund) of acute toxoplasmosis 7 to 26 days after inoculation. goats vaccinated with hammondia hammondi or h heydorni were challenge exposed with 10,000 or 100,000 oocysts ...	1981	7340577
hammondia heydorni infection in camels (camelus dromedarius) and water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in egypt.		1983	6636986
the camel (camelus dromedarius) as an intermediate host for hammondia heydorni.	dogs fed raw camel meat containing two types of cysts shed unsporulated hammondia heydorni oocysts and later sporulated sarcocystis sporocysts in their feces, but were resistant to reinfection with the hammondia cysts. sporulated h. heydorni occysts did not induce an enteroepithelial cycle in dogs, but resulted in the formation of muscle cysts.	1983	6672172
shedding of hammondia heydorni-like oocysts by foxes fed muscular tissue of reindeer (rangifer tarandus).		1983	6412529
[incidence of coccidia in dogs in brno and the surrounding area].	in the course of two years, 663 dogs from brno and its vicinity were subjected to clinical and parasitological examination with a special reference to the occurrence of coccidia. a saturated sugar solution with the specific weight of 1150 was used as the flotation medium. coccidia were found in 2.17% of the dogs examined. the oocysts of the groups isospora ohioensis, i. burowsi and i. neorivolta were identified most frequently (2.11% of the dogs). four dogs (0.60%), all alike, eliminated the ooc ...	1984	6440344
development of hammondia heydorni in the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos.		1987	3656005
development of hammondia heydorni in cultured bovine and ovine cells.	sporozoites were excysted from oocysts of hammondia heydorni obtained from a naturally-infected dog and inoculated into monolayer cultures of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (cpa), madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells, bovine monocytes (m617), or ovine monocytes (womo). sporozoites penetrated all four cell lines and underwent asexual reproduction by endodyogeny (as determined by electron microscopy) to form cyst-like structures at four to nine days after sporozoite inoculation (dai). ...	1988	3183994
further characterization of the biology of hammondia heydorni.	hammondia heydorni oocysts, recovered from the diarrheic feces of a dog suffering from corticosteroid toxicosis, were sporulated and characterized morphometrically. sporulated h. heydorni oocysts were administered to three dogs, five goats, a calf and three guinea pigs, and tissues from these inoculated animals fed to coccidia-free dogs to determine species susceptibility to h. heydorni. morphometric characteristics of h. heydorni oocysts were similar to previous descriptions. oocysts were not e ...	1988	3369072
a survey on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in the area of thessaloniki, greece.	faecal specimens randomly taken from 232 healthy dogs living in the area of thessaloniki were screened for internal parasites. in 39.2% of the examined dogs excretion of sarcocystis bovicanis (1.3%), isospora ohioensis/burrowsi (3.9%), giardia lamblia (0.8%), hammondia heydorni (0.4%), dicrocoelium dendriticum (0.8%) diplopylidium nolleri (0.4%), joyeuxiella pasqualei (0.8%), taeniids (0.4%), toxocara canis (22.4%), toxascaris leonina (1.3%), uncinaria stenocephala (3.0%), trichuris vulpis (2.6% ...	1988	3372979
ultrastructure of sporozoites and zoites of hammondia heydorni.	the ultrastructure of sporozoites and zoites of hammondia heydorni was studied in cultured bovine cells. in addition to ultrastructural features typical of coccidian parasites, h. heydorni sporozoites and zoites contain rhoptries that are located posteriorly as well as anteriorly. also, sporozoites contain a posteriorly located crystalloid body (1.2 micron in diameter); a small crystalloid body (0.5 micron in diameter) was occasionally seen in the anterior end. zoites resulting from the 1st divi ...	1989	2810143
[the frequency of coccidial infection in dog families of different husbandry and breeds in south germany].	oocysts and/or sporocysts were detected in 50 litters and 37 bitches of 100 coproscopically examined dog families in southern germany. oocysts of isospora spp. were excreted by 41 of the 50 positive litters, 36 and 16 litters shedding oocysts of isospora ohioensis/burrowsi and i. canis, respectively. sporocysts of sarcocystis spp. and oocysts of hammondia heydorni were detected in 12 and 7 litters, respectively. the excretion rates of the dams were arranged analogous to the detection of oocysts ...	1990	2219110
[spectrum of species and infection frequency of endoparasites in bitches and their puppies in south germany].	toxocara canis, toxascaris leonina, hookworms, trichuris vulpis, strongyloides, hammondia heydorni, sarcocystis spp., isospora canis and isospora ohioensis and/or isospora burrowsi of at least 9 species were detected in 100 randomly selected dog families in southern germany. examinations carried out 5 to 9 times at weekly intervals revealed a monoinfection in 37 litters, infection with two parasite species in 28 litters, with three species in 10 litters and with four species in 6 litters. during ...	1990	2326798
camel (camelus dromedarius) and sheep (ovis aries) meat as a source of dog infection with some coccidian parasites.	experimental infection of dogs with camel (camelus dromedarius) meat resulted in infection of the dogs with isospora canis, hammondia heydorni and sarcocystis cameli. the dogs fed sheep (ovis aries) meat passed oocysts of isospora canis, isospora ohioensis and sporocyts of sarcocystis spp. extraintestinal stages were detected in the intestinal lymph node of a rabbit killed 4 days following inoculation with isospora ohioensis oocysts. dogs fed the rabbit (killed 4 days after inoculation with i. o ...	1992	1496801
[parasitological fecal studies of equids, dogs, cats and hedgehogs during the years 1984-1991].	the results of the coproscopical examinations in horses, dogs, cats and hedgehogs between 1984 and 1991 are presented. in 9192 samples from horses 55.5% stages of strongylids, 4.0% of parascaris equorum, 2.2% of anoplocephalids, 1.6% strongyloides westeri, 0.7% of oxyuris equi, 0.6% of eimeria leuckarti, 0.2% of fasciola hepatica and 0.04% of dictyocaulus arnfieldi were found. in 48.0% of the 46 samples from donkeys eggs from strongylids were detected, in 17.4% larvae from dictyocaulus arnfieldi ...	1993	8261912
acute toxoplasmosis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) found moribund in lake loundes park, mississippi. there was almost total necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain. lesions in all of these organs were associated with numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. tissue cysts were seen in the brain. organisms reacted with anti-t. gondii serum in an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical test. there was no evidence of concurrent distemper or rabies vir ...	1994	8171835
isolation of tissue cysts of toxoplasma, isospora, hammondia and sarcocystis from camel (camelus dromedarius) meat in saudi arabia.	meat samples were collected from the oesophagus and tongue of 38 camels slaughtered at the main abattoir of al-ahsa city, saudi arabia. five cats and three dogs, conventionally reared and coccidia-free, were caged individually in steel cages. camel meat was pooled, minced and fed to four cats and two dogs. one cat and one dog were not fed meat and were kept as noninfected controls. faecal samples from infected and control animals were examined daily for a period of 2 months after feeding the mea ...	1995	8533274
pig, donkey and buffalo meat as a source of some coccidian parasites infecting dogs.	experimental infection of dogs with meat samples (oesophagus, heart and diaphragm) from each of 105 pigs, 11 donkeys and 17 egyptian water buffaloes indicated that they contained the infective stages of some coccidian parasites of dogs. the dogs which were fed pig meat shed in their faeces isospora ohioensis, i. canis oocysts and sarcocystis miescheriana sporocysts after prepatent periods of 3-5, 4-7 and 9-10 days, respectively. the dogs which were fed donkey meat excreted only i. ohioensis oocy ...	1998	9760058
a structural study of the neospora caninum oocyst.	oocysts of neospora caninum were collected from the faeces of a dog fed mouse brains containing tissue cysts of the nc-beef strain of n. caninum. sporulated oocysts were spherical to subspherical, and were 11.7x11.3 microm. the length/width ratio was 1.04. no micropyle or oocyst residuum was present. polar granules were not present, although occasionally tiny refractile granules were seen among sporocysts. sporocysts were ellipsoidal, did not contain a stieda body, and were 8.4x6.1 microm. the l ...	1999	10608437
phylogenetic analysis based on full-length large subunit ribosomal rna gene sequence comparison reveals that neospora caninum is more closely related to hammondia heydorni than to toxoplasma gondii.	since its first description in the late 1980s, neospora caninum has been recognised as a prominent tissue cyst-forming parasite due to its ability to induce congenital disease and abortion in animals, especially cattle. it is found worldwide and is a cause of significant economic losses for the livestock industry. however, its place within the family sarcocystidae, like that of several other taxa, remains unresolved. neospora caninum shares several morphological and life cycle characters with ha ...	1999	10608441
neospora caninum: is it really different from hammondia heydorni or is it a strain of toxoplasma gondii? an opinion.	the published data concerning toxoplasma gondii, hammondia hammondi, h. heydorni and neospora caninum on one side and between t. gondii on the other were neglected by most authors. as conclusion we are convinced that there are only two valid species: isospora (toxoplasma) gondii and hammondia heydorni. the first includes as a strain h. hammondi and the latter n. caninum. in any case there is absolutely no reason (with respect to general zoological nomenclature) to create new genera!	2000	10685850
neospora caninum: its oocysts and its identity: an opinion.	a recently published opinion that hammondia heydorni, neospora caninum, and n. hughesi are a single species is not supported by genetic comparisons. furthermore, the suggestion that oocysts shed by dogs after experimental infection with n. caninum might have been of another organism is not consistent with the finding that these oocysts induced n. caninum infections in mice.	2000	11068821
specific detection of neospora caninum oocysts in fecal samples from experimentally-infected dogs using the polymerase chain reaction.	neospora caninum oocysts, passed in the feces of a definitive host (dog), were isolated, and genomic dna was extracted. a polymerase cahin reaction (pcr) targeting the n. caninum-specific nc 5 genomic sequence was performed using the isolated dna. a synthesized competitor molecule containing part of the nc 5 sequence was included in the assay as a check against false-negative pcr results and to quantify n. caninum oocyst dna in fecal samples. a standard curve of the ratio of fluorescence intensi ...	2001	11318571
characterization of neospora caninum surface protein ncsrs2 based on baculovirus expression system and its application for serodiagnosis of neospora infection.	the baculovirus expression system has proved to be a useful tool for the production of recombinant proteins. here we have characterized the neospora caninum surface protein ncsrs2 produced by two types of the recombinant virus and also have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using recombinant ncsrs2 for the serologic diagnosis of neospora infection. western blot analysis showed two major protein bands that were detectable in insect cells infected with each recombinant baculov ...	2001	11682519
hammondia heydorni-like oocysts shed by a naturally infected dog and neospora caninum nc-1 cannot be distinguished.	this study describes transmission experiments using hammondia heydorni-like oocysts isolated in 1996 from a naturally infected dog. the isolate was designated as h. heydorni-berlin-1996. examination of sera from infected intermediate hosts showed immunoblot reactions that resembled patterns observed after neospora caninum nc-1 infection. furthermore, n. caninum dna could be demonstrated in tissue samples (e.g. heart, brain) of experimentally infected intermediate hosts and in oocyst preparations ...	2001	11688886
cyclic transmission of neospora caninum: serological findings in dogs shedding oocysts.	in a previous paper we demonstrated that hammondia heydorni-like oocysts isolated in 1996 from a naturally infected dog could not be distinguished from the isolate neospora caninum nc-1. the isolate, designated as h. heydorni-berlin-1996, was cyclically transmitted using dogs as the final hosts. the present study provides information on the antibody responses of the dogs used for the cyclical transmission of this isolate. the majority of dogs that had shed oocysts showed no sero-conversion with ...	2001	11688895
comparative molecular investigation of nc5-pcr amplicons from neospora caninum nc-1 and hammondia heydorni-berlin-1996.	the clinical relevance of neospora caninum as a cyst-forming coccidian parasite is increasingly acknowledged within veterinary medicine, although the pathways of transmission are far from being solved. the parasite is well known for causing diaplacental infections in cows associated with abortion and/or severe damage of the fetus. in addition, it may cause neuromuscular disease in dogs, which thus apparently act as intermediate hosts as well as final hosts. in our previous studies, we have demon ...	2001	11688897
prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from são paulo state, brazil.	the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in stray dogs, and dogs with owners was investigated by fecal examinations from 271 dogs employing sedimentation, simple flotation and centrifugation-flotation methods. the centrifugation-flotation method, when compared to simple flotation or sedimentation methods was generally more accurate in the diagnosis of all intestinal parasites, but statistical differences were detected only in relation to giardia spp. and cystoisospora spp. (synonym isospora ...	2002	11750997
neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni are separate species/organisms.	neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni are two coccidian parasites with morphologically similar oocysts in canine feces. it was recently proposed that they are one species. in this paper, we review the biology and morphology of these parasites and present evidence that n. caninum and h. heydorni are separate species.	2002	11832296
studies on serological cross-reaction of neospora caninum with toxoplasma gondii and hammondia heydorni.	the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to examine cross-reactivity of neospora caninum with toxoplasma gondii and hammondia heydorni. anti-t. gondii mouse and cat sera cross-reacted with n. caninum soluble antigen (nla), but not with the recombinant surface antigen (ncsrs2). anti-h. heydorni dog sera showed no cross-reactivity with either the nla antigen or the ncsrs2. lack of cross-reactivity between anti-h. heydorni sera and n. caninum antigens, and the cross-reactivity of anti ...	2002	11913555
neospora caninum is an invalid species name: an evaluation of facts and statements.	an evaluation of both the formal requirements of the international rules of zoological nomenclature and the scientific reasons for the description of new genera and species shows that the name neospora caninum is a nomen nudum. the only characteristic criteria for discriminating between the previously described species hammondia heydorni and the proposed new species n. caninum (i.e. the lack of a parasitophorous vacuole) has been shown to be wrong in many publications. furthermore, absolutely no ...	2002	11936509
coprodiagnosis of hammondia heydorni in dogs by pcr based amplification of its 1 rrna: differentiation from morphologically indistinguishable oocysts of neospora caninum.	hammondia heydorni is thought to be a non-pathogenic coccidian parasite of dogs that is closely related to neospora caninum, an important parasite of cattle and dogs. oocysts of these two species are morphologically indistinguishable from each other. a population of 2240 dogs in the czech republic was screened for the presence of h. heydorni/n. caninum oocysts and five (0.22%), represented by five of 3135 faecal samples (0.16%), were positive. the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the rrna ...	2002	12093189
dog shedding oocysts of neospora caninum: pcr diagnosis and molecular phylogenetic approach.	results of molecular determination of a dog isolate of neospora caninum in the czech republic are presented. colorless bisporocystic oocysts measuring 10-13 micro m x 10-11 micro m were recovered from feces and used for dna isolation. a diagnostic pcr procedure using previously described molecular methods was performed to determine the species. the n. caninum species-specific primers based on the nc 5 region produced a positive result, while primers specific for hammondia heydorni rdna internal ...	2002	12423929
a hammondia-like parasite from the european fox (vulpes vulpes) forms biologically viable tissue cysts in cell culture.	tissue cysts of parasites of the genus hammondia are rarely described in naturally or experimentally infected intermediate hosts. however, ultrastructural examinations on tissue cyst stages of hammondia sp. are needed, e.g. to compare these stages with those of neospora caninum and other related parasites. we describe a cell culture system employed to examine the in vitro development of tissue cysts of a hammondia sp.-like parasite (isolate fox 2000/1) which uses the european fox as a definitive ...	2003	12670509
electron microscopic study of in vitro cultures of hammondia heydorni (berlin 1996) tachyzoites after passages through dogs, mice, rats, guinea pigs and jirds.	this study describes the fine structure and reproduction of tachyzoites of hammondia heydorni (isolate berlin 1996) after in vitro cultivation of stages isolated from serial passages between dogs and various intermediate hosts such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, jirds, knock-out mice, goats and sheep. the tachyzoites are identical with respect to their ultrastructural features to the corresponding stages of the nc-1-strain of neospora caninum. this fact conforms with other already published data an ...	2003	12838414
characterization of an alpha tubulin gene sequence from neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni, and their comparison to homologous genes from apicomplexa.	the gene coding for a tubulin has been isolated by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from 2 isolates of neospora caninum (nc-liverpool and nc-sweb1). the data show that the gene, as in toxoplasma gondii, is single copy and contains 3 exons and 2 introns and is identical in sequence in the 2 isolates studied. comparison of the predicted protein sequence shows it to be identical to the a tubulin protein encoded by the t. gondii gene. the majority of the nucleotide substitutions that have ...	2003	12866794
hammondia heydorni from the arabian mountain gazelle and red fox in saudi arabia.	unsporulated oocysts were detected in the feces of an arabian red fox (vulpes vulpes arabica) between 6 and 8 days after it had been fed meat from arabian mountain gazelles (gazella gazella) known to contain sarcocysts. no oocysts were discovered in the feces of other experimental cubs, although sporocysts of sarcocystis spp. were passed subsequently by all cubs that were fed gazelle meat, including those fed with reem (g. subgutturosa marica). the oocysts sporulated in 3 days at room temperatur ...	2003	12880254
autofluorescence of toxoplasma gondii and related coccidian oocysts.	this is the first report of blue autofluorescence as a useful characteristic in the microscopic detection of toxoplasma gondii, hammondia hammondi, hammondia heydorni, neospora caninum, besnoitia darlingi, and sarcocystis neurona oocysts or sporocysts. this autofluorescence is of sufficient intensity and duration to allow identification of these oocysts from complex microscopic sample backgrounds. as with the autofluorescence of related coccidia, the oocysts glow pale blue when illuminated with ...	2003	14533708
detection of hammondia heydorni-like organisms and their differentiation from neospora caninum using random-amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction.	neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni are morphologically and phylogenetically related coccidians that are found in dogs. new diagnostic genetic loci, based on random-amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr), were developed to aid in the detection of h. heydorni-like parasites and to discriminate them from n. caninum and other related coccidians of dogs. on the basis of the data obtained from 5 random decamers, h. heydorni (manhattan-1) and n. caninum (nc1) were character ...	2003	14627168
clinical toxoplasma gondii, hammondia heydorni, and sarcocystis spp. infections in dogs.	concurrent infections with coccidians toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis spp., and a hammondia heydorni-like parasite were identified in tissues of three littermate pups on a kelpie dog breeding farm in australia. in total, 20 pups in four litters had died following vaccination with an attenuated distemper virus vaccine. toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were identified immunohistochemically in tissues of two dogs. sarcocystis sp. sporocysts were seen in the intestinal lamina propria of two dogs. asexua ...	2003	15267102
hammondia heydorni oocysts in the faeces of a greyhound in new zealand.	to identify oocysts found in faecal material of a greyhound.	2003	16032288
tissue culture and explant approaches to studying and visualizing neospora caninum and its interactions with the host cell.	neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite first mentioned in 1984 as a causative agent of neuromuscular disease in dogs. it is closely related to toxoplasma gondii and hammondia heydorni, and its subsequent description in 1988 has been, and still is, accompanied by discussions on the true phylogenetical status of the genus neospora. n. caninum exhibits features that clearly distinguish this parasite from other members of the apicomplexa, including distinct ultrastructural properties, genetic ...	2004	15525434
molecular and biological characterization of hammondia heydorni-like oocysts from a dog fed hearts from naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni are morphologically and phylogenetically related coccidians that are found in dogs. although there is serological evidence of n. caninum infection in the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), the parasite has not been yet isolated from the tissues of this host. in an attempt to isolate n. caninum from deer, hearts from 4 deer with antibodies to n. caninum were fed to 2 dogs. one of these dogs shed unsporulated oocysts 12-14 microm in diameter. sporul ...	2004	15562623
transmission of neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals.	to determine whether deer can transmit neospora caninum, brains of naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were fed to 4 dogs; 2 of these dogs shed oocysts. oocysts from 1 of the dogs were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni. the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of the new strain (designated nc-deer1) was identical to n. caninum from domestic animals, indicating that n. caninum is transmitted ...	2004	15715229
effects of toltrazuril and ponazuril on hammondia heydorni (syn. neospora caninum) infections in mice.	mice infected with tachyzoites of neospora caninum (syn.: hammondia heydorni) must be pretreated with cortisone in order to show disease symptoms. this indicates the status of an opportunistic agent of disease. toltrazuril was an effective curative agent.	2004	14963771
effects of toltrazuril and ponazuril on the fine structure and multiplication of tachyzoites of the nc-1 strain of neospora caninum (a synonym of hammondia heydorni) in cell cultures.	rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures were used to propagate tachyzoites of the nc-1 strain of neospora caninum (syn. hammondia heydorni). the infected cell cultures were incubated for 4-12 h in media containing 0, 1, 10 or 100 microg/ml of either toltrazuril or ponazuril. the effects were studied by light and electron microscopy. drug dosages of at least 30 microg/ml were needed to eliminate the parasites. ponazuril was found (with respect to the reduction of the number of parasites) to be less ef ...	2004	14963772
coyotes (canis latrans) are definitive hosts of neospora caninum.	four captive-raised coyote pups consumed tissues from neospora caninum-infected calves. faeces were examined from 4 days before to 28 days after infection. one pup shed n. caninum-like oocysts, which tested positive for n. caninum and negative for hammondia heydorni using pcr tests. coyotes are the second discovered definitive host of n. caninum, after dogs. in north america, the expanding coyote ranges and population increase the probability of contact with domestic livestock. to reduce the ris ...	2004	15037103
hammondia heydorni: evidence of genetic diversity among isolates from dogs.	canine isolates of hammondia heydorni from argentina, brazil, and the united states were analysed for genetic diversity. a total of 14 isolates were tested for their ability to produce amplification using three pcr assays, one targeting the common toxoplasmatiid its-1 region and 2 amplifying novel, h. heydorni-specific loci, hhap7 and hhap10. while the its-1 fragments could be amplified from all isolates, only six isolates were capable of amplifying the fragments from the novel loci. the pcr pro ...	2004	15208039
differential detection of hammondia hammondi from toxoplasma gondii using polymerase chain reaction.	hammondia hammondi and toxoplasma gondii are two related coccidian parasites, with cats as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. it is difficult to differentiate them by morphological and serological parameters. in the present study, primers were designed to specifically amplify the its-1 region of h. hammondi to differentiate it from t. gondii. attempts were made to detect the presence of h. hammondi dna in the tissues of mice infected with h. hammondi alone, as well ...	2005	16153883
neospora caninum infection in a free-ranging raccoon (procyon lotor) with concurrent canine distemper virus infection.	during a canine distemper virus (cdv) outbreak in raccoons (procyon lotor) from cook county, illinois, a juvenile female suffering from seizures was killed and necropsied. gross and histologic findings of necrotizing encephalitis and proliferative bronchopneumonia were attributed to cdv infection and considered the cause of clinical signs. a section of cerebellum stained immunohistochemically for neospora caninum revealed an approximately 40 microm diameter, round to oval cyst with a 2- to 3-mic ...	2005	17089776
oocysts of neospora caninum, hammondia heydorni, toxoplasma gondii and hammondia hammondi in faeces collected from dogs in germany.	faecal samples of 24,089 dogs were examined coproscopically in two veterinary laboratories in germany between march 2001 and october 2004. in 47 dogs, oocysts of 9-14 microm size were found. their morphology was similar to those of hammondia heydorni and neospora caninum. samples of 28 of these dogs were further examined by inoculation into gerbils: seven isolates induced a specific antibody response against antigens of n. caninum nc-1 tachyzoites. this response suggests that the isolates contai ...	2005	16197949
incidence of neospora caninum and other intestinal protozoan parasites in populations of swiss dogs.	the protozoan parasite neospora caninum is one of the most important abortifacient organisms in cattle worldwide. the dog is known to act as definitive host although its potential role as infection source for bovines still remains unelucidated. the aim of the present study was to compile initial epidemiological data on the prevalence and incidence of n. caninum in swiss dogs acting as definitive hosts. thus, 249 swiss dogs were investigated coproscopically in monthly intervals over a period of 1 ...	2006	16564131
neospora caninum-like oocysts observed in feces of free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the aim of this study was to examine the feces of free-ranging foxes and coyotes for the presence of neospora caninum oocysts. feces were collected from 271 foxes and 185 coyotes in the canadian province of prince edward island, processed by sucrose flotation, and examined by light microscopy for the presence of coccidian oocysts. in 2 fox and 2 coyote samples, oocysts morphologically and morphometrically similar to oocysts of n. caninum were observed. dna was extracted from these samples and su ...	2006	17304805
hammondia isolated from dogs and foxes are genetically distinct.	hammondia heydorni is regarded as a protozoan parasite that uses canids, e.g. dogs and foxes, as definitive hosts, but clinical signs of infection are rare. this study therefore took advantage of the opportunity to study an oocyst population from the faeces of a dog suffering from intermittent bouts of diarrhoea. oocysts from the naturally infected dog were shown to be h. heydorni by using the polymerase chain reaction combined with dna sequencing as a diagnostic tool. the nucleotide sequence da ...	2006	16188045
molecular phylogenetic analysis in hammondia-like organisms based on partial hsp70 coding sequences.	the 70 kda heat-shock protein (hsp70) sequences are considered one of the most conserved proteins in all domains of life from archaea to eukaryotes. hammondia heydorni, h. hammondi, toxoplasma gondii, neospora hughesi and n. caninum (hammondia-like organisms) are closely related tissue cyst-forming coccidians that belong to the subfamily toxoplasmatinae. the phylogenetic reconstruction using cytoplasmic hsp70 coding genes of hammondia-like organisms revealed the genetic sequences of t. gondii, n ...	2007	17462122
detection of toxoplasma gondii in water by an immunomagnetic separation method targeting the sporocysts.	an immunomagnetic separation (ims) method was developed to detect toxoplasma gondii in fresh waters by using the monoclonal antibody 4b6 targeting the sporocyst wall of t. gondii, hammondia hammondi, hammondia heydorni, and neospora caninum. water concentrates obtained by filtering 10- to 20-l samples samples were spiked with toxoplasma oocysts, sonicated to release the sporocysts, and analyzed by ims-4b6. mean sporocyst recoveries were 74.5 +/- 5.3% in drinking water, 30.6 +/- 2.4 and 37.1 +/- ...	2007	17530288
neosporosis and hammondiosis in dogs.	the dog is a definitive host of the protozoan parasite neospora caninum, and in many parts of the world, infection is relatively common as determined by serology. reported seroprevalences usually range from 0 to 20 per cent, however, reports of clinically affected dogs are infrequent. affected dogs are generally less than six months old and predominantly have signs of an ascending hindleg paralysis, with the associated lesions of polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. although any ...	2007	17547641
occurrence of toxoplasma gondii and hammondia hammondi oocysts in the faeces of cats from germany and other european countries.	faecal samples of 24,106 cats from germany and other european countries were examined microscopically in a veterinary laboratory in germany between october 2004 and november 2006 to estimate the prevalence of animals shedding toxoplasma gondii or hammondia hammondi oocysts. oocysts of 9-15 microm size with a morphology similar to that of h. hammondi and t. gondii were found in 74 samples (0.31%). a total of 54 samples were further characterised to achieve a species diagnosis and to determine the ...	2008	18226453
differential diagnosis of oocysts of hammondia-like organisms of dogs and cats by pcr-rflp analysis of 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp70) gene.	organisms of the genera toxoplasma, hammondia and neospora, the hammondia-like organisms, are closely related coccidian with similarly sized oocysts. therefore, a diagnosis based on microscopy of oocysts in feces is not a method of choice for species identification of these important parasites. in this paper, we present a polymerase chain reaction coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) method to differentially diagnose oocysts of toxoplasma gondii from oocyst of hammond ...	2008	18398626
the development and evaluation of a nested pcr assay for detection of neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues.	the development of a novel nested polymerase chain reaction is described and used for detecting the presence of neospora caninum and hammondia heydorni dna in dna extracted from feral rodent tissues. a unique strategy was used for design of an assay that could be adapted for detecting dna from more than one member of toxoplasmatinae simultaneously with a minimal number of additional steps. the level of sensitivity described for this assay is comparable to real time-pcr and other nested pcr assay ...	2008	18420378
detection of hammondia heydorni and related coccidia (neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii) in goats slaughtered in bahia, brazil.	hammondia heydorni is a coccidian parasite with an obligatory two host life cycle, with dogs and foxes as definitive hosts, and a number of intermediate hosts, including goats. while infection by this parasite seems to be unassociated with any clinical signs, infection by the closely related parasites neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii can result in abortion, stillbirths and low yielding in caprine herds. the aim of this work was to investigate the frequency of goats infected with h. heydorn ...	2009	19278786
crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a south american canid, as a definitive host for hammondia heydorni.	hammondia heydorni is a cyst forming coccidia closely related to other apicomplexans, such as toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and hammondia hammondi with a two-host life cycle. dogs and other canids as red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) may serve as definitive hosts for h. heydorni. sporulated oocysts are infective for cattle, sheep and goats, which may serve as intermediate hosts. herein, we describe the ability of crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a wild carnivore that ...	2009	19303215
investigation of neospora caninum, hammondia sp., and toxoplasma gondii in tissues from slaughtered beef cattle in bahia, brazil.	neospora caninum, hammondia sp., and toxoplasma gondii are parasites with morphological and genetic similarities. n. caninum and t. gondii are important abortive agents of cattle and sheep, respectively, and may infect numerous animal species. hammondia sp. is not known to induce disease in animals, but may cause confusion in the identification of closely related coccidia. the aim of this study was to investigate infection rates caused by n. caninum, hammondia sp., and t. gondii in beef cattle u ...	2010	19943064
identification of hammondia heydorni oocysts by a heminested-pcr (hnpcr-ap10) based on the h. heydorni rapd fragment ap10.	toxoplasma gondii, hammondia hammondi, neospora caninum, neospora hughesi and hammondia heydorni are members of the toxoplasmatinae sub-family. they are closely related coccidians with similarly sized oocysts. molecular diagnostic techniques, especially those based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr), can be successfully applied for the differentiation of hammondia-like oocysts. in this paper, we describe a rapid and simple method for the identification of h. heydorni oocysts among other members ...	2010	21030154
quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction assays for the sensitive detection of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle.	bovine besnoitiosis, an economically important disease in cattle in some countries of africa and asia, is emerging in europe. the definitive host of besnoitia besnoiti, the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis, is unknown and the transmission of the parasite is not completely understood. sensitive and quantitative dna detection methods are needed to determine whether serologically positive animals are infectious and to examine the role of vectors (e.g. haematophagous insects) in the transmissi ...	2011	21324596
results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from cats and dogs in germany between 2003 and 2010.	in a retrospective study, the results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from 8,560 cats and 24,677 dogs between january 2003 and december 2010 in germany were analysed. 30.4 % of the examined dogs and 22.8 % of the cats were infected with endoparasites. the examination of the faecal samples from dogs revealed stages of giardia spp. (18.6 %), toxocara canis (6.1 %), toxascaris leonina (0.6 %), ancylostomatidae (2.2 %), trichuris vulpis (1.2 %), capillaria spp. (1.3 %), crenosoma v ...	2011	21739375
Development of a set of multiplex standard polymerase chain reaction assays for the identification of infectious agents from aborted bovine clinical samples.	The current study describes the development of a set of 5 multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assays for the simultaneous detection of abortive infection agents in bovine fetal tissues, including Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., and Campylobacter fetus (mPCR1); Hammondia heydorni, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii (mPCR2); Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila psittaci (mPCR3); Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, and Ureaplasma diversum (mPCR4); and Bovine viral diarrhea virus ...	2011	21908306
prevalence and risk factors of giardia duodenalis in dogs from romania.	the protozoan giardia duodenalis is a mammalian-infecting parasite that produces diarrhoea and malabsorption in its hosts. a survey to investigate canine infections with g. duodenalis in romania was undertaken between june 2008 and december 2009. the objectives of the study were to (i) estimate the prevalence of infection in different dog populations (kennels, shelters, shepherd, household) using microscopy and a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit; (ii) to ...	2011	21899952
hammondia triffittae n. comb. of foxes ( vulpes spp.): biological and molecular characteristics and differentiation from hammondia heydorni of dogs.	genomic dnas from 3 oocyst isolates of hammondia sp. from foxes (vulpes vulpes and v. lagopus) and 1 oocyst isolate of hammondia heydorni from a dog, were examined by pcr and sequence analysis of 6 loci in order to determine whether the isolates were conspecific. consistent genetic differences were found between the fox and dog isolates, respectively, at the its-2 region, the lsu rrna gene, the alpha tubulin gene and the hsp70 gene, but not at the ssu rrna gene or its-1 locus. infection experime ...	2011	20854709
first isolation of hammondia heydorni from dogs in china.	fecal samples of 945 dogs were examined microscopically in 2 refuge facilities in china from march 2010 to november 2011. in 8 dogs, oocysts, 9-14 μm in size, were found. their morphology was similar to those of hammondia heydorni and neospora caninum. sporulated hammondia/neospora-like oocysts were fed to 2 dogs, 2 gerbils, 2 guinea pigs, and 2 km mice; tissues from these inoculated animals were then fed to coccidia-free dogs to determine species susceptibility to these oocysts. oocysts were no ...	2013	23731857
characterisation of full-length mitochondrial copies and partial nuclear copies (numts) of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i genes of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, hammondia heydorni and hammondia triffittae (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae).	genomic dna was extracted from three oocyst isolates of hammondia triffittae from foxes and two oocyst isolates of hammondia heydorni from dogs, as well as from cell culture-derived tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii (rh strain) and neospora caninum (nc-liverpool strain), and examined by pcr with primers targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) genes in order to characterise both genes and, if possible, the remainder of the mitochondrial genome of these speci ...	2013	23358734
detection of neospora caninum-dna in feces collected from dogs in shenyang (china) and its1 phylogenetic analysis.	neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan that infects many domestic and wild animals. dog is known as a definitive host of n. caninum and involved in transmitting infections to intermediate hosts by shedding oocysts. to investigate the epidemiology of dog neosporosis in china, 212 dog feces specimens in shenyang were screened by nested-pcr using nc5 primers and confirmed by n. caninum its1 pcr. the positive rate of n. caninum dna was 34.90% (74/212). there were no significant correlations ...	2014	25047704
in vitro cultivation of hammondia heydorni: generation of tachyzoites, stage conversion into bradyzoites, and evaluation of serologic cross-reaction with neospora caninum.	hammondia heydorni was in vitro isolated from oocysts shed by three dogs using a finite cell line from embryonal bovine heart (kh-r). the oocysts were purified and suspended in 2% potassium dichromate or 2% sulphuric acid for sporulation for 2-5 days at room temperature. the parasites were confirmed as h. heydorni by pcr using specific primers (js4/js5) and by negative reaction for neospora caninum employing the primers np6+/np21+. h. heydorni sporulated oocysts (1 × 10(6)) from each dog were in ...	2015	25887985
detection of hammondia heydorni dna in feces collected in and around an ohio wildlife conservation center.	this study aimed to identify dna attributed to hammondia heydorni oocysts in the feces of wild canids in and around an ohio wildlife conservation center. two hundred and eighty-five wild canid fecal samples were analyzed using pcr with melting curve analysis to detect coccidian dna. coccidia-positive samples were further subjected to h. heydorni-specific and n. caninum-specific pcr assays. samples positive by the h. heydorni-specific assay were additionally analyzed with a pcr assay to distingui ...	2016	28529982
molecular phylogeny of toxoplasmatinae: comparison between inferences based on mitochondrial and apicoplast genetic sequences.	phylogenies within toxoplasmatinae have been widely investigated with different molecular markers. here, we studied molecular phylogenies of the toxoplasmatinae subfamily based on apicoplast and mitochondrial genes. partial sequences of apicoplast genes coding for caseinolytic protease (clpc) and beta subunit of rna polymerase (rpob), and mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome b (cytb) were analyzed. laboratory-adapted strains of the closely related parasites sarcocystis falcatula and sarcocys ...	2016	27007245
characterization of an igg monoclonal antibody targeted to both tissue cyst and sporocyst walls of toxoplasma gondii.	toxoplasma gondii infects animals habiting terrestrial and aquatic environments. its oocysts and tissue cysts are important for the horizontal transmission of this parasite. the oocyst and tissue cyst walls are crucial for the ability of the parasite to persist in the environment or in animal tissues, respectively. however, the composition of these walls is not well understood. we report the generation of monoclonal antibodies directed against wall components using mice immunized with oocyst ant ...	2016	26836446
molecular characterization of sarcocystis spp. in intestine mucosal scrapings and fecal samples of pampas fox (lycalopex gymnocercus).	sarcocystis spp. are obligatory intracellular protozoan parasites which can infect humans and animals. most of sarcocystis species were identified based on the detection of muscle cysts in different intermediate hosts (ih). regarding to natural infection in definitive host, there are few reports which have reached to determining species of sarcocystis. the present work was aimed to studying the occurrence of sarcocystis spp. (oocysts and sporocysts) in mucosal scrapings of small intestine and fe ...	2017	28624295