Publications

genetic compatibility between anopheles lesteri from korea and anopheles paraliae from thailand.	to assess differentiation and relationships between anopheles lesteri and anopheles paraliae we established three and five iso-female lines of an. lesteri from korea and an. paraliae from thailand, respectively. these isolines were used to investigate the genetic relationships between the two taxa by crossing experiments and by comparing dna sequences of ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacer (its2) and mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) and subunit ii (coii). resul ...	0	23778670
revised morphological identification key to the larval anopheline (diptera: culicidae) of sri lanka.	to revise morphological identification keys to the anophelines in sri lanka.	0	25183086
d.d.t. and gammexane as residual insecticides against anopheles maculatus in malaya.		1950	15408907
anopheles maculatus, a new vector of wuchereria bancrofti in malaysia (pulau aur) and a potential vector on mainland malaya.		1965	4221431
the transmission of a west african strain of plasmodium ovale by anopheles freeborni and anopheles maculatus.		1966	5917627
studies on the transmission of simian malarias, i. transmission of two strains of plasmodium inui by anopheles maculatus and a. stephensi.		1966	5969105
the incrimination of anopheles maculatus as the vector of human malaria at the kelantan-thai border.		1968	4234381
transmission of plasmodium fieldi by anopheles maculatus, a. stephensi, and a. balabacensis balabacensis.		1968	5647124
a study on anopheles maculatus and anopheles sundaicus in singapore.		1969	5803563
development of different strains of plasmodium vivax in two species of anopheles.	anopheles freeborni mosquitoes with oocyst infections had salivary gland infections at a higher rate of plasmodium vivax from the new world than with strains from asia, particularly those from south vietnam. anopheles maculatus mosquitoes supported development from oocysts to heavily infected salivary glands for all the strains of p. vivax tested. the results suggest that p. vivax introduced from vietnam would be less likely to be transmitted by native a. freeborni mosiquitoes than would malaria ...	1976	779500
studies on a newly isolated strain of plasmodium brasilianum in aotus and saimiri monkeys and different anophelines.	a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from an aotus vociferans monkey from peru. the parasite readily infected aotus monkeys from bolivia and columbia and saimiri sciureus monkeys from peru and bolivia. highest level mosquito infections were obtained by feeding on the saimiri monkeys. the most susceptible mosquito was anopheles freeborni, followed by anopheles dirus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles culicifacies, anopheles maculatus and anopheles albimanus. anopheles q ...	1985	4093810
evaluation of the effectiveness of permethrin and ddt impregnated bed-nets against anopheles maculatus.	a laboratory evaluation of cotton and nylon bed-nets treated with permethrin and ddt was carried out by releasing blood-fed an. maculatus for 30 minutes in the treated net. results show almost 100% mortality up to one year after treatment. a ten minute exposure on the outside of the net also gave similar results. even after washing the nets continued to give very good results. a method of treating the nets is described.	1985	3835697
genetics of esterases and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the anopheles maculatus complex.	electromorphic variation for some esterases and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzymes in the anopheles maculatus complex is controlled by four loci which are unlinked to sex. esterase loci are linked to each other: est-1-36%-est-4-16.5%-est-3; but unlinked to pgd-2. linkage data were obtained by selfing the f1 generation from selected parents and analysing genotypes in the f2; the classical dihybrid-cross. the analysis consists of testing observed data for goodness of fit to a) ratios expecte ...	1986	2874708
attempt to culture wuchereria bancrofti in vitro.	third-stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti recovered from laboratory raised aedes togoi and anopheles maculatus fed on a human volunteer were recovered by mass dissection methods and introduced into in vitro culture. llc-mk2 cells were used as feeder cells, and the culture medium consisted of rpmi-1640 buffered with hepes and sodium bicarbonate and supplemented with human ab serum. the third-stage larvae molted as early as 12 days and those surviving had all molted by 16 days. the fourth-stage p ...	1986	3554544
the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium reichenowi.	plasmodium reichenowi, a malarial parasite of the chimpanzee, was infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles maculatus, anopheles dirus, and anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae and anopheles albimanus were not infected. mean oocyst diameters of p. reichenowi were smaller than those of the other chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium schwetzi. sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of an. freeborni at 15 days when held at 25 to 2 ...	1986	3734994
morphological differentiation in anopheles maculatus of thailand accompanied with genetical divergence assessed by hybridization.	anopheles maculatus of thailand were distinguished morphologically into densely and sparsely scaled types and cross-mating experiments between these types revealed a substantial amount of genetic divergence. progeny of wild females of an. maculatus collected throughout thailand from north to south were examined morphologically with respect to adult tergal pale scales. northern progeny broods could be separated into densely scaled (willmori) and sparsely scaled (maculatus) types, or w and m types ...	1987	3504904
bionomics of anopheles maculatus complex and their role in malaria transmission in thailand.	the bionomics of anopheles maculatus complex and its role in malaria transmission were conducted in pakchong and sadao districts, nakhon ratchasima and songkhla provinces, respectively, from january 1984 to july 1985. in pakchong, an. maculatus species a was the most dominant species, followed by species b form f and species c which was rare. the densities of species a and species b form f were high between july and november, with their peaks in october. biting activities of both species occurre ...	1988	3227404
genetic variation in the malaria mosquito vector anopheles maculatus from peninsular malaysia.	starch-gel electrophoretic studies on nine gene-enzyme systems comprising 14 loci revealed a fair level of genetic variation in two population samples of anopheles maculatus from peninsular malaysia. the proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.36 for the fort bertau sample and 0.29 for the gua musang sample, while the mean heterozygosity value was 0.09 for fort bertau and 0.07 for gua musang. the values of genetic similarity (i = 0.98) and genetic distance (d = 0.02) were of the rank of geographica ...	1988	3238481
field studies of the bionomics of anopheles maculatus and its role in malaria transmission in malaysia.		1988	3238487
susceptibility status of anopheles maculatus theobald (diptera: culicidae) to ddt in peninsular malaysia.	susceptibility tests were carried between 1987-1989 on anopheles maculatus female adults collected from twelve different localities in peninsular malaysia to ddt. mosquitoes collected from all localities except those from kuala berang, trengganu state were found to be susceptible to ddt when tested with 4% impregnated paper. several factors contributing to the lack of development of resistance despite many years of residual spraying in peninsular malaysia include exophily, exophagic and excito-r ...	1989	2633349
comparison of development of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus in mosquito larvae.	immunofluorescent staining was used with thin sections of paraffin-embedded specimens to detect the development of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus in the gut of mosquito larvae. the third- and fourth-instar larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles maculatus, and culex quinquefasciatus were fed either vegetative cells or spores of the bacteria. spore germination, multiplication, and sporulation were studied in the larvae of each species. the spores of b. thuringiensis va ...	1990	1969455
effectiveness of repellent/insecticidal bars against malaria and filariasis vectors in peninsular malaysia.	field tests were conducted to compare the degree of protection from bites of mansonia species and anopheles maculatus by applying two repellent/insecticidal bars, mosbar and moskil, to exposed arms and legs. human test subjects were exposed to natural populations of mosquitos for an 8-hour night time period while using the repellent/insecticidal bars. mosbar gave good protection against the bites of mansonia and an. maculatus. moskil was effective against an. maculatus but not against mansonia. ...	1990	1981629
malaria survey in some parts of namsang circle of tirap district, arunachal pradesh.	a study on malaria conducted in namsang circle of tirap district (arunachal pradesh) during april-october 1986 revealed that the malaria incidence due to plasmodium falciparum was considerably high. rii level of chloroquine resistance was also found among the p. falciparum cases studied by who in-vivo test. in entomological survey, anopheles maculatus was collected more than other 10 anopheline species encountered. a. minimus was detected and incriminated as a vector species.	1990	2098416
the peruvian iii strain of plasmodium brasilianum in saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys.	a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from a naturally infected saimiri monkey from peru and subsequently passaged to 21 splenectomized saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. nine of 12 attempts to transmit infection by sporozoite inoculation were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 23 to 41 days. gametocytes were infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. the strain demonstrated a high level ...	1990	2213410
capture-recapture studies with anopheles maculatus theobald (diptera: culicidae) the vector of malaria in peninsular malaysia.	mark-release-recapture experiments were undertaken in january 1989, in pos betau, pahang, malaysia, with the malaria vector anopheles maculatus. on two consecutive nights, 121 and 175 blood-fed mosquitos were released. a mean recapture rate of 11.5% and survival rates of 0.699-0.705 with an estimated oviposition cycle period of 2.35 days were obtained from the releases. about 68% of all recaptures were taken within a distance of 0.5 km from their release points and the longest detected flight wa ...	1991	1687932
comparative susceptibility of southeast asian anopheles mosquitoes to the simian malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi.	seven anopheles species/isolates were compared with anopheles dirus (control) for susceptibility to plasmodium cynomolgi b strain. the mean numbers of oocysts in paired replicates of an. dirus and an. takasagoensis were not significantly different. the remaining test species had significantly fewer mean numbers of oocysts than anopheles dirus (p less than 0.01). anopheles dirus had the highest percentage of mosquitoes infected with p. cynomolgi sporozoites (82%). of the test groups, anopheles di ...	1991	1791460
female body size, parity, and malaria infection of anopheles maculatus (diptera: culicidae) in peninsular malaysia.	the relationship among body size (as indicated by wing length), age (as indicated by parity dissections), and malaria infection were observed in host-seeking anopheles maculatus theobald females collected in aboriginal villages of peninsular malaysia. both elisa and salivary gland dissections were used to determine malaria infection. the wings of parous females were significantly longer than those of nulliparous females, suggesting that larger females live longer than smaller ones, and thus have ...	1992	1625287
[susceptibility of thirty-one species of mosquitoes to romanomermis yunanensis].	a new species of mermithidae was found parasitizing the larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex fatigans in henan, china and then named romanomermis yunanensis. thirty-one species of mosquitoes involving six genera have been tested for susceptibility to r. yunanensis and culicinae mosquito have consistently been highly susceptible. at a 1:5 ratio of mosquito larvae to nematode juveniles, the parasitisms of aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, culex fatigans, culex tritaeniorhynchus, anopheles sine ...	1992	1363920
residual activity of cyhalothrin 20% ec on cattle as determined by mosquito bioassays.	the residual effectiveness of 0.005mg/ml of cyhalothrin applied to cattle was determined against three species of mosquitos: anopheles maculatus theobald. anopheles dirus peyton and harrison mansonia uniformis theobald. twenty-four hour post exposure mortality and the degree of successful blood engorgement were determined by exposing mosquitos for 10 minutes to cattle. three replicated assays were conducted and mortality determined at 1, 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after each treatment. an initial mort ...	1993	7909171
anopheline fauna and malaria incidence in changlang district (arunachal pradesh).	data on malaria incidence and prevalence as well as on abundance of anopheline species collected in jairampur, arunachal pradesh, show that p. falciparum contributed 27.59% of the total positive cases, most of these being recorded during july to september. of the twelve anopheline species recorded, anopheles maculatus was the most predominant comprising 54.32% of the total collection. other common species were an. peditaeniatus, an. philippinensis and an. kochi in order of decreasing proportion. ...	1993	8131882
the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax in relation to anopheles maculatus densities in a malaysian village.	blood from most of the residents of a remote village in northern peninsular malaysia, bordering thailand, was examined for malaria parasites monthly for 1 year. plasmodium vivax was the commonest infection, but p. falciparum and mixed infections also occurred. monthly collections of the malaria vector, anopheles maculatus showed a positive correlation between mosquito densities and malaria positivity in the human population and a negative correlation with rainfall.	1993	8147279
survey of the anopheles maculatus complex (diptera: culicidae) in peninsular malaysia by analysis of cuticular lipids.	anopheles maculatus theobald sensu lato is a species complex now consisting of eight sibling species; an. maculatus is still represented by two cytologically distinct forms; i.e., the widely distributed sensu strictu or b, and e from southern thailand and adjacent areas in northern malaysia. cuticular lipid profiles in conjunction with principal component analysis was used to separate an. maculatus form e from sensu stricto form b in a preliminary survey of the an. maculatus complex at five loca ...	1993	8271255
anopheline mosquito (diptera: culicidae) ecology in relation to malaria transmission in the inner and outer terai of nepal, 1987-1989.	the ecology of anopheles mosquitoes in relation to malaria transmission was studied at sprayed and unsprayed villages and two unsprayed cattle sheds in the inner terai of sindhuli district, central region, and at two unsprayed villages and one cattle shed in kanchanpur, far western region of nepal, from august 1987 to august 1989. anopheles maculatus was the most abundant of 26 anopheline species collected in sindhuli district; however, an. fluviatilis was collected most frequently at human bait ...	1993	8360891
studies on the effect of lambdacyhalothrin on anopheles maculatus theobald and its response to residual spraying at jeram kedah, negeri sembilan, malaysia.	a field trial was carried out to study the effect of lambdacyhalothrin on anopheles maculatus in trap huts in jeram kedah, negeri sembilan, malaysia. two trap huts were built, of which one was sprayed with lambdacyhalothrin at a dosage of 25 mg ai/m2 and the other served as control. eight collectors commenced collecting mosquitos from 1900 to 2400 hours, two each indoors and outdoors. bioassay was also carried out in the treated and control huts to determine susceptibility of adult mosquitos to ...	1993	8362288
glutathion s-transferase activity and ddt-susceptibility of malaysian mosquitos.	comparative ddt-susceptibility status and glutathion s-transferase (gst) activity of malaysian anopheles maculatus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was investigated to ascertain the role of this enzyme in ddt resistance. the standardised who dose-mortality bioassay tests were used to determine ddt susceptibility in these mosquitos, whilst gst microassay (brogdon and barber, 1990) was conducted to measure the activity of this enzyme in mosquito homogenate. it appeared that ddt susceptibi ...	1995	8525405
the impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on the malaria vector anopheles maculatus (diptera: culicidae) in aboriginal villages of pos betau pahang, malaysia.	the effect of permethrin impregnated bednets on anopheles maculatus theobald was studied in four villages in pos betau, pahang, malaysia from august 1990 to july 1992. collections of mosquitos were carried out indoors and outdoors from 1900 to 0700 hours. all mosquitos were dissected for sporozoites and parity. in may 1991 two villages received bednets impregnated with permethrin at 0.5 g/m2 and two villages received placebo bednets. there was a significant difference in the sporozoite and parou ...	1995	8629075
a report of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) attracted to cow bait in a malaria endemic village in peninsular malaysia near the thailand border.	twelve species of anopheles were collected by using cow-baited net trap in a malarial endemic village in northern peninsular malaysia. anopheles maculatus which is the main malaria vector with its densities were related to drought. an. aconitus, an. kochi and an. philippinensis were less susceptible to p. falciparum and p. vivax infection, and are not considered important in falciparum or vivax malaria transmission. biting activities of an. kochi and an. vagus were primarily active after dusk an ...	1995	8629076
aedes aegypti control in the lao people's democratic republic, with reference to copepods.	an evaluation of the lao aedes aegypti control program and of the predatory abilities of copepods from vientiane, lao people's democratic republic was undertaken before a field release of copepods in thongkankam village, vientiane. copepods were transported to australia for evaluation of predatory abilities and their survival under various nutrient and ph conditions. mesocyclops guangxiensis was chosen for release over m. aspericornis due to its higher reproduction rate and its ability to surviv ...	1995	7485682
isolation and identification of novel toxins from a new mosquitocidal isolate from malaysia, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan.	a new mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis subsp., jegathesan, has recently been isolated from malaysia. parasporal crystal inclusions were purified from this strain and bioassayed against fourth-instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, aedes togoi, aedes albopictus, anopheles maculatus, and mansonia uniformis. the 50% lethal concentration of crystal inclusions for each species was 0.34, 8.08, 0.34, 17.59, 3.91, and 120 ng/ml, respectively. these values show that parasporal inclus ...	1995	7487029
a new serovar of bacillus thuringiensis possessing 28a28c flagellar antigenic structure: bacillus thuringiensis serovar jegathesan, selectively toxic against mosquito larvae.	a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain highly toxic to mosquitoes was isolated from soil samples in malaysia. this strain was shown to display a new subfraction of the h-28 flagellar antigen determining a new serovar h28a28c, which was designated serovar jegathesan. bioassays indicated that culex quinquefasciatus larvae are the most susceptible to this new isolate, whereas toxicity to anopheles maculatus and aedes aegypti larvae was 10 times lower. the potency of this new serotype is also compara ...	1995	8825511
microsatellite polymorphism in anopheles maculatus, a malaria vector in thailand.	dinucleotide microsatellites were characterized from anopheles maculatus, a species of mosquito that transmits malaria. a partial genomic library of an. maculatus, consisting of 3,960 kilobases (kb), was screened with either (gt)12 or (ct)12 probes. approximately 1.5% of the recombinants contained sequences that hybridized to either (gt)12 or (ct)12 dinucleotide probes, suggesting that microsatellites are abundant in the genome of an. maculatus. estimation of abundance of the two dinucleotide re ...	1996	9025683
ultralow volume application of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis for the control of mosquitoes.	evaluation of the effectiveness of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (b.t.i.) against mosquito larvae dispersed by ultralow volume (ulv) spraying was conducted in simulated field trials. effectiveness was measured using 3 different indicators: larval mortality, colony-forming unit enumeration, and droplet analysis. b.t.i. was dispersed with a ulv generator using 2 different flow rates: 0.3 and 0.5 liter/min on 2 different days. based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that a ...	1996	9046471
observations on nocturnal biting activity and host preference of anophelines collected in southern thailand.	over a 13-month period, 5,127 adult female mosquitoes were collected on human bait during multiple collecting periods between 1800 and 0600 h in 5 villages in southern thailand. there were marked differences in the biting activity of different species at each of the villages studied. anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni were collected most often at dusk or in the first hours of darkness between 1800 and 2100 h. although specimens of anopheles dirus were collected consistently between ...	1996	8723258
seasonal abundance and parity rates of anopheles species in southern thailand.	mosquitoes were collected with human bait, animal bait, and co2-baited light traps during a 13-month period in 5 villages located along the myanmar border in southern thailand. altogether, 11,608 adult females consisting of 21 anopheline species were collected. abundance of species varied according to the village where collections were made. in one village that was studied most intensely, anopheles minimus was the most commonly collected species, representing 55.6, 10.6, and 56.5% of the human b ...	1996	8723262
a novel insecticidal serotype of clostridium bifermentans.	a novel clostridium bifermentans strain toxic to mosquito larvae on ingestion was isolated from a soil sample collected from secondary forest floor. this strain was designated as serovar paraiba (c. b. paraiba) according to its specific h antigen. clostridium bifermentans paraiba is most toxic to anopheles maculatus theobald larvae (lc50 = 0.038 mg/liter), whereas toxicity to aedes aegypti (linn.) (lc50 = 0.74 mg/liter) and culex quinquefasciatus say (lc50 = 0.11 mg/liter) larvae was 20 and 3 ti ...	1997	9474569
local transmission of plasmodium vivax malaria in singapore.	a localised outbreak involving 19 cases and two carriers of vivax malaria was reported at dairy farm from may to june 1996. epidemiological investigations showed that the outbreak was caused by the introduction of two foreign workers with imported relapsing vivax malaria into this malaria-receptive area. transmission of infection occurred amongst 17 other foreign workers residing in the locality and two local residents staying at a condominium nearby. the outbreak was rapidly brought under contr ...	1997	9494662
malaria. epidemiological surveillance, 1992-1996.	the mean annual incidence of malaria in singapore increased from 208 cases in 1982-86 to 277 cases in 1987-1991 and 306 cases in 1992-96. 92.0% of the 1532 cases reported during 1992-96 were imported, with the distribution of cases by parasitic species as follows: plasmodium vivax, 80.9%; p. falciparum, 16.9%; p. malariae, 0.1%; and both p. vivax and p. falciparum, 2.1%. 5 deaths were reported due to malaria. the mean annual age-specific morbidity rate was highest among people aged 25-34 year ...	1998	9584659
studies on infections with two strains of plasmodium inui from taiwan in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes.	rhesus monkeys infected with the taiwan strains of plasmodium inui could be appropriate models for understanding host-parasite relationships during long-term chronic infection. two strains of p. inui originally from taiwan were studied in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. maximum parasite counts for 13 intact animals infected with the taiwan i strain ranged from 22,215 to 760,000/microl (median maximum parasite count = 242,800/microl). following splenectomy, the maximum parasit ...	1998	9645855
sequence heterogeneity in copia-like retrotransposons in anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in thailand.	degenerate primers and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected a conserved region of copia-like reverse transcriptase from anopheles mosquitoes in thailand. a total of 43 subclone pcr fragments of the size expected for reverse transcriptase of copia-like elements was isolated from anopheles dirus (peyton & harrison) subspecies a, anopheles maculatus (theobald) subspecies e, anopheles nivipes (theobald), and anopheles subpictus grassi. sequence analysis of subclones confirmed the identity of ...	1998	9775607
cuticular lipid differences between the malaria vector and non-vector forms of the anopheles maculatus complex.	two chromosomal forms (e and f) of the anopheles maculatus theobald complex were distinguished by gas-liquid chromatographic (gc) analysis of cuticular lipids in association with a multivariate principal component analysis. the gc chromatogram obtained from n-hexane extracts of individual specimens showed no consistent qualitative differences in normalized peak areas between forms. of the seventeen consistent peaks, five were found to be quantitatively different between forms at a high (99.5-99. ...	1998	2133007
studies on infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in monkeys and mosquitoes.	infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nemestrina, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus azarae boliviensis, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission was obtained with sporozoites developing in anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles maculatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. this strain of p. cynomolgi offers significant potential for a number of experimental studies. t ...	1999	10219307
estimates of gene flow among anopheles maculatus populations in thailand using microsatellite analysis.	we report an analysis of seven microsatellite loci in eight populations of anopheles maculatus mosquitoes dispersed over a distance of approximately 1,100 km in thailand. a wide spectrum of genetic variability, with mean heterozygosities ranging from 0.738 to 0.847 were found. based on microsatellite analysis, geographic populations of an. maculatus can be grouped into two clusters; one includes upper and lower northern populations that extend from approximately 11 degrees to 16 degrees north la ...	1999	10466986
laboratory evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin a microencapsulated formulation on mosquito nets for control of vector mosquitos.	two formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin (ec-emulsion concentrate and mc-microencapsulated) were impregnated into bednets made of polyethylene and polyester. the nets were treated at a dosage of 15 mg/m2. for bioassay of insecticidal efficacy, female anopheles maculatus and aedes aegypti were exposed to the nets for two minutes and mortality was scored 24 hours later. the nets were also tested after repeated washings with water and with soap and water. microencapsulated (2.5cs) formulation was mor ...	1999	10695808
ribosomal dna sequence markers differentiate two species of the anopheles maculatus (diptera: culicidae) complex in the philippines.	the anopheles maculatus theobald complex includes important vectors of malaria. based on chromosomal and morphological evidence, two species in this complex occur in the philippines. because separation of these species, an. dispar rattanarithikul & harbach and an. greeni rattanarithikul & harbach, is problematic due to the difficulty or unreliability of the identification methods currently available, we sought a molecular technique for identifying these two species. we sequenced two regions of n ...	2000	11126553
anthropophily of anophelines in duars of west bengal and other regions of india.	attempts have been made to identify the source of blood meals of twenty three anopheline species from various areas of high malaria endemicity in india. anopheles minimus, anopheles fluviatilis and anopheles dirus showed a high propensity for human blood in north-eastern parts of the country while anopheles sundicus was found to be anthropophilic in andaman & nicobar islands. anopheles culicifacies, anopheles maculatus and anopheles philippinensis were found primarily zoophilic in north-eastern ...	2000	11198404
entomological and epidemiological studies on malaria in rajmahal range, bihar.	the epidemiological investigations carried out in six tribal villages in rajmahal range hill in south bihar revealed average slide positivity rate (spr) 25.1 ranging between 9.8 and 37.8 per cent. plasmodium falciparum was the dominant parasite which accounted 64.2 per cent of the total infections. results of mass blood survey indicated the presence of high percentage of asymptomatic carriers of malaria parasites in the local populace. in an entomological survey, 25 species of mosquitoes under f ...	2000	11820091
epidemic malaria in the menoreh hills of central java.	after more than 50 years of effective management, resurgent malaria threatens residents in the menoreh hills and the foothills of the dieng plateau of central java, indonesia. the dieng plateau dominates the highland center of central java. the steep menoreh hills, surrounded by rice paddy habitats, cover approximately 500 km2 with no peaks greater than 1,000 m. we studied epidemic malaria in purworejo district, one of the three districts containing the menoreh hills. between 1986 and 1995, the ...	2002	12139222
colonization of anopheles maculatus from central java, indonesia.	the routine colonization of anopheles maculatus, a reputed malaria vector from central java, is described. the strain is free mating and long lived in the laboratory. this species will readily bloodfeed on small rodents and artificial membrane systems. either natural or controlled temperatures, humidity, and lighting provide acceptable conditions for continuous rearing. a simple larval diet incorporating a 10:4 powdered mixture of dried beef and rice hulls proved acceptable. using a variety of s ...	2002	12542195
species composition of adult anopheles populations and their breeding habitats in hulu perak district, peninsular malaysia.	using the cow-baited trap (cbt) method, 1,845 anopheles mosquitos, comprising 14 species, were caught in malaria-endemic area of hulu perak district, peninsular malaysia. the two dominant species were an. barbirostris (18.59%) and an. aconitus (18.86%). anopheles maculatus, the main malaria vector, constituted 9.11% of the total number of mosquitos sampled. three hundred and seventy-seven anopheles larvae, comprising 8 species, were sampled using the north carolina biological station dipper. ano ...	2002	12693589
evaluation of candidate traps as tools for conducting surveillance for anopheles mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic area in western thailand.	the effectiveness of five mosquito traps at sampling anopheline mosquitoes was compared with landing/biting (l/b) collections in western thailand. traps evaluated included a cdc style light trap (cdc lt) with dry ice, the american biophysics corporation (abc) standard light trap (abc lt) with dry ice and octenol, the abc counterflow geometry (cfg) trap with dry ice and octenol, the abc mosquito magnet (mm) trap with octenol, and the nicosia and reinhardt company mosquito attractor device (n&r tr ...	2004	15061272
excito-repellency of deltamethrin on the malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles swadiwongporni, and anopheles maculatus, in thailand.	this study compared the behavioral avoidance responses of 4 mosquito malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus form b, and anopheles swadiwongporni, to deltamethrin, the primary insecticide used for indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in thailand. six test populations. representing 4 laboratory colonies and 2 wild-caught populations, were observed during and after exposure to deltamethrin at the operational dose (0.02 g active ingredient/m2) in exci ...	2004	15088704
altitudinal distribution of mosquitoes in mountainous area of garhwal region: part-i.	mosquito fauna diversity in mountainous areas of garhwal region was studied during november 2000 to october 2002 to correlate the altitudinal vegetation and distribution of mosquitoes.	2004	15332482
a weather-driven model of malaria transmission.	climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission.	2004	15350206
infectious reservoir of plasmodium infection in mae hong son province, north-west thailand.	it was unknown whether the main reservoir of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax, which infects mosquitoes in thailand, was (a) in people feeling sufficiently ill with malaria to come to a clinic or (b) in people who had remained in their home villages with some fever symptoms or with none.	2004	15385050
changes in malaria vector densities over a twenty-three year period in mae hong son province, northern thailand.	mae hong son province in northwestern thailand has a long history of malaria. during the last two decades the province has had one of the highest malaria incidences of all provinces in thailand. data were analyzed to determine whether the vector populations were stable or increasing during the last two decades and to determine the seasonal prevalence of the main vectors, and whether or not they were related to the malaria transmission peak, in the wet season. we compiled and analyzed accumulated ...	2004	15691130
evidence of anopheline mosquito resistance to agrochemicals in northern thailand.	the objective of this study was to assess insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquito populations in agroecosystems with high and low insecticide use in a malaria endemic area in chiang mai province in northern thailand. anopheline mosquitoes were collected in may and june 2004 from two locations with different agricultural insecticide intensity (high and low), but similar in vector control strategies. the f1-generation of anopheles maculatus s.s. and an. sawadwongporni were subjected to diagn ...	2005	16438202
evaluation of the mutagenic potential of chlorpyrifos (cpf) using polytene chromosomes of anopheles mosquito.	diverse cytogenetic tests are employed for short term screening of suspect environmental mutagens by using insects and mammals as models. in the present paper the polytene chromosomes of a mosquito anopheles maculatus were used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of a widely used organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos-[o, o-diethyl-o-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphothioate]. the results are based on the frequency of various structural aberrations encountered in the polytene chromosomes of t ...	2005	16114476
impact of different strategies to control plasmodium infection and anaemia on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea).	on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), insecticide-treated nets (itns) have been the main tool used to control malaria over the last 13 years. in 2004, started an indoor residual spraying (irs) campaign to control malaria. the purpose of this study is to asses the impact of the two control strategies on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea), with regards to plasmodium infection and anaemia in the children under five years of age.	2006	16460558
population genetic structure of anopheles maculatus in thailand.	anopheles (cellia) maculatus theobald is a major malaria vector in southern thailand and peninsular malaysia, and previous population genetic studies suggested that mountain ranges act as barriers to gene flow. in this study, we examine the genetic variance among 12 collections of natural populations in southern thailand by analyzing 7 microsatellite loci. based on analysis of molecular variance (amova), three geographic populations of an. maculatus are suggested. the southern population exists ...	2006	17014059
insecticide-induced behavioral responses in two populations of anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni, malaria vectors in thailand.	behavioral responses of 2 wild-caught populations of anopheles maculatus (theobald) and anopheles sawadwongporni rattanarithikul and green to operational field doses of ddt (2 g/m2) and permethrin (0.5 g/m2) were characterized using an excito-repellency test system. both test populations, collected from animal quarters at ban pu teuy, sai yok district, kanchanaburi province, western thailand, were found completely susceptible to ddt and permethrin. specimens from 2 test populations quickly escap ...	2006	17304938
comparative field evaluation of residual-sprayed deltamethrin wg and deltamethrin wp for the control of malaria in pahang, malaysia.	the bioefficacy of indoor residual-sprayed deltamethrin wettable granule (wg) formulation at 25 mg a.i./m2 and 20 mg a.i./m2 for the control of malaria was compared with the current dose of 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin wettable powder (wp) in aboriginal settlements in kuala lipis, pahang, malaysia. the malaria vector has been previously identified as anopheles maculatus. the assessment period for the 20 mg/m2 dosage was six months, but for the 25 mg/m2 dosage, the period was 9 months. collections of mo ...	2006	17333767
large-scale malaria survey in cambodia: novel insights on species distribution and risk factors.	in cambodia, estimates of the malaria burden rely on a public health information system that does not record cases occurring among remote populations, neither malaria cases treated in the private sector nor asymptomatic carriers. a global estimate of the current malaria situation and associated risk factors is, therefore, still lacking.	2007	17389041
environmental factors associated with spatial and temporal distribution of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) larvae in sukabumi, west java, indonesia.	a 12-mo ecological study of the spatial-temporal distribution of immature stages of anopheles species was conducted in sukabumi district, west java, indonesia. the study characterized 1,600 sites from a contiguous coastal and hill zone (0-800-m elevation) of which 64% contained anopheles larvae. principal component and multiple logistic regression analyses identified ecological parameters associated with presence of nine [anopheles aconitus doenitz, anopheles annularis van de wulp, anopheles bar ...	2007	17695007
mosquito species associated within some western himalayas phytogeographic zones in the garhwal region of india.	thirty four species of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were collected across three phytogeographic zones; tropical (300 to 1000 m), sub tropical (1000 to 2000 m) and temperate (2000 to 3000 m) in the garhwal region of india. they included 5 genera: aedes, anopheles, armigeres, culex and uranotaenia. of these, the immature forms of 23 species were recovered from different breeding habitats. the larval habitats were seepage pools, river beds, rice fields, tanks, forest pools, ditches, streams, roc ...	2007	20233101
genetic diversity and molecular identification of mosquito species in the anopheles maculatus group using the its2 region of rdna.	the species diversity and genetic structure of mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles maculatus group in southeast asia were investigated using the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of ribosomal dna (rdna). a molecular phylogeny indicates the presence of at least one hitherto unrecognised species. mosquitoes of chromosomal form k from eastern thailand have a unique its2 sequence that is 3.7% divergent from the next most closely related taxon (an. sawadwongporni) in the group. in the context of ...	2007	16782411
laboratory study on the effect of deltamethrin wg and wp formulations against anopheles maculatus theobald (diptera:culicidae) on rough and smooth surfaces of bamboo wall.	adults of anopheles maculatus were tested for their residual activity to wettable powders (wp) and water dispersible granule (wg) formulations of deltamethrin. the residual effectiveness and lifespan of deltamethrin wg and wp were also assessed against the mosquitoes using rough and smooth surfaces of bamboo. tests were conducted once a month up to 14 months after spraying using who standard method for the bioassay of insecticidal deposits on wall surfaces. mortality data revealed that both delt ...	2007	18209712
crossing experiment of anopheles maculatus form k and anopheles willmori (james) (diptera: culicidae).	we recently reported crossing experiments between anopheles maculatus form k and five members of the maculatus group to support the specific status of form k. in the present study, we performed further crosses between form k and a sixth species of the maculatus group, anopheles willmori (james). low viability was observed in hybrid males and females. all hybrid males were sterile with atrophied testes, or partially sterile with abnormal spermatozoa. the hybrid females showed normal ovaries. the ...	2008	18685865
crossing experiments supporting the specific status of anopheles maculatus chromosomal form k.	there are 3 recognized chromosomal forms (b, e, k) in the taxon of anopheles maculatus, 1 of the 8 members of the anopheles maculatus group. previous studies suggested that forms b and e are cytotypes of the species, but genetic characteristics of form k are unknown. the present study used crossing experiments, and polytene chromosomes of the ovarian nurse cell in f1 hybrids to show that form k is genetically distinct from forms b and e. in addition, postzygotic genetic incompatibility between f ...	2008	18666525
[species identification of anopheles maculatus complex in malaria endemic area motuo county, tibet].	to identify the species of anopheles maculatus complex in malaria endemic area motuo county, linzhi prefecture, tibet autonomous region.	2008	24818373
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of thailand to nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti.	ten different mosquito species representing five genera were allowed to feed on human blood containing microfilariae (5.5-6.5 mf/microl) of nocturnal subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti from kanchanaburi province, thailand. aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes desmotes, downsiomyia species (=finlaya niveus group), culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles dirus a, an. maculatus, an. minimus, armigeres subalbatus, and mansonia uniformis were fed under laboratory conditions using an artificial membrane fee ...	2008	19263851
species composition of mosquito fauna in ranau, sabah, malaysia.	the adult population and species composition of mosquitoes collected in ranau, sabah are described. a total of 5956 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 41 species were collected using human landing catch, indoor and outdoor. anopheles maculatus was the most common species (15.6%) followed by culex quinquefasciatus (12.8%), culex pseudovishnui (12.1%), anopheles balabacensis (11.1%), culex vishnui (9.7%), aedes vexans (9.6%), culex tritaeniorhyncus (6.6%), anopheles donaldi (5.6%) and others in ...	2008	19287362
distribution of anopheles in vietnam, with particular attention to malaria vectors of the anopheles minimus complex.	the distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in vietnam was examined, with a particular interest for the two sibling species of the anopheles minimus complex (cellia: myzomyia), an. minimus and anopheles harrisoni, respectively former species a and c. because the morphological identification of both sibling species is difficult and may lead to misidentifications, accurate data on their respective distribution are missing. this is of fundamental importance since the two species seem to exhibit diffe ...	2008	18190697
bionomics of anopheles latens in kapit, sarawak, malaysian borneo in relation to the transmission of zoonotic simian malaria parasite plasmodium knowlesi.	a large focus of human infections with plasmodium knowlesi, a simian parasite naturally found in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques was discovered in the kapit division of sarawak, malaysian borneo. a study was initiated to identify the vectors of malaria, to elucidate where transmission is taking place and to understand the bionomics of the vectors in kapit.	2008	18377652
longitudinal study of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in a karen population in thailand.	clinical case treatment of malaria infections where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are sympatric has achieved effective reductions in p. falciparum prevalence and incidence rates, but has been less successful for p. vivax. the high transmissibility of p. vivax and its capacity to relapse have been suggested to make it a harder parasite species to control.	2008	18518964
the resting sites and blood-meal sources of anopheles minimus in taiwan.	the who declared taiwan free from malaria in 1965, but in 2003 the reporting of two introduced cases in a rural area suggested a possible local transmission of this disease. therefore, understanding the resting sites and the blood sources of anopheles minimus is crucial in order to provide information for implementing vector control strategies.	2008	18538036
plasmodium knowlesi in humans, macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular malaysia.	abstract:	2008	18710577
the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the mekong region.	knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. malaria transmission in the mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance.	2008	18534006
colonisation and mass rearing: learning from others.	mosquitoes, just as other insects produced for the sterile insect technique (sit), are subjected to several unnatural processes including laboratory colonisation and large-scale factory production. after these processes, sterile male mosquitoes must perform the natural task of locating and mating with wild females. therefore, the colonisation and production processes must preserve characters necessary for these functions. fortunately, in contrast to natural selection which favours a suite of cha ...	2009	19917074
biting activity and host preference of the malaria vectors anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni (diptera: culicidae) in thailand.	adult mosquitoes in the anopheles maculatus group were surveyed from different regions of thailand and five different species were morphologically identified, including anopheles maculatus, anopheles sawadwongporni, anopheles notanandai, anopheles dravidicus, and anopheles willmori. blood-feeding activity and host preference of two species, anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni, were observed during a one-year period at pu teuy village, sai yok district, kanchanaburi province, west-ce ...	2009	20836806
bionomics of anopheles spp. (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of sukabumi, west java, indonesia.	a 15-month bionomic study of anopheles species was conducted in two ecologically distinct villages (coastal and upland) of sukabumi district, west java, indonesia from june 2006 to september 2007. mosquitoes were captured using human-landing collections at both sites. during the study, a total of 17,100 anopheles mosquitoes comprising 13 anopheles species were caught: 9,151 at the coastal site and 7,949 at the upland site. anopheles barbirostris, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles vagus were the ...	2009	20836823
transmission of different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi to aotus nancymaae monkeys and relapse.	forty-four splenectomized aotus nancymaae monkeys were infected with 6 different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi, 11 via trophozoites and 33 via sporozoites. sporozoites from anopheles dirus, anopheles freeborni, anopheles gambiae, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles stephensi resulted in prepatent periods ranging from 9 to 39 days (median of 15 days). importantly, relapse was demonstrated in 5 of 5 sporozoite-induced infections with the rossan strain following treatment with chloroquine.	2009	18788885
rapid decrease of malaria morbidity following the introduction of community-based monitoring in a rural area of central vietnam.	despite a successful control programme, malaria has not completely disappeared in vietnam; it remains endemic in remote areas of central vietnam, where standard control activities seem to be less effective. the evolution of malaria prevalence and incidence over two and half years in a rural area of central vietnam, after the introduction of community-based monitoring of malaria cases, is presented.	2009	19123932
anopheles pseudowillmori is the predominant malaria vector in motuo county, tibet autonomous region.	malaria is endemic in linzhi prefecture in the tibet autonomous region (tar), but the vector for malaria transmission had never been identified.	2009	19291287
towards high-throughput molecular detection of plasmodium: new approaches and molecular markers.	several strategies are currently deployed in many countries in the tropics to strengthen malaria control toward malaria elimination. to measure the impact of any intervention, there is a need to detect malaria properly. mostly, decisions still rely on microscopy diagnosis. but sensitive diagnosis tools enabling to deal with a large number of samples are needed. the molecular detection approach offers a much higher sensitivity, and the flexibility to be automated and upgraded.	2009	19402894
genetic diversity and population structure of plasmodium falciparum in thailand, a low transmission country.	the population structure of the causative agents of human malaria, plasmodium sp., including the most serious agent plasmodium falciparum, depends on the local epidemiological and demographic situations, such as the incidence of infected people, the vector transmission intensity and migration of inhabitants (i.e. exchange between sites). analysing the structure of p. falciparum populations at a large scale, such as continents, or with markers that are subject to non-neutral selection, can lead t ...	2009	19602241
a new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the anopheles gambiae complex.	mosquito sampling methods are essential for monitoring and evaluating malaria vector control interventions. in urban dar es salaam, human landing catch (hlc) is the only method sufficiently sensitive for monitoring malaria-transmitting anopheles. hlc is labour intensive, cumbersome, hazardous, and requires such intense supervision that is difficulty to sustain on large scales.	2009	19602253
human plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central vietnam.	considering increasing reports on human infections by plasmodium knowlesi in southeast asian countries, blood samples collected during two large cross-sectional malariometric surveys carried out in a forested area of central vietnam in 2004 and 2005 were screened for this parasite.	2009	19878553
prevalence of anopheline species and their plasmodium infection status in epidemic-prone border areas of bangladesh.	information related to malaria vectors is very limited in bangladesh. in the changing environment and various anopheles species may be incriminated and play role in the transmission cycle. this study was designed with an intention to identify anopheline species and possible malaria vectors in the border belt areas, where the malaria is endemic in bangladesh.	2010	20074326
malaria vectors of timor-leste.	the island of timor lies at the south-eastern edge of indonesia on the boundary of the oriental and australian faunal regions. the country of timor-leste, which occupies the eastern part of the island, is malarious, but anopheline faunal surveys and malaria vector incrimination date back to the 1960 s. over the last decade the malaria vectors of south-east asia and the south-west pacific have been intensely studied using molecular techniques that can confirm identification within complexes of is ...	2010	20122278
sub-microscopic malaria cases and mixed malaria infection in a remote area of high malaria endemicity in rattanakiri province, cambodia: implication for malaria elimination.	malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests are insensitive for very low-density parasitaemia. this insensitivity may lead to missed asymptomatic sub-microscopic parasitaemia, a potential reservoir for infection. similarly, mixed infections and interactions between plasmodium species may be missed. the objectives were first to develop a rapid and sensitive pcr-based diagnostic method to detect low parasitaemia and mixed infections, and then to investigate the epidemiological importance of sub- ...	2010	20409349