Publications

genetic characterization of archived bunyaviruses and their potential for emergence in australia.	to better understand the diversity of bunyaviruses and their circulation in australia, we sequenced 5 viruses (gan gan, trubanaman, kowanyama, yacaaba, and taggert) isolated and serologically identified 4 decades ago as members of the family bunyaviridae. gan gan and trubanaman viruses almost perfectly matched 2 recently isolated, purportedly novel viruses, salt ash and murrumbidgee viruses, respectively. kowanyama and yacaaba viruses were identified as being related to members of a large clade ...	0	27088588
babesia ugwidiensis, a new species of avian piroplasm from phalacrocoracidae in south africa.	a new species of haematozoa, babesia ugwidiensis sp. nov. from a cormorant is described. this is the first species of piroplasm to be recorded from the phalacrocoracidae and the relationship of this parasite to other babesia spp. from marine hosts is discussed.	0	23193522
isolation of an english uukuvirus (family bunyaviridae).	a virus of the uukuniemi serogroup was isolated from various organs of a moribund kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and from ticks (ixodes uriae) that were feeding on the bird. the kittiwake was found on marsden beach, north-east england. this is the first virus in the family bunyaviridae to have been isolated in england and only the second english arthropod-borne virus after louping ill virus, family togaviridae (smith & varma, 1981). the possibility of infection of humans by uukuviruses is discusse ...	0	6501877
gigantism, temperature and metabolic rate in terrestrial poikilotherms.	the mechanisms dictating upper limits to animal body size are not well understood. we have analysed body length data for the largest representatives of 24 taxa of terrestrial poikilotherms from tropical, temperate and polar environments. we find that poikilothermic giants on land become two-three times shorter per each 10 degrees of decrease in ambient temperature. we quantify that this diminution of maximum body size accurately compensates the drop of metabolic rate dictated by lower temperatur ...	0	16191647
cascading host-associated genetic differentiation in parasitoids of phytophagous insects.	the extraordinary diversity of phytophagous insects may be attributable to their narrow specialization as parasites of plants, with selective tradeoffs associated with alternate host plants driving genetic divergence of host-associated forms via ecological speciation. most phytophagous insects in turn are attacked by parasitoid insects, which are similarly specialized and may also undergo host-associated differentiation (had). a particularly interesting possibility is that had by phytophagous in ...	0	16537122
isolation of a group b arbovirus from ixodes uriae collected on three arch rocks national wildlife refuge, oregon.		1971	5088395
great island and bauline: two new kemerovo group orbiviruses from ixodes uriae in eastern canada.		1973	4719284
tickborne viruses in western north america. i. viruses isolated from ixodes uriae in coastal oregon in 1970.		1973	4707751
isolation of arboviruses (kemerovo group, sakhalin group) from ixodes uriae collected at macquarie island, southern ocean.	eighty-nine pools of ticks (ixodes [ceratixodes] uriae white) collected at macquarie island (54 degrees 30' s, 159 degrees e) in the southern ocean yielded 16 strains of 2 viruses, 1 a "new" member of the kemerovo group and 1 a "new" member of the sakhalin group. the names "nugget" and "taggert" are proposed for them. antigenically-related viruses have therefore now been isolated from i. uriae in both subarctic and subantarctic regions.	1975	50749
cape wrath: a new kemerovo group orbivirus from ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) in scotland.		1976	189034
avian arboviruses of the witless bay seabird sanctuary, newfoundland, canada.	a virologic and serologic survey of arbovirus infections among seabirds and seabird ticks, ixodes uriae, on great island. witless bay, newfoundland, canada, was conducted during 1971 and 1972. kermerovo (great island, bauline) and sakhalin (avalon) group viruses previously reported from birds and/or ticks on great island were prevalent among avian populations, while conclusive evidence of known nonindigenous serotypes was lacking. circumstantial evidence-hemagglutination inhibiting antibody-of a ...	1976	180301
ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) from a river otter.		1977	845891
[tick-borne arboviruses associated with marine birds; a general review (author's transl)].	about forty different arboviruses have been isolated from ticks associated with marine birds along all the coast of the world. the majority of these viruses belongs to 8 serogroups: hughes, b, kemerovo, quaranfil, nyamanini, sakhalin, unkuniemi and upolu, while some others are non-grouped arboviruses. two kinds of specialized ticks chiefly harbour these arboviruses: 1. the ticks of ornitbodoros capensis complex from tropical, subtropical and temperate zones - 2. the ticks ixodes uriae (= i. putu ...	1980	7442512
studies on bunyaviridae including zaliv terpeniya virus isolated from ixodes uriae ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in brittany, france.	three viruses were isolated from ticks parasitizing nesting seabirds on cape sizun, brittany, france, during the spring of 1979: soldado like virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus genus) from ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus (argasidae), zaliv terpeniya (zt) virus (bunyaviridae, uukuvirus genus) from ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (ixodidae) parasitizing chicks of the kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), and a virus of the sakhalin group from i. (c.) uriae. certain virological and ultrastructural properties ...	1981	6173027
orbiviruses and bunyaviruses from a seabird colony in scotland.	viruses isolated from ticks (ixodes uriae) and a kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) from a seabird colony at st. abb's head, scotland, were shown by complement fixation tests (cft) to be antigenically related to the uukuniemi and kemerovo serogroups. electron microscopic examination of cell cultures infected with the kemerovo group viruses revealed particles characteristic of orbiviruses, 72 +/- 3 nm in diam., with an inner core 37 +/- 3 nm in diam., in association with intracytoplasmic, densely stain ...	1981	7320703
mixed infections with tick-borne viruses in a seabird colony in eire.	viruses were isolated from 2 tick species collected from the nesting areas of seabirds on great saltee island, eire. bunyaviruses of the uukuniemi serogroup were isolated from hard ticks (ixodes uriae and i. rothschildi), bunyaviruses of the hughes serogroup from soft ticks (ornithodoros maritimus), and orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup from i. uriae and o. maritimus. the results indicate that the bunyaviruses, but not the orbiviruses, show "tick specificity". neutralising activity against m ...	1984	6421266
the proteins expressed in vivo and in vitro by an orbivirus of the kemerovo serogroup isolated from ixodes uriae ticks from st. abb's head, scotland.	the genome of ft363 virus, a member of the kemerovo serogroup of orbiviruses, was shown to consist of 10 segments of dsrna. examination of the intracellular proteins expressed by this virus in vero cells showed the presence of 9 major and several minor products. similar results were obtained by translation of the virus dsrna in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. comparison of in vivo and in vitro products by immunoprecipitation using polyclonal ft363 ascitic fluid showed a difference in the numbers o ...	1985	2990388
the isolation of kemerovo group orbiviruses and uukuniemi group viruses of the family bunyaviridae from ixodes uriae ticks from the isle of may, scotland.	viruses isolated from ticks (ixodes uriae) from a seabird colony on the isle of may, scotland, were shown by complement fixation tests to be related to the uukuniemi and kemerovo serogroups. electron microscopic studies on the uukuniemi viruses showed them to have a morphology characteristic of the bunyaviridae, and the kemerovo group to be characteristic of orbiviruses. separate isolates from the two serogroups were distinguished from each other by neutralization tests.	1985	2860796
isolation of orbiviruses and uukuviruses from puffin ticks.	two viruses were isolated from a pool of three female ixodes uriae ticks found on a dead puffin (fratercula arctica) on a beach at arbroath, scotland. complement fixation tests showed that one of the viruses was an orbivirus belonging to the kemerovo serogroup and was related to cape wrath virus. cross-reactions did not occur in neutralisation tests with 4 kemerovo group viruses previously isolated from i. uriae collected in british seabird colonies. the orbivirus was therefore named arbroath vi ...	1985	2860801
a comparison of the induced polypeptides and rnas of three orbiviruses isolated from ticks (ixodes uriae) collected in seabird colonies on the isle of may, scotland.	three orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup, isolated from ticks from two sites on the isle of may in scotland, were plaque purified and the proteins and rna induced in vero cells compared. two viruses (mill door/79 and mill door/81) from the same site differed in the migration of at least 7 segments of dsrna. the third virus (north clett/81) was clearly distinguished from mill door/79 and mill door/81 viruses in the migration of 6 dsrna segments. analysis of virus-induced polypeptides demonstra ...	1986	2871729
characterisation of orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup: comparison of protein and rna profiles.	nine viruses of the kemerovo serogroup (orbivirus genus; family, reoviridae) isolated from seabird ticks (ixodes uriae and ornithodoros maritimus) from eight different geographical locations (four from scotland, two from morocco, one from eire, one from england, one from the faeroes islands) were examined. all nine viruses produced unique rna electropherotypes but showed a 2 : 4 : 3 : 1 grouping of the ten double-stranded rna segments. the virus-induced proteins were labelled with 35s-methionine ...	1986	2876612
proteins expressed by mill door/79 virus, a kemerovo serogroup orbivirus transmitted by the ticks ixodes uriae.	mill door/79 virus, an orbivirus of the kemerovo serogroup, great island complex, was shown to induce in infected cells 10 segments of double-stranded rna with a total molecular weight of 11.46 x 10(6) daltons. using methyl mercuric hydroxide as a denaturing agent the double-stranded rna was translated in a cell-free system producing 11 polypeptides, 10 of which co-migrated with those produced in mill door/79 virus infected vero cells. the segments were separated and individually translated in a ...	1986	3015079
characterization of orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup: isolations and serological comparisons.	nine orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup were isolated from ticks collected in seabird colonies situated in the u.k., faeroe islands, norway, morocco and california, u.s.a. comparison by serological tests with previously reported members of the kemerovo serogroup demonstrated that viruses isolated from the hard tick, ixodes uriae, were members of the great island subgroup, whereas viruses from soft ticks, argas monolakensis and ornithodoros maritimus, belonged to the chenuda subgroup. members ...	1986	3753199
avalon virus, sakhalin group (nairovirus, bunyaviridae) from the seabird tick ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae white 1852 in france.	nine strains of avalon virus were isolated from ixodes uriae ticks collected in the cape sizun seabird reserve, brittany, from 1979 to 1985, during a longitudinal study of consequences of tick-borne infections for kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla). avalon virus strains isolated in france proved difficult to study owing to the weak infectious titres they exhibited in suckling mice or cultured cells. however, some interesting data concerning the ecology of virus infection and the morphology of the vir ...	1986	2878589
tick-borne kemerovo group orbiviruses in a newfoundland seabird colony.	five new isolates of kemerovo group viruses were recovered from ixodes uriae collected on great island, witless bay seabird sanctuary, newfoundland, canada, during july 1985. this brings the total number of orbivirus isolates on great island to 18 isolates including the 7 from 1971 and 6 from 1972. genomic segments of several strains were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the degree of variation in each segment of these viruses was calculated. great island and bauline viruses exhib ...	1988	2849499
pasteurella multocida infections in rockhopper penguins (eudyptes chrysocome) from campbell island, new zealand.	during an investigation into the population decline of rockhopper penguins (eudyptes chrysocome) on campbell island, new zealand, avian cholera (pasteurella multocida) was found in dead adults and chicks. an rna enveloped virus was isolated from ixodes uriae, a tick which commonly parasitizes rockhopper penguins on the island. it is not known whether this virus is virulent for penguins. no evidence was obtained to suggest that avian cholera was the principal cause for the decline in the rockhopp ...	1990	2338734
a rickettsia-like organism from ixodes uriae ticks collected on the kerguelen islands (french subantarctic territories).	a rickettsia-like microorganism was isolated in suckling mice from ixodes uriae ticks collected from penguins breeding on mayes island, kerguelen archipelago, french subantarctic territories. at isolation, this agent mimicked a tick-borne arbovirus. finally, electron microscopy studies of infected suckling mouse livers showed the presence of inclusions filled with pleomorphic microorganism in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes, sometimes dividing by binary fission and thus of obviously non-viral ...	1993	8105647
a lyme borreliosis cycle in seabirds and ixodes uriae ticks.	the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., is the only borrelia known to infect both mammals and birds. the main vertebrate reservoirs of b. burgdorferi are thought to be various small and intermediate size mammals, but the importance of birds as a reservoir has not been thoroughly explored. in the northern and southern hemispheres the seabird tick, ixodes uriae, is prevalent and closely associated with many species of colony-nesting marine birds. here we report the presence of spi ...	1993	8455718
geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (acari: ixodidae, argasidae) in sweden.	this review covers the geographic distribution and host relationships of the tick species in sweden. ixodes uriae white, i. caledonicus nuttall, i. unicavatus neumann, i. arboricola schulze & schlottke, and i. lividus koch are ornithophagous species. i. trianguliceps birula, i. canisuga johnston, i. hexagonus leach, and argas vespertilionis (latreille) are mammalophagous. i. ricinus (l.) and haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago feed on both birds and mammals. all these tick species may be ...	1994	8189415
transhemispheric exchange of lyme disease spirochetes by seabirds.	lyme disease is a zoonosis transmitted by ticks and caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. epidemiological and ecological investigations to date have focused on the terrestrial forms of lyme disease. here we show a significant role for seabirds in a global transmission cycle by demonstrating the presence of lyme disease borrelia spirochetes in ixodes uriae ticks from several seabird colonies in both the southern and northern hemispheres. borrelia dna was isolated from i. uriae ...	1995	8586715
molecular polymorphism of the lyme disease agent borrelia garinii in northern europe is influenced by a novel enzootic borrelia focus in the north atlantic.	lyme disease borrelia species are distributed in temperate areas of north america and eurasia. to elucidate the distribution of borreliae in subarctic regions, strains isolated from ixodes ricinus and ixodes uriae ticks found on islands in the northern atlantic and baltic sea were molecularly characterized. all isolates were verified as borrelia garinii by 16s rrna gene analysis and immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies specific for the outer surface proteins a and c. three ribotypes (rts) o ...	1996	8789017
the activity periods and life-cycle of the tick ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) in relation to host breeding strategies.	we investigated the timing of seasonal activity of the seabird tick ixodes uriae by examining engorgement rates of off-host ticks and the prevalence of infested common guillemots (uria aalge) and kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) on the isle of may, scotland. more than 99% of i. uriae fed during the period late april to early august which coincided with the seabird breeding season. no ticks fed in the autumn and winter, and none over-wintered in the engorged state. peak tick feeding activity was dur ...	1996	8684831
serum complement sensitivity as a key factor in lyme disease ecology.	the sensitivity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato to animal sera was analyzed. complement-mediated borreliacidal effects were observed with particular combinations of host serum and borrelia genospecies. the species-specific pattern of viability and/or lysis is highly consistent with the pattern of reservoir competence of hosts for b. burgdorferi sensu lato, suggesting a key role of complement in the global ecology of lyme borreliosis.	1998	9488421
a surface-exposed region of a novel outer membrane protein (p66) of borrelia spp. is variable in size and sequence.	a model of the 66-kda outer membrane protein (p66) of lyme disease borrelia spp. predicts a surface-exposed loop near the c terminus. this region contains an antigen commonly recognized by sera from lyme disease patients. in the present study, this region of p66 and homologous proteins of other borrelia spp. were further investigated by using monoclonal antibodies, epitope mapping of p66 of borrelia burgdorferi, and dna sequencing. a monoclonal antibody specific for b. burgdorferi bound to the p ...	1998	9537355
differential transmission of the genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in england.	the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in a focus of lyme borreliosis in southern britain dominated by game birds. ticks, rodents, and pheasants were analyzed for spirochete infections by pcr-targeting the 23s-5s rrna genes, followed by genotyping by the reverse line blot method. in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, three genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato were detected, with the highest prevalences found for borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana. b. burgdorf ...	1998	9546150
first records of amblyomma americanum, ixodes (ixodes) dentatus, and ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (acari: ixodidae) from maine.	the first records of 3 ixodid tick species collected in the state of maine are reported. a total of 23 records of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l., 1758), in 11 counties from hosts with no history of travel outside the state demonstrates that this tick is now a resident of maine. ixodes dentatus marx, 1899 is recorded from waldo and lincoln counties, and ixodes uriae white, 1852 is recorded from matinicus rock in knox county. this is the first report of i. uriae from the eastern unit ...	1998	9645873
molecular analysis of sequence heterogeneity among genes encoding decorin binding proteins a and b of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	immunization of mice with borrelia burgdorferi decorin binding protein a (dbpa), one of two gene products of the dbpba locus, has been shown recently to confer protection against challenge. hyperimmune dbpa antiserum killed a large number of b. burgdorferi sensu lato isolates of diverse phylogeny and origin, suggesting conservation of the protective epitope(s). in order to evaluate the heterogeneity of dbpa and dbpb and to facilitate defining the conserved epitope(s) of these antigens, the seque ...	1998	9784533
isolation of lyme disease borrelia from puffins (fratercula arctica) and seabird ticks (ixodes uriae) on the faeroe islands.	this is the first report on the isolation of lyme disease borrelia from seabirds on the faeroe islands and the characteristics of its enzootic cycle. the major components of the borrelia cycle include the puffin (fratercula arctica) as the reservoir and ixodes uriae as the vector. the importance of this cycle and its impact on the spread of human lyme borreliosis have not yet been established. borrelia spirochetes isolated from 2 of 102 sampled puffins were compared to the borreliae previously o ...	1999	10074497
dispersal and distribution of the tick ixodes uriae within and among seabird host populations: the need for a population genetic approach.	the aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of the tick ixodes uriae within and among populations of its seabird hosts and to consider the potential insight that could be gained by a population genetic approach to the issue of dispersal of this tick. analyses of data collected around the avalon peninsula, newfoundland, indicated that both the prevalence and mean abundance of ticks varied significantly among sample locations. whereas ticks were found on all 4 host species e ...	1999	10219295
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human lyme borreliosis (lb), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. in the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the lb-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. these methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna-dna reassociation analysis, rrna gene restri ...	1999	10515907
scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana in humans.	an immunoglobulin g immunoblot was developed with antigenic extracts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana genospecies and was reacted with sera from patients with neuroborreliosis, acrodermatitis, and lyme arthritis. a detailed analysis of the reactivities of the protein bands was performed, and a two-step scoring procedure was selected to determine the preferential reactivity of sera to one particular genospecies. the discriminative potential of 5 pro ...	1999	10565936
molecular genetic key for the identification of 17 ixodes species of the united states (acari:ixodidae): a methods model.	a taxonomic key, based on restriction enzyme analysis of the second internal-transcribed spacer (its-2) in the nuclear ribosomal dna gene, was developed for identification of 17 ixodes tick species in the united states. this key includes: ixodes affinis neumann, ixodes angustus neumann, ixodes baergi cooley and kohls, ixodes brunneus koch, ixodes cookei packard, ixodes dentatus marx, ixodes jellisoni cooley and kohls, ixodes kingi bishopp, ixodes minor neumann, ixodes muris bishopp and smith, ix ...	1999	10461941
distribution and abundance of the tick ixodes uriae in a diverse subantarctic seabird community.	at bird island, south georgia, we surveyed the distribution and abundance of ticks on the vertebrate fauna and found only 1 species ixodes uriae. we classified all seabird species into 3 groups: (1) seabirds nesting on the surface of the ground solitarily, in dispersed groups of a few nests, or in colonies with well-spaced nests; (2) seabirds nesting on the surface of the ground in dense colonies; and (3) seabirds nesting in dense colonies in burrows or rock crevices. we detected i. uriae only o ...	1999	10207358
increased mortality of black-browed albatross chicks at a colony heavily-infested with the tick ixodes uriae.	at bird island, south georgia, we studied the effects of the tick ixodes uriae on survival of chicks at two colonies of the black-browed albatross diomedea melanophrys, one where most chicks were infested with ticks, the other where most chicks were tick-free. when the two colonies were compared, it was found that the colony heavily-infested with ticks had significantly greater chick mortality than the colony lightly-infested with ticks. however, within each of the two colonies, there was no sig ...	1999	10579424
isolation and characterization of microsatellites in the seabird ectoparasite ixodes uriae.		2000	11123658
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from mainland portugal.	to date borrelia lusitaniae is the only genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in portugal and tunisia. this suggests that the genospecies diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato decreases toward the southwestern margin of its old world subtropical range. in order to further explore the genetic diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato from this region, 55 i. ricinus and 27 hyalomma marginatum questing adults, collected during the spring of 1998 f ...	2000	10834965
prevalence of lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks from migratory birds on the japanese mainland.	borrelia sp. prevalence in ticks on migratory birds was surveyed in central japan. in autumn, a total of 1,733 birds representing 40 species were examined for ticks. a total of 361 ticks were obtained from 173 birds of 15 species, and these ticks were immature haemaphysalis flava (94.4%), haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes columnae, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes turdus, and an unidentified ixodes species. of these, 27 juveniles of h. flava on turdus pallidus, turdus cardis, or emberiza spodocephala, ...	2000	10698761
molecular and pathogenic characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from spain.	fifteen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from questing ticks and skin biopsy specimens from erythema migrans patients in three different areas of spain were characterized. four different genospecies were found (nine borrelia garinii, including the two human isolates, three b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, two b. valaisiana, and one b. lusitaniae), showing a diverse spectrum of b. burgdorferi sensu lato species. b. garinii isolates were highly variable in terms of pulsed-field gel electropho ...	2000	11060064
arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, lepidophthirus macrorhini.	a novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, mirounga leonina, on macquarie island, australia. the virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known australasian alphaviruses. nearly all macquarie island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. antarctic division personnel who have worked exte ...	2001	11287559
induced maternal response to the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a colonial seabird, the kittiwake rissa tridactyla.	mothers are predicted to invest in their offspring depending on the quality of their mate, their opportunity to invest in future reproduction and the characteristics of the habitat in which their offspring will be born. recent studies have suggested a transfer of maternal immunity to offspring as an induced response to the local presence of parasites in the environment, but evidence has been indirect. here, we show the presence of antibodies against the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi se ...	2001	11297183
phylogeographic relationships of ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) and their significance to transequatorial dispersal of borrelia garinii.	the seabird tick ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) has a bi- and circumpolar distribution and is commonly infected with lyme disease borrelia. identical borrelia flagellin gene sequences have been detected in i. uriae from both the northern and southern hemispheres, suggesting a transequatorial transport of borrelia. parsimony analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) and a part of 16s rdna of i. uriae from the northern and southern hemispheres indicated that northern and southern i. uri ...	2001	11833281
life cycle of the tick ixodes uriae in penguin colonies: relationships with host breeding activity.	a survey of the temporal pattern of population structure and feeding activity of the seabird tick ixodes uriae was conducted for the first time in two host species colonies: king penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus halli) and macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus). the life cycle of the tick was investigated over 3 years in a king penguin colony and 2 years in a macaroni penguin colony at possession island (crozet archipelago). there was a marked seasonal feeding activity pattern of ...	2001	11429167
seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis.	background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ...	2002	12453316
reproductive strategies of the seabird tick ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae).	ixodes uriae is a common ectoparasite of colonial seabirds in the circumpolar areas of both hemispheres. despite its potential effects on host population dynamics and its role as a vector of pathogens, little is known about the reproductive strategies of this tick under natural conditions. multiple mating of engorged females has been recorded in several instances, but the resulting paternity of offspring and its potential evolutionary significance have never been evaluated. here, the paternity o ...	2002	12197143
geographical and seasonal correlation of multiple sclerosis to sporadic schizophrenia.	background: clusters by season and locality reveal a striking epidemiological overlap between sporadic schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis (ms). as the birth excesses of those individuals who later in life develop schizophrenia mirror the seasonal distribution of ixodid ticks, a meta analysis has been performed between all neuropsychiatric birth excesses including ms and the epidemiology of spirochaetal infectious diseases. results: the prevalence of ms and schizophrenic birth excesses entirely ...	2002	12537588
host-dependent genetic structure of parasite populations: differential dispersal of seabird tick host races.	despite the fact that parasite dispersal is likely to be one of the most important processes influencing the dynamics and coevolution of host-parasite interactions, little information is available on the factors that affect it. in most cases, opportunities for parasite dispersal should be closely linked to host biology. here we use microsatellite genetic markers to compare the population structure and dispersal of two host races of the seabird tick ixodes uriae at the scale of the north atlantic ...	2003	12683525
birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza a and enteropathogens.	wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. in addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired. birds are central to the epidemiology of west nile virus (wnv) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature. the initial spread of wnv in the u.s. along the ea ...	2003	15931279
spatial genetic structure of the ectoparasite ixodes uriae within breeding cliffs of its colonial seabird host.	to examine the potential importance of the spatial subdivision of hosts for the functioning of parasite populations, we analysed patterns of local genetic structure within natural populations of the seabird ectoparasite, ixodes uriae, at the scale of the host breeding cliff. the seabird hosts of this parasite nest in dense colonies with a hierarchical spatial organisation (individual nests-breeding cliffs-colony). using eight microsatellite markers and samples from three breeding cliffs of the b ...	2003	14512959
comparative host-parasite population structures: disentangling prospecting and dispersal in the black-legged kittiwake rissa tridactyla.	although much insight is to be gained through the comparison of the population genetic structures of parasites and hosts, there are, at present, few studies that take advantage of the information on vertebrate life histories available through the consideration of their parasites. here, we examined the genetic structure of a colonial seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) using seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to make inferences about population functioning and intercolony ...	2005	16029481
recurrent evolution of host-specialized races in a globally distributed parasite.	the outcome of coevolutionary interactions is predicted to vary across landscapes depending on local conditions and levels of gene flow, with some populations evolving more extreme specializations than others. using a globally distributed parasite of colonial seabirds, the tick ixodes uriae, we examined how host availability and geographic isolation influences this process. in particular, we sampled ticks from 30 populations of six different seabird host species, three in the southern hemisphere ...	2005	16243689
tick-borne great island virus: (ii) impact of age-related acquired immunity on transmission in a natural seabird host.	tick-borne pathogen transmission is dependent upon tick number per host and the physical and temporal distribution of each feeding stage. age-related acquired immunity to tick and pathogen may also be important but has received less attention. in this study we evaluate which of these parameters has the greatest impact on great island virus (giv) transmission between ixodes uriae ticks and common guillemots (uria aalge). the study system is well suited to investigate age-related effects because t ...	2006	16197591
tick-borne great island virus: (i) identification of seabird host and evidence for co-feeding and viraemic transmission.	great island virus (giv) is an arbovirus present in the tick ixodes uriae, a common ectoparasite of nesting seabirds. common guillemot (uria aalge) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) are the preferred and most abundant hosts of i. uriae on the isle of may, scotland. as part of a study to understand the epidemiology of giv, the ability of guillemot and kittiwake to support tick-borne transmission of giv was examined. giv was present in ticks feeding in isolated guillemot colonies and g ...	2006	16216136
borrelia garinii in seabird ticks (ixodes uriae), atlantic coast, north america.	borrelia garinii is the most neurotropic of the genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato that cause lyme disease in europe, where it is transmitted to avian and mammalian reservoir hosts and to humans by ixodes ricinus. b. garinii is also maintained in an enzootic cycle in seabirds by i. uriae, a tick found at high latitudes in both the northern and southern hemispheres. to determine whether b. garinii is present in seabird ticks on the atlantic coast of north america, we examined 261 i. uriae t ...	2006	17326943
genetic differentiation in the soil-feeding termite cubitermes sp. affinis subarquatus: occurrence of cryptic species revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial markers.	soil-feeding termites are particularly interesting models for studying the effects of fragmentation, a natural or anthropic phenomenon described as promoting genetic differentiation. however, studying the link between fragmentation and genetics requires a method for identifying species unambiguously, especially when morphological diagnostic characters are lacking. in humivorous termites, which contribute to the fertility of tropical soils, molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are ra ...	2006	17123444
habitat requirements of the seabird tick, ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae), from the antarctic peninsula in relation to water balance characteristics of eggs, nonfed and engorged stages.	the seabird tick ixodes uriae is exposed to extreme environmental conditions during the off-host phase of its life cycle on the antarctic peninsula. to investigate how this tick resists desiccation, water requirements of each developmental stage were determined. features of i. uriae water balance include a high percentage body water content, low dehydration tolerance limit, and a high water loss rate, which are characteristics that classify this tick as hydrophilic. like other ticks, i. uriae re ...	2007	17115223
activity periods and questing behavior of the seabird tick ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) on gull island, newfoundland: the role of puffin chicks.	questing behavior of ixodes uriae and their associated seasonal, host-feeding patterns are crucial to our understanding of tick life history strategies and the ecology of diseases that they transmit. consequently, we quantified questing behavior of nymphs and adult female i. uriae ticks at gull island, a seabird colony in newfoundland, canada, to examine seasonal variation of off-host and on-host tick activity. we sampled a total of 133 adult atlantic puffins (fratercula arctica), 152 puffin chi ...	2007	17539407
fitness increases with partner and neighbour allopreening.	altruism and selfishness are fundamental characteristics of human and animal societies. among colonial biparental species, breeding outcome depends on interactions between mates and neighbours. however, the relationships between cooperation within and among partnerships and fitness have not been fully investigated. we show that in the highly colonial common guillemot (uria aalge), altruistic behaviour (allopreening) towards a mate was positively related to long-term fitness, whereas allopreening ...	2007	17550875
environmental source of candida dubliniensis.	we isolated candida dubliniensis from a nonhuman source, namely, tick samples from an irish seabird colony. the species was unambiguously identifi ed by phenotypic and genotypic means. analysis of the 5.8s rrna gene showed that the environmental isolates belong to c. dubliniensis genotype 1.	2007	17553256
first record of lyme disease borrelia in the arctic.	the epidemiology and ecology of lyme disease is very complex, and its reported geographical distribution is constantly increasing. furthermore, the involvement of birds in long distance dispersal and their role as reservoir hosts is now well established. in this study, we have shown that sea birds in the arctic region of norway carry ixodes uriae ticks infected with lyme disease borrelia garinii spirochetes. interestingly, dna sequencing showed that these isolates are closely related to b. garin ...	2007	17767412
possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in great britain.	nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in europe, and several (west nile, sindbis and tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. although there have been no reported human cases in great britain (gb), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. this paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in gb, ...	2007	16893487
the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudocellus pearsei (chelicerata: ricinulei) and a comparison of mitochondrial gene rearrangements in arachnida.	mitochondrial genomes are widely utilized for phylogenetic and population genetic analyses among animals. in addition to sequence data the mitochondrial gene order and rna secondary structure data are used in phylogenetic analyses. arachnid phylogeny is still highly debated and there is a lack of sufficient sequence data for many taxa. ricinulei (hooded tickspiders) are a morphologically distinct clade of arachnids with uncertain phylogenetic affinities.	2007	17961221
interannual dynamics of antibody levels in naturally infected long-lived colonial birds.	little is known about the long-term persistence of specific antibodies (ab) in natural host-parasite systems despite its potential epidemiological and ecological importance. in long-lived species, knowledge of the dynamics of individual immunological profiles can be important not only for interpreting serology results, but also for assessing transmission dynamics and the potential selective pressures acting on parasites. the aim of this paper was to investigate temporal variation in levels of sp ...	2007	18229852
prevalence and diversity of lyme borreliosis bacteria in marine birds.	a potential role of seabirds in spreading lyme disease (lb) spirochetes over large spatial scales was suggested more than 10 years ago when borrelia garinii was observed in marine birds of both hemispheres. since then, there have been few studies examining the diversity of borrelia spp. circulating in seabirds, or the potential interaction between terrestrial and marine disease cycles. to explore these aspects, we tested 402 ixodes uriae ticks collected from five colonial seabird species by ampl ...	2008	18394972
variable exposure and immunological response to lyme disease borrelia among north atlantic seabird species.	colonial seabirds often breed in large aggregations. these individuals can be exposed to parasitism by the tick ixodes uriae, but little is known about the circulation of pathogens carried by this ectoparasite, including lyme disease borrelia. here we investigated the prevalence of antibodies (ab) against borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in seabird species sampled at eight locations across the north atlantic. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, we found that the prevalence of anti-borr ...	2008	18577503
larval keys to the genera of ixodidae (acari) and species of ixodes (latreille) ticks established in california.	in california, hard (ixodidae) ticks transmit at least 8 zoonotic disease agents (1 virus, 6 bacteria, 1 protozoan) to humans or other animals. the correct taxonomic identification of all 3 parasitic stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) of ticks is integral to understanding host-tick associations and disease dynamics, but immature ticks, especially the larvae, can be difficult to identify. here, we present larval keys to the 4 genera of ixodidae (dermacentorkoch, 1844; haemaphysaliskoch, 1844; ixodes ...	2008	20027236
multilocus sequence typing reveals that the population structure of candida dubliniensis is significantly less divergent than that of candida albicans.	the pathogenic yeast candida dubliniensis is phylogenetically very closely related to candida albicans, and both species share many phenotypic and genetic characteristics. dna fingerprinting using the species-specific probe cd25 and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the ribosomal gene cluster previously showed that c. dubliniensis is comprised of three major clades comprising four distinct its genotypes. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) has been shown to be ve ...	2008	18057125
the underestimated role of olfaction in avian reproduction?	until the second half of the 20th century, it was broadly accepted that most birds are microsmatic if not anosmic and unable to detect and use olfactory information. exceptions were eventually conceded for species like procellariiforms, vultures or kiwis that detect their food at least in part based on olfactory signals. during the past 20-30 years, many publications have appeared indicating that this view is definitely erroneous. we briefly review here anatomical, electrophysiological and behav ...	2008	18804490
validation of manometric microrespirometers for measuring oxygen consumption in small arthropods.	scientists have used numerous techniques to measure organismal metabolic rate, including assays of oxygen (o2) consumption and carbon dioxide (co2) production. relatively few studies have directly compared estimates of metabolic rate on the same groups of animals as determined by different assay methods. this study directly compared measures of the metabolic rate of three lines of drosophila simulans as determined either from direct measures of co2 production using infrared gas analysis (irga), ...	2008	18606168
addition of alarm pheromone components improves the effectiveness of desiccant dusts against cimex lectularius.	we demonstrate that the addition of bed bug, cimex lectularius, alarm pheromone to desiccant formulations greatly enhances their effectiveness during short-term exposure. two desiccant formulations, diatomaceous earth (de) and dri-die (silica gel), were applied at the label rate with and without bed bug alarm pheromone components, (e)-2-hexenal, (e)-2-octenal, and a (e)-2-hexenal:(e)-2-octenal blend. first-instar nymphs and adult females were subjected to 10-min exposures, and water loss rates w ...	2009	19496429
recent evolution of host-associated divergence in the seabird tick ixodes uriae.	ecological interactions are an important source of rapid evolutionary change and thus may generate a significant portion of novel biodiversity. such changes may be particularly prevalent in parasites, where hosts can induce strong selection for adaptation. to understand the relative frequency at which host-associated divergences occur, it is essential to examine the evolutionary history of the divergence process, particularly when it is occurring over large geographical scales where both geograp ...	2009	19793353
ticks associated with macquarie island penguins carry arboviruses from four genera.	macquarie island, a small subantarctic island, is home to rockhopper, royal and king penguins, which are often infested with the globally distributed seabird tick, ixodes uriae. a flavivirus, an orbivirus, a phlebovirus, and a nairovirus were isolated from these ticks and partial sequences obtained. the flavivirus was nearly identical to gadgets gully virus, isolated some 30 year previously, illustrating the remarkable genetic stability of this virus. the nearest relative to the orbivirus (for w ...	2009	19194498
complex population structure of lyme borreliosis group spirochete borrelia garinii in subarctic eurasia.	borrelia garinii, a causative agent of lyme borreliosis in europe and asia, is naturally maintained in marine and terrestrial enzootic cycles, which primarily involve birds, including seabirds and migratory passerines. these bird groups associate with, correspondingly, ixodes uriae and ixodes ricinus ticks, of which the latter species may bite and transmit the infection to humans. studies of the overlap between these two natural cycles of b. garinii have been limited, in part due to the absence ...	2009	19513109
genetic differences between avian and human isolates of candida dubliniensis.	when candida dubliniensis isolates obtained from seabird excrement and from humans in ireland were compared by using multilocus sequence typing, 13 of 14 avian isolates were genetically distinct from human isolates. the remaining avian isolate was indistinguishable from a human isolate, suggesting that transmission may occur between humans and birds.	2009	19788816
destruction of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (rbs) by the antibiotic tigecycline.	persistence of tissue spirochetes of borrelia burgdorferi as helices and round bodies (rbs) explains many erythema-lyme disease symptoms. spirochete rbs (reproductive propagules also called coccoid bodies, globular bodies, spherical bodies, granules, cysts, l-forms, sphaeroplasts, or vesicles) are induced by environmental conditions unfavorable for growth. viable, they grow, move and reversibly convert into motile helices. reversible pleiomorphy was recorded in at least six spirochete genera (>1 ...	2009	19843691
horizontal and vertical movements of host-seeking ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in a hardwood forest.	the nymph of the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) is an important bridging vector of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) to humans in the far-western united states. the previously unknown dispersal capabilities of this life stage were studied in relation to logs, tree trunks, and adjacent leaf-litter areas in a mixed hardwood forest using mark-release-recapture methods. in two spatially and temporally well-spaced trials involving logs, the estimated mean distances that ...	2009	20352083
wahlund effects and sex-biased dispersal in ixodes ricinus, the european vector of lyme borreliosis: new tools for old data.	population genetics can help us better understand species microevolution and population biology, but inferences made from the genetic polymorphisms of field-collected organisms critically rely on sampling design. the population structure of the tick ixodes ricinus l. (acari, ixodidae), a commonly encountered ectoparasite and the principal vector of human lyme disease in europe, has been the focus of some study, but many ecological aspects of this species remain poorly understood. here, we apply ...	2010	20601167
anaplasma phagocytophilum induces ixodes scapularis ticks to express an antifreeze glycoprotein gene that enhances their survival in the cold.	in the united states, ixodes scapularis ticks overwinter in the northeast and upper midwest and transmit the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, among other pathogens. we now show that the presence of a. phagocytophilum in i. scapularis ticks increases their ability to survive in the cold. we identified an i. scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein, designated iafgp, and demonstrated via rnai knockdown studies the importance of iafgp for the survival of i. scapularis ...	2010	20739755
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.	the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...	2010	20969792
cryptic vector divergence masks vector-specific patterns of infection: an example from the marine cycle of lyme borreliosis.	vector organisms are implicated in the transmission of close to a third of all infectious diseases. in many cases, multiple vectors (species or populations) can participate in transmission but may contribute differently to disease ecology and evolution. the presence of cryptic vector populations can be particularly problematic as differences in infection can be difficult to evaluate and may lead to erroneous evolutionary and epidemiological inferences. here, we combine site-occupancy modeling an ...	2010	25567933
meeting the challenges of on-host and off-host water balance in blood-feeding arthropods.	in this review, we describe water balance requirements of blood-feeding arthropods, particularly contrasting dehydration tolerance during the unfed, off-host state and the challenges of excess water that accompany receipt of the bloodmeal. most basic water balance characteristics during the off-host stage are applicable to other terrestrial arthropods, as well. a well-coordinated suite of responses enable arthropods to conserve water resources, enhance their desiccation tolerance, and increase t ...	2010	20206630
it costs to be clean and fit: energetics of comfort behavior in breeding-fasting penguins.	birds may allocate a significant part of time to comfort behavior (e.g., preening, stretching, shaking, etc.) in order to eliminate parasites, maintain plumage integrity, and possibly reduce muscular ankylosis. understanding the adaptive value of comfort behavior would benefit from knowledge on the energy costs animals are willing to pay to maintain it, particularly under situations of energy constraints, e.g., during fasting. we determined time and energy devoted to comfort activities in freely ...	2011	21818253
peromyscus maniculatus, a possible reservoir host of borrelia garinii, at the gannet islands, newfoundland and labrador.	abstract thirty-five deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, were trapped on gannet cluster 2 (gc-2), one of a group of islands numbered by convention, of the gannet island archipelago and examined for ectoparasites. one species each of acari (ixodes uriae) and siphonaptera (orchopeas leucopus) were recovered. samples of mice favored males to females (3.4:1). twenty-nine percent (10) of the mice were free of ectoparasites. males were more heavily parasitized than females when both parasites were cons ...	2011	21506809
genetic structure of marine borrelia garinii and population admixture with the terrestrial cycle of lyme borreliosis.	despite the importance of population structure for the epidemiology of pathogenic bacteria, the spatial and ecological heterogeneity of these populations is often poorly characterized. here, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaete borrelia garinii in its marine cycle involving colonial seabirds and different host races of the seabird tick ixodes uriae. multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa) on eight chromosomal and two plasmid loci (os ...	2011	21651685
global ecology and epidemiology of borrelia garinii spirochetes.	lyme borreliosis (lb) is a tick-transmitted infectious disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.). in europe, three different borrelia species are the main causative agents of lb: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii. the latter depends heavily on birds as its main reservoir hosts. in fact, birds can act both as biological carriers of borrelia and transporters of infected ticks. the seasonal migration of many bird species not only aid in the ...	2011	22957111
abiotic and biotic factors associated with tick population dynamics on a mammalian host: ixodes hexagonus infesting otters, lutra lutra.	the eurasian otter, lutra lutra, hosts several parasites with zoonotic potential. as this semiaquatic mammal has large ranges across terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, it has the capacity for wide dispersion of pathogens. despite this, parasites of otters have received relatively little attention. here, we examine their ectoparasite load and assess whether this is influenced by abiotic or biotic variables. climatic phenomena such as the north atlantic oscillation (nao) affect weather c ...	2012	23071736
revisiting the clinal concept of evolution and dispersal for the tick-borne flaviviruses by using phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses.	tick-borne flaviviruses (tbf) are widely dispersed across africa, europe, asia, oceania, and north america, and some present a significant threat to human health. seminal studies on tick-borne encephalitis viruses (tbev), based on partial envelope gene sequences, predicted a westward clinal pattern of evolution and dispersal across northern eurasia, terminating in the british isles. we tested this hypothesis using all available full-length open reading frame (orf) tbf sequences. phylogenetic ana ...	2012	22674986
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.	according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...	2012	23077630
species boundaries and host range of tortoise mites (uropodoidea) phoretic on bark beetles (scolytinae), using morphometric and molecular markers.	understanding the ecology and evolutionary history of symbionts and their hosts requires accurate taxonomic knowledge, including clear species boundaries and phylogenies. tortoise mites (mesostigmata: uropodoidea) are among the most diverse arthropod associates of bark beetles (curculionidae: scolytinae), but their taxonomy and host associations are largely unstudied. we tested the hypotheses that (1) morphologically defined species are supported by molecular data, and that (2) bark beetle uropo ...	2012	23071768
complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex.	ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ...	2013	23630448
winter temperature affects the prevalence of ticks in an arctic seabird.	the arctic is rapidly warming and host-parasite relationships may be modified by such environmental changes. here, i showed that the average winter temperature in svalbard, arctic norway, explained almost 90% of the average prevalence of ticks in an arctic seabird, the brünnich's guillemot uria lomvia. an increase of 1°c in the average winter temperature at the nesting colony site was associated with a 5% increase in the number of birds infected by these ectoparasites in the subsequent breeding ...	2013	23750259