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[experimental studies on the effect of echinacea purpurea on the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system]. 195313066359
[experimental studies on local tissue effect of echinacea purpurea moench]. 195313066322
[preliminary report on good results in treating decubitus ulcer with echinacea purpurea]. 195413168288
[influence of echinacea purpurea extracts on properdin levels in rabbits]. 195813558324
[experimental tests of a plant extract from echinacea purpurea moench as a nonspecific stimulant. with special reference to the effects on the adrenal cortex]. 196214476568
[experimental studies on a plant extract from echinacea purpurea moench as a nonspecific irritant. with special reference to the effect on the adrenal cortex]. 196214476567
[on the presence of cucumber mosaic virus (marmor cucumeris h.) on echinacea purpurea (l.) moench]. 196414257861
[antiviral activity of components of echinacea purpurea]. 19734358341
[virus-inhibition by echinacea purpurea (author's transl)]. 1978204953
macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant echinacea purpurea.purified polysaccharides (eps) prepared from the plant echinacea purpurea are shown to strongly activate macrophages. macrophages activated with these substances develop pronounced extracellular cytotoxicity against tumor targets. the activation is brought about by eps alone and is independent of any cooperative effect with lymphocytes. also the production and secretion of oxygen radicals and interleukin 1 by macrophages is increased after activation with eps. cells of the macrophages lineage se ...19846389368
[immunostimulant action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants. preliminary communication].from the water or alcaline-water extracts of echinacea purpurea (l.) moench and -angustifolia dc., eupatorium cannabinum l. and -perfoliatum l., chamomilla recutita (l.) (rauscher), calendula officinalis l., baptisia tinctoria (l.) r.b., achyrocline satureoides dc., arnica montana l., sabal serrulata roem et schult. and eleutherococcus senticosus maxim. polysaccharide fractions with molecular weights in the range of 25 000 to 500 000 and higher have been isolated, which, according to the granulo ...19846541484
[immunostimulating action of polysaccharides (heteroglycans) from higher plants].from the water or alcaline-water extracts of echinacea purpurea (l.) moench. and -angustifolia dc., eupatorium cannabium l. and -perfoliatum l., chamomilla recutita l. rauscher, calendula officinalis l., baptisia tinctoria (l.) r. b., achyrocline satureioides dc., arnica montana l., sabal serrulata roem. et schult., and eleutherococcus (acanthopanax) senticosus maxim. polysaccharide fractions with molecular weights in the range of 25 000 to 500 000 and higher have been isolated, which, according ...19854052142
[effect of a plant immunostimulant on phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the reticulohistiocytary system of isolated perfused rat liver].by the help of the isolated, perfused rat liver, the influence of an immune stimulant of plant origin (esberitox n; composition: herb. thujae occid. rec., rad. baptisiae tinct., rad. echinaceae ang. et purp.) on the activity of kupffer cells was tested. it was shown that the phagocytosis of erythrocytes was improved significantly by the single extracts and the combination of this. the extract of thuja occidentalis had the most prominent effect on the first phase of phagocytosis, whereas the extr ...19854084345
immunologically active polysaccharides from tissue cultures of echinacea purpurea. 198617345391
immunomodulation with viscum album and echinacea purpurea extracts.extracts of viscum album (plenosol) and echinacea purpurea (echinacin) are used clinically for their non-specific action on cell-mediated immunity. in vitro we could prove that these two extracts have a stimulating effect on the production of lymphokines by lymphocytes and in the transformation test. a toxic effect on cells was produced only with very high, clinically irrelevant concentrations. clinical application of these extracts can produce a stimulation of cell-mediated immunity (one therap ...19873309759
a germacrene alcohol from fresh aerial parts of echinacea purpurea. 198817265332
further derivatives of caffeic acid from echinacea purpurea.in addition to 2,3-dicaffeoyltartaric acid 2-caffeoyl-3-feruoyltartaric acid, three further caffeic acid derivatives were isolated for the first time from the epigeous parts of e. purpurea. their structures were established on the basis of total hydrolysis and spectroscopic methods.198817265236
[immunologic in vivo and in vitro studies on echinacea extracts].ethanolic extracts of echinacea purpurea, e. pallida and e. angustifolia roots were examined for immunological activity in the carbon clearance test with mice and in the granulocyte test. in the in vivo experiment all extracts, administered orally, were found to enhance phagocytosis significantly. these results correlate with the stimulation of phagocytosis in the in vitro granulocyte test. the lipophilic fractions of the extracts appeared to be more active than the polar fractions. all extracts ...19883370076
tlc and hplc analysis of alkamides in echinacea drugs1,2.hplc and tlc methods are presented for the analysis of the alkamides in echinacea purpurea, e. angustifolia, and e. pallida. the roots of e. purpurea and e. angustifolia contain different structural types of alkamides, while the roots of e. pallida were almost void of amides. in contrast, the aerial parts of the three echinacea species yielded very similar alkamide patterns. the methods are suitable for the analytical characterization and standardization of the three species.198917262436
macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of echinacea purpurea.in this study, acidic arabinogalactan, a highly purified polysaccharide from plant cell cultures of echinacea purpurea, with a molecular weight of 75,000, was effective in activating macrophages to cytotoxicity against tumor cells and micro-organisms (leishmania enriettii). furthermore, this polysaccharide induced macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha), interleukin-1 (il-1), and interferon-beta 2. arabinogalactan did not activate b cells and did not induce t cells to produce in ...19892785214
[the effect of echinacea purpurea moench on phagocytosis in granulocytes measured by chemiluminescence].chemiluminescence was used as an indicator for phagocytic activity of granulocytes induced by zymosan in whole blood. luminol was used to amplify the luminescence measured. methods and conditions of the trial were varied and the dependence on the methods applied became evident. the effects of echinacea-extract (echinacin) and phorbolester (pma) in various concentrations on phagocytic activity of whole blood heparinized with 10 i.e./ml heparin as well as on phagocytic activity of erytrocytolized ...19902383303
stimulation of the immune response in outpatients with hepatocellular carcinomas by low doses of cyclophosphamide (ldcy), echinacea purpurea extracts (echinacin) and thymostimulin.outpatients with inoperable far advanced hepato-cellular carcinomas (n = 5) were treated with ldcy--300 mg/m2 i.v. every 28 days-, echinacin--60 mg/m2 i.m.--and thymostimulin--30 mg/m2 i.m., day 3-10 after ldcy, then twice a week. therapy was well tolerated by all patients. their karnofsky' index increased for 10% in the mean. a stable disease for more than 8 weeks was documented by abdominal ultrasonography in one patient. serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (afp), carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) ...19902173516
application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system.polysaccharides purified from large-scale cell cultures of the plant echinacea purpurea were tested for their ability to activate human phagocytes in vitro and in vivo. these substances enhanced the spontaneous motility of pmn under soft agar and increased the ability of these cells to kill staphylococci. monocytes were activated to secrete tnf-alpha, il-6 and il-1 whereas class ii expression was unaffected. intravenous application of the polysaccharides to test subjects immediately induced a fa ...19911761359
toxicity of echinacea purpurea. acute, subacute and genotoxicity studies.single oral or intravenous doses of the expressed juice of echinacea purpurea (ep) proved virtually non-toxic to rats and mice. after 4 weeks of oral administration in doses amounting to many times the human therapeutic dose laboratory tests and necropsy findings gave no evidence of any toxic effects in rats. tests for mutagenicity carried out in microorganisms and mammalian cells in vitro and in mice all gave negative results. in an in vitro carcinogenicity study ep did not produce malignant tr ...19911799389
application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant echinacea purpurea to mice mediates protection against systemic infections with listeria monocytogenes and candida albicans.purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant echinacea purpurea were investigated for their ability to enhance phagocytes' activities regarding nonspecific immunity in vitro and in vivo. macrophages (m phi) from different organ origin could be activated to produce il-1, tnf alpha and il-6, to produce elevated amounts of reactive oxygen intermediates and to inhibit growth of candida albicans in vitro. furthermore, in vivo the substances could induce increased proliferation of phagocyt ...19912026472
[the effect of echinacea angustifolia on non-specific cellular immunity in the mouse].echinacea belongs to the most usable plants in medical treatment since many years. it is applicable in the fields of homoepathy and allopathy, however, there are many different ways of treatment. two species are listed in the european pharmacopoea: echinacea angustifolia and echinacea purpurea. they differ in morphology and their chemical composition. there have been chemical and biological analyses of echinacea for about 80 years. after exact investigations of these reports, the following resul ...19912043176
agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of echinacea purpurea.echinacea purpurea seedlings were inoculated with several agrobacterium rhizogenes strains in order to obtain hairy roots. infection with a. rhizogenes strains lmg63 and lmg150 resulted in callus formation. upon infection with strains atcc 15834 and r1601 hairy roots were obtained. opine detection confirmed transformation of e. purpurea. comparative hplc fingerprint analysis of the alkamides from natural plant source, control tissues, and transformed callus and roots indicated that transformed c ...199124221400
studies on antigen specifity of immunoreactive arabinogalactan proteins extracted from baptisia tinctoria and echinacea purpurea.in a series of experiments the cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against arabinogalactan proteins from baptisia tinctoria and echinacea purpurea was studied in order to prove the antigen specificity of the extracted glycoproteins/polysaccharides. using the antigen-antibody reaction in a competitive elisa it was evident that antibodies against glycoproteins from baptisia tinctoria were specific because none of the other antigens like those from echinacea purpurea, thuja occidentalis, arabinog ...19921382301
nonspecific immunostimulation with low doses of cyclophosphamide (ldcy), thymostimulin, and echinacea purpurea extracts (echinacin) in patients with far advanced colorectal cancers: preliminary results.outpatients (n = 15) with metastasizing far advanced colorectal cancers received immunotherapy consisting of low-dose cyclophosphamide (ldcy) 300 mg/m2 every 28 days i.v., thymostimulin 30 mg/m2, days 3-10 after low-dose cyclophosphamide i.m. once daily, then twice a week, and echinacin 60 mg/m2 together with thymostimulin i.m. all patients had had previous surgery and/or chemotherapy and had progressive disease upon entering the study. two months after onset of therapy a partial tumor regressio ...19921393685
[effect of supposed radioprotectors on oxidation-reduction of vitamin e in the tissues of irradiated rats].in experiments with mature wistar male rats under irradiation by dose of 5 gy the effect of emoxypine, citomedine and echinacea purpurea on the content of liposoluble vitamin a, carotene, vitamin e and its metabolites (quinone and oxidized tocopherol) in blood plasma, spleen, liver and testes was studied. it was shown the drugs under study mobilized the internal reserves of these vitamins and promoted effective functioning of vitamin e redox system. mechanisms of their action are different. the ...19938293090
polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with candida albicans and listeria monocytogenes.polysaccharides (ep) isolated from large scale plant cell cultures of echinacea purpurea, have been shown to activate human and murine phagocytes. in this study we investigated the influence of ep on the nonspecific immunity in immunodeficient mice. ep was effective in activating peritoneal macrophages isolated from animals after administration of cyclophosphamide (cp) or cyclosporin a (csa). ep-treated macrophages exhibited increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf) and enhanced ...19938375943
[testing for immunomodulating effects of ethanol-water extracts of the above-ground parts of the plants echinaceae (moench) and rudbeckia l].ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of the plants echinacea angustifolia dc, echinacea purpurea l. (moench), rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii, boyton et beadle, and rudbeckia speciosa wenderoth show immunomodulating activity. the mice were treated in vivo for 5 days and the activity was tested for and observed on day 7. an immunostimulatory effect was observed on the phagocytic, metabolic and bactericidal activities of peritoneal macrophages. the ethanolic extracts of both echinacea plants also ...19938252635
[the effects of plant preparations on cellular functions in body defense].two preparations of echinacea purpurea and a preparation of eleutherococcus senticosus increased the in vitro phagocytosis of candida albicans by granulocytes and monocytes from healthy donors by 30-45%. the chemotactic migration of granulocytes in the boyden chamber was increased by 45% with an echinacea purpurea extract. the two herbal preparations had no effect in either direction on intracellular killing of bacteria or yeasts. echinacea and eleutherococcus preparations did not induce in vitr ...19948192704
[clinical application of extracts of echinacea purpurea or echinacea pallida. critical evaluation of controlled clinical studies].the phytotherapy should be understood as being integrated into the rational pharmacotherapy. the modern phytotherapy tries hard to proof effects with pharmacological and clinical studies. the task force e of the federal bureau of health of germany has made a statement regarding this problem. this article reviews only controlled clinical trials about the application of extracts of echinacea purpura or echinacea pallida.19968686334
benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation.a review is presented of the data on the safety of the squeezed sap of echinacea purpurea used as an oral immunostimulant. all articles in which the presence or absence of adverse events of the extract of the flowering coneflower or its constituents was reported were considered, provided that the dose and route of administration as well as the patient population were defined. case reports and reports of practical experience with the extract of e. purpurea were not considered in detail. all repor ...199623194871
[echinacea drugs--effects and active ingredients].echinacea-containing drugs have to be classified according to the used plant species (echinacea purpurea, e. pallida or e. angustifolia), the processed part of the plant (root, upper parts or whole plant), and the mode of processing. significant pharmacological effects have been found in vitro and in vivo for the expressed juice of the upper parts of e. purpurea and for alcoholic extracts of the roots of e. pallida, e. angustifolia and e. purpurea. the activity is mainly directed towards the non ...19968686333
alkamide levels in echinacea purpurea: a rapid analytical method revealing differences among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves and flowers.a rapid extraction, clean-up, and rplc procedure suitable for routine quantitative analyses of alkamide levels in echinacea purpurea extracts is described. the 13c-nmr spectra of the main diene-diyne alkamides in e. purpurea are reported. alkamide levels differed significantly among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, and flowers of e. purpurea. roots were distinguished from other plant parts by higher levels of the c12 diene-diyne alkamides, whereas levels of the c12 tetraene alkamides and c11 dien ...199717252329
in vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.extracts of echinacea purpurea and panax ginseng were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate cellular immune function by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from normal individuals and patients with either the chronic fatigue syndrome or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. pbmc isolated on a ficoll-hypaque density gradient were tested in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of each extract for natural killer (nk) cell activity versus k562 cells and antibody-dependent ce ...19979043936
echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages.echinacea purpurea, a plant originally used by native americans to treat respiratory infections, was evaluated for its ability to stimulate the production of cytokines by normal human peripheral blood macrophages in vitro. commercial preparations of echinacea fresh pressed juice and dried juice were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 micrograms/ml to 0.012 microgram/ml and compared to endotoxin stimulated and unstimulated controls. cytokine production was measured by elisa after 18 h of in ...19979568541
antiviral activity of viracea against acyclovir susceptible and acyclovir resistant strains of herpes simplex virus.viracea, a topical microbicide, is a blend of benzalkonium chloride and phytochemicals derived from echinacea purpurea and is a proprietary formula from destiny biomedix corp. viracea was tested against 40 strains of herpes simplex virus (hsv): 15 strains (five hsv-1 and ten hsv-2) were resistant to acyclovir (acv-r) and 25 strains (13 hsv-1 and 12 hsv-2) were susceptible to acv (acv-s). the median ed50 of viracea for the five acv-r strains of hsv-1 was a 1:100 dilution of the drug with a range ...19989754950
mekc analysis of different echinacea species.the distribution pattern of caffeic acid derivatives in echinacea species is complex, and problems with the identity of each drug have been recognized. micellar electrokinetic chromatography (mekc) has been applied to define the fingerprints of echinacea angustifolia, echinacea pallida, and echinacea purpurea, and their mixtures. the results obtained evidence that mekc is a valuable tool for the characterization of these drugs.199817253306
scope and limitation of the application of the (methoxydimethyl)methyl group in the synthesis of 2'-o-, 6'-o- and 2',6'-di-o-(alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl)-beta-d-galactopyranosyl- (1-->6)-d-galactoses.for the characterisation of the anticipated epitope of an arabinogalactan, isolated from the extract of echinacea purpurea, the trisaccharide alpha-l-araf-(1-->2)-beta-d-galp- (1-->6)-d-gal was synthesized. the easily available 3,4-o-isopropylidene-6-o-(methoxydimethyl)methyl-beta-d-galactopyr anosyl- (1-->6)-1,2:3,4-di-o-isopropylidene-alpha-d-galactopyranose having the oh-2' free served as aglycone upon direct arabinosylation at the 2' position under helferich conditions. the formed hgbr2 clea ...199910515051
[extract of the echinacea purpurea herb: an allopathic phytoimmunostimulant].in northamerican folk medicine echinacea purpurea l. moench (purple coneflower) was used as a medicinal plant. nowadays various formulations containing stabilized or dried pressed juice from echinacea purpurea as an active ingredient are often administered to treat common colds. these preparations are very well tolerated and safe. allergic reactions, mainly reversible skin reactions, may occur especially in persons showing hypersensibility after contact with plants from the compositae family. ph ...199910483677
a randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections.fluid extracts of echinacea purpurea are widely used for the prevention and treatment of colds and respiratory infections, although the clinical efficacy of this agent has not been proven.199910230741
echinaforce and other echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial.the aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of different doses and preparations of echinacea purpurea in the treatment of common cold. 246 of 559 recruited healthy, adult volunteers caught a common cold and took 3 times daily 2 tablets of either echinaforce (echinacea purpurea-preparation from 95% herba and 5% radix), echinacea purpurea concentrate (same preparation at 7 times higher concentration), special echinacea purpurea radi ...199910228604
effect of temperature on stability of marker constituents in echinacea purpurea root formulations.stability of an alkamide and a phenolic phytochemical marker in a hydro-alcoholic extract of echinacea purpurea root and a dried powder prepared by evaporation of the extract was assessed in storage for 7 months at three temperature regimes: -20, 25 and 40 degrees celsius. in the extract, the major alkamide, dodeca-2e, 4e, 8z, 10e/z-tetraenoic acid isobutyl amide, was not significantly affected by storage at any of the temperatures, but cichoric acid content declined as significantly (p = 0.05) ...199911962542
[studies on pharmacognosy of echinacea purpurea].pharmacognostical studies of echinacea purpurea were carried out by botanical analysis, microscopic analysis and physicochemical analysis. the detalied pharmacognostical characteristics of echinacea purpurea were described respectively.200012575132
enzymatic degradation of cichoric acid in echinacea purpurea preparations.cichoric acid (2r,3r-o-dicaffeoyltartaric acid) (1) is highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation during the preparation of echinacea purpurea products. degradation of 1 and other caffeic acid derivatives can be inhibited by antioxidants added to the extraction solvent or in buffered protein extracts saturated with nitrogen. inhibitor studies conducted with protein extracts prepared from dried overground parts of e. purpurea revealed that polyphenol oxidases (ppo) but not peroxidases are respon ...200011141099
retention of alkamides in dried echinacea purpurea.different drying methods, such as freeze-drying (fd), vacuum microwave drying (vmd), and air-drying (ad), were applied to fresh roots and leaves of canadian-grown echinacea purpurea to determine the optimal method for preserving alkamide levels. using hplc, six alkamide fractions (alkamides 1, 2, 3, 6a/6, 7, 8/9) were quantitated in dried roots, whereas four alkamide fractions (alkamides 1, 2, 3, 8/9) were measured in dried leaves. different elution conditions used in hplc for alkamide analysis ...200010995335
retention of caffeic acid derivatives in dried echinacea purpurea.different drying methods were applied to fresh canadian-grown echinacea purpurea flowers to determine optimal drying procedures for preserving caffeic acid derivatives. fresh flowers of e. purpurea were dried by freeze-drying (fd), vacuum microwave drying with full vacuum (vmd), and air-drying (ad) at 25, 40, and 70 degrees c. using hplc, chicoric acid and caftaric acid levels were quantitated in dried flowers. these acids were significantly affected by the drying method conditions used. althoug ...200010995334
characterization of an arabinogalactan-protein isolated from pressed juice of echinacea purpurea by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl yariv reagent.an arabinogalactan-protein (agp) from pressed juice of echinacea purpurea herb was isolated from a high molecular weight fraction by precipitation with the beta-glucosyl yariv reagent, followed by gel-permeation chromatography. it revealed characteristic features of other agps: i.e., a high amount of polysaccharide (83%) with a ratio of galactose to arabinose of 1.8:1, some uronic acids (4-5%), and a low protein content (7%) with high levels of serine, alanine and hydroxyproline. the molecular w ...200010990035
natural killer cells from aging mice treated with extracts from echinacea purpurea are quantitatively and functionally rejuvenated.a growing body of anecdotal evidence in young and adult humans suggests that certain phytochemicals have the capacity to ameliorate tumors and reduce infections, especially those mediated by virus, in vivo. these indications prompted us, therefore, to investigate the potentially immuno-stimulating effect of one such phytocompound, echinacea purpurea, on natural killer (nk) cells since these cells are active in spontaneous, non-specific immunity against neoplasms and virus-mediated infections. we ...200010978684
alkamide levels in echinacea purpurea: effects of processing, drying and storage.the effects of processing, drying, and storage time and temperature on alkamide levels in echinacea purpurea roots are described. chopping altered the levels of some alkamides slightly, whereas drying had no effect. levels of all alkamides fell by over 80% during storage at 24 degrees c for 64 weeks. alkamide levels also dropped significantly during storage at -18 degrees c.200010705735
[applications of immunomodulators in complex of treatment of the soft tissue purulent wounds].in 31 patients with purulent wound of soft tissues more rapid cleansing and healing of the wound, the immunity indexes normalization were noted while application of immunomodulator thymogen in combination with the siliceous sorbent sillard application and adaptogenic preparation--tincture of echinacea purpurea.200011247420
light-mediated antifungal activity of echinacea extracts.this study demonstrated that plant extracts containing acetylenic isobutylamides and polyacetylenes, previously reported as occurring in echinacea, have phototoxic antimicrobial activity against fungi, including clinically relevant pathogenic fungi. results show that hexane extracts of echinacea variably inhibit growth of yeast strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida shehata, c. kefyr, c. albicans, c. steatulytica and c. tropicalis under near uv irradiation (phototoxicity) and to a lower ex ...200010821050
[pharmaceutical comparability of different therapeutic echinacea preperations].cichoric acid and dodeca 2e, 4e, 8z, 10e/z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (alkamides 8, 9) are described as immunomodulating active components of echinacea. we quantified both substances in 25 echinacea-containing remedies customary in trade. concerning both active components, we found highly concentrated remedies as well as remedies without any detectable cichoric acid or alkamides. the concentration of both active components varied extremely depending on the type of remedy (homeopathic mother t ...200011155023
[activity of cytoplasmic proteinases from rat liver in heren's carcinoma during tumor growth and treatment with medicinal herbs].the dynamics of the acid and neutral proteinases general enzymes activity change in the hepatocytes postnuclear fraction in the rats suffering from the heren's carcinoma was investigated. it was determined that in the tumor development of the enzyme activity level of both the acid and neutral proteinases increased 2,6-fold. the natural preparation of the herbs (calendula officinalis l., echinacea purpurea l., scorzonera humilis l., aconitum moldavicum hacq.) normalizes both the activity of the i ...200011200483
effects of oral administration of echinacea purpurea (american herb) on incidence of spontaneous leukemia caused by recombinant leukemia viruses in akr/j mice.four-week-old female akr/j mice were given oral doses of powdered leaves from echinacea purpurea three times weekly for 8 weeks (7.5 mg/mouse/week): controls received phosphate-buffered saline. mean survival age of experimental akr/j mice treated with the e. purpurea preparation was significantly prolonged and enlargement of thymic lymphoma in experimental mice was significantly suppressed compared with controls. in normal 3-week-old female akr/j mice, mortality from thymic lymphoma was delayed ...200111280896
deleterious effects of echinacea purpurea and melatonin on myeloid cells in mouse spleen and bone marrow.the neurohormone, melatonin, a product of the pineal gland, is a potent immune cell stimulant. phytochemicals contained in root extracts of the plant species echinacea purpurea are also potent as immune cell stimulants. both agents are potent stimulants of t, b, and/or natural killer cells, but little is known of their effect on other hemopoietic cells, specifically granular leukocytes, also participants in a wide variety of disease defense processes. given their current popularity and availabil ...200111493619
absorption of dodeca-2e,4e,8z,10e/z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides after oral application of echinacea purpurea tincture.alkamides are suspected to contribute to the activity of echinacea preparations. in preliminary experiments a quantification method for dodeca-2e,4e,8z,10e/z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides in human blood has been developed by which it was possible to detect dodeca-2e,4e,8z,10e/z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides in human blood after oral application of echinacea purpurea mother tincture.200111745026
[qualitative characteristics of selected species of the genus echinacea moench].the paper examined the effect of production-technological conditions in relation to the ontogenetic stage of plants in three different species of the genus echinacea moench., comparing the species echinacea purpurea, echinacea atrorubens, and echinacea pallida. it also examined the differences in the content of essential oil in different plant organs and evaluated the representation of individual components in the essential oils of the species under study at the stage of the optimal maturity for ...200111797200
use of heteroduplex mobility assay for identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas in the aster yellows group and the clover proliferation group.abstract this paper describes the identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas by a highly sensitive diagnostic technique, dna heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). closely related phytoplasma isolates of clover proliferation (cp), potato witches'-broom (pwb), and alfalfa witches'-broom (awb) were collected from the field from 1990 to 1999. the entire 16s rrna gene and 16/23s spacer region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from the field samples and standard cp, pwb, and awb p ...200118943942
does the extract of the plant echinacea purpurea influence the clinical course of recurrent genital herpes?an increasing proportion of the population perceive complementary medicine as a safer alternative for non-life threatening conditions such as genital herpes. the extract of the plant echinacea purpurea (echinaforce) has been shown to have immunomodulating properties and has been advocated in the lay press for the treatment of genital herpes. this study, a single centre, prospective, double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial set out to assess whether an extract of the plant and root of e. ...200111231867
synthesis of the alpha-l-araf-(1-->2)-beta-d-galp-(1-->6)-beta-d-galp-(1-->6)-[alpha-l-araf-(1-->2)]-beta-d-galp-(1-->6)-d-gal hexasaccharide as a possible repeating unit of the cell-cultured exudates of echinacea purpurea arabinogalactan.for the characterization of the supposed epitope of an arabinogalactan, isolated from the extract of the cell-cultured echinacea purpurea, the title hexasaccharide was synthesized. the whole synthetic route was based on the 6-o-(methoxydimethyl)methyl ether (mip) protecting group strategy. 2-o-benzyl-3,4-o-isopropylidene-6-o-(methoxydimethyl)methyl-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6)-1,2:3,4-di-o-isopropylidene-alpha-d-galactopyranose was used to prepare the desired glycosyl donor and glycosyl accep ...200111689181
efficacy of echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial.common colds are one of the most frequent acute illnesses with major economical impact. echinaceae purpureae herba (echinacin, ec31j0) has shown promising results in the relief of common cold symptoms and the time taken to improvement compared to placebo. this study was aimed to confirm these findings by performing a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. a total of 80 adult male or female patients with first signs of a cold were recruited. the number of days of illness wit ...200111505787
photocontrol of flowering and stem extension of the intermediate-day plant echinacea purpurea.intermediate-day plants (idp) flower most rapidly and completely under intermediate photoperiods (e.g., 12-14 h of light), but few species have been identified and their flowering responses are not well understood. we identified echinacea purpurea moench as an idp and, based on our results, propose a novel mechanism for flowering of idp. two genotypes of e. purpurea ('bravado' and 'magnus') flowered most completely (>/=79%) and rapidly and at the youngest physiological age under intermediate pho ...200111473702
echinacea purpurea and melatonin augment natural-killer cells in leukemic mice and prolong life span.we recently showed that daily dietary administration of echinacea purpurea root extract to normal mice for as little as 1 week resulted in significant elevations of natural-killer (nk) cells (immune cells that are cytolytic to virus-containing cells and many tumor cells). such boosting of this fundamental immune cell population suggests a prophylactic role for this herb in normal animals. based on this evidence, our goal in the present work was to assess the role of dietary administration of thi ...200111439845
predicting quantitative phytochemical markers in single echinacea plants or clones from their dna fingerprints.amplified restricted fragment length polymorphism (aflp) data analysis was found to be a statistically significant predictor of phytochemical markers in cultivated echinacea purpurea germplasm and some related wild species. over 50 accessions grown under greenhouse conditions were subjected to aflp analysis and the same assessed for content of tetraene and cichoric acid by high pressure liquid chromatography. the first and second canonical correlation of dna variables and the phytochemical varia ...200111281131
polysaccharides isolated from echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy--a pilot study.in an open prospective study with matched historical controls we aimed to evaluate whether a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the herb echinacea purpurea could counteract the undesired effects of chemotherapy. fifteen patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy with etoposide, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil (elf) received for 10 days (beginning 3 days before chemotherapy) daily i.v. injections of 2 mg of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from echinacea purpurea ...200211933115
analysis of phenolic acids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: application to echinacea purpurea plant extracts.a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (mekc) method was developed for the separation of ten phenolic acids including cichoric acid and caftaric acids, specific marker phytochemicals of echinacea purpurea. the mekc method involved the use of 70 mm sodium deoxycholate (sdc) in 40 mm borate (ph 9.2) buffer and uv detection at 300 nm. the bile acid was used as biosurfactant able to provided a micellar system with different and more selective properties than sodium dodecyl sulfate. the effects of ...200211860138
stabilization of caffeic acid derivatives in echinacea purpurea l. glycerin extract.recent work has shown that enzymatic degradation and oxidation of cichoric acid and other caffeic derivatives occurs in echinacea preparations. however, very little is known as to the means of stabilizing these phytopreparations. to stabilize the glycerin extract of echinacea purpurea, we have evaluated the effects of 3 natural antioxidants (citric acid, malic acid, and hibiscus extract) on the stability of the major caffeic acid derivatives (caftaric acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, and 2-o-f ...200212083867
bioactivity of alkamides isolated from echinacea purpurea (l.) moench.alkamides from the roots of echinacea purpurea (l.) moench were examined for anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model system. cyclooxygenase-i (cox-i) and cyclooxygenase-ii (cox-ii) inhibitory activities were assessed at ph 7 for alkamides isolated from e. purpurea roots to compare inhibitory activities between the two cyclooxygenase isozymes. at 100 microg/ml, several e. purpurea alkamides inhibited cox-i and cox-ii enzymes in the range of 36-60% and 15-46%, respectively, as compared to ...200212046867
[lipid compounds from echinacea purpurea].to study the lipid constituents from echinacea purpurea.200212774354
treatment of the common cold with unrefined echinacea. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.echinacea preparations are widely used to treat the common cold.200212484708
[new knowledge regarding the effect and effectiveness of echinacea purpurea extracts].preparations made from the pressed juice of the flowering aerial parts of the purple coneflower, echinacea purpurea (l.) moench represent the most commonly used herbal immunnomodulatory agents. they are frequently administered for the supportive treatment of common viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. new clinical studies are reviewed, which demonstrated that corresponding preparations can diminish the severity and the length of common colds significantly, and that they can also be u ...200212244888
separation of alkamides from echinacea purpurea extracts by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.separation of nine important alkyl methylbutyl- and isobutylamides (known as alkamides) obtained from echinacea purpurea extracts was investigated by using cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (cd-mekc). hydrophobic alkamides interact strongly with the micelles from the most common surfactants used in mekc and this lead to predominant partition of the analytes into the micellar phase, resulting in poor resolution. the addition of neutral cds to the alkaline (10 mm phospha ...200212207319
[studies on water-soluble constituents of echinacea prupurea].to study the water-soluble constituents of echinacea purpurea.200212579956
anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of echinacea pallida nutt. root extract.among the different species belonging to the echinacea family, largely used in traditional medicine, echinacea pallida, echinacea purpurea and echinacea angustifolia were investigated. these different species, due to their difficult identification, were commonly confused in the past and probably used indifferently for the same therapeutic purposes. in fact, the three species have in common, some pharmacological activities, based on the presence of active compounds that act additively and synergi ...200211801391
alkylamides of echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats.echinacea plant extract is widely used for the prevention and the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. however, the active components in the herb, their optimal dosages and their in vivo effects are still undefined. using male sprague-dawley rats (425-475 g), an in vivo study was conducted to examine the immunomodulatory effects of various dose levels of three components, isolated and purified from echinacea purpurea. the components were cichoric acid, polysaccharides and alkylamides ...200211811940
the effect of immunization with killed tumor cells, with/without feeding of echinacea purpurea in an erythroleukemic mouse model.tumor amelioration via vaccination/immunization is a practice for which considerable experimental and clinical support is growing. combination therapies have proven to be more beneficial than treatment with single agents. we hypothesized that immunization of mice with killed erythroleukemia cells prior to the induction of erythroleukemia via injection of viable tumor cells, plus dietary administration of a known immuno-enhancing phytocompound, echinacea purpurea, would be more effective than imm ...200211890433
fast identification of echinacea purpurea dried roots using near-infrared spectroscopy.near-infrared (nir) reflectance spectroscopy was used to develop a fast identification method for echinacea purpurea dried milled roots. method development was carried out using a pls (partial least-squares) algorithm and pretreatment options. the aim of this qualitative analysis was to confirm the identity of e. purpurea and to detect the presence of fraud, i.e., samples adulterated or substituted by echinacea angustifolia, echinacea pallida, or parthenium integrifolium. specificity was demonst ...200212069228
simultaneous analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives for the identification of echinacea purpurea, echinacea angustifolia, echinacea pallida and parthenium integrifolium roots.a reversed-phase hplc method was developed using a computer simulation program for the identification of dried roots of echinacea purpurea, e. angustifolia, e. pallida and parthenium integrifolium. hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were analysed simultaneously leading to a two-fold decrease in analysis time compared to traditional hplc methods.200212094312
gc-ms analysis of the lipophilic principles of echinacea purpurea and evaluation of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection.an analytical gc-ms method based on nonpolar fused silica capillary column was developed to analyze the lipophilic constituents, mainly alkamides, from the root extracts of echinacea purpurea (l.) moench. in particular, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the phytochemical impacts of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (cmv) infection on the plant's lipophilic marker phytochemicals. methanolic (70% v/v) extracts, obtained from root materials by ultrasonic treatments, were subjected to liquid-liq ...200212110390
immunological studies of revitonil, a phytopharmaceutical containing echinacea purpurea and glycyrrhiza glabra root extract.a phytopharmaceutical containing an extract of echinacea purpurea and glycyrrhiza glabra root (revitonil tablets) was investigated for its suggested immunostimulating potential, using several in vitro tests and the in vivo carbon-clearance model in mice. in the in vitro phagocytosis test with human granulocytes, revitonil showed a 44-53% stimulating effect at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. whereas in the chemoluminescence test at a concentration of 1.25 microg/ml, revitonil tablets exhibited ...200212222657
flow cytometric testing of immunological effects of a phytomedicinal combination (equimun) and its compounds on bovine leucocytes.one of the major goals of this study was to establish fast, reliable and sensitive assays for the quality control of immunomodulating phytopreparations and to determine whether pharmacological compounds or phytopreparations have effects on bovine immune cells. flow cytometric methods were chosen because they are very sensitive in the detection of even subtle effects on cells. in this study, we addressed the question of whether these methods are useful in monitoring the effects of equimun and its ...200212227471
evaluation of commercial ginkgo and echinacea dietary supplements for colchicine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.in response to concerns that commercial dietary supplements containing ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) and echinacea purpurea, echinacea angustifolia, or echinacea pallida (echinacea) might be contaminated with colchicine, a highly selective and sensitive assay was developed for colchicine that is based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms-ms). the method utilizes reversed-phase hplc separation of compounds in a methanolic extract of the dietary supplement or botanica ...200212230411
antiviral activity of characterized extracts from echinacea spp. (heliantheae: asteraceae) against herpes simplex virus (hsv-i).extracts of 8 taxa of the genus echinacea were found to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex (hsv) virus type i in vitro when exposed to visible and uv-a light. n-hexane extracts of roots containing alkenes and amides were more active in general than ethyl acetate extracts containing caffeic acids. the most potent inhibitors of hsv were e. pallida var. sanguinea crude (70 % ethanol) inflorescence extract (mic = 0.026 mg/ml), cichoric acid (mic = 0.045 mg/ml) and echinacea purpurea n-he ...200212357386
in-vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of echinacea purpurea and hypericum perforatum.echinacea purpurea (l.) moench and hypericum perforatum (l.) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. each drug was administered orally to mice at 30 and 100 mg kg(-1), twice daily. only the higher dose significantly inhibited, time dependently, the formation of oedema, evaluated as area under the curve (echinacea p < 0.01; hypericum p < 0.05). western blot analysis showed that in-vivo treatment with these extracts could modulate lipopol ...200212396300
differentiation between the complement modulating effects of an arabinogalactan-protein from echinacea purpurea and heparin.due to the important physiological role of the complement system, complement modulation, either inhibition or stimulation, is an interesting target for drug development. several plant polysaccharides are known to exhibit complement modulating activities. sometimes these effects are described as complement inhibition, although the basic mechanism is a stimulation of the complement activation. this misinterpretation is due to the observed reduced haemolysis in the widely used haemolytic complement ...200212494341
medicinal properties of echinacea: a critical review.preparations from echinacea purpurea are among the most widely used herbal medicines. most uses of e. purpurea are based on the reported immunological properties. a series of experiments have demonstrated that e. purpurea extracts do indeed demonstrate significant immunomodulatory activities. among the many pharmacological properties reported, macrophage activation has been demonstrated most convincingly. phagocytotic indices and macrophage-derived cytokine concentrations have been shown to be e ...200312622467
mechanism of activation of human peripheral blood nk cells at the single cell level by echinacea water soluble extracts: recruitment of lymphocyte-target conjugates and killer cells and activation of programming for lysis.echinacea purpurea, a plant originally used by native americans to treat respiratory infections, has also been shown to exert immunomodulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. however, the mechanism underlying echinacea-induced immunomodulation remains largely unknown. this study examined in vitro the effects of soluble extracts of e. purpurea on natural killer (nk) cells present in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). flow cytometric methods were used to examine activation, cyt ...200312781698
echinacea powder: treatment for canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections.an open multi-centered veterinary clinical trial, comparing conditions before and after treatment with a herbal preparation, containing the powdered root of echinacea purpurea, was conducted by 6 practicing veterinarians in switzerland. the plant-based immune stimulant was administered to 41 dogs with manifestations of chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis/tonsillitis, bronchitis and kennel cough. each animal was at an individual stage of the disease, wit ...200312784483
[history of a plant: the example of echinacea].in comparison with other medicinal plants, the history of use of echinacea is relatively short. the plant originates from north america and was employed by the indigenous indians. the first archaeological evidence dates from the 18th century. included in the name echinacea or purple coneflower are several species of the asteraceae family: echinacea purpurea (l.) moench, echinacea angustifolia dc. and echinacea pallida (nutt.) nutt. information about the use of the plant from traditional healers ...200312808356
dietary supplementation with echinacea and development of immunity to challenge infection with coccidia.an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.1% and 0.5% ground root preparations of echinacea purpurea (ep; common name: purple cone flower) on the development of immunity following live vaccination and subsequent challenge with multiple coccidia species in an experimental model using a commercial live vaccine preparation. effects of immunization and ep supplementation on weight gains before challenge, and weight gains, lesion scores and plasma levels of ...200312898224
effect of echinacea (echinacea purpurea l. moench) preparations on experimental prostate gland.this work has investigated the effect of echinacea extract on the weight of prostates in rats as well as on alterations of hystological structure and separate blood cells. this preparation was chosen for investigations due to its possible antiandrogenic effect and good immunostimulating features. experiments were carried out with three-month old male wistar rats, divided by six into three different groups. the first group was the control one. the rats of the second group were fed for 30 days wit ...200312960456
effect of dietary echinacea purpurea on viremia and performance in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected nursery pigs.the effect of dietary echinacea purpurea on performance, viremia, and ontogeny of the humoral antibody response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection was evaluated in weaned pigs. in three replicates, 120 weaned pigs (25 +/- 1 d of age; 8.46 +/- 0.48 kg of bw) from a prrsv-naive herd were allotted randomly to one of eight pens (diets) in two separate rooms (four pens/room), with each pen containing five pigs. pigs began one of four dietary treatments (as-f ...200312968687
echinacea purpurea stimulates cellular immunity and anti-bacterial defence independently of the strain of mice.one of the major functions of the immune system is anti-bacterial defence mediated among others by non-specific immunity (macrophages, granulocytes). echinacea purpurea extracts are widely used in prophylaxis and therapy of various infections, mainly the respiratory tract, in animals and humans. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of prophylactic use of echinacea purpurea extract on the development of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in various strains of mice and on some parameters ...200314509348
the effect of herbal remedy on the development of trichinella spiralis infection in mice.the effect of alchinal (a complex preparation consisting of three substances: echinacea purpurea extract, allium sativum extract, cocoa) on the development of trichinella spiralis infection in mice was studied. the preparation was administered to the animals orally, twice a day in 30 microl doses for 10 days after infecting mice with trichinella larvae (500 larvae per mouse). it was demonstrated that after alchinal administration, the number of adult forms (10 dpi--days post infection) and muscu ...200314509349
enhancement of the humoral immune response by echinacea purpurea in female swiss mice.various preparations of the plant echinacea purpurea have been investigated for their potential to enhance immune function, primarily through activation of innate immune responses. few studies have examined the potential for enhancement of humoral immunity. using female swiss mice we administered a volumetric dose of a glycerine extract of e. purpurea by oral gavage, to evaluate effects on the igm specific antibody forming cell (afc) response. four days of treatment following immunization with s ...200314686797
[technology and analysis of "askoeziuofito" tablets].the objective of this work is to produce chewable tablets out of echinacea purpurea liquid extract (1:1) and ascorbic acid: to create the technology, to select methods of analysis and to examine stability. the paper describes the technology of tablets: a method of condensation is chosen; the influence of additional substances over tableting is established; pressing characteristics of tableting mixtures are examined. the quality of tablets is evaluated in terms of appearance and technological rat ...200314617854
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