Publications

the preparation and survival of almost bacteria-free suspensions of entodinium caudatum.		1962	13880471
the biochemistry of rumen protozoa. 6. the maltases of dasytricha ruminantium, epidinium ecaudatum (crawley) and entodinium caudatum.		1963	13969022
the metabolism of 14c-glycine and 14c-bicarbonate by washed suspensions of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1964	14171263
the metabolism of escherichia coli and other bacteria by entodinium caudatum.		1964	14247746
the metabolism of free amino acids by washed suspensions of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1967	4962335
the metabolism of the amino acids of escherichia coli and other bacteria by the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1967	4962336
the aminoethylphosphonate-containing lipids of rumen protozoa.	1. a method is presented for identifying and estimating the aminoethylphosphonate (ciliatine)-containing phospholipids in a complex mixture. 2. evidence was obtained that the phospholipids of a pure culture of entodinium caudatum and a mixed rumen protozoa sample contain diglyceride ciliatine, and a plasmalogen ciliatine was detected in the latter. 3. a ninhydrin-positive sphingolipid was isolated from rumen protozoa. although chromatographically homogeneous on silica gel it contains two compone ...	1967	4967076
the metabolism of bacterial nucleic acid and of free components of nucleic acid by the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1968	4977729
viable bacteria inside the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1969	4978363
the metabolism of starch, maltose, glucose and some other sugars by the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1969	4983058
electron microscopy of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum, with special reference to the engulfment of bacteria and other particulate matter.	a study in the electron microscope of thin sections of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the mode of engulfment of particulate matter. this protozoon engulfed bacteria, polystyrene latex particles and olive oil into membrane-lined vesicles in the protozoal endoplasm. particles of palladium black were also taken up into the endoplasm, but due to the toxic nature of this material it was not possible to demonstrate vesicle formation with certainty. the ...	1969	18631488
re-establishment of entodinium caudatum, cultured in vitro, in the rumen of a defaunated sheep.		1970	5493597
the catabolism of phosphatidylethanolamine by the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum and its conversion into the n-(1-carboxyethyl) derivative.	1. the n-(2-hydroxyethyl)alanine esterified to phosphatidic acid in anaerobic ciliate rumen protozoa has the l configuration. 2. labelling experiments with entodinium caudatum cultures using [(32)p]p(i) [2-(14)c]ethanolamine and (32)p- and (14)c-labelled phosphatidylethanolamine show that phosphatidylethanolamine is the direct lipid precursor of the n-(2-hydroxyethyl)alanine-containing phospholipid. 3. labelling experiments with [(14)c]starch, [(14)c]lactate and [(14)c]pyruvate with e. caudatum ...	1971	5001897
a study in the light and electron microscope of the extruded peristome and related structures of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.	a study in the light and electron microscope of sections of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the structure of the peristome when in the extruded state the conformation of the ciliary band on the peristome and the structure of the lining of the buccal cavity are described. the structure and position of a tuft of specialized sheet like extensions of the cell surface is also described.	1971	18631558
studies in the electron microscope of the adoral zone of membranelles of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum using the technique of negative staining.	the structure of the organelles situated beneath the kinetosomes in the adoral zone of membranelles of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum have been investigated in the electron microscope using the technique of negative staining. each kinetosome was joined to a sub-kinetosomal plate and these plates were joined together in rows which in turn were more loosely linked to form a sheet. the structure or these plates is described and their relationship to similar structures in other protozoa is di ...	1971	18631559
fine structural studies on digestion of bacterial species in the rumen ciliate, entodinium caudatum.		1972	4345936
formation of ceramide phosphorylethanolamine from phosphatidylethanolamine in the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum (short communication).	from ;pulse'-labelling experiments of entodinium caudatum with [(14)c]ethanolamine and by incubating the organism with [(32)p]phosphatidylethanolamine it is concluded that phosphatidylethanolamine can act as a direct precursor of the phosphorylethanolamine moiety of ceramide phosphorylethanolamine. the phosphorylethanolamine is probably never liberated in the free form but is transferred directly to a ceramide or ceramide-containing acceptor. the results are also in agreement with previous concl ...	1973	16742830
fine structural studies on the digestion of chloroplasts in the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.		1974	4606552
the metabolism of epidinium ecaudatum caudatum and entodinium caudatum as shown by autoradiography in the electron microscope.		1974	4217355
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the anaerobic protozoon entodinium caudatum.		1975	172385
phospholipid biosynthesis in the anaerobic protozoon entodinium caudatum.	1. the anaerobic rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum was incubated either intact or with various radioactive precursors of phospholipids after ultrasonication. 2. pulse-chase experiments showed a rapid turnover of phosphatidylinositol and much slower turnovers of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. 3. e. caudatum imbibed choline very rapidly; this was immediately and exclusively converted into phosphatidylcholine which was shown by radioautography after 10 min to be distributed thr ...	1975	808216
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and choline transport in the anaerobic protozoon entodinium caudatum.	choline accumulation and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis were investigated in the choline-requiring anaerobic protozoon entodinium caudatum by incubating whole cells or subcellular fractions with [14c] choline, phosphoryl [14c] choline and cdp-[14c] choline. 2. all membrane fractions contained choline kinase (ec 2.7.1.32) and cdp-choline-1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ec 2.7.8.2), although the specific activities were less in the cell-envelope fraction. choline phosphate cytidyly ...	1976	828054
role of choline in the nutrition of the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum.	a requirement of choline for growth of entodinium caudatum in a simplified culture medium has been demonstrated. ethanolamine, n-methylethanolamine, or n-dimethylethanolamine were ineffective as substitutes. in the rumen, the normal environment of this organism, levels of free choline were virtually zero even after ingestion of pasture containing phosphatidylcholine which was rapidly catabolized. free [me-14c]choline is very rapidly cleared from rumen fluid, a little being incorporated into the ...	1976	943466
lack of competition between phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in the membranes of entodinium caudatum.		1977	405254
the cultivation of the rumen ciliate entodinium bursa in the presence of entodinium caudatum.	the rumen ciliate protozoon entodinium bursa has been grown in vitro in the presence of bacteria and entodinium caudatum for over a year at population densities of 100 to 200 ml-1. the medium contained potassium phosphate, prepared fresh rumen fluid, cysteine, wholemeal flour (or rice starch), dried grass and a culture of the spineless form of entodinium caudatum. entodinium bursa has an obligate requirement for this protozoon and died within 48 h in its absence. during growth from a 2% inoculum ...	1977	411886
the uptake and metabolism of bacteria, amino acids, glucose and starch by the spined and spineless forms of the rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum.	spined and spineless forms of entodinium caudatum were obtained by growth in vivo in the presence and absence, respectively, of entodinium bursa. washed suspensions of both forms engulfed all the bacteria tested although the spined form took them up 1.3 to 1.9 times more rapidly per unit volume of protozoon than did the spineless form. buytrivibrio fibrisolvens and selenomonas ruminantium were rapidly digested by the spined form after engulfment. free amino acids were taken up on average 3.1 tim ...	1980	6775042
the degradation of polygalacturonic acid by rumen ciliate protozoa.	the depolymerase activity of cell-free extracts of nine species of rumen ciliate protozoa and two mixed protozoal preparations, grown in vivo and in vitro, towards polygalacturonic acid was examined. the highest activity was found with eremoplastron bovis and ostracodinium obtusum bilobum while there was none in the spined or spineless forms of entodinium caudatum and little in polyplastron multivesticulatum. on the basis of the rapid drop in viscosity, inhibition by edta and the production of u ...	1980	6785383
the uptake and utilization of entodinium caudatum, bacteria, free amino acids and glucose by the rumen ciliate entodinium bursa.	washed suspensions of entodinium bursa were incubated anaerobically with entodinium caudatum, ten species of bacteria and a yeast. the rate of uptake and digestion of these micro-organisms was investigated. protozoa grown in vivo did not engulf proteus mirabilis or klebsiella aerogenes but rapidly took up bacillus megaterium. selenomonas ruminantium, torulopsis glabrata and streptococcus bovis, although only the last was digested with release of soluble material into the medium. protozoa grown i ...	1984	6427172
electrophoretic forms of chitinolytic and lysozyme activities in ruminal protozoa.	homogenates from a mixed ruminal protozoal population and a ruminal protozoon entodinium caudatum were analyzed for chitinolytic and lysozyme activities by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. for chitinase activity, up to eight bands in mixed protozoa and seven bands in e. caudatum were detected. estimated molecular mass ranged from 70 to 110 kda. these enzymes did not display lysozyme activity. n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was also detected in both samples with ...	1996	8704655
phylogeny of the rumen ciliates entodinium, epidinium and polyplastron (litostomatea:entodiniomorphida) inferred from small subunit ribosomal rna sequences.	there complete 18s ribosomal rna gene sequences from the rumen ciliates, entodinium caudatum (1,639 bp), epidinium caudatum (1,638 bp), and polyplastron multivesiculatum (1,640 bp) were determined and confirmed in the opposite direction. trees produced using maximum parsimony and distance-matrix methods (least squares and neighbour-joining), with strong bootstrap support, depict the rumen ciliates as a monophyletic group. entodinium caudatum is the earliest branching rumen ciliate. however, ento ...	1997	9172834
generation times of epidinium caudatum and entodinium caudatum, determined in vitro by transferring at various time intervals.	generation times were determined in vitro with a pure culture of epidinium caudatum and a mixed culture of epidinium caudatum and entodinium caudatum. measurement of logarithmic growth from a small inoculum for epidinium caudatum alone, or in coculture, resulted in generation times of 30.8 and 19.5 h, respectively. epidinium concentrations, either alone or in coculture, were maintained when cultures were transferred every 12 h; however, concentrations decreased rapidly with transfers at 4, 6, or ...	1998	9581944
phylogenetic position and codon usage of two centrin genes from the rumen ciliate protozoan, entodinium caudatum.	a lambda phage cdna expression library was constructed from washed suspensions of the rumen ciliate protozoan, entodinium caudatum, which had been maintained in an isolated, monofaunated sheep. the library was screened using an anti-e. caudatum antiserum raised in rabbits against sonically disrupted protozoa, dna sequences for two centrins or caltractins, a subfamily of the ef-hand ca(2+)-modulated proteins which are closely related, highly conserved cytoskeletal proteins, were identified and ch ...	1998	9741093
protozoal sequences may reveal additional isoforms of the 14-3-3 protein family.	the phylogenetic position of eleven 14-3-3 proteins from five protozoal species was tested relative to other eukaryotic 14-3-3 versions representing many of the previously described isoforms. the protozoal proteins, four from entodinium caudatum, three from entameoba histolytica and four from apicomplexan parasites formed clusters closer to the plant and animal epsilon isoforms than to the animal beta, gamma/eta, sigma/theta, and zeta isoforms. this extends the preliminary findings of wang and s ...	1999	10575699
ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow following progressive inoculations of fauna-free wethers with major individual species of ciliate protozoa or total fauna.	naturally fauna-free (ff) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (group a) and seven (group b) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d. the objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (nan), total amino acid (taa), and bacterial nitrogen (bn) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period. the wethers in both groups were fed a diet ...	2000	10764084
the 3' untranslated region of messages in the rumen protozoan entodinium caudatum.	the 3' untranslated regions of a number of cdnas from the rumen protozoal species entodinium caudatum were studied with a view to characterising their preference for stop codons, general length, nucleotide composition and polyadenylation signals. unlike a number of ciliates, entodinium caudatum uses uaa as a stop codon, rather than as a codon for glutamine. in addition, the 3' untranslated region of the message is generally less than 100 nucleotides in length, extremely a+t rich, and does not ap ...	2000	10965953
methanogenesis in rumen ciliate cultures of entodinium caudatum and epidinium ecaudatum after long-term cultivation in a chemically defined medium.	the methanogenic activity in the presence of entodinium caudatum and epidinium ecaudatum was well preserved after long-term cultivation. microscopic observation revealed that methane production in the presence of e. caudatum was probably caused by their intracellular methanogenic activity, while methane production in the presence of e. ecaudatum f caudatum et ecaudatum could be attributed to both the methanogenic bacterial fraction of their external surface and their intracellular activity. meth ...	2000	11271814
effect of antibiotics, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on methanogenesis in rumen ciliate cultures in vitro.	the effects of penicillin g, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid and pyromellitic diimide on total gas, methane, volatile fatty acid production and food degradability after 24 h of incubation in vitro were investigated in the cultures of two rumen ciliates. the inocula of both rumen ciliates entodinium caudatum and epidinium ecaudatum were used at a volume of 34 ml into the 50 ml glass syringes together with the feed and compounds tested. despite penicillin g--streptomycin ...	2001	11851015
two-step freezing procedure for cryopreservation of rumen ciliates, an effective tool for creation of a frozen rumen protozoa bank.	the present study aimed at the long-term storage of rumen protozoa as living cells in liquid nitrogen. the two-step or interrupted slow freezing procedure was used to cryopreserve six of the dominant species of rumen ciliates isolated from monofaunated animals, dasytricha ruminantium, entodinium caudatum, epidinium ecaudatum caudatum, eudiplodinium maggii, isotricha prostoma, and polyplastron multivesiculatum. we optimized the first step in the interrupted slow freezing procedure, from the extra ...	2003	12839750
effect of nisin on two cultures of rumen ciliates.	the effect of nisin (in the form of nisaplin) was determined using two species of rumen ciliate protozoa in vitro, on their co-culture bacterial population, and volatile fatty acid concentration. nisaplin did not affect the in vitro growth of entodinium caudatum at concentrations of 50-400 mg/l during short-term treatment (5 d). long-term application (30 d) of nisaplin (100 mg/l) significantly decreased growth of the epidinium ecaudatum forma caudatum et ecaudatum but not growth of e. caudatum. ...	2003	12879756
a cryopreservation procedure for the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum: estimation of its viability by fluorescence microscopy.	to study the viability of a culture of the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum after a cryopreservation procedure by a fluorescence microscopy staining method.	2004	14746550
potential of galvanotaxis to separation and cleaning of rumen ciliates.	the ability of rumen ciliate protozoa to move in a unidirectional electrical field from the anode to the cathode was tested in large-volume electromigration equipment; the aim was to concentrate the microorganisms and clean them of impurities. during galvanotaxis in the freshly harvested rumen fluid and at a voltage of 10 v (i=0.8 ma), cells of isotricha (isotricha prostoma, isotricha intestinalis) were the first to swim towards the cathode; 1 min later, they were followed by dasytricha ruminant ...	2004	15003689
molecular and biochemical characterization of d-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from entamoeba histolytica. a unique enteric protozoan parasite that possesses both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated serine metabolic pathways.	a putative phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (pgdh), which catalyzes the oxidation of d-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate in the so-called phosphorylated serine metabolic pathway, from the enteric protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica was characterized. the e. histolytica pgdh gene (ehpgdh) encodes a protein of 299 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 33.5 kda and an isoelectric point of 8.11. ehpgdh showed high homology to pgdh from bacteroides and another enteric protozoa ...	2004	15206932
in vitro determination of generation times for entodinium exiguum, ophryoscolex purkynjei and eudiplodinium maggii.	most previously reported generation times for rumen ciliate protozoa are longer than would be required to prevent their being flushed out of the rumen. in an earlier study from this lab, using a sequential transfer procedure, generation times between 12 and 13 h were determined for both epidinium caudatum and entodinium caudatum. this would permit these species to be maintained in a rumen with a fluid volume turnover rate as rapid as twice a day. in this study, generation times were estimated fo ...	2004	15218703
why does the establishment of the starch preferring entodinium caudatum in the rumen decrease the numbers of the fibrolytic ciliate eudiplodinium maggii?	the effect of the establishment of entodinium caudatum on the population of eudiplodinium maggii was examined in the rumen of three sheep fed a hay/ground barley diet. the cell concentration of e. maggii were 15.9-38.5 and 11.7-12.4 x 10(3) cells per g of the rumen contents in the absence and presence of e. caudatum, respectively. microscopic analysis showed that starch was the only material engulfed by eudiplodinia irrespective of the time after feeding and the presence or absence of e. caudatu ...	2004	15227784
effect of insulin on in vitro fermentation activity of microrganism community of rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum culture.	the influence of insulin (17.4 nmol l-1) on total gas and methane production, the concentration of total and individual fatty acids and dry matter degradability was investigated in the rumen ciliate culture of entodinium caudatum. the experimental groups consisted of control group (without insulin) and two groups with insulin application--single shot and long-term application (over 30 days). fermentation activity of each experimental group was observed on two subgroups: whole protozoan culture ( ...	2005	15774312
an nad(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase cloned from the ruminal ciliate protozoan, entodinium caudatum.	an nad(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh; ec 1.4.1.24) was cloned from the ruminal ciliate protozoan, entodinium caudatum. the gene had high sequence similarity to gdh genes from the bacteroides (class)--a class of bacteria which is highly represented in the rumen. when expressed in escherichia coli the enzyme had a high affinity for ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate (apparent k(m) of 2.33 and 0.71 mm, respectively) and a low affinity for glutamate (apparent k(m) of 98 mm). gdh activity an ...	2005	15921862
regeneration of cryoresistance of in vitro rumen ciliate cultures.	the purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting mechanical- and cryo-resistance of the rumen ciliates entodinium caudatum (e.c.), entodinium furca monolobum (e.f.m.), entodinium simplex (e.s.), diplodinium denticulatum (two clones, d.d.01 and d.d.02), diploplastron affine (d.a.) and epidinium ecaudatum forma caudatum (e.e.c.) after long-term in vitro cultivation. following prolonged in vitro cultivation (more than six months), the ciliates were very sensitive to both centrifugatio ...	2005	15950963
effect of ph on viability of entodinium caudatum, entodinium exiguum, epidinium caudatum, and ophryoscolex purkynjei in vitro.	cultures of entodinium caudatum, entodinium exiguum, epidinium caudatum, and ophryoscolex purkynjei were grown and transferred in poorly buffered media prepared using different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and a nitrogen gas phase. by transferring every 12 or 24 h, culture ph was gradually decreased until the protozoa disappeared. the cultures were transferred by placing half of the culture into an equal volume of fresh medium, resulting in ph fluctuations similar to those in the rumen, ...	2005	16014011
horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to rumen ciliates indicates adaptation to their anaerobic, carbohydrates-rich environment.	the horizontal transfer of expressed genes from bacteria into ciliates which live in close contact with each other in the rumen (the foregut of ruminants) was studied using ciliate expressed sequence tags (ests). more than 4000 ests were sequenced from representatives of the two major groups of rumen cilates: the order entodiniomorphida (entodinium simplex, entodinium caudatum, eudiplodinium maggii, metadinium medium, diploplastron affine, polyplastron multivesiculatum and epidinium ecaudatum) a ...	2006	16472398
duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep and in sheep monofaunated with entodinium caudatum or polyplastron multivesiculatum.	three groups of five rumen and duodenum cannulated fauna-free sheep were used in a 28 d experiment. one group remained fauna-free, whereas the second (en) and third (pp) groups, respectively, were inoculated intraruminally with the protozoan species entodinium caudatum and polyplastron multivesiculatum. rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and faecal samples were collected during the last 12 d. the flow of digesta to the duodenum was determined using yb and co as dual-phase markers. (15)nitrogen and ph ...	2006	16512932
effect of dietary enterolobium cyclocarpum on microbial protein flow and nutrient digestibility in sheep maintained fauna-free, with total mixed fauna or with entodinium caudatum monofauna.	three groups of five wethers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and maintained as either fauna-free (ff) or inoculated with total mixed fauna (tf) or entodinium caudatum as a single-species monofauna (en) were used in an experiment with two 28 d periods. in the first period, the sheep were fed a control barley-based diet (40:60 concentrate to silage dm) and in the second period the diet was supplemented with 187 g dm of enterolobium cyclocarpum for the last 12 d of the period. the diets of perio ...	2007	17459191
methane production and substrate degradation by rumen microbial communities containing single protozoal species in vitro.	to assess the effect of protozoal species on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro.	2007	17944841
highly efficient galvanotaxis apparatus for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliates.	galvanotaxis was shown to be an efficient method for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliate protozoa whose harvesting (centrifugation of large volumes of in vitro cultures followed by repeated washing of the sediment to remove plant debris) is time consuming. we suggested the use of a new galvanotaxis apparatus (a small-capacity two-way glass stopcock) to improve cell yield in concentrating the rumen ciliate protozoa and cleaning them from impurities. migration of the ciliates (entodinium caud ...	2007	18450227
distinctive archaebacterial species associated with anaerobic rumen protozoan entodinium caudatum.	the diversity of archaebacteria associated with anaerobic rumen protozoan entodinium caudatum in long term in vitro culture was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis of hypervariable v3 region of archaebacterial 16s rrna gene. pcr was accomplished directly from dna extracted from a single protozoal cell and from total community genomic dna and the obtained fingerprints were compared. the analysis indicated the presence of a solitary intensive band present in ent ...	2008	18661305
improved in vitro procedure for maintaining stock cultures of three genera of rumen protozoa.	to maintain stock cultures of rumen protozoa, studies were initiated to explore possible methods for keeping the protozoa viable without feeding every day. cultures of entodinium caudatum, epidinium caudatum, enoploplastron triloricatum, and entodinium exiguum were used to study the effect of not feeding for 1 or 2 d. the study lasted 88 d, and although bacterial concentrations decreased when cultures were not fed for 2 d (over the weekend), they recovered quickly with subsequent daily feedings. ...	2008	18272849
rumen ciliated protozoa decrease generation time and adjust 18s ribosomal dna copies to adapt to decreased transfer interval, starvation, and monensin.	defaunation studies have documented decreased ammonia concentrations associated with reduced microbial protein recycling and wastage of dietary protein, whereas many methods to suppress protozoa can reduce feed intake or depress ruminal organic matter or fiber digestibility. therefore, more research is needed to optimize dietary conditions that improve protozoal growth and ruminal outflow relative to autolysis and recycling. response in growth rate to ruminal outflow was simulated by abrupt chan ...	2009	19109285
nutritive defaunation of the rumen in steers with subsequent refaunation using a cryopreserved monoculture of entodinium caudatum.	this study evaluated a technique for the nutritive defaunation of the rumen of cattle with subsequent single species refaunation using a cryopreserved monoculture of entodinium caudatum (family ophryoscolecidae). four mature steers were nutritionally defaunated in two periods using two steers in each period. a diet containing (dry matter basis) 68% ground wheat grain, 7% wheat bran, 8% soybean oil and 17% wheat straw was used to decrease the ph of ruminal contents and to eliminate rumen ciliate ...	2009	19386007
predation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by the rumen protozoon entodinium caudatum studied in vitro by fluorescence emission.	predation of bacteria by protozoa has important implications on rumen metabolism and bacterial populations. protozoa can also restrict the passage of pathogenic bacteria to the host's lower gastrointestinal tract. this work aimed to evaluate the predation by entodinium caudatum (ec) and the intraprotozoal survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ec cells from a monofaunated sheep were incubated for up to 105 min with a s. enterica strain producing a green fluorescent protein. rumen f ...	2010	20427163
bacterial-protozoal interactions in a microbial community of rumen ciliate entodinium caudatum culture under mercury stress.	we examined the role of rumen ciliates, using entodinium caudatum as a model organism, in the detoxification of soluble mercury(ii) in vitro under conditions with enhanced or reduced diversity of a co-culture bacterial population as well as the effects of long-term mercury(ii) stress on in vitro fermentation parameters and major mercury detoxification products. the e. caudatum growth depended on the capability of the co-culture bacterial population to develop resistance to mercury(ii) chloride a ...	2010	20453906
physiological characteristics of several rumen protozoa grown in vitro with observations on within and among species variation.	when fed equal amounts of substrate, two epidinium caudatum clone cultures of markedly different size produced similar volumes of microbial protoplasm. addition of up to 50% volume of 72h culture medium had no inhibitory effects on growth of epidinium. two clone cultures of epidinium caudatum from australia had longer generation times and showed less substrate attachment when compared to ohio clones of this same species. substitution of alfalfa for orchardgrass in the normal substrate increased ...	2010	20801008
suitability of different media for in vitro cultivation of the ruminal protozoa species entodinium caudatum, eudiplodinium maggii, and epidinium ecaudatum.	three protozoal cultivation media were tested to determine the medium which best facilitated growth and viability of key b-type ciliates isolated from the sheep rumen. entodinium caudatum and eudiplodinium maggii were grown anaerobically in 50-ml flasks for 32 days in caudatum-type (c), kisidayova (k) or dehority (m) medium. on day 32, in media k and m, e. caudatum cell counts were high with 5.6×10(3) and 7.8×10(3)ml(-1), respectively, and the proportion of dead cells was low with 0.6 and 1.4%, ...	2011	21641778
assessment of protozoa in yunnan yellow cattle rumen based on the 18s rrna sequences.	library of ruminal protozoal 18s rrna of yunnan yellow cattle has been constructed in the present study. phylogenic analysis of sequences was meanwhile employed to reveal the diversity of protozoa in the rumen of yunnan yellow cattle. one yellow cattle was fed malt meal (ycrpb) and the other was fed wheat straw (ycrps). a protozoa-specific primer (p-ssu-342f) and a eukarya-specific primer (medlin b) were used to amplify a 1,360-bp fragment of dna encoding protozoal small subunit (ssu) ribosomal ...	2011	20358294
effect of the rumen ciliates entodinium caudatum, epidinium ecaudatum and eudiplodinium maggii, and combinations thereof, on ruminal fermentation and total tract digestion in sheep.	the quantitative importance of individual ciliate species and their interaction in the rumen is still unclear. the present study was performed to test whether there are species differences in the influence on ruminal fermentation in vivo and if combinations of ciliates act additive in that respect. six adult wethers fed a hay-concentrate diet were defaunated, then refaunated either with entodinium caudatum (ec), epidinium ecaudatum (ee) or eudiplodinium maggii (em) alone, then progressively with ...	2012	22724165
the ability of rumen ciliates, eudiplodinium maggii, diploplastron affine, and entodinium caudatum, to use the murein saccharides.	murein polysaccharides may contribute to a considerable part of the dry matter of bacterial cells. their utilization by protozoa inhabiting the rumen is, however, poorly recognized. the objective of this study was to examine the ability of three species of ciliates, i.e., eudiplodinium maggii, diploplastron affine, and entodinium caudatum of digest, and ferment these saccharides. the cultivation experiments showed that the enrichment of growth medium with bacterial cell wall β-glycans increased ...	2013	23446488
in vitro methane formation and carbohydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as influenced by selected rumen ciliate species.	ciliate protozoa contribute to ruminal digestion and emission of the greenhouse gas methane. individual species of ciliates co-cultured with mixed prokaryote populations were hypothesized to utilize carbohydrate types differently. in an in vitro batch culture experiment, 0.6 g of pure cellulose or xylan was incubated for 24 h in 40-ml cultures of entodinium caudatum, epidinium ecaudatum, and eudiplodinium maggii with accompanying prokaryotes. irrespective of ciliate species, gas formation (ml) a ...	2013	23578814
evaluation of dna extraction methods of rumen microbial populations.	the dynamism of microbial populations in the rumen has been studied with molecular methods that analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms of ribosomal rna gene fragments (rdna). therefore dna of good quality is needed for this kind of analysis. in this work we report the evaluation of four dna extraction protocols (mechanical lysis or chemical lysis with ctab, ethylxanthogenate or dnazol(®)) from ruminal fluid. the suitability of two of these protocols (mechanical lysis and dnazol(®)) was tested o ...	2013	23054703
effects of wortmannin, sodium nitroprusside, insulin, genistein, and guanosine triphosphate on chemotaxis and cell growth of entodinium caudatum, epidinium caudatum, and mixed ruminal protozoa.	the mechanisms by which ruminal protozoa sense and migrate toward nutrients are not fully understood. chemotaxis by many diverse eukaryotic cells is mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, which is highly conserved in receptor tyrosine kinase (rtk) signaling pathways and consistently inhibited by wortmannin. in experiment 1a, increasing the concentration of wortmannin inhibited cell growth nonlinearly at 24h of a culture of the rumen protozoan entodinium caudatum, but high variability prevent ...	2014	24534506
eukaryotic inhibitors or activators elicit responses to chemosensory compounds by ruminal isotrichid and entodiniomorphid protozoa.	our objectives were to evaluate potential signaling pathways regulating rumen protozoal chemotaxis using eukaryotic inhibitors potentially coordinated with phagocytosis as assessed by fluorescent bead uptake kinetics. wortmannin (inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase), insulin, genistein (purported inhibitor of a receptor tyrosine kinase), u73122 (inhibitor of phospholipase c), and sodium nitroprusside (snp, nitric oxide generator, activating protein kinase g) were preincubated with mixed rumin ...	2014	24534498
high-throughput dna sequencing of the moose rumen from different geographical locations reveals a core ruminal methanogenic archaeal diversity and a differential ciliate protozoal diversity.	moose rumen samples from vermont, alaska and norway were investigated for methanogenic archaeal and protozoal density using real-time pcr, and diversity using high-throughput sequencing of the 16s and 18s rrna genes. vermont moose showed the highest protozoal and methanogen densities. alaskan samples had the highest percentages of methanobrevibacter smithii, followed by the norwegian samples. one norwegian sample contained 43 % methanobrevibacter thaueri, whilst all other samples contained < 10 ...	2015	28348818
the effect of rumen ciliates on chitinolytic activity, chitin content and the number of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep.	the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected protozoa on the degradation and concentration of chitin and the numbers of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. three adult ewes were fed a hay-concentrate diet, defaunated, then monofaunated with entodinium caudatum or diploplastron affine alone and refaunated with natural rumen fauna. the average density of the protozoa population varied from 6.1 · 10(4) (d. affine) to 42.2 · 10(4) cells/ml rumen fluid (natural rume ...	2016	27501267
effect of entodinium caudatum on starch intake and glycogen formation by eudiplodinium maggii in the rumen and reticulum.	this study aimed to quantify the engulfed starch and reserve α-glucans (glycogen) in the cells of the ciliates eudiplodinium maggii, as well the α-glucans in defaunated and selectively faunated sheep. the content of starch inside the cell of ciliates varied from 21 to 183mg/g protozoal dm relative to the rumen fauna composition whereas, the glycogen fluctuated between 17 and 126mg/g dry matter (dm) of this ciliate species. establishment of the population entodinium caudatum in the rumen of sheep ...	2017	28011297