Publications

epidemiology of sylvatic trichinellosis in north-western italy.	muscle samples from 7,142 wild boars (sus scrofa), 80 free-ranging hogs, 1,462 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) 90 mustelids, 15 alpine marmots (marmota marmota), 873 rodents and 92 insectivores were examined for trichinella railliet, 1895. a wild boar, a badger (meles meles) and 30 foxes (2.1%) were found to be infected. eleven vulpine isolates and the wild boar isolate were identified as trichinella britovi. these results show that the wild boar has little significance as a reservoir of t. britovi in ...	1992	1305850
allozymic and biological characters of trichinella pseudospiralis isolates from free-ranging animals.	to evaluate biological and biochemical variability in nonencapsulated trichinella isolates, biological and allozymic studies were conducted on isolates of trichinella collected from a raptoral bird (aquila rapax) and a fox (vulpes corsac) in kazakhstan and from a dasyurid marsupial (dasyurus maculatus) on the island of tasmania, australia. allozyme profiles of bird and marsupial isolates showed close similarity with the type isolate of trichinella pseudospiralis. the avian and fox isolates succe ...	1992	1491304
taxonomic revision of the genus trichinella.	the analysis of genetic, biochemical, and biological data on about 300 trichinella isolates, reported in the literature, allows a taxonomic revision of this genus. we propose the recognition of 5 sibling species, trichinella spiralis (owen, 1835) sensu stricto; trichinella nativa britov and boev, 1972; trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972; trichinella nelsoni britov and boev, 1972 sensu stricto; and trichinella britovi n. sp., on the basis of biochemical and biological characteristics. trich ...	1992	1635024
random amplified polymorphic dna technique for the identification of trichinella species.	the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was successfully used to produce genetic fingerprints distinguishing between trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi. the same patterns were obtained from purified and crude dna preparations of pooled and single muscle larvae. rapd fingerprinting was applied to muscle larvae preserved under different conditions and recovered from different hosts. larvae recovered from fresh and frozen meat and stored at -20 degrees c for a long time or u ...	1993	8278221
comparison of human trichinellosis caused by trichinella spiralis and by trichinella britovi.	the first documented report of an outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by trichinella spiralis in italy is described. two family groups were involved. the source was wild boar meat products. the principal clinical features were fever (60%), myalgia (50%), and diarrhea (40%). the most useful laboratory indicators were eosinophilia (100%), elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase (cpk) (90%) and other muscle enzymes, parasite-specific igg titers (100%), and anti-newborn larvae antibodies (30%) ...	1993	8480866
arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction of individual trichinella specimens.	recently, 5 sibling species and 3 other phenotypes were identified in the genus trichinella. single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence were used to produce random amplified polymorphic dna starting from decreasing amounts of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi dna. reproducible amplification products from 30 pg of dna were obtained using 1 of 6 examined primers. these fragments distinguish between 2 european trichinella species, t. spiralis, showing a 1,350-bp band, and t. britovi ...	1993	8501603
concurrent infection with sibling trichinella species in a natural host.	random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of individual trichinella muscle larvae, collected from several sylvatic and domestic animals in estonia, revealed concurrent infection of a racoon dog with trichinella nativa and trichinella britovi. this finding provides strong support for their taxonomic ranking as sibling species. these 2 species appear uniformly distributed among sylvatic animals through estonia, while trichinella spiralis appears restricted to the domestic habitat.	1995	8557472
inhibition of neutrophil oxidative metabolism by trichinellosis patient sera. parasite origin or host induction?	the presence of sera factors able to inhibit both neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis was observed in all patients studied at two months from infection caused by trichinella britovi and in most of them after one year. human neutrophils with eosinophils are able to kill t. spiralis newborn larvae in an adcc system and their major cytotoxic mechanism is oxidative metabolism products. we evaluated the effect of trichinellosis sera on neutrophil oxidative burst to determine if neutrophils are aff ...	1995	7675512
use of random amplified polymorphic dna for detection of trichinella britovi outbreaks in spain.		1995	8749658
trichinella britovi from japan.	although parasites of the genus trichinella have been collected from wild animals in japan, they have never been studied at species level. muscle larvae of trichinella collected from a black bear (ursus thibetanus japonicus) and from a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) in japan have been identified as trichinella britovi by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis. the presence of t. britovi in japan shows that this parasite has a wide distribution in the palaearctic region, fro ...	1996	8885903
environmental and human influence on the ecology of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in western europe.	surveys on trichinella parasites in domestic and sylvatic animals collected in france, italy, and in the extremadura region of spain showed that the distribution of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi is influenced by both environmental and human behaviour factors. in france, both trichinella species are prevalent in the fox population from mountain areas and natural parks but are infrequent in wild boars (< 0.001%). in italy, only t. britovi is present in sylvatic animals (foxes, wolve ...	1996	8939049
clinical aspects of infection with trichinella spp.	isolated cases and outbreaks of infection with trichinella spp. occur frequently throughout the world, sometimes resulting in fatalities. the clinical presentations of signs and symptoms are remarkably constant for most of the species of trichinella, but in infections with trichinella nativa and trichinella britovi, classical symptoms of trichinellosis may be absent. it is important to be able to correlate the clinical presentation of trichinellosis with the life cycle of these helminths in orde ...	1996	8665476
evidence of potential gene flow in trichinella spiralis and in trichinella britovi in nature.	during a study on the epidemiology of trichinellosis in spain, 91 animals and 9 samples of sausages homemade with pork were found positive for trichinella. parasite identification at the species level was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction with a random primer on single muscle larvae. seventy-one animals harbored trichinella spiralis (17 domestic pigs, 53 wild boars, 1 fox), and 17 were infected with trichinella britovi (1 domestic pig, 13 wild boars, 3 foxes). sausages were infected w ...	1997	9057718
immunological characteristics and localization of the trichinella spiralis glutathione s-transferase.	trichinella spiralis glutathione s-transferase (tsgst) was isolated from crude extracts of l1 larvae by glutathione-affinity chromatography. two closely migrating polypeptides with molecular masses of 28.5 and 28 kda were identified by electrophoresis. three isoforms of pi 5.6, 5.8, and 6.0 were detected by isoelectric focusing. purified tsgst showed a low transferase activity as measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; glutathione peroxidase activity was also demonstrated using cumene hydrope ...	1997	9267403
epidemiological investigation of trichinellosis in switzerland.	domestic pigs in switzerland have been considered trichinella-free for decades, despite the occurrence of trichinella in the wildlife cycle. in order to reevaluate the present epidemiological situation, tissue samples from 11226 domestic pigs, 356 wild boars and 452 foxes were examined using the standard artificial digestion method. a simultaneous serological study, extended to include 25239 sera from sows provided by a swiss pig serum bank, was also undertaken. the results of both studies suppo ...	1997	9404846
characterization of eleven antigenic groups in trichinella genus and identification of stage and species markers.	several monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised against the l1 muscle stage (l1m) of trichinella spiralis (ts) and trichinella pseudospiralis (tp). western blot analysis of various antigenic preparations established that mabs described by different authors recognized 8 antigenic fractions (tsl1-tsl8) in crude extracts of infective larvae. the tsl1 fraction was immunodominant and present on the cuticle of different parasite stages. mabs against trichinella t5 (t5) and ts were selected in order t ...	1997	9488876
the detection of trichinella with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers constructed using sequences of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) or sequences of complementary dna encoding excretory-secretory (e-s) glycoproteins.	diagnostic pcr primers for trichinella were constructed. twelve pairs of primers were designed based on the sequences of random amplified polymorphic dna, and 4 pairs of primers were designed based on the reported sequences of complementary dna encoding excretory-secretory glycoproteins. with these primers, 31 samples of dna from different strains of trichinella including 5 species (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella pseudospiralis) ...	1998	9778640
trichinella britovi in foxes in the netherlands.	an overall prevalence of 3.9% of trichinella infection was observed in the fox population in the netherlands. random amplified polymorphic dna analysis of individual muscle larvae demonstrated the presence of trichinella britovi. this is the first report of t. britovi, etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis, in one of the most densely populated countries in europe and, consequently, the occurrence of cannibalism and scavenger behavior of foxes in areas with a high human population density. ...	1998	9794660
distribution of sylvatic species of trichinella in estonia according to climate zones.	a survey on trichinellosis among sylvatic and domestic animals from estonia revealed the presence of trichinella nativa (tn), trichinella britovi (tb), and trichinella spiralis (ts). muscle samples were collected from 776 sylvatic and 1,086 domestic animals. muscle larvae from 52 of the 74 positive samples were identified, using random-amplified polymorphic dna analysis; 19 samples showed tn, 27 samples tb, and 4 samples ts. a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a red fox (vulpes vulpes) ...	1998	9488368
immunization of laboratory animals with ultraviolet-attenuated larvae against homologous challenge infection with trichinella britovi.	immunogenicity of trichinella britovi (japanese isolate, cord iss 408) muscle larvae irradiated with 5 mj/cm2 of short wavelength ultraviolet (uv) was studied using homologous challenge infections. scid mice vaccinated with uv-attenuated larvae showed no resistance, although its congenic cb-17 mice exhibited remarkable immunity. following challenge vaccinated mongolian gerbils, meriones unguiculatus, did not show significant immunity. use of these animal models vaccinated with uv-attenuated larv ...	1998	10437958
cloning and analysis of a trichinella britovi gene encoding a cytoplasmic heat shock protein of 72 kda.	a gene encoding a protein of 646 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 71.3 kda showing homology to the cytoplasmic form of the 70 kda heat shock protein was cloned and sequenced from the nematode parasite trichinella britovi (tb). the gene was expressed in vitro as a protein of 71 kda that was immunoprecipitated by a trichinella-infected rabbit serum. monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant tb hsp70 expressed in escherichia coli, recognized a protein of 70 kda b ...	1999	10446707
identification of trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i gene.	we developed a polymerase chain reaction based approach using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i to identify nine genotypes (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi-european strains, trichinella britovi-japanese strains, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni, trichinella t5, trichinella t6, trichinella t8 and trichinella pseudospiralis) in the genus trichinella. partial mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i genes of nine genot ...	1999	10501621
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for the identification of trichinella isolates.	in the present study, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis was developed to identify 5 species (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella pseudospiralis) and 3 phenotypes of uncertain taxonomic status (trichinella t5, t6, and t8). eleven restriction endonucleases were used to restrict 3 dna fragments (1) a 2800 bp fragment of the 43 kda excretory-secretory (e-s) protein gene, (2) a 1250 bp ...	1999	10028536
autochthonous and imported trichinella isolates in germany.	the study of trichinella isolates from wildlife in germany revealed the presence of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in wild boars and foxes. t spiralis was detected in meat products imported from spain, which is one of the two endemic areas of domestic trichinellosis in the european union: it was also detected in meat from a grizzly bear marketed in alaska, and trichinella nativa was detected in a polar bear from the berlin zoo. these results stress the importance of examining for t ...	2000	10622607
trichinella murrelli n. sp: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of north america.	trichinella t5, collected from sylvatic carnivores in north america, was identified previously as a different phenotype of trichinella, with an uncertain taxonomic level due to the availability of only 2 isolates. cross-breeding experiments carried out with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella t5, with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis, trichinella nelsoni, and trichinella t ...	2000	10701576
infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in experimentally infected pigs.	groups of pigs were inoculated with genotypes of trichinella belonging to: trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (from caucasus), t. pseudospiralis (from usa), trichinella murrelli, trichinella sp. (from north america), and trichinella nelsoni. the pigs were sacrificed between 5 and 40weeks p.i., and the number of muscle larvae per gram (l.p.g.) of tissue was determined as an average of 18 muscles. all trichinella genotypes were infective for p ...	2000	10704604
the genetic analysis of f1 hybrid larvae between female trichinella spiralis and male trichinella britovi.	hybrids between female trichinella spiralis and male trichinella britovi were constructed. then, hybrid genotype was characterized by dna markers including mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (co i) gene, the gene encoding the 43-kda excretory-secretory (es) protein, and genomic dna fragments specific for t. spiralis and t. britovi identified from random amplified polymorphism dna (rapd). pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis of the mitochondrial co i gene rev ...	2000	10725692
molecular investigation of african isolates of trichinella reveals genetic polymorphism in trichinella nelsoni.	molecular genetic studies were carried out on three isolates of trichinella nelsoni (from kenya, tanzania and south africa) and three isolates of trichinella t8 (from south africa and namibia) from sylvatic carnivores and from a sylvatic swine. a probe (pt7.3) specific for t. nelsoni was obtained by screening a puc18 genomic library. the pt7.3 sequence was 346 bp in length with an at content of 70%. the sequence is present approximately 200 times per haploid genome. southern blot analysis of hin ...	2000	10779583
genetic diversity among isolates of trichinella spiralis from the province of buenos aires, argentina.	random amplified polymorphic dnas, (rapds) are used to study the occurrence of trichinella britovi and t5 among domestic animals in the province of buenos aires, argentina and to assess the genetic diversity among isolates of t. spiralisfrom this area in a number of infected hosts. all the local isolates proved to be t. spiralis. six of the eight primers used indicate that the buenos aires isolates are distinct from each other as they produce a considerable number of polymorphic bands. our overa ...	2000	10953229
immunofluorescent localization of intermediate filaments (ifs) in helminths using anti-mammalian ifs monoclonal antibody.	intermediate filaments (ifs) make up the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells. in vertebrates, a number of if proteins have been identified, showing distributions unique to tissue or cell type. information on helminth ifs is limited to some nematode species. to observe immunofluorescent localization of ifs in helminth tissues, we selected a murine hybridoma clone producing igm antibody to multiple types of mammalian if proteins and examined cross-reactivity to helminth proteins. the selected mo ...	2000	10958445
dna fingerprints of trichinella as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (rflp-sscp).	a method was developed for gene fingerprinting, combining the principles of restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (pcr-rflp-sscp). taking advantage of this method, we analysed the genotypes of 20 isolates from five species of trichinella (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella murrelli and trichinella pseudospiralis) and two uncertain genotypes (trichinella t6 and trichinella t8). target genes for the analysis i ...	2000	11040092
epidemiology of trichinellosis in asia and the pacific rim.	the epidemiology of trichinellosis, species of trichinella present and the food and eating habits of people affected in asia and the pacific rim are reviewed with emphasis on japan, china and thailand. trichinella seems to be prevalent throughout this region although outbreaks of trichinellosis have not been reported in some areas. major outbreaks of the disease have been reported primarily in china and thailand. this is the result of three factors: (1) china and thailand are highly endemic area ...	2000	11099839
factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of trichinella.	nematodes of the genus trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. the sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. the anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed ...	2000	11099840
sylvatic and domestic trichinella spp. in wild boars; infectivity, muscle larvae distribution, and antibody response.	thirty-six wild boars were inoculated with trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (ussr), t. pseudospiralis (usa), t. pseudospiralis (aust), trichinella murrelli, trichinella t6, and trichinella nelsoni. the wild boars were killed at 5 and 10 wk postinoculation (pi), and the number of muscle larvae per g (lpg) of tissue was determined for 18 muscles or muscle groups. five weeks pi, all trichinella genotypes had established as muscle larvae, but ...	2001	11318560
trichinellosis in the slovak republic.	the occurrence of trichinellosis in farm or wildlife animals in some areas pose the permanent risk of infection in humans. in slovakia, where only the sylvatic trichinellosis exists, the humans trichinellosis is sporadic. the most common cause of infection is wild boar meat. unusual local eating customs may also favour an outbreak of disease in humans. the outbreak of trichinellosis in slovakia in 1998, when 336 people were affected, was of the same kind. trichinella britovi was the agent of the ...	2001	11484326
epidemiology of human and animal trichinellosis in italy since its discovery in 1887.	the epidemiology of trichinellosis in italy is characterised by a sylvatic cycle present only on the mainland. the domestic cycle probably never existed, though a domestic focus occurred on the island of sicily between 1933 and 1946. the red fox is the main reservoir, with the prevalence of infection ranging from 0.0% in lowlands to 60% in the alps. the main etiological agent is trichinella britovi. trichinella pseudospiralis has been detected in two birds. from 1948 to march 2000, trichinellosi ...	2001	11484328
comparison of igm, igg1 and igg2 responses to trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in swine.	pigs infected with t. spiralis and t. britovi were followed by double (igg) and triple antibody elisa (igg1, igg2 and igm) during a 12-week-period. specific igg and igg1 responses were similar and showed a significant relation with the infecting doses and intensity of infection. response to t. britovi was slightly lower than in groups infected with the same dose of t. spiralis. igg2 response was weak and almost undetectable in the lowest infected pigs, but relationship with the intensity of infe ...	2001	11484336
congenital trichinellosis? case report.	a large trichinellosis outbreak in the slovak republic caused by the species trichinella britovi and affecting 336 people also affected a pregnant woman. the mother was infected in the 10th week of pregnancy and was treated with mebendazole. on her own request abortion was performed in the 22nd week of pregnancy. medium igm and high igg anti-trichinella antibody titres were found. the placenta, body cavities liquid, tissues and organs of the foetus contained 0.02-30 larvae per gram of tissue, me ...	2001	11484349
experimental trichinellosis in fallow-deer (dama dama l.).	herbivora can play a very important role in spreading trichinellosis, as showed by the massive epidemics in man, caused by the consumption of horse meat in the last years. in this context, the present study has been undertaken to verify, through an experimental infection, the susceptibility, together with other biological parameters, of fallow-deer to trichinella infection. the four animals, 8-9 months of age and 18-25 kg body weight, were orally infected with low doses of trichinella britovi an ...	2001	11484355
evaluation of two pcr-based techniques for molecular epidemiology in finland, a high-endemic area with four sympatric trichinella species.	trichinella larvae collected from wildlife, domestic and synanthropic animals in finland were identified to species by two molecular techniques: random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the recently described multiplex pcr. the rapd-pcr was very sensitive to the sub-optimal preservation muscle larvae and resulting in weak and smeared bands on the gels for such material. however, the same samples yielded easily recognizable bands in the multiplex pcr; this latte ...	2001	11484379
epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in the republic of croatia.	in order to study the epidemiology of trichinellosis with special emphasis on swine a detailed study was performed. the goals of the study were to define the prevalence of trichinellosis in swine and rats and to determine the etiological agents of the disease with special emphasis on sylvatic species, trichinella britovi. considering the obtained data it can be concluded that the risk of trichinella infection for swine in endemic areas in croatia is rather high today. on the contrary, a sharp de ...	2001	11484396
new patterns of trichinella infection.	human and animal trichinellosis should be considered as both an emerging and reemerging disease. the reemergence of the domestic cycle has been due to an increased prevalence of trichinella spiralis, which has been primarily related to a breakdown of government veterinary services and state farms (e.g., in countries of the former ussr, bulgaria, romania), economic problems and war (e.g., in countries of the former yugoslavia), resulting in a sharp increase in the occurrence of this infection in ...	2001	11516583
helminths in the wolf, canis lupus, from north-western spain.	fifteen helminth species were collected from 47 wolves (canis lupus ) which were surveyed from 1993 to 1999 in northwestern spain. these included the trematode alaria alata (2.1%); the cestodes taenia hydatigena (44.7%), t. multiceps (29.8%), t. serialis (2.1%), dipylidium caninum (6.4%) and mesocestoides sp. aff. litteratus (4.2%); and the nematodes pearsonema plica (7.4%), trichuris vulpis (10.6%), trichinella britovi (12.8%), ancylostoma caninum (8.5%), uncinaria stenocephala (51.1%), toxocar ...	2001	11520444
[outbreak of trichinella britovi infection in granada in the spring of 2000].	the magnitude of the epidemic depends upon the scope of the contaminated product distributed. in the spring of 2000, an episode caused by the sale of sausage products which had not undergone health inspection. the purpose of this study is to provide an epidemiological description of the outbreak caused by trichinella britovi.	2001	11764564
associations between trichinella species and host species in finland.	examination of 627 wild animals--raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), european lynxes (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos), wolves (canis lupus), and badgers (meles meles)--revealed trichinella spp. the prevalence varied according to geographical region of finland (north; southwest, sw; and southeast, se) and was the highest among lynxes (70%, sw). the risk of trichinellosis was higher in the se (odds ratio, or, 19.4) and sw regions (or 14.3), as compared with t ...	2002	12053985
trichinella britovi in domestic pig--a case report.		2002	12173503
outbreak of trichinellosis in cáceres, spain, december 2001-february 2002.	an outbreak of trichinellosis by t. britovi occured in cáceres, spain, between 18 december 2001 and 11 february 2002, following the consumption of insufficiently cooked meat from a domestic pig. among the 56 people exposed, 26 cases of trichinellosis were diagnosed, of which 17 serologically confirmed. the mean incubation period was 23.5 days (3-45). among the foodstuffs suspected, salami-type sausages were associated with an attack rate of 93.3% (14/15), and a dose-response relationship was obs ...	2002	12631992
increased cd8(+)-t-cell expression and a type 2 cytokine pattern during the muscular phase of trichinella infection in humans.	cell-mediated immunity during the muscular phase of trichinella infection in humans was studied. cell proliferation, the phenotypic changes in the t-cell population, and expression and production of cytokines were examined by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) collected at different times postinfection from 10 individuals who had acquired trichinella spiralis and five individuals who had acquired trichinella britovi in two distinct outbreaks. t. spiralis and t. britovi crude worm ex ...	2002	11748188
[outbreak of trichinellosis in the region of la vera (carceres, spain) caused by trichinella britovi].	to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of a trichinellosis outbreak in the region of la vera that took place during january and february 2002, related to the consumption of pork meat infected with trichinella britovi.	2003	12703156
trichinella britovi human infection in spain: antibody response to surface, excretory/secretory and somatic antigens.	a third outbreak of trichinella britovi with 140 people involved, occurred in granada spain (december 1998). the source of infection was sausage made from uninspected wild boar meat. fifty-two patients agreed to participated in this study. an elevated eosinophil level (> 5%) was detected in 59.6% of patients, and persisted in most of these cases for two months. a moderate igg response was observed. at the onset of symptoms, western blot (wb) test detected more positive cases than enzyme linked i ...	2003	12847924
monoclonal iga antibody-mediated expulsion of trichinella from the intestine of mice.	to assess the potential role of iga antibody in expulsion of the nematode of the genus trichinella from the intestine, a panel of iga monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced from the mesenteric lymph node cells from balb/c mice orally vaccinated with irradiated muscle larvae of trichinella britovi. one iga mab, husm-tb1, formed immunoprecipitates on the surface of live muscle larvae, and by immunohistochemistry reacted with their stichocytes and cuticular surface, but not with those tissues o ...	2003	12866798
short report: human infection with trichinella britovi in granada, spain.	an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by ingestion of pork infected with trichinella britovi occurred in the province of granada in southern spain in april-may 2000. thirty-eight people were affected and 15 of them were hospitalized at the university hospital of san cecilio (granada). the probable source of infection was sausage made from uninspected wild boar meat and inspected pork. ninety-two percent of the patients had myalgias, 47.6% had diarrhea and/or vomited, 78.6% had periorbital edema, ...	2003	12875297
extraintestinal nematode infections of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.	a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence and worm burden of extraintestinal nematodes in 100 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) of hungary. the overall prevalence of nematode infections of the respiratory tract was 76%. eucoleus aerophilus (capillaria aerophila) was the predominant species (66%), followed by crenosoma vulpis (24%), eucoleus (capillaria) böhmi (8%) and angiostrongylus vasorum (5%). pearsonema (capillaria) plica was found in 52% of the urinary bladders. in 3% of the foxes, tr ...	2003	12944046
up-regulation of the 31 kda dehydroascorbate reductase in the modified skeletal muscle cell (nurse cell) during trichinella spp. infection.	ascorbic acid (aa) is an important factor of defence against oxidative stress. aa is maintained in the reduced functional form by glutathione (gsh)-dependent dehydroascorbate (dha) reducing enzymes, including the cytosolic glutaredoxin, the microsomal protein disulphide isomerase, and a dha reductase of 31 kda, hereafter referred to as dhar, purified from rat liver cytosol and human red cells. as these mechanisms have rarely been studied in parasites, we looked for the possible presence of this ...	2003	13129525
molecular identification of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi by diagnostic multiprimer large mitochondrial rrna amplification.	trichinella parasites with different epidemiological features still occur in europe and four species of genus trichinella have been identified: t. spiralis, t. britovi, t. nativa and t. pseudospiralis. until now, two of them, t. spiralis and t. britovi, have been identified in poland. in our studies we selected sequence coding for large mitochondrial rrna (mt lrdna) as a genetic marker and developed a sensitive lrdna multiprimer pcr assay allowing for rapid identification of t. spiralis and t. b ...	2003	14505042
tolerance to low temperatures of domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in rat muscle tissue.	the present study was designed to investigate the tolerance to low temperatures of 9 trichinella isolates in rat muscle tissue. nine groups of 24 rats were infected with encapsulated trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella murrelli, trichinella t6, trichinella nelsoni, and 3 nonencapsulated trichinella pseudospiralis strains. six rats from each of the groups were necropsied at 5, 10, 20, and 40 wk postinfection (wpi). muscle tissues containing trichinella larva ...	2003	14533685
biochemical analysis of encapsulated and non-encapsulated species of trichinella (nematoda, trichinellidae) from cold- and warm-blooded animals reveals a high genetic divergence in the genus.	multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyse genetic variation in the genus trichinella. twenty-eight isolates belonging to eight species and six genotypes were analysed for 12 enzyme systems, producing 19 different phenotypes. according to jaccard's similarity index, the isolates clustered into two main groups, specifically, encapsulated species/genotypes and non-encapsulated species/genotypes. furthermore, the non-encapsulated species clustered into two other groups: the species infec ...	2003	14557876
impeded establishment of the infective stage of trichinella in the intestinal mucosa of mice by passive transfer of an iga monoclonal antibody.	our previous study showed that the iga monoclonal antibody (mab) husm-tb1 forms immunoprecipitates on the cuticular surface of infective larvae of trichinella britovi, and that intraperitoneal injection of this mab to mice 5 hr before challenge infection confers a high level of protection against intestinal t. britovi. the same treatment produced a similar effect in balb/c mice inoculated orally with trichinella pseudospiralis larvae, indicating that the effects may be seen upon most members of ...	2003	14665753
environmental contamination with helminth infective stages implicated in water and foodborne diseases.	the number of parasites increased followed the rapid growing of human population on the earth. zoonoses with other medical disorders such allergy accompanied to the parasitic infection are under very carefull investigation. a zoonosis can be transmitted from animals to humans in various ways, depending on life cycle of parasite, the kind of hosts and geographical distribution of species. there are many diseases that can be linked to transmission from not only domestic but also from wild animals ...	2003	15058813
nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the nematode trichinella britovi. evidence for nitric oxide production by the parasite.	nitric oxide has been extensively studied as an effector molecule of the host immune response against both protozoa and helminths, but parasites can also produce this molecule, through the action of nitric oxide (no) synthases or no synthases-like enzymes. the aim of this study was to verify the possible production of no by trichinella britovi l(1) larvae and the enzymes involved in this process. the no synthase immunoreactivity and putative nitric oxide synthase-activity was analysed using anti ...	2004	15111093
minor interspecies variations in the sequence of the gp53 tsl-1 antigen of trichinella define species-specific immunodominant epitopes.	among the trichinella tsl-1 antigens, whose antigenicity is generally due mainly to tyvelose-containing epitopes, gp53 is unusual in that its antigenicity is due mainly to protein epitopes. in the present study we mapped two of these epitopes, recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically recognize gp53 from all encysting trichinella species (mab us9), or gp53 from trichinella spiralis alone (mab us5). based on previously published sequences of this glycoprotein [mol. biochem. par ...	2004	15163539
characterisation of trichinella isolates from bulgaria by molecular typing and cross-breeding.	trichinella spp. larvae were collected from domestic and wild-life animals in association with 15 human trichinellosis outbreaks registered between 1999-2002 in bulgaria. furthermore, trichinella spp. isolates were obtained from 62 naturally infected wild animals and of a rat. all isolates were subjected to speciation by both multiplex pcr and cross-breeding experiments. epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analysed using standard protocols for epidemiological surveillance and co ...	2004	15325044
first record of trichinella pseudospiralis in the slovak republic found in domestic focus.	infection of trichinella spp. is widespread among wildlife in slovakia and the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main reservoir of trichinella britovi. trichinella spiralis has been rarely documented in sylvatic and domestic animals of this country. during routine examination of domestic pigs at the slaughter, trichinella larvae were detected by artificial digestion in a domestic pig of a large-scale breeding farm in eastern slovakia. the parasite has been identified by molecular (pcr) and biochemi ...	2004	15725537
intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spp. in single and mixed species infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes).	intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis were examined as single species or mixed species infections in foxes. this is the first study of intestinal dynamics of trichinella spp. in a carnivore model and the results suggest that the intestinal phase is relatively short as only very few worms were recovered 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). in mixed species infection with equal doses of t. nativa a ...	2005	15925724
trichinella britovi etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in the republic of guinea (west africa) and a re-evaluation of geographical distribution for encapsulated species in africa.	in west africa, trichinella infection was documented in humans and animals from senegal in the 1960s, and the biological characters of one isolate showed a lower infectivity to domestic pigs and rodents when compared with that of a trichinella spiralis pig isolate from europe. to identify the trichinella species present in west africa, a survey was conducted in a total of 160 wild animals in the republic of guinea. three viverridae, one true civet (viverra civetta) and two african palm civets (n ...	2005	15964575
muscle distribution of sylvatic and domestic trichinella larvae in production animals and wildlife.	only a few studies have compared the muscle distribution of the different trichinella genotypes. in this study, data were obtained from a series of experimental infections in pigs, wild boars, foxes and horses, with the aim of evaluating the predilection sites of nine well-defined genotypes of trichinella. necropsy was performed at 5, 10, 20 and 40 weeks post inoculation. from all host species, corresponding muscles/muscle groups were examined by artificial digestion. in foxes where all trichine ...	2005	15979801
re-evaluation of patients involved in a trichinellosis outbreak caused by trichinella britovi 15 years after infection.	this study re-evaluates 13 out of 48 subjects involved in a trichinellosis outbreak that occurred in central italy (umbria region) in 1988 resulting from the consumption of raw boar meat harboring trichinella britovi. during the outbreak, 28 of 48 serologically positive subjects were asymptomatic, whereas 20 subjects presented one or more clinical signs including but not limited to fever, myalgia, periorbital oedema and conjunctivitis. several patients were hospitalized with severe clinical sign ...	2005	15990231
two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for the identification of species-specific trichinella antigens.	a proteomic approach was utilized for fine antigenic characterization of the closely related trichinella genotypes trichinella britovi t3 and trichinella t8. crude extract of muscle larvae l1 (lce) from both isolates were analyzed by 2d-page. over 500 protein spots were reproducibly separated in both genotypes. these separated proteins were identified in western blot with igg1 and igg3 from homologous and heterologous hyperimmune sera raised in balb/c mice. a group of 20 and 15 spots migrating a ...	2005	15994008
human trichinellosis due to trichinella britovi in southern france after consumption of frozen wild boar meat.	six patients were infected with trichinella britovi in southern france following consumption of frozen wild boar meat, which had been frozen at -35 degrees c for 7 days. microscopic examination of a sample of frozen wild boar muscle revealed the presence of rare encapsulated trichinella larvae, identified as t. britovi. people eating wild boar must follow individual prophylactic rules such as efficient cooking of meat (at least 65 degrees c at the core for 1 minute) as recommended by the interna ...	2005	16077211
red fox (vulpes vulpes) cannibalistic behaviour and the prevalence of trichinella britovi in nw italian alps.	food habits of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) were studied in the aosta valley region (nw italian alps) and were related to the prevalence of trichinella infection in the red fox itself and in two mustelid species (the stone marten (martes foina) and the badger (meles meles)). the search of trichinella by the automatic digestion of muscles samples led us to determine a prevalence of 3.5+/-1.2% in red foxes, 7.9+/-4.3% in stone martens and 1.9+/-1.8% in badgers, with no significant differences among ...	2005	16151732
acute trichinellosis in children compared with adults.	trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan parasite infection caused by trichinella nematodes that is acquired from consumption of raw meat from several animal species. knowledge of the clinical pattern and laboratory features of the disease in childhood is limited. the purpose is to study the clinical pattern of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi in children and to compare it in household adults.	2005	16220088
[current knowledge on human trichinellosis].	until the beginning of the nineties, the control of trichinellosis was thought to be a solved problem in europe. however, as a consequence of social, economical and ecological changes in central eastern and eastern europe in the past decade, trichinellosis became a re-emerging infectious disease in the region. molecular genetic studies demonstrated that at least two trichinella species can be responsible for trichinellosis outbreaks in the region, and the epidemiology of trichinellosis is more c ...	2005	15693443
prevalence of trichinella larvae and extra-intestinal nematodes in norwegian red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	a survey of the parasitic fauna of the norwegian red fox (vulpes vulpes) population was carried out in 1994/1995 and 2002-2005. all foxes were killed during the licensed hunting season from october to april and, in total, 393 animals from all regions of the country were examined. the present study details the results of extra-intestinal nematode and trichinella larvae examinations. all individuals were examined for trichinella, using routine digestion methods. parasitological examination of the ...	2006	16378689
epidemiological investigations on trichinella infections in farmed fur animals of estonia.	farming of fur animals represents an important income in estonia. even though trichinella worms does not induce a symptomatic disease in carnivores, the carcasses of skinned animals can increase the biomass of the parasite in the environment, if they are not properly destroyed. the aim of the present survey was to study the prevalence of trichinella worms in farmed fur animals of estonia. of 281 muscle samples from blue foxes (alopex lagopus), silver foxes (vulpes vulpes fulva), minks (mustela v ...	2006	16564631
human outbreak of trichinellosis in the mediterranean island of sardinia, italy.	trichinella sp. infection has been documented in both humans and animals in most mediterranean countries, yet in the past 60 years no infections have been reported on the mediterranean islands. we describe the first outbreak of trichinella sp. infection to have been reported on the island of sardinia. the outbreak occurred in two villages in 2005 and involved 11 persons who had eaten raw sausages made from the same free-ranging sow. all 11 persons developed signs and symptoms of trichinellosis a ...	2006	16621284
[first report of a human case of trichinellosis due to trichinella britovi after jackal (canis aureus) meat consumption in algeria].	we report a single case of trichinellosis contracted in algeria (batna region), in a practising moslim. shortly after returning to france in november 2004, the patient developed the typical clinical and biological signs of the disease. although the patient claimed having only eaten mutton, an unusual host for trichinella, a meticulous investigation revealed that he also had eaten a grilled leg of jackal (canis aureus). one of the four trichinella larvae detected in a muscular biopsy enabled us t ...	2006	16821437
helminthologic survey of the wolf (canis lupus) in estonia, with an emphasis on echinococcus granulosus.	carcasses of 26 wolves were collected during the 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 hunting seasons and examined for helminths. thirteen helminth species were recorded: one trematode (alaria alata), seven cestodes (diphyllobothrium latum, mesocestoides lineatus, taenia hydatigena, taenia multiceps, taenia ovis, taenia pisiformis, and echinococcus granulosus), and five nematode species (uncinaria stenocephala, toxascaris leonina, toxocara canis, trichinella nativa, and trichinella britovi). the most common ...	2006	16870858
molecular characterization of trichinella genotypes by inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr).	a bulk analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr) provides a quick, reliable, and highly informative system for dna banding patterns that permit species identification. the present study evaluates the applicability of this system to trichinella species identification. after a single amplification carried out on a single larva with the primer 816([ca]nry) under high stringency conditions, which provide high reproducibility, we were able to identify by consistent ...	2006	16884006
an evolutionary 'intermediate state' of mitochondrial translation systems found in trichinella species of parasitic nematodes: co-evolution of trna and ef-tu.	ef-tu delivers aminoacyl-trnas to ribosomes in the translation system. however, unusual truncations found in some animal mitochondrial trnas seem to prevent recognition by a canonical ef-tu. we showed previously that the chromadorean nematode has two distinct ef-tus, one of which (ef-tu1) binds only to t-armless aminoacyl-trnas and the other (ef-tu2) binds to d-armless ser-trnas. neither of the ef-tus can bind to canonical cloverleaf trnas. in this study, by analyzing the translation system of e ...	2006	17012285
first isolation of trichinella britovi from a wild boar (sus scrofa) in belgium.	since 1992, when the european union council directive requires that wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in eu for commercial purpose should be examined for trichinella, the infection has not been detected in wild boars from belgium, despite serological evidence of the presence of anti-trichinella antibodies in wildlife and previous reports of trichinella larvae in this host species. in november 2004, trichinella larvae were detected in a wild boar hunted near mettet, namur province (southern belgium) ...	2006	16202536
[methods and tools for parasite differentiation within the genus trichinella].	this review summarizes the major biological, biochemical and molecular methods which have been developed during last 20 years to distinguish parasites of the genus trichinella. from the time of the discovery of trichinella in 1835 until the 1970, it was assumed that trichinellosis was caused by a single species of parasite, trichinella spiralis. many biological parameters have been compared to differentiate the parasite, such as host specificity, geographical distribution, reproductive abilities ...	2006	17432239
[epidemiology of human trichinellosis in poland--currently and in the past].	since the xix century human trichinellosis has remained an unsolved problem of public healthcare in poland. this paper describes the past situation and analyses current changes in the epidemiological pattern of trichinellosis in poland. epidemiological data from the last 60 years, point out that the number of human cases as well as the number of deaths caused by trichinellosis has decreased significantly. up to 90s the main source of trichinella infection for people was pork. among other impleme ...	2006	17432241
analysis of the epidemiological factors influencing vulpine trichinellosis in ecologically different regions of slovakia.	in the slovak republic, trichinellosis circulates almost exclusively in the sylvatic cycle, with main reservoir host red fox and wild boar and sporadic occurrence of human outbreaks. a detailed study was performed in five ecologically different regions of eastern slovakia with more profound regard to eco-geographical and anthropogenic influences to natural fox habitat.	2006	17432245
[methods for investigating trichinella infections in domestic and wild animals].	trichinellosis is an important parasitic zoonosis that is caused by the intracellular nematode trichinella spp.. infection of humans occurs through consumption of raw (or undercooked) meat containing infectious larvae. in europe, meat from pork, horse, and wild boar have been identified as most important sources of trichinella infections in humans. in switzerland, both the domestic pig and wild boar population are considered free of trichinella. conversely, swiss foxes, lynxs and recently a wolf ...	2006	17024975
irritable bowel syndrome in persons who acquired trichinellosis.	the postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) frequently follows bacterial infections. since people suffering from pi-ibs and trichinella spiralis-infected mice develop similar findings, this animal model has been successfully used for pi-ibs studies; however, ibs has never been studied in humans after trichinellosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the ibs symptoms in people who had acquired trichinellosis.	2007	17313500
outbreak of trichinellosis in spain and sweden due to consumption of wild boar meat contaminated with trichinella britovi.		2007	17439785
[about two cases of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi].	trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis due to a nematode threadworm, trichinella, essentially trichinella spiralis. human cases mostly appeared sporadically, sometimes endemically, related with consumption of larva stinking meat. we report two cases of trichinellosis, including a myocarditis, caused by trichinella britovi after consumption of frozen wild boar meat.	2007	17502306
frequency and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in humans during an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi.	musculoskeletal symptoms such as myalgia are well-known features in the course of trichinellosis; however, the characteristics of musculoskeletal findings have been described in detail in only 1 study. the present study was aimed to determine the joint and muscle symptoms in subjects diagnosed with acute trichinellosis at our rheumatology unit during a trichinella britovi outbreak that occurred in izmir, turkey, in 2004. in total, 98 patients (55 females, 43 males; mean age 32.3 +/- 10.9 yr) wer ...	2007	17539418
specific igg4 response directed against the 45-kda glycoprotein in trichinellosis: a re-evaluation of patients 15 years after infection.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response in late human trichinellosis with particular attention to the presence of igg4 antibodies directed against the trichinella-45-kda glycoprotein (gp). this study re-evaluates subjects 15 years after they were involved in a trichinellosis outbreak that occurred in central italy following the consumption of raw boar meat infected with trichinella britovi. the results show that elisa tests using the e/s antigen identified five igm- and ...	2007	17610096
molecular epidemiology of trichinella spp. in three baltic countries: lithuania, latvia, and estonia.	meat of domestic pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in lithuania, latvia, and estonia over the past two decades. however, there is very little known on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in main wildlife reservoirs and its transmission in domestic and sylvatic cycles in these countries. the present study demonstrated considerably higher endemicity of trichinella spp. in main sylvatic reservoirs (28.9-42% in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( ...	2007	17013647
first identification of trichinella sp. in golden jackal (canis aureus) in romania.	larvae of trichinella sp. were identified in a golden jackal (canis aureus) from romania by both trichinelloscopy and artificial digestion. the larvae were identified as trichinella britovi using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction biotyping method. this is the first report of trichinella sp. in a jackal in romania.	2008	18436679
mixed infection, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi, in a wild boar hunted in the province of cáceres (spain).	the etiological agents of human trichinellosis are distributed worldwide in domestic and wild animals. in spain, two morphologically indistinguishable trichinella species have been described--trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi--that are perpetuated in both domestic and sylvatic cycles. the present work reports a double natural infection involving these species in a wild boar killed by hunters in the province of cáceres, spain. after artificial digestion of the boar's muscles, nine larv ...	2008	18466901
spatial distribution of trichinella britovi, t. pseudospiralis and t. spiralis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered one of the main reservoir of trichinella spp. in europe. as limited information on trichinella infection in wildlife of hungary is available, 2116 red foxes, representing more than 3% of the estimated fox population of the country, were screened to detect trichinella larvae by a digestion method. trichinella larvae from the 35 positive foxes were identified by a multiplex pcr as trichinella britovi (30 isolates, 85.7%), trichinella spiralis (4 isolates, ...	2008	18657367
human dispersal of trichinella spiralis in domesticated pigs.	to investigate the human impact on the evolutionary ecology of animal pathogens, we compared genetic diversity of severe foodborne parasites contracted by eating infected pork or wild game. in particular, we characterized trichinella spp. from twenty-eight countries and four continents by genotyping nine microsatellite loci and sequencing one-fifth of the mitochondrial genome. all specimens of trichinella spiralis, a swine parasite that can infect many species of wildlife, were remarkably unifor ...	2008	18718558
the birth of a trichinella britovi focus on the mediterranean island of sardinia (italy).	for 60 years, the islands of the mediterranean basin were considered to be trichinella-free. in april 2005, an outbreak of human trichinellosis due to the consumption of infected pork involved 11 persons in the villages of orgosolo and lanusei (nuoro province) on the island of sardinia (italy). we conducted an investigation to identify free-range and backyard pigs and other humans with trichinella infection in the area of the 2005 outbreak. we also tested wild animals from various parts of sardi ...	2009	19041178
trichinella nelsoni and trichinella t8 mixed infection in a lion (panthera leo) of the kruger national park (south africa).	in south africa, trichinella sp. was first discovered in 1966 in the wildlife of the kruger national park (knp). since then, both trichinella t8 and trichinella nelsoni have been detected in the knp, leading to a debate on the existence of a gene flow between the two taxa. in 2006-2008, four lions were killed in the manyeleti game reserve, the mthethomusha nature reserve, numbi gate, and skukuza, which border the knp. larvae were isolated from muscles by artificial digestion. the molecular ident ...	2009	19041185
long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia.	in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ...	2009	19042089
identification of spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr: intra-specific variability of trichinella britovi.	in the present work, we investigated genetic variability of the spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction), a technique that is being successfully used to study diversity among related populations. we recovered a total of 43 isolates from different host and geographic localization and identified them by molecular techniques (rapd and multiplex-pcr) and by western blot with monoclonal antibodies us5 and us9. nineteen (44.2%) out of 43 were id ...	2009	19046813
synanthropic trichinella infection in finland.	the first three human trichinellosis cases in finland were recorded around 1890, and altogether eight cases were registered until 2008. the first infected finnish swine was found in 1954. from the early 1980s, an increasing trend in the number of infected swine was seen, with the highest number registered in 1996, after which a decrease has been observed. infected pigs were found yearly until 2004. since 1954, all slaughtered pigs have been tested for trichinella, regardless of subsequent export ...	2009	19054618
trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from croatia.	trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are species that are frequently found in domestic pigs and various sylvatic animals in croatia. during routine trichinoscopy, non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue of a domestic pig. artificial digestion revealed a larvae burden of 602 muscle larvae per gram of tissue. tissue section analysis confirmed the presence of non-encapsulated larvae. multiplex pcr identified the larvae as t. pseudospiralis. this observation is consistent ...	2009	19054619