Publications

the red wolf of texas.		1927	17787283
biochemical markers in a species endangered by introgression: the red wolf.	the red wolf (canis rufus), native to much of the southeastern united states, is endangered by man's activities and by hybridization with other species of the genus canis. the absence of diagnostic morphological markers to distinguish the red wolf from its hybrids has led to the application of the methods of biochemical genetics to this problem. the finding of a unique electrophoretically determined allele with a distribution congruent with the geographical distribution of the remaining red wolf ...	1980	6930264
[chronic discoid lupus erythematosus; who is afraid of the red wolf?].		1985	4000286
parasitism in captive and reintroduced red wolves.	fecal examinations revealed that at least 10 of 21 (48%) captive red wolves (canis rufus) and eight of 12 (67%) free-ranging red wolves were infected with intestinal parasites. no captive wolves and only one of seven reintroduced wolves had dirofilariasis. ticks were collected from 10 of 21 (48%) captive wolves and nine of 12 (75%) free-ranging animals. ivermectin administered at a dosage of 50 micrograms/kg of estimated body weight every 30 to 60 days apparently prevented or ameliorated parasit ...	1991	1920674
molecular evolution of the dog family.	molecular genetic tools have been used to dissect the evolutionary relationships of the dog-like carnivores, revealing their place in the order carnivora, the relationships of species within the family canidae, and the genetic exchange that occurs among conspecific populations. high rates of gene flow among populations within some species, such as the coyote and gray wolf, have suppressed genetic divergence, and where these species hybridize, large hybrid zones have been formed. in fact, the phe ...	1993	8337763
the use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationships of extinct populations.	in this review, we discuss the use of dna from museum specimens to address conservation genetic questions. we provide four examples from our previous studies of the northern hairy-nosed wombat, african wild dog, ethiopian wolf and red wolf. these species were genetically surveyed using two molecular approaches: first, analysis of short sequences in the mitochondrial genome using species-specific primers, and second, analysis of hypervariable microsatellite loci. the studies demonstrate that muse ...	1994	8020615
spermophagy in semen in the red wolf, canis rufus.	the red wolf (canis rufus) is an endangered species with 194 individuals remaining in the wild and in various captive facilities. breeding efforts at the graham, wa site (point defiance zoo and aquarium) have involved artificial insemination with fresh or frozen semen in an effort to increase population and maximize the genetic potential of the stock. electron microscopic observations were made in semen specimens obtained by electro-ejaculation from mature males prior to their use in an effort t ...	1994	8011330
patterns of differentiation and hybridization in north american wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci.	genetic divergence and gene flow among closely related populations are difficult to measure because mutation rates of most nuclear loci are so low that new mutations have not had sufficient time to appear and become fixed. microsatellite loci are repeat arrays of simple sequences that have high mutation rates and are abundant in the eukaryotic genome. large population samples can be screened for variation by using the polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate a ...	1994	8078397
the problematic red wolf.		1995	7597414
tick paralysis in a red wolf.	a free-ranging male red wolf (canis rufus) in north carolina (usa), exhibiting paresis, anorexia and heavy tick infection was diagnosed with tick paralysis. the wolf recovered completely following the removal of all ticks. this is the first record of tick paralysis in the red wolf.	1997	9391981
antibody responses of red wolves to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus vaccination.	twenty captive red wolves (canis rufus), including 16 intended for release into great smoky mountains national park, cades cove, tennessee (usa), and four housed at knoxville zoological gardens, inc., knoxville, tennessee, were evaluated for immunologic response to vaccination between june 1994 and april 1995. wolves were vaccinated with modified-live (mlv) canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus type-2 (cpv2). sera were collected, and immunofluorescent staining was performed for dete ...	1997	9249706
characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed red wolf (canis rufus) spermatozoa.	ejaculates of the red wolf (canis rufus) were evaluated immediately after collection and freeze-thawing to initiate a reproductive database for this endangered species. electroejaculates from 13 adult red wolves collected during the breeding season (february-march; n=25; 1-3 collections/male) had a mean volume of 4.7+/-0.7 ml, 146.5+/-25.7 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml and 71.2% motile spermatozoa. the mean proportion of cells with normal morphology was 73.6+/-3.2% (range, 20.3-93.7%), with 64% of ejac ...	1998	9835383
semen parameters and electron microscope observations of spermatozoa of the red wolf, canis rufus.	semen parameters were evaluated on ejaculates of a captive population of red wolves (canis rufus) sampled over two consecutive mating seasons. a total of 31 samples from 15 animals yielded mean sperm motility of 69.6 +/- 19.4%, mean sperm density of 131 +/- 124 x 10(6) ml-1, mean total number of spermatozoa of 470 +/- 465 x 10(6) and mean percentage morphologically abnormal spermatozoa of 35 +/- 11.8%. restricting the data to animals sampled three times or more or limiting the samples to proven ...	1998	9875160
genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves.	genetic data suggest that red wolves (canis rufus) resulted from a hybridization between coyotes (c. latrans) and grey wolves (c. lupus). the data of the hybridization, however, is uncertain. according to one hypothesis, the two species came into contact as coyotes increased their geographical range in conjunction with the advance of european settlers and as grey wolves were extirpated from the american south. alternatively, the red wolves could have originated tens of thousands of years ago as ...	1999	9919703
frequency of the codon 807 mutation in the cgmp phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene in irish setters and other dog breeds with hereditary retinal degeneration.	rod-cone dysplasia 1 (rcd1) in irish setters is caused by a nonsense mutation in the cgmp phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene (pde6b). we examined the frequency of the mutant allele in the irish setter population and determined if the defect is present in dogs of other breeds which are affected with other inherited photoreceptor diseases. between 1994 and 1997, samples were obtained from 436 clinically normal irish setters, a red wolf, and dogs from 23 different breeds. the mutation in codon 807 ...	1999	9987922
cecal inversion and subsequent colocolic intussusception in a red wolf (canis rufus gregoryi).	a 2-yr-old female red wolf (canis rufus gregoryi) presented with weight loss and diarrhea. abnormal clinical pathology included low serum calcium, sodium, chloride, globulin, and albumin levels. differential diagnosis included infectious enteritis, intestinal parasitism, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatic or renal disease, and malnutrition. the wolf was treated empirically, but did not improve. a second examination revealed persistent poor musculature and stool quality. abdominal palpation reve ...	1999	10367653
piecing together the puzzle of carnivore reproduction.	recent advances in feline and canine reproductive studies demonstrate how methodically piecing this information together is beginning to reap rewards for wildlife conservation programs. non-invasive endocrinology can be used to monitor female reproductive function, time con-specific introductions or ai, and diagnose pregnancy. sperm morphology characteristics and cell membrane function may be genetically inherited and differ between genetically diverse and inbred species/populations in felids. i ...	2000	10844210
survey of necropsy results in captive red wolves (canis rufus), 1992-1996.	through the red wolf species survival plan, the captive red wolf (canis rufus) population was developed with the intent of reestablishing wild populations. one part of the plan was a survey for diseases that might occur as a result of population homogeneity or that might impede breeding success and reintroduction. for this survey, complete necropsies and histopathologic analyses were performed on 62 red wolves from 1992 to 1996. major causes of 22 neonatal deaths were parental trauma, parasitic ...	2000	10884116
zinc-responsive dermatosis in a red wolf (canis rufus).	an 18-mo-old male red wolf (canis rufus) presented with footpad hyperkeratosis, suppurative paronychia, distal limb pyoderma, and peripheral lymphadenopathy. diet for the previous 11 mo consisted of a mixture of two commercially prepared dog foods with a mineral supplement containing primarily calcium. culture of the draining tracts on the distal limbs yielded a mixed population of opportunistic bacteria. histopathologic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of zinc deficiency. medical thera ...	2000	10982145
serum concentrations of vitamin d metabolites, vitamins a and e, and carotenoids in six canid and four ursid species at four zoos.	nutritional status for six captive canid species (n=34) and four captive ursid species (n=18) were analyzed. the species analyzed included: african wild dog (lycaon pictus), arctic fox (alopex lagopus), gray wolf (canis lupus), maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), mexican wolf (canis lupus baleiyi), red wolf (canis rufus), brown bear (ursus arctos), polar bear (ursus maritimus), spectacled bear (tremarctos ornatus), and sun bear (ursus malayanus). diet information was collected for these animals ...	2001	11137448
in vitro maintenance, cooling and cryopreservation of red wolf (canis rufus) spermatozoa.	a current priority for the preservation of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) is the development of a sperm-based genome resource bank. the aims of this study were to examine the effects of (i) holding temperature on the motility of spermatozoa over time, and (ii) cooling methods on the characteristics of spermatozoa after cooling and cryopreservation. electroejaculates (n = 11; fresh) were evaluated for the percentage of motile spermatozoa, cell and acrosome morphology (spermac (meditech 1st ...	2001	11787181
cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol, medetomidine-butorphanol-diazepam, and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine in captive red wolves (canis rufus).	safe, effective, and reversible immobilization protocols are essential for the management of free-ranging red wolves (canis rufus). combinations using an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and ketamine have been shown to be effective for immobilization but are not reversible and can produce severe hypertension and prolonged or rough recoveries. to minimize hypertension and provide reversibility, 24 red wolves were immobilized using three medetomidine-butorphanol (mb) combinations without the use of ket ...	2002	12398296
major histocompatibility complex variation in red wolves: evidence for common ancestry with coyotes and balancing selection.	we examined variation at a class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) gene (drb1) in the captive red wolf population and samples of coyotes from texas and north carolina. we found 4 alleles in the 48 red wolves, 8 alleles in the 10 coyotes from texas and 15 alleles in the 29 coyotes from north carolina. two of the four alleles found in red wolves, caru-2 and caru-4, were found in both the texas and north carolina coyote samples. allele caru-1, previously found in gray wolves, was also found ...	2002	12296935
pedigree-based assignment tests for reversing coyote (canis latrans) introgression into the wild red wolf (canis rufus) population.	the principal threat to the persistence of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) in the wild is hybridization with the coyote (canis latrans). to facilitate idengification and removal of hybrids, assignment tests are developed which use genotype data to estimate identity as coyote, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 or full red wolf. the tests use genotypes from the red wolves that founded the surviving population and the resulting pedigree, rather than a contemporary red wolf sample. the tests are evaluated by anal ...	2003	14629346
using faecal dna sampling and gis to monitor hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans).	the us fish and wildlife service's (usfws) red wolf recovery program recognizes hybridization with coyotes as the primary threat to red wolf recovery. efforts to curb or stop hybridization are hampered in two ways. first, hybrid individuals are difficult to identify based solely on morphology. second, managers need to effectively search 6000 km(2) for the presence of coyotes and hybrids. we develop a noninvasive method to screen large geographical areas for coyotes and hybrids with maternal coyo ...	2003	12859637
noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in carnivores by fecal glucocorticoid analyses.	measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites in feces has become an accepted method for the noninvasive evaluation of adrenocortical activity. the objective of this study was to determine if a simple cortisol enzyme immunoassay (eia) was suitable for monitoring adrenocortical activity in a variety of carnivore species. performance of the cortisol eia was gauged by comparison to a corticosterone radioimmunoassay (ria) that has been used for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in feces of numerous s ...	2004	15158127
serum lipid concentrations in six canid and four ursid species in four zoos.	serum lipid levels were measured in healthy captive wild canids and ursids, and the values were compared with previously published data. serum lipid levels were evaluated in blood samples collected from eight african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), three arctic foxes (alopex lagopus), nine gray wolves (canis lupus), four maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus), two mexican wolves (canis lupus baleiyi), nine red wolves (canis rufus), two brown bears (ursus arctos), six polar bears (ursus maritimus), six ...	2004	15193071
sustained release cyclosporine therapy for bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a red wolf (canis rufus).	a 12-yr-old intact male red wolf (canis rufus) diagnosed with bilateral idiopathic dry eye was treated with subconjunctival drug delivery implants designed to release therapeutic levels of cyclosporine from 12-24 mo. normal tear production and corneal health has been maintained, alleviating the need for daily handling of the animal for topical medication.	2006	17315447
dynamics of hybridization and introgression in red wolves and coyotes.	hybridization and introgression are significant causes of endangerment in many taxa and are considered the greatest biological threats to the reintroduced population of red wolves (canis rufus) in north carolina (u.s.a.). little is known, however, about these processes in red wolves and coyotes (c. latrans). we used individual-based simulations to examine the process of hybridization and introgression between these species. under the range of circumstances we considered, red wolves in colonizing ...	2006	16922243
locating hybrid individuals in the red wolf (canis rufus) experimental population area using a spatially targeted sampling strategy and faecal dna genotyping.	hybridization with coyotes (canis latrans) continues to threaten the recovery of endangered red wolves (canis rufus) in north carolina and requires the development of new strategies to detect and remove coyotes and hybrids. here, we combine a spatially targeted faecal collection strategy with a previously published reference genotype data filtering method and a genetic test for coyote ancestry to screen portions of the red wolf experimental population area for the presence of nonred wolf canids. ...	2007	17444895
independent origin and restricted distribution of rpgr deletions causing xlpra.	canine x-linked progressive retinal atrophy (xlpra) is an inherited blinding disorder caused by mutations in the orf15 of the rpgr gene and homolog to human retinitis pigmentosa 3 (rp3). the disease is observed in 2 variations, xlpra1 in siberian husky and samoyed and xlpra2 derived from mongrel dogs. a third, neutral, deletion has been described in red wolves. haplotype analysis of the 633-kbp rp3 interval in 6 different canidae confirmed the same decent for the xlpra1 mutation in both affected ...	2007	17646274
hybridization among three native north american canis species in a region of natural sympatry.	background: population densities of many species throughout the world are changing due to direct persecution as well as anthropogenic habitat modification. these changes may induce or increase the frequency of hybridization among taxa. if extensive, hybridization can threaten the genetic integrity or survival of endangered species. three native species of the genus canis, coyote (c. latrans), mexican wolf (c. lupus baileyi) and red wolf (c. rufus), were historically sympatric in texas, united st ...	2008	18841199
homoploid hybrid speciation in animals.	among animals, evidence for homoploid hybrid speciation (hhs, i.e. the creation of a hybrid lineage without a change in chromosome number) was limited until recently to the virgin chub, gila seminuda, and some controversial data in support of hybrid status for the red wolf, canis rufus. this scarcity of evidence, together with pessimistic attitudes among zoologists about the evolutionary importance of hybridisation, prompted the view that hhs is extremely rare among animals, especially as compar ...	2008	19378399
a gene expression signature of confinement in peripheral blood of red wolves (canis rufus).	the stresses that animals experience as a result of modification of their ecological circumstances induce physiological changes that leave a signature in profiles of gene expression. we illustrate this concept in a comparison of free range and confined north american red wolves (canis rufus). transcription profiling of peripheral blood samples from 13 red wolf individuals in the alligator river region of north carolina revealed a strong signal of differentiation. four hundred eighty-two out of 2 ...	2008	18466232
captive breeding and the reintroduction of mexican and red wolves.	mexican and red wolves were both faced with extinction in the wild until captive populations were established more than two decades ago. these captive populations have been successfully managed genetically to minimize mean kinship and retain genetic variation. descendants of these animals were subsequently used to start reintroduced populations, which now number about 40-50 mexican wolves in arizona and new mexico and about 100 red wolves in north carolina. the original captive mexican wolf popu ...	2008	18173506
retrospective investigation of captive red wolf reproductive success in relation to age and inbreeding.	the critically endangered red wolf (canis rufus) has been subject to a strictly managed captive breeding program for three decades. a retrospective demographic analysis of the captive population was performed based on data from the red wolf studbook. data analyses revealed a decrease in the effective population size relative to the total population size, and changes in age structure and inbreeding coefficients over time. to varying degrees, the probability of successful breeding and litter sizes ...	2009	19504595
comparison of different osmolalities and egg-yolk composition in processing media for the cryopreservation of red wolf (canis rufus) sperm.	successful cryopreservation of sperm and the maintenance of a sperm-based genome resource bank have been identified as priorities for the recovery of the endangered red wolf (canis rufus). the objectives were to improve sperm processing and to determine the relative timing of damage to red wolf sperm during freezing and thawing. fresh ejaculates (n=37) from adult red wolves (n=15, aged 2-13 y) were collected via electroejaculation and subjected to cooling, freezing and thawing in four tris-egg-y ...	2009	18817965
analysis of canis mitochondrial dna demonstrates high concordance between the control region and atpase genes.	phylogenetic studies of wild canis species have relied heavily on the mitochondrial dna control region (mtdna cr) to infer species relationships and evolutionary lineages. previous analyses of the cr provided evidence for a north american evolved eastern wolf (c. lycaon), that is more closely related to red wolves (c. rufus) and coyotes (c. latrans) than grey wolves (c. lupus). eastern wolf origins, however, continue to be questioned. therefore, we analyzed mtdna from 89 wolves and coyotes acros ...	2010	20637067
rethinking the red wolf disease: does protein s suppress systemic lupus erythematosus clinical activity?	in systemic lupus erythematosus, the forces responsible for disease initiation and self-perpetuation in these clinically heterogeneous populations remain poorly understood. recent studies of the tam (tyro3, axl and mertk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases may lead to a better understanding of the fundamental control system responsible for the clearance of apoptotic cells and the regulation of inflammation. in a recent report, serum levels of the tam ligand, protein s, was found to correlate wi ...	2010	21067626
canine schistosomiasis in north america: an underdiagnosed disease with an expanding distribution.	heterobilharzia americana, a digenean trematode in the family schistosomatidae, is the etiologic agent of canine schistosomiasis in the southeastern united states.1 a few cases of canine schistosomiasis have been reported in florida, louisiana, north carolina, texas, and, recently, kansas.1-6 the natural definitive host for the fluke is the raccoon1; however, infections have been detected in nutrias, bobcats, mountain lions, opossums, white-tailed deer, swamp rabbits, armadillos, coyotes, red wo ...	2010	20473851
the red wolf remains a wily foe.		2010	20520644
assessing the prevalence of hybridization between sympatric canis species surrounding the red wolf (canis rufus) recovery area in north carolina.	predicting spatial patterns of hybridization is important for evolutionary and conservation biology yet are hampered by poor understanding of how hybridizing species can interact. this is especially pertinent in contact zones where hybridizing populations are sympatric. in this study, we examined the extent of red wolf (canis rufus) colonization and introgression where the species contacts a coyote (c. latrans) population in north carolina, usa. we surveyed 22 000 km(2) in the winter of 2008 for ...	2011	21486372
a genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids.	high-throughput genotyping technologies developed for model species can potentially increase the resolution of demographic history and ancestry in wild relatives. we use a snp genotyping microarray developed for the domestic dog to assay variation in over 48k loci in wolf-like species worldwide. despite the high mobility of these large carnivores, we find distinct hierarchical population units within gray wolves and coyotes that correspond with geographic and ecologic differences among populatio ...	2011	21566151
social and demographic effects of anthropogenic mortality: a test of the compensatory mortality hypothesis in the red wolf.	whether anthropogenic mortality is additive or compensatory to natural mortality in animal populations has long been a question of theoretical and practical importance. theoretically, under density-dependent conditions populations compensate for anthropogenic mortality through decreases in natural mortality and/or increases in productivity, but recent studies of large carnivores suggest that anthropogenic mortality can be fully additive to natural mortality and thereby constrain annual survival ...	2011	21738589
tonal vocalizations in the red wolf (canis rufus): potential functions of nonlinear sound production.	the purpose of this study is to further understanding of the function of nonlinear vocalizations in red wolves (canis rufus) by examining the acoustic, structural, and contextual characteristics of nonlinear sounds as compared to linear sounds. video recordings of captive wolves from a breeding facility were analyzed. the acoustic nature of sound units was consistent with that of other social canids. the sound units included high-frequency squeaks (2600-9500 hz) and low-frequency wuhs (160-1600 ...	2011	21973383
helper effects on pup lifetime fitness in the cooperatively breeding red wolf (canis rufus).	the evolutionary maintenance of cooperative breeding systems is thought to be a function of relative costs and benefits to breeders, helpers and juveniles. beneficial effects of helpers on early-life survivorship and performance have been established in several species, but lifetime fitness benefits and/or costs of being helped remain unclear, particularly for long-lived species. we tested for effects of helpers on early- and late-life traits in a population of reintroduced red wolves (canis ruf ...	2011	20961897
effects of inbreeding on reproductive success, performance, litter size, and survival in captive red wolves (canis rufus).	captive-breeding programs have been widely used in the conservation of imperiled species, but the effects of inbreeding, frequently expressed in traits related to fitness, are nearly unavoidable in small populations with few founders. following its planned extirpation in the wild, the endangered red wolf (canis rufus) was preserved in captivity with just 14 founders. in this study, we evaluated the captive red wolf population for relationships between inbreeding and reproductive performance and ...	2011	19606460
bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and bartonella henselae as potential causes of proliferative vascular diseases in animals.	bartonella species are highly fastidious, vector borne, zoonotic bacteria that cause persistent intraerythrocytic bacteremia and endotheliotropic infection in reservoir and incidental hosts. based upon prior in vitro research, three bartonella sp., b. bacilliformis, b. henselae, and b. quintana can induce proliferation of endothelial cells, and each species has been associated with in vivo formation of vasoproliferative tumors in human patients. in this study, we report the molecular detection o ...	2012	22450733
y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species canis hybridization in eastern north america.	there has been considerable discussion on the origin of the red wolf and eastern wolf and their evolution independent of the gray wolf. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and a y-chromosome intron sequence in combination with y-chromosome microsatellites from wolves and coyotes within the range of extensive wolf-coyote hybridization, that is, eastern north america. the detection of divergent y-chromosome haplotypes in the historic range of the eastern wolf is concordant with earlier mtdna fin ...	2012	23139890
red wolf (canis rufus) recovery: a review with suggestions for future research.	by the 1970s, government-supported eradication campaigns reduced red wolves to a remnant population of less than 100 individuals on the southern border of texas and louisiana. restoration efforts in the region were deemed unpromising because of predator-control programs and hybridization with coyotes. the u.s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) removed the last remaining red wolves from the wild and placed them in a captive-breeding program. in 1980, the usfws declared red wolves extinct in the w ...	2013	26479530
medical management of pyometra in three red wolves (canis rufus).	pyometra is a serious, life-threatening disease of both domestic and non-domestic species often requiring ovariohysterectomy to preserve the life of the animal. medical management of pyometra has been successful in domestic and non-domestic species, and the consideration of such treatment is of marked importance in a critically endangered species. of the canids, the red wolf (canis rufus) is second only to african hunting dogs (lycaon pictus) in terms of the prevalence of both cystic endometrial ...	2013	24450062
evaluating the ability of bayesian clustering methods to detect hybridization and introgression using an empirical red wolf data set.	bayesian clustering methods have emerged as a popular tool for assessing hybridization using genetic markers. simulation studies have shown these methods perform well under certain conditions; however, these methods have not been evaluated using empirical data sets with individuals of known ancestry. we evaluated the performance of two clustering programs, baps and structure, with genetic data from a reintroduced red wolf (canis rufus) population in north carolina, usa. red wolves hybridize with ...	2013	23163531
inbreeding and inbreeding depression in endangered red wolves (canis rufus).	in natural populations, the expression and severity of inbreeding depression can vary widely across taxa. describing processes that influence the extent of inbreeding and inbreeding depression aid in our understanding of the evolutionary history of mating systems such as cooperative breeding and nonrandom mate selection. such findings also help shape wildlife conservation theory because inbreeding depression reduces the viability of small populations. we evaluated the extent of inbreeding and in ...	2014	25060763
analysis of structural diversity in wolf-like canids reveals post-domestication variants.	although a variety of genetic changes have been implicated in causing phenotypic differences among dogs, the role of copy number variants (cnvs) and their impact on phenotypic variation is still poorly understood. further, very limited knowledge exists on structural variation in the gray wolf, the ancestor of the dog, or other closely related wild canids. documenting cnvs variation in wild canids is essential to identify ancestral states and variation that may have appeared after domestication.	2014	24923435
duration of immunity in red wolves (canis rufus) following vaccination with a modified live parvovirus and canine distemper vaccine.	there is growing information available regarding duration of immunity for core vaccines in both domestic and nondomestic species. vaccination protocols in nondomestic canids have frequently followed guidelines developed for the domestic dog; however, these protocols can be inappropriate for nondomestic canids such as the african wild dog (lycaon pictus), leaving some animals susceptible to infectious disease and others at risk for contracting vaccine-induced disease. in this study, red wolves (c ...	2014	25314821
use of cortical bone fenestration, autogenous free skin graft, and thermography for wound treatment and monitoring in a red wolf (canis rufus gregoryi).	a 2-yr-old female red wolf (canis rufus gregoryi) sustained a degloving injury to the left thoracic limb while in a display habitat. initial attempts to resolve the extensive wound by using conservative measures were unsuccessful. subsequent treatment using a free skin graft consisted first of establishment of an adequate granulation bed via cortical bone fenestration. after establishment of a healthy granulation bed was achieved, free skin graft was harvested and transposed over the bed. to mon ...	2015	26352973
infectious disease and red wolf conservation: assessment of disease occurrence and associated risks.	infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global biodiversity and may contribute to extinction. as such, establishing baseline disease prevalence in vulnerable species where disease could affect persistence is important to conservation. we assessed potential disease threats to endangered red wolves (canis rufus) by evaluating regional (southeastern united states) disease occurrences in mammals and parasite prevalence in red wolves and sympatric coyotes (canis latrans) in north carolina. c ...	2015	32287383
whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of north american wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf.	protection of populations comprising admixed genomes is a challenge under the endangered species act (esa), which is regarded as the most powerful species protection legislation ever passed in the united states but lacks specific provisions for hybrids. the eastern wolf is a newly recognized wolf-like species that is highly admixed and inhabits the great lakes and eastern united states, a region previously thought to be included in the geographic range of only the gray wolf. the u.s. fish and wi ...	2016	29713682
investigation of captive red wolf ejaculate characteristics in relation to age and inbreeding.	an evaluation of a large database of red wolf fresh ejaculate characteristics (n = 427 ejaculates from 64 wolves) was undertaken to increase knowledge of seminal characteristics in the red wolf and evaluate possible relationships between inbreeding, age, and seminal quality. phase microscopy analysis of electroejaculates collected over 14 natural breeding seasons was compared with animal ages and inbreeding coefficients. ejaculate volume increased and sperm concentration and total count decrease ...	2016	27283782
a survey of diseases in captive red wolves (canis rufus), 1997-2012.	conservation efforts to preserve the red wolf (canis rufus) have been in progress since the 1970s through the u.s. fish and wildlife service red wolf recovery program and the association of zoos and aquarium's red wolf species survival plan. an ongoing part of this project has been to monitor mortality trends, particularly to look for potential genetic conditions resulting from inbreeding given the small founding population of only 14 individuals. an initial survey was conducted in the 1990s but ...	2016	27010267
space use and habitat selection by resident and transient red wolves (canis rufus).	recovery of large carnivores remains a challenge because complex spatial dynamics that facilitate population persistence are poorly understood. in particular, recovery of the critically endangered red wolf (canis rufus) has been challenging because of its vulnerability to extinction via human-caused mortality and hybridization with coyotes (canis latrans). therefore, understanding red wolf space use and habitat selection is important to assist recovery because key aspects of wolf ecology such as ...	2016	28002495
disentangling canid howls across multiple species and subspecies: structure in a complex communication channel.	wolves, coyotes, and other canids are members of a diverse genus of top predators of considerable conservation and management interest. canid howls are long-range communication signals, used both for territorial defence and group cohesion. previous studies have shown that howls can encode individual and group identity. however, no comprehensive study has investigated the nature of variation in canid howls across the wide range of species. we analysed a database of over 2000 howls recorded from 1 ...	2016	26809021
mitochondrial dna variation in southeastern pre-columbian canids.	the taxonomic status of the red wolf (canis rufus) is heavily debated, but could be clarified by examining historic specimens from the southeastern united states. we analyzed mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from 3 ancient (350-1900 year olds) putative wolf samples excavated from middens and sinkholes within the historic red wolf range. we detected 3 unique mtdna haplotypes, which grouped with the coyote mtdna clade, suggesting that the canids inhabiting southeastern north america prior to human coloni ...	2016	26774058
describing a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in eastern north carolina, usa.	when hybridizing species come into contact, understanding the processes that regulate their interactions can help predict the future outcome of the system. this is especially relevant in conservation situations where human activities can influence hybridization dynamics. we investigated a developing hybrid zone between red wolves and coyotes in north carolina, usa to elucidate patterns of hybridization in a system heavily managed for preservation of the red wolf genome. using noninvasive genetic ...	2016	27330555
endocrine and paracrine controls of canine follicular development and function.	canid reproduction is unique among other mammals in that females experience long and variable periods of ovarian inactivity. while the domestic dog exhibits a non-seasonal, largely sporadic monoestrus occurring once or twice a year, most wild canids, such as the gray wolf (canis lupus) and red wolf (canis rufus), are seasonal breeders with onset apparently dependent on species, latitudinal location and/or variety of environment factors. neuroendocrine controls of ovarian functions have been most ...	2017	28111799
range contractions of the world's large carnivores.	the majority of the world's terrestrial large carnivores have undergone substantial range contractions and many of these species are currently threatened with extinction. however, there has been little effort to fully quantify the extent of large carnivore range contractions, which hinders our ability to understand the roles and relative drivers of such trends. here we present and analyse a newly constructed and comprehensive set of large carnivore range contraction maps. we reveal the extent to ...	2017	28791136
studies of wolf x coyote hybridization via artificial insemination.	following the production of western gray wolf (canis lupus) x western coyote (canis latrans) hybrids via artificial insemination (ai), the present article documents that the hybrids survived in captivity for at least 4 years and successfully bred with each other. it further reports that backcrossing one of the hybrids to a male gray wolf by ai also resulted in the birth of live pups that have survived for at least 10 months. all male hybrids (f1 and f2) produced sperm by about 10 months of age, ...	2017	28863171
rediscovery of red wolf ghost alleles in a canid population along the american gulf coast.	rediscovering species once thought to be extinct or on the edge of extinction is rare. red wolves have been extinct along the american gulf coast since 1980, with their last populations found in coastal louisiana and texas. we report the rediscovery of red wolf ghost alleles in a canid population on galveston island, texas. we analyzed over 7000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in 60 canid representatives from all legally recognized north american canis species and two phenotypically ambig ...	2018	30544757
is the red wolf a listable unit under the us endangered species act?	defining units that can be afforded legal protection is a crucial, albeit challenging, step in conservation planning. as we illustrate with a case study of the red wolf (canis rufus) from the southeastern united states, this step is especially complex when the evolutionary history of the focal taxon is uncertain. the us endangered species act (esa) allows listing of species, subspecies, or distinct population segments (dpss) of vertebrates. red wolves were listed as an endangered species in 1973 ...	2018	29889268
size-assortative choice and mate availability influences hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans).	anthropogenic hybridization of historically isolated taxa has become a primary conservation challenge for many imperiled species. indeed, hybridization between red wolves (canis rufus) and coyotes (canis latrans) poses a significant challenge to red wolf recovery. we considered seven hypotheses to assess factors influencing hybridization between red wolves and coyotes via pair-bonding between the two species. because long-term monogamy and defense of all-purpose territories are core characterist ...	2018	29721269
erratum to: "is the red wolf a listable unit under the us endangered species act?"		2018	30010798
red wolf (canis rufus) sperm quality and quantity is affected by semen collection method, extender components, and post-thaw holding temperature.	cryopreserving genetic resources is becoming increasingly important for species management. in the zoo-based red wolf (canis rufus) population, inbreeding continues to increase in the absence of new founders. through banking sperm, we preserve genetic diversity and create the ability to decrease inbreeding accumulation in the future. the quality and quantity of banked sperm can be affected by cryopreservation media and semen collection methods. this study's objectives were to further optimize se ...	2018	29777963
ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (canis rufus) with and without reproductive tract disease.	objective to describe ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (canis rufus) with and without reproductive tract disease. design prospective study. animals 13 adult female red wolves. procedures wolves with varying parity and history of contraceptive treatment were anesthetized to facilitate ultrasonographic examination and measurement of the reproductive tract and blood collection for determinatio ...	2018	29346046
population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in north america.	north america is currently home to a number of grey wolf (canis lupus) and wolf-like canid populations, including the coyote (canis latrans) and the taxonomically controversial red, eastern timber and great lakes wolves. we explored their population structure and regional gene flow using a dataset of 40 full genome sequences that represent the extant diversity of north american wolves and wolf-like canid populations. this included 15 new genomes (13 north american grey wolves, 1 red wolf and 1 e ...	2018	30419012
oviductal extracellular vesicles improve post-thaw sperm function in red wolves and cheetahs.	artificial insemination (ai) is a valuable tool for ex situ wildlife conservation, allowing the re-infusion and dissemination of genetic material, even after death of the donor. however, the application of ai to species conservation is still limited, due mainly to the poor survival of cryopreserved sperm. recent work demonstrated that oviductal extracellular vesicles (oevs) improved cat sperm motility and reduced premature acrosomal exocytosis. here, we build on these findings by describing the ...	2020	32466321
estrous cyclicity and reproductive success are unaffected by translocation for the formation of new reproductive pairs in captive red wolves (canis rufus).	this study investigated possible female-related causes for inconsistent success among reproductive pairs in the zoo-based red wolf (canis rufus) population. females (n = 13) at seven institutions were assessed for evidence of ovulation and normal reproductive cycles through the measurement of estradiol and progesterone metabolite excretion in feces. fecal cortisol metabolites (fcm) were also measured. factors potentially affecting fcm and/or estrous cyclicity were recorded, including exhibit sta ...	2020	32476169
a genome-wide perspective on the persistence of red wolf ancestry in southeastern canids.	the red wolf (canis rufus), a legally recognized and critically endangered wolf, is known to interbreed with coyotes (canis latrans). declared extirpated in the wild in 1980, red wolves were reintroduced to northeastern north carolina nearly a decade later. interbreeding with coyotes was thought to be restricted to a narrow geographic region adjacent to the reintroduced population and largely believed to threaten red wolf recovery. however, red wolf ancestry was recently discovered in canids alo ...	2020	32090268
multiple fgf4 retrocopies recently derived within canids.	two transcribed retrocopies of the fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf4) gene have previously been described in the domestic dog. an fgf4 retrocopy on chr18 is associated with disproportionate dwarfism, while an fgf4 retrocopy on chr12 is associated with both disproportionate dwarfism and intervertebral disc disease (ivdd). in this study, whole-genome sequencing data were queried to identify other fgf4 retrocopies that could be contributing to phenotypic diversity in canids. additionally, dogs with ...	2020	32717834
the howl of rancho la brea: comparative anatomy of modern and fossil canid hyoid bones.	the rancho la brea (rlb) fossil collection housed at the la brea tar pits and museum in los angeles, california, is one of the richest collections of carnivoran fossils in the world. the collection is also particularly well known for the preservation of rare and understudied bones in the tar, including the small bony apparatus that is of particular interest to this study, the hyoid. the la brea collection houses hyoids from several extinct carnivoran species, some of the most common being those ...	2020	32302429