Publications

the effect of multiple vectors on arbovirus transmission.	many mosquito-borne arboviruses have more than one competent vector. these vectors may or may not overlap in space and time, and may interact differently with vertebrate hosts. the presence of multiple vectors for a particular virus at one location over time will influence the epidemiology of the system, and could be important in the design of intervention strategies to protect particular hosts. a simulation model previously developed for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses and culex ni ...	0	23741205
climate change impacts on west nile virus transmission in a global context.	west nile virus (wnv), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance. the transmission cycle exists in rural and urban areas where the virus infects birds, humans, horses and other mammals. multiple factors impact the transmission and distribution of wnv, related to the dynamics and interactions between pathogen, vector, vertebrate hosts and environment. hence, among other drivers, weather conditions have direct and indirect i ...	0	25688020
the roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of west nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats.	this study investigated the impacts of urban wetlands and their adjacent residential environments on the transmission dynamics of west nile virus (wnv) within the state of new jersey (usa). a working hypothesis was that urban wetlands decrease the local prevalence of wnv through the dilution effect from increased bird diversity, and through relative reductions in the numbers of competent avian host and mosquito species commonly associated with wnv. surveys of mosquito and bird communities were u ...	0	25484570
community ecology of container mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in virginia following invasion by aedes japonicus.	the success of an invasive species in a new region depends on its interactions with ecologically similar resident species. invasions by disease vector mosquitoes are important as they may have ecological and epidemiological consequences. potential interactions of a recent invasive mosquito, aedes japonicus theobald, with resident species in virginia were evaluated by sampling larvae from containers and trapping adults. distinct species compositions were observed for artificial containers and roc ...	0	23270159
invasion biology of aedes japonicus japonicus (diptera: culicidae).	aedes japonicus japonicus (theobald) (diptera: culicidae) has recently expanded beyond its native range of japan and korea into large parts of north america and central europe. population genetic studies begun immediately after the species was detected in north america revealed genetically distinct introductions that subsequently merged, likely contributing to the successful expansion. interactions, particularly in the larval stage, with other known disease vectors give this invasive subspecies ...	0	24397520
blood feeding patterns of potential arbovirus vectors of the genus culex targeting ectothermic hosts.	reptiles and amphibians constitute a significant portion of vertebrate biomass in terrestrial ecosystems and may be important arbovirus reservoirs. to investigate mosquito preference for ectothermic hosts, feeding indices were calculated from data collected in tuskegee national forest, alabama, usa. four mosquito species fed upon ectothermic hosts, with culex peccator and cx. territans feeding primarily upon ectotherms. these two species appeared to target distinct species with little overlap in ...	0	18981528
habitat segregation of mosquito arbovirus vectors in south florida.	oviposition traps set in rural to urban environments in three south florida counties were colonized predominantly by culex quinquefasciatus say (35.1%), aedes albopictus (skuse) (34.5%), aedes aegypti (l.) (23.8%), and culex nigripalpus theobald (6.6%) during 1 yr of monthly sampling. significant differences were detected among counties for abundances of cx. quinquefasciatus and for percentage composition of that species and ae. albopictus. aerial images of habitats around each collection site w ...	0	17162945
host group formation decreases exposure to vector-borne disease: a field experiment in a 'hotspot' of west nile virus transmission.	animals can decrease their individual risk of predation by forming groups. the encounter-dilution hypothesis extends the potential benefits of gregariousness to biting insects and vector-borne disease by predicting that the per capita number of insect bites should decrease within larger host groups. although vector-borne diseases are common and can exert strong selective pressures on hosts, there have been few tests of the encounter-dilution effect in natural systems. we conducted an experimenta ...	0	25339722
evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of west nile virus vectors in bernalillo county, new mexico, united states: implications for disease transmission.	many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. we have examined the feeding patte ...	0	24605477
the effect of temperature on life history traits of culex mosquitoes.	climatic changes forecasted in the coming years are likely to result in substantial alterations to the distributions and populations of vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens. characterization of the effect of temperature shifts on the life history traits of specific vectors is needed to more accurately define how such changes could impact the epidemiological patterns of vector-borne disease. here, we determined the effect of temperatures including 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 degreec on development tim ...	0	24605453
weather variability affects abundance of larval culex (diptera: culicidae) in storm water catch basins in suburban chicago.	culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) and culex restuans theobald are the primary enzootic and bridge vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states north of 36 degrees latitude. recent studies of the natural history of these species have implicated catch basins and underground storm drain systems as important larval development sites in urban and suburban locales. although the presence of larvae in these habitats is well-documented, the influence of abiotic factors on the ecology of cu ...	0	22493843
experimental assessment of the impacts of northern long-eared bats on ovipositing culex (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes.	the importance of predation as a mortality factor in adult mosquitoes has received only limited attention in the scientific literature. despite the lack of consensus among researchers as to whether bats are important predators of mosquitoes, there have been no attempts to directly document the effect of bats on mosquito populations or behavior. we conducted an enclosure experiment to test the hypothesis that bats reduce the local abundance of ovipositing female mosquitoes by examining whether th ...	0	19769034
delineating west nile virus transmission cycles at various scales: the nearest neighbor distance-time model.	various approaches are used to identify west nile virus (wnv) exposure areas, including unusual sightings of infected dead birds, mosquito pools or human cases both prospectively and retrospectively. a significant and largely unmet need in wnv research is to incorporate the temporal characterization of virus spread and locational information of the three components of transmission cycle-i.e., birds (reservoir), mosquitoes (vector), and humans (host)-on a localized scale. exposure areas containin ...	0	23144590
dispersal of culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from a wastewater treatment facility.	a mark-recapture project examined dispersal and flight distances of culex mosquitoes from a wastewater treatment plant in albany, ny, during 2007 and 2008. a self-marking device was constructed to mark egressing mosquitoes with fluorescent marking powder. mosquitoes were recaptured using 30 cdc miniature light traps located within a 2.0 km radius of the marking site. a total of 13 and 10 marked culex mosquitoes were recaptured in 2007 and 2008, respectively. culex mosquitoes traveled a minimum o ...	0	22308769
contributions of temporal segregation, oviposition choice, and non-additive effects of competitors to invasion success of aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae) in north america.	the mosquito aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae) has spread rapidly through north america since its introduction in the 1990s. the mechanisms underlying its establishment in container communities occupied by competitors aedes triseriatus and aedes albopictus are unclear. possibilities include (a) temporal separation of a. japonicus from other aedes, (b) oviposition avoidance by a. japonicus of sites containing heterospecific aedes larvae, and (c) non-additive competitive effects in assemblages ...	0	26101466
intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of succession: effects of habitat age and season on an aquatic insect community.	1. classical studies of succession, largely dominated by plant community studies, focus on intrinsic drivers of change in community composition, such as interspecific competition and changes to the abiotic environment. they often do not consider extrinsic drivers of colonization, such as seasonal phenology, that can affect community change. 2. we investigated both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of succession for dipteran communities that occupy ephemeral pools, such as those in artificial conta ...	0	24910493
species interactions among larval mosquitoes: context dependence across habitat gradients.	biotic interactions involving mosquito larvae are context dependent, with effects of interactions on populations altered by ecological conditions. relative impacts of competition and predation change across a gradient of habitat size and permanence. asymmetrical competition is common and ecological context changes competitive advantage, potentially facilitating landscape-level coexistence of competitors. predator effects on mosquito populations sometimes depend on habitat structure and on emerge ...	0	19067629
population dynamics.	this chapter reviews aspects of population dynamics that may be conceptually important for biological control of mosquitoes. density dependent population regulation among immature stages has important implications for biological control of mosquito populations, primarily because it can lead to compensatory or overcompensatory mortality due to additions of a biological control agent. this can result in control efforts leading to no change in the target population, or actual increases in the targe ...	0	17853611
pathogenicity tests on nine mosquito species and several non-target organisms with strelkovimermis spiculatus (nemata mermithidae).	nine species of mosquitoes and several species of non-target aquatic organisms were tested for susceptibility to the mernaithid nematode, strelkovimermis spiculatus. all species of anopheles, aedes, culex, and toxorhynchites exposed to s. spiculatus were susceptible. of the nine mosquito species tested, c. pipiens quinquefasciatus had the greatest tolerance to initial invasion and the highest percent infection of those that survived. high levels of infection were also achieved with aedes taenior ...	0	19274233
learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future.	most research on the effects of exposure to stressful stimuli during embryonic development has focused on post-embryonic behaviour that appears to be abnormal or maladaptive. here, we tested whether exposure to some stressful stimuli (predatory cues) can lead to post-embryonic behaviour that is adaptive. when eggs of ringed salamanders (ambystoma annulatum) were exposed to chemical cues from predators, post-hatching larvae showed reduced activity and greater shelter-seeking behaviour; larvae tha ...	0	18682368
monoclonal antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens of nosema locustae (microsporida: nosematidae).		0	11161999
recovery of a strain of western equine encephalitis virus from culex restuans (theo.) (diptera: culicidae).		1946	21066553
a preliminary study of the seasonal geographic distribution and overwintering of culex restuans theobald and culex salinarius coquillet (diptera: culicidae).		1972	5057496
identification of culex species by electrophoresis.	this paper extends the usefulness of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to studies of mosquito taxonomy and mosquito vector ecology. using a newly developed double staining technique, it is possible to unambiguously separate several species of culex mosquitoes found in northern indiana. these include culex restuans, culex pipiens pipiens, and culex territans. preliminary work indicates that culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and culex salinarius can also be identified by this method. this technique ...	1977	907038
efficacy of cypermethrin for the control of mosquito larvae and pupae, and impact on non-target organisms, including fish.	in laboratory tests, cypermethrin was highly toxic to mosquito larvae and pupae. it was more toxic at low temperatures after a 24 hr exposure. larvae of aedes stimulans were less susceptible than culex restuans. technical cypermethrin was more toxic than an emulsifiable concentrate formulation. in outdoor simulated pools cypermethrin 40% ec was consistently effective against larvae and pupae of ae. stimulans at 10 g ai/ha and culex spp. at 50 g ai/ha. when stickleback fish were tested, no mortal ...	1986	2466953
importance of construction sites as foci for urban culex in northern illinois.	expanding urbanization in america has created many new artificial sources which serve as focal points for urban, opportunistic and disease-vectoring mosquitoes. one such urban source, building construction sites, has received little attention despite a growing construction industry. during the summer of 1985, 522 unfinished buildings, 90% as single-family homes, were surveyed for water accumulation, larval mosquito occurrence and density, and species involved. sump-pits and basements proved to b ...	1987	3504892
a behavioral mechanism for resting site selection by pupae in three mosquito species.	pupae of aedes aegypti, ae. triseriatus and culex restuans dive less frequently when resting in a concave meniscus than when resting in open water. they also tend to terminate diving after contacting submerged vertical surfaces, increasing their chances of surfacing in a concave meniscus. as a result pupae tend to rest in concave menisci associated with emergent vertical surfaces, a behavioral adaptation by which they probably conserve energy and avoid predation.	1987	3504897
suburban accumulations of discarded tires in northeastern illinois and their associated mosquitoes.	in response to a growing, human suburban population and an escalating problem of used tire disposal, a summer-long survey of discarded tires and their associated mosquitoes was conducted in northeastern illinois in 1985. within a 291 km2 area, a monthly average of 7,823 tires were distributed among 127 sources classified into 7 categories: fields/ditches (25% of total sources); salvage yards (7%); trucking/construction companies (13%); woodlots (15%); school playgrounds (11%); service stations ( ...	1988	2906360
a survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tire stockpiles in connecticut.	a larval survey of nine used tire disposal sites in connecticut, was conducted from june through october 1987. no larvae of aedes albopictus were uncovered indicating that this mosquito is not yet established in the state. however, eight other mosquito species in four genera were found. the most abundant and widely distributed species found breeding in permanent tire dumps were ae. atropalpus, ae. triseriatus and culex restuans. culex pipiens was the second most common culex species followed by ...	1988	3199116
effects of release rates on the range of attraction of carbon dioxide to some southwestern ontario mosquito species.	the effects of release rates of 0, 250, 500, 1,000 and 4,000 ml/min on the range of attraction of carbon dioxide to some southwestern ontario mosquito species was determined using ramp traps placed at 3, 7, 11, 15 and 19 m from a central pressurized cylinder. for female aedes vexans, spring aedes spp. and anopheles walkeri, an increase in the release rate of co2 from 1,000 to 4,000 ml/min resulted in extension of the range of attractiveness from between 3-7 m to between 7-11 m; rates of 500 and ...	1989	2565369
development time, oviposition activity and onset of diapause in culex tarsalis, culex restuans and culiseta inornata in southern manitoba.	development times and survival of immatures and reproductive diapause of adult females of culex tarsalis, cx. restuans and culiseta inornata were investigated from hatching to adult emergence at 15, 20 and 25 degrees c in the laboratory and at natural temperatures and photoperiods in southern manitoba. based on patterns of oviposition in artificial pools operated from mid-april to the end of september and development time of the immature stages, 3 generations of cx. tarsalis, cx. restuans and cs ...	1990	1969927
oviposition behavior of natural populations of culex tarsalis and culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) in artificial pools.	natural populations of culex restuans theobald and cx. tarsalis coquillett in manitoba, canada, preferred to oviposit in artificial pools (ovipools) where lawn sod used as an attractant was renewed regularly during the season. the sod medium was unattractive to most cx. restuans after three weeks in the spring, after one week in midsummer, and after two weeks in autumn; it was unattractive to most cx. tarsalis after three weeks. cx. restuans was the first culex spp. to oviposit each spring, and ...	1990	2093768
first record of ascogregarina taiwanensis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in north american aedes albopictus.	aedes albopictus collected in the east st. louis, illinois, area were found infected with the gregarine protozoan, ascogregarina taiwanensis. infection rates varied from 67 to 95% at 4 sites and 0 to 10% at 2 others. lower infection levels were found in ae. epactius (42%) and culex restuans (one larva). four mosquito species were cross-infected in the laboratory with gregarines isolated from field-collected hosts. aedes atropalpus was 90% susceptible to a. taiwanensis (100% in ae. albopictus), w ...	1990	2370530
toxicity and residual action of the photoactivated compound, cyano-alpha-terthienyl, and its efficacy for reducing pre-imaginal populations of mosquitoes.	the photoactivated compound, cyano-alpha-terthienyl (cyano-alpha-t), was highly toxic to pre-imagines of the mosquitoes culex restuans, cx. tarsalis and culiseta inornata when synergized with piperonyl butoxide (pbo). lethal concentrations for 50% mortality, determined during an outdoor trial using caged fourth-instar culex spp. larvae, were 19.4, 15.4 and 12.9 g/ha at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, respectively. no residual activity of cyano-alpha-t was observed beyond 24 h following treatmen ...	1992	1359007
infection of adult mosquitoes by the entomopathogenic fungus erynia conica (entomophthorales: entomophthoraceae).	the infection of adult mosquitoes by the entomopathogenic fungus erynia conica is presented for the first time. adult aedes aegypti were exposed to conidial showers from field-collected chaoborid, tipulid and chironomid cadavers for 24 h under conditions of 100% rh and 15 degrees c. up to 24% of the adults were killed by the mycosis. cadavers of ae. aegypti produced conidia that were infective to other adult ae. aegypti; however, rates of infection were never more than 12%. nevertheless, ae. aeg ...	1992	1474381
effect of promoter modification on mosquitocidal cryivb gene expression in synechococcus sp. strain pcc 7942.	the impact of promoter modification on the expression of the mosquitocidal bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cryivb gene when used to transform the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. strain pcc 7942 has been examined. maximal transcript and protein abundances were achieved by the addition of the lacz promoter upstream of the cryivb sequence. replacement of the endogenous corresponding bacillus sequences with the synechococcus petf1 promoter, ribosome binding site, and initiation codon also ...	1993	7690220
a larval mosquito survey in northeastern arkansas including a new record for aedes albopictus.	an extensive larval mosquito survey was conducted in craighead county in northeastern arkansas in 1990-91. nineteen species representing 8 genera were collected. culex restuans was the most cosmopolitan species in relation to habitat utilization, being collected in 5 or 7 habitat types sampled. a major range extension of aedes taeniorhynchus in arkansas was documented as well as the first known collection of aedes albopictus in the northeastern part of the state.	1994	8965075
mosquito productivity and surveillance for st. louis encephalitis virus in chicago during 1993.	the city of chicago's department of health monitors weekly deposition of egg rafts of culex species, prevalence of st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus-specific antibodies in feral birds, and prevalence of the virus in mosquito pools. the total number of culex egg rafts collected in 1993 (4,623) was 2-fold greater than for the 1992 mosquito season. virtually all of the early summer egg rafts were identified as culex restuans. after the week of july 18, culex pipiens accounted for 20-70% of the tot ...	1995	8551297
survey of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in clemson, south carolina, with emphasis on aedes albopictus.	a total of 530 oviposition trap samples were collected within a 10-km radius of clemson university between march 30 and october 19, 1993. from 19,664 larvae reared from collected eggs, 7 species were identified: aedes albopictus (89%), ae. triseriatus (6.5%), culex restuans (2.7%), cx. territans (0.6%), cx. pipiens complex (0.7%), toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (0.2%), and orthopodomyia signifera (0.1%). this is the first record of ae. albopictus in clemson. aedes aegypti was not found. ...	1995	8825496
seasonal occurrence and abundance of aedes triseriatus and other mosquitoes in a la crosse virus-endemic area in western north carolina.	the species composition and population abundance of mosquitoes were investigated from may to november in 1989 and 1990 on the cherokee indian reservation, an area of western north carolina endemic for transmission of la crosse (lac) virus. mosquitoes representing 6 genera and 13 species were collected. aedes triseriatus was the most abundant species collected, comprising over 98% of mosquitoes collected by ovitrapping and co2-baited suction trapping, and 88% of resting adults collected by vacuum ...	1996	8827591
restriction analysis of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer region of culex restuans and mosquitoes in the culex pipiens complex.	members of the culex pipiens linn. complex in the eastern, southern, and central united states are the primary vectors of st. louis encephalitis virus. although species and subspecies in the complex can be identified as 4th-instar larvae and by characters on the male genitalia, adult females cannot be identified accurately. in this study a ribosomal dna (rdna) segment that includes the internal transcribed spacer region (its) was amplified from culex pipiens pipiens linn., culex quinquefasciatus ...	1996	8887228
isolations of potosi virus from mosquitoes collected in the united states, 1989-94.	potosi (pot) virus, a recently characterized bunyamwera serogroup virus, was discovered when it was isolated from aedes albopictus collected at a waste-tire site in potosi, washington county, missouri, during 1989. during the following year, pot virus was not isolated from 39,048 mosquitoes, including 17,519 ae. albopictus, collected in washington county. in 1991, mosquito collections from south carolina, ohio, and michigan yielded 8 strains of pot virus: 6 from coquillettidia perturbans and one ...	1996	8723251
oviposition preferences of culex pipiens and culex restuans for infusion-baited traps.	the number of egg rafts oviposited by culex pipiens and culex restuans in infusion-baited ovitraps varied with the type of infusion substrate, infusion age, method of infusion preparation, and calendar date. in one or more tests, more culex egg rafts were collected from water infused with kentucky bluegrass sod, mixed grass clippings, straw, or a commercial rabbit chow than from a water control. infusions prepared with oak leaves, maple leaves, and sod soil were ineffective as culex oviposition ...	1996	8723254
interrupted blood feeding by culex (diptera:culicidae) in relation to individual host tolerance to mosquito attack.	field studies at delta marsh (1991) and winnipeg (1993), mb, and vero beach (1992), fl, examined variation among individual quail hosts in terms of the blood-feeding success by mosquitoes that fed on them. culex tarsalis coquillett was the predominant species collected in box traps baited with 2 quail at delta marsh in 1991, culex nigripalpus theobald was the predominant species collected at vero beach in 1992, and both cx. tarsalis and culex restuans theobald were collected in approximately equ ...	1997	9103751
plasmodium forresteri n. sp., from raptors in florida and southern georgia: its distinction from plasmodium elongatum morphologically within and among host species and by vector susceptibility.	plasmodium forresteri n. sp. naturally infects eastern screech-owls (otus asio), great horned owls (bubo virginianus), barred owls (strix varia), bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (buteo platypterus), and red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) in florida and southern georgia. schizonts occur in mature or nearly mature erythrocytes, produce 2-6 merozoites arranged most commonly in fan or cruciform configuration, with mean dimensions am ...	1997	9379302
field trials of vectolex cg, a bacillus sphaericus larvicide, in illinois waste tires and catch basins.	the susceptibilities of aedes triseriatus (say), anopheles punctipennis (say), culex restuans (theobald), and culex pipiens (l.) larvae to vectolex cg were determined. vectolex, formulated on corncob granules (10-14 mesh) was applied to 2 tire dumps and numerous catch basins located in east-central illinois. vectolex, formulated as effervescent tablets, was also applied to catch basins. in a sunlit dump, there was a 99.6% reduction in ae. triseriatus, cx. restuans, and cx. pipiens larvae as long ...	1997	9474554
vector ability of mosquitoes for isolates of plasmodium elongatum from raptors in florida.	three isolates of plasmodium elongatum were obtained from 3 species of raptors (red-tailed hawk [buteo jamaicensis], bald eagle [haliaeetus leucocephalus], and eastern screech owl [otus asio]) from florida using isodiagnostic techniques in pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos). six to 10 species of mosquitoes were tested for susceptibility to these 3 isolates. complete development of the sporogonic cycle of the 3 isolates of p. elongatum occurred in 3 species of mosquitoes, culex nigripalpus, culex r ...	1998	9645854
evaluation of butanone, carbon dioxide, and 1-octen-3-ol as attractants for mosquitoes associated with north central florida bay and cypress swamps.	field studies were conducted to determine the responses of mosquitoes found in north central florida bay and cypress swamps to carbon dioxide (co2), light, butanone, and 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), alone and co2 in combination with each of the others. the response of these mosquito species to 5 co2 release rates (2, 20, 100, 200, and 2,000 ml/min) of co2 was also determined. the use of co2 resulted in a response in all the species studied; the pattern of response to increasing co2 levels varied from ...	1998	9813827
a phylogenetic approach to following west nile virus in connecticut.	the 1999 outbreak of west nile (wn) virus in the northeastern united states was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the western hemisphere. in 1999 and 2000, 82 independent connecticut wn virus isolates were cultured from nine species of birds, five species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes, compared with wn-ny99, in a 921-nt region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ...	2001	11606791
vector competence of selected north american culex and coquillettidia mosquitoes for west nile virus.	to control west nile virus (wnv), it is necessary to know which mosquitoes are able to transmit this virus. therefore, we evaluated the wnv vector potential of several north american mosquito species. culex restuans and cx. salinarius, two species from which wnv was isolated in new york in 2000, were efficient laboratory vectors. cx. quinquefasciatus and cx. nigripalpus from florida were competent but only moderately efficient vectors. coquillettidia perturbans was an inefficient laboratory vect ...	2001	11747732
detection of west nile virus antigen in mosquitoes and avian tissues by a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay.	an antigen capture immunoassay to detect west nile (wn) virus antigen in infected mosquitoes and avian tissues has been developed. with this assay purified wn virus was detected at a concentration of 32 pg/0.1 ml, and antigen in infected suckling mouse brain and laboratory-infected mosquito pools could be detected when the wn virus titer was 10(2.1) to 10(3.7) pfu/0.1 ml. in a blindly coded set of field-collected mosquito pools (n = 100), this assay detected wn virus antigen in 12 of 18 (66.7%) ...	2002	12037058
spatial and temporal variation in the mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) inhabiting waste tires in nicholas county, west virginia.	larvae of 12 mosquito species were collected from abandoned tire piles at peridomestic and forested sites in nicholas county, wv, from march through november of 2001. no larvae were found in march, but the numbers of species increased to 10 by july and remained relatively constant, at 9-11 in any given month, throughout november. larvae of ochlerotatus triseriatus (say), the most commonly encountered species in every month of collection, were significantly more likely to be found in forested tir ...	2003	12597656
west nile virus.		2003	12771077
virus detection protocols for west nile virus in vertebrate and mosquito specimens.	the recent outbreaks of west nile virus (wnv) infection in the northeastern united states and other regions of the world have made it essential to develop efficient, sensitive, and rapid protocols for virus surveillance. laboratory testing is the backbone of any surveillance program. protocols to detect the presence of wnv have been refined since 1999 for sensitivity, speed, efficiency, and specificity. this paper presents the protocols currently used by the new york state department of health t ...	2003	12904372
host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states.	an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir. this parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study the host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from new york, new jersey, and tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with west nile viru ...	2004	15018775
culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) oviposition behavior determined by larval habitat quality and quantity in southeastern michigan.	oviposition is a critical stage in the mosquito lifecycle, and may determine population levels, distribution, biting behavior, and pathogen transmission. knowledge of the oviposition behavior of culex restuans theobald has become particularly important with the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) in north america. laboratory and field studies have examined some factors that contribute to oviposition choice in culex spp., but few studies have investigated responses to cues of future competition an ...	2004	15061276
larval mosquitoes in abandoned tire pile sites from west virginia.	larvae of 13 mosquito species were collected from abandoned tire piles at peridomestic and nonperidomestic sites in 3 south-central west virginia counties from may through september 2002. ochlerotatus triseriatus was the most frequently collected species from may through august, whereas aedes albopictus and ochlerotatus japonicus were more prevalent in september. prevalence of oc. triseriatus and culex restuans declined throughout the study period. conversely, prevalences of ae. albopictus, oc. ...	2004	15088700
mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997-2002 in a wetland in northeastern mississippi.	the species composition and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes in a wetland near iuka, ms, were analyzed over a 6-yr period (1997-2002) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection rates of arboviruses determined during five of those years. blood meals of three likely vector species were identified using a pcr-based method that allows identification of the host to species. culex erraticus (dyar & knab) composed 51.9% of the population during the 6-yr period with 295 f ...	2004	15185956
nutrient-dependent reduced growth and survival of larval culex restuans (diptera: culicidae): laboratory and field experiments in michigan.	culex restuans theobold, a putative vector of west nile virus among birds in northern north america, also may serve as a bridge vector to mammals. despite its potential public health importance, little is known about what regulates populations of this species. mosquitoes generally are subject to both density-dependent reductions in survival and growth and to density-independent limitations on their population abundances. the mechanisms by which density dependence may occur in this species were e ...	2004	15311456
commercial mosquito trap and gravid trap oviposition media evaluation, atlanta, georgia.	field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern fulton county (atlanta), ga, from june 9 to june 18 and june 24 to july 4, 2002, respectively. total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a latin square design. for the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = ...	2004	15532919
field evaluation of cdc gravid trap attractants to primary west nile virus vectors, culex mosquitoes in new york state.	a field study was conducted to evaluate two cdc gravid trap attractants available for the west nile virus surveillance program in new york state (nys). according to potential attractiveness, a common lawn sod in nys, kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis) infusion and a rabbit chow infusion were compared for attractiveness to primary west nile virus vectors, culex mosquitoes. attractiveness of each infusion was measured by the number of adult mosquitoes caught in cdc gravid traps and the number of e ...	2004	15532922
west nile virus infection rates in pooled and individual mosquito samples.	the detection of west nile virus (wnv) in mosquitoes by real-time rt-pcr provides valuable information on the epidemiology of the virus and identifies mosquito species that are potential vectors. testing sets of pooled mosquitoes of the same species is logistically the easiest and most cost-effective approach for wnv testing; however, little information is available on how the results of small pooled sets relate to those of testing individual mosquitoes. during the 2002 outbreak, we compared poo ...	2004	15631063
epidemiology of west nile virus in connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999-2003.	two hundred and ten isolations of west nile virus (wnv) were obtained from 17 mosquito species in six genera in statewide surveillance conducted in connecticut from june through october, 1999-2003. culex pipiens (86), culex salinarius (32), culex restuans (26), culiseta melanura (32), and aedes vexans (12) were implicated as the most likely vectors of wnv in the region based on virus isolation data. culex pipiens was abundant from july through september and is likely involved in early season enz ...	2004	15682518
entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review.	fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ...	2004	15861235
surveillance of above- and below-ground mosquito breeding habitats in a rural midwestern community: baseline data for larvicidal control measures against west nile virus vectors.	mosquitoes in the genus culex are thought to play a major role as vectors in the transmission cycle of west nile virus (wnv) and other arboviruses in the united states. effective control of mosquitoes through larviciding and adulticiding is expensive for communities and should be guided by reliable surveillance data on the distribution of mosquito breeding habitats. however, few small to medium sized cities in rural areas of the midwestern united states have this type of baseline information ava ...	2005	15962015
attraction of culex pipiens/restuans (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes to bird uropygial gland odors at two elevations in the niagara region of ontario.	in an effort to determine whether female culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are attracted to crow, corvus brachyrhynchus, uropygial gland secretions, cdc miniature light traps (baited with co2 but with the lights removed) were placed at approximately 1.5- and 5-m elevations, in 10 trees in awoodlot near niagara falls, canada. these traps were assigned either a bird odor or a blank control. bird odors were created by attaching cotton swabs coated with cro ...	2005	15962778
morphological and molecular characterization of a cypovirus (reoviridae) from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (diptera: culicidae).	a novel cypovirus has been isolated from the mosquito uranotaenia sapphirina (uscpv) and shown to cause a chronic infection confined to the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the gastric ceca and posterior stomach. the production of large numbers of virions and inclusion bodies and their arrangement into paracrystalline arrays gives the gut of infected insects a distinctive blue iridescence. the virions, which were examined by electron microscopy, are icosahedral (55 to 65 nm in diameter) with a c ...	2005	16014906
genetic variation in west nile virus from naturally infected mosquitoes and birds suggests quasispecies structure and strong purifying selection.	intrahost genetic diversity was analysed in naturally infected mosquitoes and birds to determine whether west nile virus (wnv) exists in nature as a quasispecies and to quantify selective pressures within and between hosts. wnv was sampled from ten infected birds and ten infected mosquito pools collected on long island, ny, usa, during the peak of the 2003 wnv transmission season. a 1938 nt fragment comprising the 3' 1159 nt of the wnv envelope (e) coding region and the 5' 779 nt of the non-stru ...	2005	16033965
culex restuans (diptera: culicidae) relative abundance and vector competence for west nile virus.	the abundance and vector competence of culex restuans theobald and culex pipiens l. were compared to determine the relative importance of these species as west nile virus (wnv) vectors in the northeastern united states. abundance was estimated from egg raft collections at 12 sites in albany, suffolk, and richmond counties, new york, during july, august, and september 2002 and 2003. cx. restuans was more abundant than cx. pipiens in both urban and rural areas, comprising 86% of 1,623 egg rafts co ...	2005	16363169
oviposition preferences of culex restuans and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) for selected infusions in oviposition traps and gravid traps.	field studies were conducted in southwestern virginia to determine the ovipositional preferences of culex restuans and culex pipiens by using ovitraps and gravid traps baited with selected infusions. for the ovitrap collections, 4 different infusions (manure, hay, grass, and rabbit chow) were used. significant differences among infusions were detected on most sample dates for both species. for 3 of the first 4 wk of collections, the manure infusion collected significantly more cx. restuans than ...	2005	16506560
sentinel pigeon surveillance for west nile virus by using lard-can traps at differing elevations and canopy cover classes.	sentinel pigeons, columba livia, were installed in lard-can traps at heights of 1.5 m and 7.6-9.1 m within differing canopy cover classes in new york city. adult mosquitoes were collected weekly from july to october 2002, as were serum samples from each pigeon. culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald comprised 97% of mosquitoes collected and were most numerous in canopy-level, forested traps. the west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) seroconversion rate was significan ...	2005	16465746
bird-baited traps for surveillance of west nile mosquito vectors: effect of bird species, trap height, and mosquito escape rates.	host-seeking mosquitoes were sampled in bird-baited traps at four sites in new york state in 2003-2004. trap placement and efficacy of chickens, gallus gallus domesticus l., as bait compared with house sparrows, passer domesticus l., an important reservoir of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv), was evaluated. each site had a chicken-baited trap near ground level (approximately 1.5 m) and in the tree canopy (approximately 9 m), and a house sparrow-baited trap at ground l ...	2006	16506452
impact of trap elevation on estimates of abundance, parity rates, and body size of culex pipiens and culex restuans (diptera: culicidae).	trapping success, abundance, parity rate, and body size indices of culex pipiens (l.) and culex restuans theobald, important vectors of west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv), were determined for specimens captured from both ground level (approximately 1-m) and elevated (approximately 6- to 7-m) co2-baited cdc miniature light traps. mosquitoes were collected from six study sites in albany county, new york, from mid-may to mid-october 2004. there was no significant differenc ...	2006	16619596
a comparison of two west nile virus detection assays (taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and vectest antigen assay) during three consecutive outbreaks in northern illinois.	mosquitoes identified as female culex (culex) species, primarily mixtures or uniform batches of culex pipiens and culex restuans, were collected daily from gravid traps by 2 mosquito abatement districts (mads) in cook county, illinois. from 2002 through 2004, batches (pools) of mosquitoes were tested by the mads for west nile virus (wnv) by using vectest wnv antigen assays and the same samples were retested, usually within 1-2 wk, for wnv rna by the taqman reverse transcriptase polymerase chain ...	2006	16646326
spatially targeting culex quinquefasciatus aquatic habitats on modified land cover for implementing an integrated vector management (ivm) program in three villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya.	continuous land cover modification is an important part of spatial epidemiology because it can help identify environmental factors and culex mosquitoes associated with arbovirus transmission and thus guide control intervention. the aim of this study was to determine whether remotely sensed data could be used to identify rice-related culex quinquefasciatus breeding habitats in three rice-villages within the mwea rice scheme, kenya. we examined whether a land use land cover (lulc) classification b ...	2006	16684354
host feeding patterns of culex mosquitoes and west nile virus transmission, northeastern united states.	to evaluate the role of culex mosquitoes as enzootic and epidemic vectors for wnv, we identified the source of vertebrate blood by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna. all cx. restuans and 93% of cx. pipiens acquired blood from avian hosts; cx. salinarius fed frequently on both mammals (53%) and birds (36%). mixed-blood meals were detected in 11% and 4% of cx. salinarius and cx. pipiens, respectively. american robin was th ...	2006	16704786
host-feeding patterns of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central north carolina.	aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) is a major nuisance mosquito and a potential arbovirus vector. the host-feeding patterns of ae. albopictus were investigated during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons in suburban neighborhoods in wake county, raleigh, nc. hosts of blood-fed ae. albopictus (n = 1,094) were identified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by using antisera made in new zealand white rabbits to the sera of animals that would commonly occur in peridomestic h ...	2006	16739414
evolutionary history of a mosquito endosymbiont revealed through mitochondrial hitchhiking.	due to cytoplasmic inheritance, spread of maternally inherited wolbachia symbionts can result in reduction of mitochondrial variation in populations. we examined sequence diversity of the mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nd4) gene in wolbachia-infected (south africa (sa), california and thailand) and uninfected (sa) culex pipiens complex populations. in total, we identified 12 haplotypes (a-l). in infected populations, 99% of individuals had haplotype k. in the uninfected sa populatio ...	2006	16769630
statistical estimation of degree days of mosquito development under fluctuating temperatures in the field.	degree-days are important parameters for developing predictive models of mosquito populations. conventional methods of estimation of degree-days are typically applied to observations under constant temperatures in the laboratory. these methods are difficult to apply in the field where temperatures fluctuate. for estimating degree-days of larval developments of mosquitoes in the field, we applied dennis' stochastic phenological model to a semi-field observation of culex restuans. a parametric boo ...	2006	16859097
host heterogeneity dominates west nile virus transmission.	heterogeneity in host populations and communities can have large effects on the transmission and control of a pathogen. in extreme cases, a few individuals give rise to the majority of secondary infections, which have been termed super spreading events. here, we show that transmission of west nile virus (wnv) is dominated by extreme heterogeneity in the host community, resulting in highly inflated reproductive ratios. a single relatively uncommon avian species, american robin (turdus migratorius ...	2006	16928635
isolation of bunyamwera serogroup viruses (bunyaviridae, orthobunyavirus) in new york state.	during routine arbovirus surveillance from 2000 to 2004 in new york state (nys), 14,788 mosquito pools making up 36 species and nine genera were inoculated onto vero cell cultures to test for abroad spectrum of viruses. forty-six percent of viruses isolated in cell culture from species, excluding culex pipiens l. and culex restuans theobald, were identified as bunyamwera serogroup viruses. here, we report the distribution and level of bunyamwera activity in nys detected during this period. we de ...	2006	17017240
west nile virus from female and male mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in subterranean, ground, and canopy habitats in connecticut.	in total, 93,532 female mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were captured in traps placed in subterranean (catch basin), ground (approximately 1.5 m above ground), and canopy (approximately 7.0 m above ground) habitats in stamford and stratford, ct, during 2003-2005. culex pipiens l. was the most abundant (64.8%) of the 31 species identified. significantly greater numbers of cx. pipiens were captured in canopy-placed mosquito magnet experimental traps, and significantly greater numbers were collecte ...	2006	17017241
seasonal abundance of culex restuans and culex pipiens in southwestern virginia through ovitrapping.	ovitrap collections were done to determine the seasonal distribution and ovipositional activity of culex restuans and culex pipiens in southwestern virginia during summers 2002 and 2003. in both years, cx. restuans was the first species collected and was the dominant species throughout the collecting period. more than 90% of the collections were comprised of cx. restuans. two oviposition peaks occurred in both years for cx. restuans, the first in june and second in the middle of july. culex pipi ...	2006	17019765
west nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in new york state, 2000-2004.	a west nile virus (wnv) surveillance system was created and implemented in new york state (nys) in 2000 and described previously (white et al. 2001). we examine and evaluate the results of mosquito and virus surveillance for 2000 through 2004 exclusive of new york city. forty-nine counties submitted 1,095,426 mosquitoes in 35,280 pools for wnv assay. specimens of 47 species were tested, with culex species accounting for 47.6% of all pools tested. wnv was detected in 814 pools from 10 species, wi ...	2006	17019772
stormwater ponds, constructed wetlands, and other best management practices as potential breeding sites for west nile virus vectors in delaware during 2004.	we performed longitudinal surveys of mosquito larval abundance (mean mosquito larvae per dip) in 87 stormwater ponds and constructed wetland in delaware from june to september 2004. we analyzed selected water quality factors, water depth, types of vegetation, degree of shade, and level of insect predation in relation to mosquito abundance. the 2004 season was atypical, with most ponds remaining wet for the entire summer. in terms of west nile virus (wnv) vectors, wetlands predominantly produce a ...	2006	17019774
culex population dynamics and west nile virus transmission in east-central illinois.	temporal changes in the abundance culex restuans and culex pipiens were monitored in east-central illinois for over a decade using infusion-baited oviposition traps. the 2 species typically exhibited a seasonal shift in relative abundance with a mean crossover date (when the proportion of egg rafts from both species is equal) of august 10 or 11, depending on leap year, with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 10.7 days. the date of crossover was linearly related to the date of last spring frost and ...	2006	17067036
factors affecting mosquito production from stormwater drains and catch basins in two florida cities.	mosquito production from drains and catch basins in the cities of vero beach and key west, fl were monitored from may 2004 through august 2005. a total of 48,787 mosquitoes were captured during the study. of these, over 99% belonged to two species, culex nigripalpus theobald (2,630) and culex quinquefasciatus say (45,946). other species collected included culex restuans theobald, culex salinarius coquillett, aedes aegypti (l.), aedes albopictus (skuse), and uranotaenia lowii theobald. significan ...	2006	17249351
relating west nile virus case fatality rates to demographic and surveillance variables.	the purpose of this ecological study was to relate west nile virus (wnv) human case fatality rates to county-level demographic and surveillance variables, thereby characterizing the populations to which wnv poses the greatest threat.	2006	17278401
molecular and biological characterization of a cypovirus from the mosquito culex restuans.	a cypovirus from the mosquito culex restuans (named crcpv) was isolated and its biology, morphology, and molecular characteristics were investigated. crcpv is characterized by small (0.1-1.0 microm), irregularly shaped inclusion bodies that are multiply embedded. laboratory studies demonstrated that divalent cations influenced transmission of crcpv to culex quinquefasciatus larvae; magnesium enhanced crcpv transmission by approximately 30% while calcium inhibited transmission. crcpv is the secon ...	2006	16376932
modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of culex restauns and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae), vectors of west nile virus in illinois.	the aim of this study was to model the impact of temperature on the timing of the seasonal shift in relative proportion of culex restuans theobald and culex pipiens l. in illinois. the temporal pattern of west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus transmission in the midwest exhibits a late summer to early fall peak in activity, which parallels the temporal increase in the abundance of cx. pipiens. the daily number of egg rafts oviposited by each species has been monitored at multipl ...	2006	16407364
does reservoir host mortality enhance transmission of west nile virus?	since its 1999 emergence in new york city, west nile virus (wnv) has become the most important and widespread cause of mosquito-transmitted disease in north america. its sweeping spread from the atlantic to the pacific coast was accompanied by widespread mortality among wild birds, especially corvids. only sporadic avian mortality had previously been associated with this infection in the old world. here, we examine the possibility that reservoir host mortality may intensify transmission, both by ...	2007	17498307
characterization of a small plaque variant of west nile virus isolated in new york in 2000.	a small-plaque variant (sp) of west nile virus (wnv) was isolated in vero cell culture from kidney tissue of an american crow collected in new york in 2000. the in vitro growth of the sp and parental (wt) strains was characterized in mammalian (vero), avian (df-1 and pde), and mosquito (c6/36) cells. the sp variant replicated less efficiently than did the wt in vero cells. in avian cells, sp growth was severely restricted at high temperatures, suggesting that the variant is temperature sensitive ...	2007	17617432
host choice and west nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the culex pipiens complex, from memphis and shelby county, tennessee, 2002-2003.	the source of bloodmeals in 2,082 blood-fed mosquitoes collected from february 2002 through december 2003 in memphis and surrounding areas of shelby county, tennessee were determined. members of the genus culex and anopheles quadrimaculatus predominated in the collections. members of the cx. pipiens complex and cx. restuans were found to feed predominately upon avian hosts, though mammalian hosts made up a substantial proportion of the bloodmeals in these species. no significant difference was s ...	2007	17767413
combined sewage overflows (cso) are major urban breeding sites for culex quinquefasciatus in atlanta, georgia.	a longitudinal study of mosquito ecology in tanyard creek, an urban stream in atlanta, ga, that receives combined storm and waste water effluent from the atlanta combined sewage overflow system, was undertaken in 2006. culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant species found, but culex restuans was also abundant during the spring with limited numbers of culex nigripalpis and anopheles punctipennis also collected. significant differences in mosquito densities were found with greater densities associ ...	2007	17827363
redescription of the pupa of culex restuans and a comparison with culex nigripalpus.	the pupa of culex restuans is redescribed in detail with a chaetotaxal table and a full illustration. the chaetotaxy of the pupa of cx. restuans is compared with that of cx. nigripalpus, the primary vector of st. louis encephalitis and west nile virus in florida.	2007	17847839
field comparison of bermuda-hay infusion to infusions of emergent aquatic vegetation for collecting female mosquitoes.	field experiments were conducted in east-central alabama in 2003 and 2004 to compare the attractiveness of selected gravid-trap infusions to ovipositing female mosquitoes. comparisons were made among infusions of the following plants: bermuda hay, cynodon dactylon, and 3 species of emergent aquatic plants typical of culex larval habitats, i.e., soft rush, juncus effusus; a common sedge, rhynchospora corniculata; and broad-leaf cattail, typha latifolia. experiments were conducted at a site in lee ...	2007	17847842
a two-year evaluation of elevated canopy trapping for culex mosquitoes and west nile virus in an operational surveillance program in the northeastern united states.	the effectiveness of co2-baited centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps elevated in the tree canopy (approximately 7.6 m) was compared with light traps placed at ground level (approximately1.5 m) and grass-sod infused gravid traps for collecting culex pipiens, culex restuans, and culex salinarius and detecting west nile virus (wnv) activity in an operational surveillance program that encompassed 12 ecologically diverse sites in connecticut in 2004 and 2005. more than twi ...	2007	17847845
spatiotemporal investigation of adult mosquito (diptera: culicidae) populations in an eastern iowa county, usa.	landscape and climatic factors regulate distributions of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) over time and space. the anthropogenic control of mosquito populations is often carried out at a local administrative scale, and it is applied based on the relevant agency's experiential knowledge rather than systematic analysis of spatial and temporal data. to address this shortcoming, a spatial and temporal analysis of landscape and climatic parameters in relation to mosquito populations in black hawk coun ...	2007	18047216
factors associated with west nile virus disease fatalities in horses.	in 2003, the occurrence and location of horses with clinical signs of west nile virus infection were identified in the southern portion of saskatchewan with the help of veterinarians, owners, and the regional laboratory. a total of 133 clinical cases were reported between july 30 and september 19, 2003; however, postseason surveillance suggests that the number of cases was underestimated. the case fatality rate was 43.8% (95% ci 35.2, 52.4). factors associated with fatality in clinical cases inc ...	2007	18050794
larval mosquito communities in discarded vehicle tires in a forested and unforested site: detritus type, amount, and water nutrient differences.	discarded tires are an important habitat for larvae of multiple species of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. although tire locations likely influence composition and abundance of vectors, there are few data linking vector populations to the characteristics of the aquatic tire environment. we sampled water-filled tires at three times at a forested and an unforested site to evaluate how differences in detritus inputs or nutrients in these two macrohabitats may be associated with composition of mosq ...	2007	18260510