Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| north american blastomycosis in a northern sea lion. | 1959 | 13844966 | |
| a new species of dipetalonema from the california sea lion and a report of microfilariae from a steller sea lion (nematoda: filarioidea). | 1967 | 6062061 | |
| visual acuity of the harbour seal and the steller sea lion under water. | 1970 | 5442357 | |
| gastric ulcers associated with contracaecum spp. (nematoda: ascaroidea) in a steller sea lion and a white pelican. | 1971 | 5165972 | |
| gastric ulcers associated with contracaecum spp. (nematoda: ascaroidea) in a steller sea lion and a white pelican. | 1971 | 5163743 | |
| some observations on the play behavior of the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubata). | 1971 | 5104270 | |
| calicivirus antibodies in california gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) and steller sea lions (eumetopias jupatus). | 1974 | 4441258 | |
| observations on the infectivity of parasitic third-stage larvae of uncinaria lucasi stiles 1901 (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) of northern fur seals, callorhinus ursinus linn., on st. paul island, alaska. | twelve fur seal pups, which had not nursed their mothers, were used in an infectivity experiment. pups were exposed to parasitic 3rd-stage larvae of uncinaria lucasi from belly tissues of fur seal bulls, bachelors, and pregnant cows, to determine maturation capability of the larvae. hookworms were not recovered from the intestines of 3 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bulls, 6 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bachelors, and 1 nonexposed pup. maturation of hookworms did occu ... | 1978 | 149188 |
| parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the oregon coast. | forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the oregon coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. new distribution records were established for pricetrema zalophi and zalophotrema hepaticum. new host records include z. hepaticum and diphyllobothrium cordatum in the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus); nanophyetus salmincola in the california sea lion ... | 1978 | 567698 |
| [comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals]. | skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (callorhinus ursinus, eumetopias jubatus, phoca larga, phoca kurilensis, enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (ursus arctos, vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in phocidae. in a typically water animal (phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, ... | 1978 | 736804 |
| beta-endorphin levels in blood from selected alaskan mammals. | blood samples were analyzed for beta-endorphin from 43 non-torpid black bear (ursus americanus), 8 torpid black bear, 3 non-torpid brown bear (ursus arctos), 14 moose (alces alces), 6 mountain goats (oreamnus americanus) and 30 steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). beta-endorphin levels were detected in all species sampled and there were no significant differences in levels among non-torpid black bear, brown bear and sea lions. also, no differences were detected between moose and mountain goat ... | 1981 | 6279890 |
| nasal mites (acari:halarachnidae) in the spotted seal, phoca largha pallas, and other pinnipeds of alaskan waters. | the nasal passages of 349 pinnipeds of seven species were examined for halarachnid mites. each of seven steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), 75 of 99 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and four of 71 spotted seals (p. largha) were infected, but none of 28 walruses (odobenus rosmarus), 43 ringed seals (phoca hispida), 58 ribbon seals (p. fasciata), and 43 bearded seals (erignathus barbatus) was infected. the sea lions harbored orthohalarachne attenuata (banks, 1910) and o. diminuata (doetschman, 1 ... | 1982 | 7097872 |
| first isolation of a calicivirus from the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | a calicivirus was isolated from the rectum of a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pup on rogue reef, off the southern oregon coast. based on the results of neutralization tests with specific typing antisera, the isolate was identified as san miguel sea lion virus serotype 6 (smsv-6). blood obtained from nine of 37 pups (24%) during virus sample collection procedures had specific neutralizing antibodies to smsv-6. the isolation of smsv-6 from a steller sea lion represents, to our knowledge, t ... | 1987 | 3682080 |
| antibodies to marine caliciviruses in the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus schreber). | sera from 145 steller sea lions (76 adults, three subadults, 37 pups, and 29 fetuses) were tested for neutralizing antibodies to nine marine calicivirus serotypes. antibodies were found to san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) types 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13, and to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus, but no antibodies were found to the walrus calicivirus. titers (microtiter neutralization assay) ranged from 1:20 to 1:320, with many positive reactions at the higher dilutions (greater than or equal to 1:80 ... | 1987 | 3820427 |
| prevalence and distribution of serum neutralizing antibodies to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus in selected populations of marine mammals. | neutralizing antibodies to tillamook calicivirus (tcv) were found in sera collected from california sea lions (zalophus c. californianus lesson) in 1983 and 1984 and in sera collected from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus schreber) in 1976 and 1985. the combined prevalence of antibodies for these two species was 10/228 = 4.38%. titers ranged from 1:20 (five animals), to 1:40 (four animals), to 1:80 (one animal) by standard microtiter neutralization assay. the seropositive pinnipeds were dis ... | 1987 | 3820428 |
| use of telazol to immobilize female northern sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska. | twenty-nine female northern sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were immobilized using telazol in dosages ranging from 1.8 to 8.1 mg/kg. best results were achieved with telazol dosages ranging between 1.8 and 2.5 mg/kg which resulted in smooth induction and recovery. optimal injection location was in the muscle mass of the lower back and hip. dosages greater than 3.5 mg/kg resulted in a tendency toward hypothermia. six mortalities occurred which were partially caused by the location of drug injection ... | 1989 | 2761007 |
| new marine calicivirus serotype infective for swine. | a new serotype of calicivirus was isolated from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) with severe vesicular disease. neutralizing antibodies were found in 27 of 82 (32.9%) serum samples from california sea lions and in 15 of 146 (10.3%) serum samples from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) tested. the seropositive animals were widely dispersed along the margins of the eastern pacific basin, from the bering sea to the santa barbara channel. seropositive samples were found from as earl ... | 1990 | 2167030 |
| findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern california coast, 1984-1990. | personnel at the marine mammal center (the center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern california (usa) coast from 1984 through 1990, including california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus townsendi). the primary disease findings in st ... | 1993 | 8355344 |
| growth in pinnipeds. | this review presents summary figures of, and fits growth curves to, data on body lengths (as standard length, sl, whenever possible) of pinnipeds at ages estimated to o.i y. (1) generalized von bertalanffy (vb) growth curves are fitted to most data: lx = l infinity (i - ea(x-x0)b, lx is length at age x, x0 is the origin of the curve (here chosen a priori as time of initiation of embryonic growth), l infinity is asymptotic length, a (which is negative) determines rate of approach to the asymptote ... | 1993 | 8457634 |
| persistent organochlorine residues in northern fur seal from the pacific coast of japan since 1971. | the present study was conducted to determine the residue levels of persistent organochlorines such as pcb homologues, ddt and its metabolites, and hch isomers in the ventral blubber of female northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) collected off sanriku, the pacific coast of northern japan, since 1971. among the organochlorines examined, the concentrations of pcbs and ddts were found to be high in all samples. the residue levels of these two contaminants showed a drastic reduction following matu ... | 1994 | 15091661 |
| dermatophytosis in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | serious dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes was found in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) at yomiuri land marine aquarium in tokyo. the external clinical signs were extensive depilation and hyperkeratosis, as well as redness and depigmentation of the skin. histopathological findings of the skin revealed pas positive fungal hyphae with septa in the corneum layer of the epidermis. further microscopic examination suggested that this lesion of the skin was typical chronic de ... | 1994 | 7948389 |
| biogeographic implications of cytochrome b sequences and allozymes in sockeye (oncorhynchus nerka). | nucleotide sequence and restriction site analyses of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna revealed three relatively common haplotypes among sockeye salmon (n = 80) from eight populations representing four major drainages from kamchatka (russia), alaska, and british columbia. macrogeographic variation in mtdna was compared to that of three variable allozyme loci assayed for a much larger number of fish (n = 779). sockeye from the fraser river drainage of british columbia were distinct from ... | 1995 | 7751598 |
| amino acid sequences of hemoglobin beta chains of five species of pinnipeds: neophoca cinerea, otaria byronia, eumetopias jubatus, pusa hispida, and pagophilus groenlandica. | pinnipeds (otariidae, odobenidae, and phocidae) in the order carnivora have one or two types (hb i and hb ii) of hemoglobin components. these hemoglobins consist of identical beta chains and different alpha chains. we determined the complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin beta chain of three species of otariidae (australian sea lion, south american sea lion, and northern sea lion) and two species of phocidae (ringed seal and harp seal) from intact beta chain and chemical cleavage fragmen ... | 1996 | 8968957 |
| heat increment of feeding in steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. | the heat increment of feeding (hif) was measured in six captive, juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), fed meals of either 2 or 4 kg of herring. hif was calculated as the post-prandial increase in metabolism above baseline levels, and was measured using open-circuit (gas) respirometry. it averaged 12.4 +/- 0.9% (se) of ingested energy intake for the 4-kg meal trials, and 9.9 +/- 0.9% for the 2-kg meal size. the effect lasted 8-10 hr for the larger meal size. metabolism peaked 3.7 hr a ... | 1997 | 9406451 |
| plasma haptoglobin levels in threatened alaskan pinniped populations. | we evaluated the plasma concentration of the acute phase protein haptoglobin (hp) from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in regions of alaska (usa) where the populations of these pinnipeds were declining and compared the values with concentrations of hp from the same species in areas where the populations were stable. samples were collected from 1992 through 1994 at sites in southeast alaska, prince william sound, the gulf of alaska, and the aleutian island ... | 1997 | 9027692 |
| adenocarcinoma of the lung in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of an adenocarcinoma of the lung are described in an about 16-year-old female steller sea lion with a 1.5 month history of cough and anorexia. the animal had multiple neoplastic nodules in the lungs and diaphragmatic pleura. the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were replaced by neoplastic tissue, and there were several metastatic lesions in the liver and spleen. the lung tumor was characterized by accumulations of encapsulated lesions wit ... | 1998 | 9879538 |
| health status of young alaska steller sea lion pups (eumetopias jubatus) as indicated by blood chemistry and hematology. | blood chemistry and hematology were examined in 238 steller sea lion pups (eumetopias jubatus) to assess the health status of pups <1 month of age. failure of juvenile recruitment (possibly due to nutritionally or physiologically compromised pups) into breeding populations has been proposed as a cause of recent declines of this endangered species in alaska. to identify potential correlations with areas of high population decline, blood chemistry data were considered for three areas: eastern aleu ... | 1998 | 10400492 |
| plasma angiotensin ii, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in free ranging and captive seals and sea lions. | we used radioimmunoassay methods to quantify arginine vasopressin (avp), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), and angiotensin ii (ang ii) in plasma samples from harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii), weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), ringed seals (phoca hispida), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). plasma concentrations of avp, anp, and ang ii in these pinniped species were within the ... | 1998 | 9568367 |
| [development of organs of hearing and balance in representatives of eared seals (eumetopias jubatus)]. | 1998 | 9551322 | |
| isolation of reptilian calicivirus crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. | ten virus isolates were obtained from three species of marine mammals sampled on san miguel island (california, usa) and 1,200 km north on rogue reef (oregon, usa) during tagging operations in 1986-87. seven of these 10 were derived from 30 sampled steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus pups, while two of 10 were isolated from one of 19 sampled california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus pups, and the remaining isolate was derived from 30 sampled northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinu ... | 1998 | 9706554 |
| vanadium accumulation in pinnipeds. | vanadium in four species of pinnipeds (northern fur seals [callorhinus ursinus], steller sea lions [eumetopias jubatus], harbor seals [phoca vitulina], and ribbon seals [phoca fasciata]) caught in the northern pacific was analyzed using icp-ms to understand its accumulation and distribution. in northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of vanadium were observed in the liver, hair, and bone. ninety percent of the vanadium burden in the body was concentrated in these three tissues, which ... | 1999 | 9828265 |
| high aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia. | the objective was to assess the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles in pinnipeds. samples of swimming and nonswimming muscles were collected from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus, n = 27), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus, n = 5), and harbor seals (phoca vitulina, n = 37) by using a needle biopsy technique. samples were either immediately fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde or frozen in liquid nitrogen. the volume density of mitochondria, myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, a ... | 1999 | 10194210 |
| identification of novel cytochrome p450 1a genes from five marine mammal species. | marine mammals, being endangered by the chronic exposure of hydrophobic environmental contaminants as an assorting result of global pollution, are especially focused as indicators for organochlorine pollution. the use of contaminant-induced xenobiotic metabolizers, particularly p450 (cyp) 1a, in marine mammals can be effective as potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and/or toxic effects. in this study, we identified the first marine mammalian cyps. six novel cyp1a cdna fragments were ... | 2000 | 11064121 |
| hydrodynamic drag in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | drag forces acting on steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were investigated from 'deceleration during glide' measurements. a total of 66 glides from six juvenile sea lions yielded a mean drag coefficient (referenced to total wetted surface area) of 0.0056 at a mean reynolds number of 5.5x10(6). the drag values indicate that the boundary layer is largely turbulent for steller sea lions swimming at these reynolds numbers, which are past the point of expected transition from laminar to turbulent ... | 2000 | 10821748 |
| temporal records of δ(13)c and δ (15)n in north pacific pinnipeds: inferences regarding environmental change and diet. | sea lion and seal populations in alaskan waters underwent various degrees of decline during the latter half of the twentieth century and the cause(s) for the declines remain uncertain. the stable carbon ((13)c/(12)c) and nitrogen ((15)n/(14)n) isotope ratios in bone collagen from wild steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the bering sea and gulf of alaska were measured for the period 1951-1997 to test the hypothesi ... | 2001 | 24577700 |
| accumulation of silver in the liver of three species of pinnipeds. | silver in the three species of pinnipeds [northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), and harbor seal (phoca vitulina)] caught in the north pacific ocean were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, in order to understand accumulation and distribution of silver in pinnipeds. in northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of silver were observed in the liver and body hair. some 70% of the silver burden was concentrated in the liver. ... | 2001 | 11202650 |
| immunohistochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes in the corpus luteum and the placenta of the ribbon seal (phoca fasciata) and steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | to study the luteal and placental function of pinnipeds, we analyzed the localization of steroidogenic enzymes (p450scc, 3 beta hsd and p450arom) in the corpus luteum and the placenta of ribbon seals (phoca fasciata) and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) immunohistochemically. p450scc and 3 beta hsd were present in all luteal cells of both species. almost all of the luteal cells were immunostained for p450arom, while p450scc and 3 beta hsd were negatively immunostained in placentae and p450 ... | 2001 | 11642282 |
| night-time predation by steller sea lions. | new insight into the feeding habits of these mammals will help conservation attempts. | 2001 | 11429591 |
| mercury concentrations in the fur of steller sea lions and northern fur seals from alaska. | we compared total mercury (thg) concentrations in the fur of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) from the depleted pribilof islands population with those of both declining and thriving populations of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from prince william sound (pws) and southeast alaska (sea), respectively. relatively low wet weight concentrations (ranges) of thg were detected in the fur of steller sea lion (ssl) pups (0.90-3.14 microg/g) and juveniles (0.56-6.75 microg/g) from both are ... | 2002 | 12474974 |
| acoustic identification of female steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) mothers and pups establish and maintain contact with individually distinctive vocalizations. our objective was to develop a robust neural network to classify females based on their mother-pup contact calls. we catalogued 573 contact calls from 25 females in 1998 and 1323 calls from 46 females in 1999. from this database, a subset of 26 females with sufficient samples of calls was selected for further study. each female was identified visually by marking patt ... | 2002 | 12083225 |
| changes in metabolism in response to fasting and food restriction in the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | many animals lower their resting metabolism (metabolic depression) when fasting or consuming inadequate food. we sought to document this response by subjecting five steller sea lions to periods of: (1) complete fasting; or (2) restricting them to 50% of their normal herring diet. the sea lions lost an average of 1.5% of their initial body mass per day (2.30 kg/d) during the 9-14-day fast, and their resting metabolic rates decreased 31%, which is typical of a "fasting response". however, metaboli ... | 2002 | 12031465 |
| contaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for steller sea lion declines in alaska. | after nearly 3 decades of decline, the western stock of steller sea lions (ssl; eumetopias jubatus) was listed as an endangered species in 1997. while the cause of the decline in the 1970s and 1980s has been attributed to nutritional stress, recent declines are unexplained and may result from other factors including the presence of environmental contaminants. ssl tissues show accumulation of butyltins, mercury, pcbs, ddts, chlordanes and hexachlorobenzene. ssl habitats and prey are contaminated ... | 2003 | 12826388 |
| predicting metabolic rate from heart rate in juvenile steller sea lions eumetopias jubatus. | the validity of using heart rate to estimate energy expenditure in free-ranging steller sea lions eumetopias jubatus was investigated by establishing whether there is a relationship between heart rate (fh) and oxygen consumption rate ((o(2))) in captive sea lions while swimming and resting. four trained steller sea lions (2 males and 2 females; mass 87.4-194.4 kg; age 16 months-3 years) were each equipped with a datalogger and two dorsal subcutaneous electrodes to record electrocardiograms from ... | 2003 | 12728015 |
| possible effects of pollock and herring on the growth and reproductive success of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): insights from feeding experiments using an alternative animal model, rattus norvegicus. | the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the gulf of alaska appears to have been associated with a switch of diet from one dominated by fatty forage fishes (such as herring; clupea pallasi) to one dominated by low-fat fish (such as pollock; theragra chalcogramma). observations made during the decline include reduced body size of sea lions, low pregnancy rates, and high mortality. we used the general mammalian model, the laboratory rat (rattus norvegicus), to test whether changing ... | 2003 | 12568666 |
| observations in 2001 on hookworms ( uncinaria spp.) in otariid pinnipeds. | uncinaria spp. were recovered from the milk of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) collected from the: (1) teats of a cow just after parturition (one parasitic third-stage larva, l(3)), (2) stomach of her nursing pup (two l(3)), and (3) stomach of a dead pup about 2 days old (one l(3), one headless, probably l(3), and four l(4)) on san miguel island, california in may 2001. this, in addition to earlier research, indicates transmammary transmission of hookworms in this host. uncinaria ... | 2003 | 12658464 |
| toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, sarcocystis neurona, and sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, sarcocystis neurona, and s. canis are related protozoans that can cause mortality in many species of domestic and wild animals. recently, t. gondii and s. neurona were recognized to cause encephalitis in marine mammals. as yet, there is no report of natural exposure of n. caninum in marine mammals. in the present study, antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum were assayed in sera of several species of marine mammals. for t. gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50 ... | 2003 | 14580799 |
| evaluation of adrenal function in serum and feces of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): influences of molt, gender, sample storage, and age on glucocorticoid metabolism. | fecal corticosterone concentrations, measured via radioimmunoassay (ria), were validated as a method to monitor adrenal function in steller sea lion physiology. quantification of adrenal response to an acute stressor and relevance of data produced by developed methodologies was determined through physiological challenge with exogenous administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) to captive adult, reproductively intact, steller sea lions of both sexes (n=3, 1 male, 2 female) during season ... | 2004 | 15081837 |
| validation of a fecal glucocorticoid assay for steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) is listed as endangered in parts of its range and is suspected of suffering from ecological stressors that may be reflected by fecal glucocorticoid hormones. we validated a fecal glucocorticoid assay for this species with an adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) challenge. feces were collected from captive steller sea lions (two males and two females) for 2 days before injection with acth, and for 4 or more days postinjection. feces were freeze-dried, extra ... | 2004 | 14984791 |
| assessment of ultrasound imaging as a noninvasive measure of blubber thickness in pinnipeds. | portable ultrasound imaging was examined as a noninvasive measure of skin including blubber thickness in captive subadult steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and adult harbor seals (phoca vitulina). this method was validated through comparison with blubber biopsy. ultrasound images provided depth measurements that were accurate to 99.8% of the actual. this method allowed clear images of the epidermis, dermis, and blubber layer to be rapidly obtained, with minimal animal restraint, and allowed ... | 2004 | 15193087 |
| underwater hearing sensitivity of a male and a female steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | the unmasked underwater hearing sensitivities of an 8-year-old male and a 7-year-old female steller sea lion were measured in a pool, by using behavioral psychophysics. the animals were trained with positive reinforcement to respond when they detected an acoustic signal and not to respond when they did not. the signals were narrow-band, frequency-modulated stimuli with a duration of 600 ms and center frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 32 khz for the male and from 4 to 32 khz for the female. detecti ... | 2005 | 16240840 |
| examining the potential for nutritional stress in young steller sea lions: physiological effects of prey composition. | the effects of high- and low-lipid prey on the body mass, body condition, and metabolic rates of young captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were examined to better understand how changes in prey composition might impact the physiology and health of wild sea lions and contribute to their population decline. results of three feeding experiments suggest that prey lipid content did not significantly affect body mass or relative body condition (lipid mass as a percent of total mass) when se ... | 2005 | 15900507 |
| postnatal ontogeny of erythropoietin and hematology in free-ranging steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | the hormone erythropoietin (epo) is responsible for the increased production of red blood cells (rbc) in response to tissue hypoxia. while the role of epo in hematological development has been established in humans and terrestrial mammals, this relationship has never been examined in marine mammals that rely heavily on stored oxygen to maintain aerobic metabolism while diving. since blood is the major oxygen storage site in marine mammals, it was hypothesized that epo may have a significant infl ... | 2005 | 15804511 |
| historic importance of some aspects of research by o. wilford olsen on hookworms (uncinaria lucasi) in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and steller sea lions (eumatopias jubatus) in 1951 on st. paul island, alaska. | the purpose of this paper is to disseminate, more widely, certain historically important aspects of research by o. wilford olsen on hookworms (uncinaria lucasi) in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and steller sea lions (eumatopias jubatus) in 1951 on st. paul island, alaska. highly meaningful facets of the research were recorded only in a report with limited availability by olsen in 1952. portions of his research presented here include measurements of hookworm free-living infective third ... | 2005 | 15719260 |
| molecular scatology as a tool to study diet: analysis of prey dna in scats from captive steller sea lions. | the dna of prey present in animal scats may provide a valuable source of information for dietary studies. we conducted a captive feeding trial to test whether prey dna could be reliably detected in scat samples from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). two sea lions were fed a diet of fish (five species) and squid (one species), and dna was extracted from the soft component of collected scats. most of the dna obtained came from the predator, but prey dna could be amplified using prey-specific ... | 2005 | 15836654 |
| the dielectric properties of the cranial skin of five young captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and a similar number of young domestic pigs (sus scrofa) and sheep (ovis aries) between 0.1 and 10 ghz. | to aid in the development of a long-range subcutaneous radio frequency identification tag to monitor the fate of sea lion pups, the dielectric properties of the cranial skin of young female otariids, and possible test subjects of similar size and age, or pigs (sus scrofa) and sheep (ovis aries) were obtained over a frequency range of 0.1-10 ghz at the base of their heads where the tag will be implanted. the resulting curves were similar in shape to adult human skin data, but the values were gene ... | 2005 | 16088057 |
| infectious disease and the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska, usa: insights from serologic data. | serologic data were examined to determine whether infectious disease may have played a role in the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the gulf of alaska and aleutian islands, usa. available published data, unpublished data, and recent collections (1997-2000) were compared and reviewed. data were stratified by geography to compare the declining western alaskan population in the aleutian islands through eastern prince william sound to the increasing population in southeastern ala ... | 2005 | 16244061 |
| poxvirus infection of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska. | lesions suggestive of poxvirus infection were observed in two steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska during live capture-and-release studies during 2000 and 2001. both of these animals, female pups in poor body condition, were from prince william sound; this population is part of the declining western stock. umbilicated, typically ulcerated dermal nodules were present, primarily on the fore flippers in one case, and over most of the body in the second case. histologically, there were d ... | 2005 | 16456163 |
| molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum from northern pacific marine mammals. | individual specimens of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 anisakis taxa, 8 pseudoterranova taxa, 4 contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. partial 28s (lsu) and complete internal transcribed spacer (its-1, 5.8s, its-2) ribosomal dna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and seq ... | 2005 | 16539026 |
| associations between the alaska steller sea lion decline and commercial fisheries. | the steller sea lion (ssl) population in alaska was listed as threatened under the endangered species act in 1990. at that time, several procedural restrictions were placed on the commercial fisheries of the region in an effort to reduce the potential for human-induced mortality on sea lions. several years have elapsed since these restrictions were put into place, and questions about their efficacy remain. in an effort to determine whether or not fisheries management measures have helped the ssl ... | 2006 | 16711057 |
| the effects of age, season and geographic region on thyroid hormones in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | the purpose of this study was to investigate thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3), in order to determine basal levels in steller sea lions of different ages and over seasons. serum concentrations of total t4 were highest in steller sea lions followed by total t3 concentrations. concentrations of free t4 and free t3 were three to four orders of magnitude lower. concentrations for all four thyroid hormone measurements tended to a lower level as animals matured b ... | 2006 | 16815718 |
| genetic identification of novel poxviruses of cetaceans and pinnipeds. | novel poxviruses were identified in skin lesions of several species of cetaceans and pinnipeds using polymerase chain reaction targeting dna polymerase and dna topoisomerase i genes of members of the subfamily chordopoxvirinae. with the exception of parapoxviruses, no molecular data of marine mammal poxviruses were available to infer genetic and evolutionary relatedness to terrestrial vertebrate poxviruses. viruses were assigned to a cetacean poxvirus 1 (cpv-1) group based on nucleotide and amin ... | 2006 | 16328132 |
| immunomodulatory effects of in vitro exposure to organochlorines on t-cell proliferation in marine mammals and mice. | marine mammals bioaccumulate various environmental contaminants such as organochlorines (ocs), which biomagnify via the food web. while the immunomodulatory effects of individual ocs have been studied, the effects of mixtures are not well understood. the immunomodulatory effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) 138, 153, 169, and 180 as well as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) and all possible mixtures were examined in marine mammals and mice. lymphocyte proliferation was significantl ... | 2006 | 16407088 |
| body mass and composition responses to short-term low energy intake are seasonally dependent in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were fed restricted iso-caloric amounts of pacific herring (clupea pallasi) or walleye pollock (theragra chalcogramma) for 8-9 days, four times over the course of a year to investigate effects of season and prey composition on sea lion physiology. at these levels, the sea lions lost body mass at a significantly higher rate during winter (1.6 +/- 0.14 kg day(-1)), and at a lower rate during summer (1.2 +/- 0.32 kg day(-1)). decreases in body fat mass and sta ... | 2006 | 16625362 |
| noninvasive monitoring of stress hormone levels in a female steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pup undergoing rehabilitation. | steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) rarely strand in areas monitored by humans, and there is little published data on the diseases, parasites, nutritional state, and stress levels of steller sea lions in the wild. in may 2002, a female steller sea lion pup (ejs-02-01) was sighted separated from her mother after strong storms in southeast alaska. after 5 days of observations, ejs-02-01 was transferred to the alaska sealife center (aslc) in seward, alaska. during 11 mo of rehabilitation at aslc ... | 2006 | 17312820 |
| deep genetic subdivision within a continuously distributed and highly vagile marine mammal, the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | the steller's sea lion eumetopias jubatus is an endangered marine mammal that has experienced dramatic population declines over much of its range during the past five decades. studies using mitochondrial dna (mtdna) have shown that an apparently continuous population includes a strong division, yielding two discrete stocks, western and eastern. based on a weaker split within the western stock, a third asian stock has also been defined. while these findings indicate strong female philopatry, a re ... | 2006 | 16911203 |
| small intestinal volvulus in a captive steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | 2006 | 16816158 | |
| glacial refugia and the phylogeography of steller's sea lion (eumatopias jubatus) in the north pacific. | mitochondrial dna sequence data were used to examine the phylogeographic history of steller's sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in relation to the presence of plio-pleistocene insular refugia. cytochrome b and control region sequences from 336 steller's sea lions reveal phylogenetic lineages associated with continental refugia south of the ice sheets in north america and eurasia. phylogenetic analysis suggests the genetic structure of e. jubatus is the result of pleistocene glacial geology, which c ... | 2006 | 16674591 |
| ontogeny of total body oxygen stores and aerobic dive potential in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | two key factors influence the diving and hence foraging ability of marine mammals: increased oxygen stores prolong aerobic metabolism and decreased metabolism slows rate of fuel consumption. in young animals, foraging ability may be physiologically limited due to low total body oxygen stores and high mass specific metabolic rates. to examine the development of dive physiology in steller sea lions, total body oxygen stores were measured in animals from 1 to 29 months of age and used to estimate a ... | 2006 | 16514541 |
| pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a stranded steller (northern) sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | a steller (northern) sea lion (ssl), stranded in northern california in july 2000 had an anaplastic pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in the latissimus dorsi muscle, with pulmonary metastasis. diagnosis was based on light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. death was attributed to multiple parasitic and bacterial lesions. the ssl is of special concern because, for unknown reasons, the global population has declined by 50% over the last decade. published post-mortem data, however, are sc ... | 2006 | 15003477 |
| no evidence for bioenergetic interaction between digestion and thermoregulation in steller sea lions eumetopias jubatus. | the increase in metabolism during digestion--the heat increment of feeding--is often regarded as an energetic waste product. however, it has been suggested that this energy could offset thermoregulatory costs in cold environments. we investigated this possibility by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption of four juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) before and after they ingested a meal in water temperatures of 2 degrees-8 degrees c. rates of oxygen consumption of fasted and fed anim ... | 2006 | 14988805 |
| metabolic effects of low-energy diet on steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. | diets of six steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were switched between a high (herring) and a low (squid) energy density food for 14 d to determine the effects on ingested prey mass, body mass, resting metabolic rate, and the heat increment of feeding. body mass was measured daily, and resting metabolism was measured weekly by gas respirometry. ingested food mass did not differ significantly between the squid diet and the control or the recovery herring diet periods. as a result of difference ... | 2006 | 10603336 |
| parasites of forage fishes in the vicinity of steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) habitat in alaska. | fish serve as intermediate hosts for a number of larval parasites that have the potential of maturing in marine mammals such as steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). we examined the prevalence of parasites from 229 fish collected between march and july 2002 near two islands used by steller sea lions in southeast alaska and island habitats in the aleutian islands. sea lion populations have remained steady in southeast alaska but have been declining over the last 30 yr in the aleutian islands. e ... | 2007 | 17699075 |
| haptoglobin concentrations in free-range and temporarily captive juvenile steller sea lions. | haptoglobin (hp) is an acute-phase protein synthesized in the liver that circulates at elevated concentrations in response to tissue damage caused by inflammation, infection, and trauma. as part of a larger study, sera hp concentrations were measured in temporarily captive (n = 21) and free-range (n = 38) western stock juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) sampled from 2003 to 2006. baseline hp concentration at time of capture was 133.3 +/- 17.4 mg/dl. temporarily captive animals exhib ... | 2007 | 17495310 |
| the olfactory receptor gene repertoires in secondary-adapted marine vertebrates: evidence for reduction of the functional proportions in cetaceans. | an olfactory receptor (or) multigene family is responsible for the well-developed sense of smell possessed by terrestrial tetrapods. mammalian or genes had diverged greatly in the terrestrial environment after the fish-tetrapod split, indicating their importance to land habitation. in this study, we analysed or genes of marine tetrapods (minke whale balaenoptera acutorostrata, dwarf sperm whale kogia sima, dall's porpoise phocoenoides dalli, steller's sea lion eumetopias jubatus and loggerhead s ... | 2007 | 17535789 |
| age-structured modeling reveals long-term declines in the natality of western steller sea lions. | since the mid-1970s, the western steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), inhabiting alaskan waters from prince william sound west through the aleutian islands, has declined by over 80%. changing oceanographic conditions, competition from fishing operations, direct human-related mortality, and predators have been suggested as factors driving the decline, but the indirect and interactive nature of their effects on sea lions have made it difficult to attribute changes in abundance to specific factor ... | 2007 | 18213964 |
| seasonal and predator influences on adrenal function in adult steller sea lions: gender matters. | chronically heightened adrenal activity indexed by fecal corticosteroids has been shown to be a valid descriptor of stress in many species. as part of an ongoing investigation of adrenal activity in steller sea lions (ssl), adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) challenges were performed during the summer at the alaska sealife center (aslc). these results were compared to earlier data from winter months. additionally, adrenal response of free-ranging females ssl to a presumed in situ stressor, pup p ... | 2007 | 17052717 |
| use of chemical tracers in assessing the diet and foraging regions of eastern north pacific killer whales. | top predators in the marine environment integrate chemical signals acquired from their prey that reflect both the species consumed and the regions from which the prey were taken. these chemical tracers-stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen; persistent organic pollutant (pop) concentrations, patterns and ratios; and fatty acid profiles-were measured in blubber biopsy samples from north pacific killer whales (orcinus orca) (n=84) and were used to provide further insight into their diet, par ... | 2007 | 16934324 |
| genomic characterization of novel marine vesiviruses from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from alaska. | marine vesiviruses were isolated in cell culture from oral and rectal swabs and vesicular fluid from alaskan steller sea lions (ssl; eumetopias jubatus). further characterization by rt-pcr, complete genomic sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most closely related to the marine vesiviruses, but are distinct viruses and represent two novel genotypes. the complete genome of these two ssl isolates was sequenced after cloning their viral cdna. the genomes were found ... | 2008 | 18765261 |
| metal tissue levels in steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pups. | the endangered western population of the steller sea lion declined for three decades for uncertain reasons. we present baseline data of metal concentrations in pups as a first step towards investigating the potential threat of developmental exposures to contaminants. seven metals were investigated: arsenic, cadmium, silver, aluminum, mercury, lead and vanadium. vanadium was detected in only a single blubber sample. mercury appears to be the most toxicologically significant metal with concentrati ... | 2008 | 18599091 |
| higher expression of renal sulfoglycolipids in marine mammals. | patterns and contents of major acidic glycosphingolipids in the kidney of three marine mammalian species, the steller sea lion (pinnipedia), the rough-toothed dolphin and the broad-beaked dolphin (odontoceti), were examined, and compared with those of terrestrial mesic mammals. the profile of major acidic glycosphingolipids was not significantly different between the terrestrial and marine mammals: predominant gangliosides were gm3 and gd3, and major sulfoglycolipids were sm4s and sm3. on the ot ... | 2008 | 18470608 |
| organochlorine contaminants in endangered steller sea lion pups (eumetopias jubatus) from western alaska and the russian far east. | investigations into the cause of the steller sea lion population decline have focused on numerous factors, including exposure to toxic contaminants such as organochlorines (ocs). ocs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), have been associated with various biological effects in marine mammals. we measured these compounds in whole blood of free-ranging steller sea lion pups in order to determine the extent ... | 2008 | 18384839 |
| hormone changes indicate that winter is a critical period for food shortages in steller sea lions. | given that many marine mammals display seasonal energetic priorities, it is important to investigate whether the impact of unexpected food restriction differs during the year. steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) fed restricted diets for up to 9 days during spring, summer, fall, and winter lost an average of 10% of their initial body mass. we tracked changes in the levels of three hormones (cortisol, total thyroxine-tt4, total triiodothyronine-tt3) and one blood metabolite (blood urea nitrogen ... | 2008 | 18210131 |
| monitoring glucocorticoid response to rehabilitation and research procedures in california and steller sea lions. | we used serum and fecal corticosteroid analysis to study the physiological response to a range of invasive and non-invasive procedures in sea lions. four experimental groups of california sea lions (zalophus californianus; group a: restraint only [n=9], group b: gas anesthesia without surgery [n=10], group c: minimally invasive surgery [n=10], and group d: invasive surgery [n=5]) were monitored for adrenal response. feces were collected opportunistically from 72 hr before 72 hr post procedure fo ... | 2008 | 18172847 |
| variability in leptin and adrenal response in juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) to adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) in different seasons. | eight free-ranging juvenile steller sea lions (ssl; 6 males, 2 females; 14-20 months) temporarily held under ambient conditions at the alaska sealife center were physiologically challenged through exogenous administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth). four individuals (3 males, 1 female) underwent acth challenge in each of two seasons, summer and winter. following acth injection serial blood and fecal samples were collected for up to 3 and 96 h, respectively. a radioimmunoassay (ria) wa ... | 2008 | 17888915 |
| multiple hypothesis testing and the declining-population paradigm in steller sea lions. | we describe a novel spatially and temporally detailed approach for determining the cause or causes of a population decline, using the western alaskan population of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) as an example. existing methods are mostly based on regression, which limits their utility when there are multiple hypotheses to consider and the data are sparse and noisy. our likelihood-based approach is unbiased with regard to sample size, and its posterior probability landscape allows for the ... | 2008 | 19263889 |
| intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in otariids. | pinnipeds, including many endangered and declining species, are inaccessible and difficult to monitor for extended periods using externally attached telemetry devices that are shed during the annual molt. archival satellite transmitters were implanted intraperitoneally into four rehabilitated california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 15 wild juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) to determine the viability of this surgical technique for the deployment of long-term telemetry devi ... | 2008 | 19077193 |
| metabolic costs of foraging and the management of o2 and co2 stores in steller sea lions. | the metabolic costs of foraging and the management of o2 and co2 stores during breath-hold diving was investigated in three female steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) trained to dive between 10 and 50 m (n=1142 dives). each trial consisted of two to eight dives separated by surface intervals that were determined by the sea lion (spontaneous trials) or by the researcher (conditioned trials). during conditioned trials, surface intervals were long enough for o2 to return to pre-dive levels betwe ... | 2008 | 18978221 |
| predicting synergistic effects of resources and predators on foraging decisions by juvenile steller sea lions. | many theoretical and experimental studies suggest that synergistic interactions between resources and predators influence foraging decisions and their fitness consequences. this framework, however, has been ignored almost completely by hypotheses on causes of the population decline of steller sea lions (ssls) (eumetopias jubatus) in western alaska. by comparing predictions from a dynamic state variable model to empirical data on the behaviour of individuals instrumented with satellite-linked tim ... | 2009 | 18953573 |
| particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to steller sea lion lung cells. | hexavalent chromium is an environmental contaminant. within the environment, marine waters are a common site for hexavalent chromium deposition. we have recently reported significantly high levels of chromium in skin tissue from north atlantic right whales. these findings demonstrate that marine species are being exposed to chromium. it is possible that such exposures may be playing a role in population declines evident among certain marine mammals, such as the steller sea lion. we developed a s ... | 2009 | 19157580 |
| changes in glucocorticoids, igf-i and thyroid hormones as indicators of nutritional stress and subsequent refeeding in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | physiological responses to changes in energy balance are tightly regulated by the endocrine system through glucocorticoids, igf-i and thyroid hormones. changes in these hormones were studied in eight captive female steller sea lions that experienced changes in food intake, body mass, body composition, and blood metabolites during summer and winter. during a period of energy restriction, one group of sea lions was fed reduced amounts of pacific herring and another was fed an isocaloric diet of wa ... | 2009 | 19146974 |
| regional differences in the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of oceanographic habitat used by steller sea lions. | over the past three decades, the decline and altered spatial distribution of the western stock of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska have been attributed to changes in the distribution or abundance of their prey due to the cumulative effects of fisheries and environmental perturbations. during this period, dietary prey occurrence and diet diversity were related to population decline within metapopulation regions of the western stock of steller sea lions, suggesting that environment ... | 2009 | 19769109 |
| entanglement of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in marine debris: identifying causes and finding solutions. | entanglement in marine debris is a contributing factor in steller sea lion (ssl; eumetopias jubatus) injury and mortality. we quantified ssl entanglement by debris type, sex and age class, entanglement incidence, and estimated population level effects. surveys of ssl haul-outs were conducted from 2000-2007 in southeast alaska and northern british columbia. we recorded 386 individuals of all age classes as being either entangled in marine debris or having ingested fishing gear. packing bands were ... | 2009 | 19631950 |
| assessing substitution patterns, rates and homoplasy at hvri of steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. | despite the widely recognized incidence of homoplasy characterizing this region, the hypervariable region i (hvri) of the mitochondrial control region is one of the most frequently used genetic markers for population genetic and phylogeographic studies. we present an evolutionary analysis of hvri and cytochrome b sequences from a range-wide survey of 1031 steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus, to quantify homoplasy and substitution rate at hvri. variation in hvri was distributed across 41 variab ... | 2009 | 19627492 |
| development and application of dna techniques for validating and improving pinniped diet estimates. | polymerase chain reaction techniques were developed and applied to identify dna from >40 species of prey contained in fecal (scat) soft-part matrix collected at terrestrial sites used by steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in british columbia and the eastern aleutian islands, alaska. sixty percent more fish and cephalopod prey were identified by morphological analyses of hard parts compared with dna analysis of soft parts (hard parts identified higher relative proportions of ammodytes sp., co ... | 2009 | 19544732 |
| [locomotion development of walruses eumetopias jubatus in early ontogenesis]. | 2009 | 15174340 | |
| seasonal differences in biochemical adaptation to fasting in juvenile and subadult steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | nine steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) aged 1.75-6 yr were experimentally fasted for 7-14 d during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons to identify changes in plasma metabolites that are indicative of fasting and to determine whether the ability of sea lions to fast varies seasonally or with age. although some animals approached the limit of their protein-sparing ability by the end of our fasting experiments, there was no sign of irreversible starvation biochemistry. plasma blood urea nitro ... | 2009 | 19323643 |
| a capsid gene-based real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of marine vesiviruses in the caliciviridae. | a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtrt-pcr) assay was developed for the identification of marine vesiviruses. the primers were designed to target a 176-nucleotide fragment within a highly conserved region of the san miguel sea lion viruses (smsvs) capsid gene. the assay detected viral rna from nine marine vesivirus serotypes described previously, including two serotypes (smsv-8 and -12) not identified with presently available molecular assays, a highly related bovine v ... | 2009 | 19410604 |
| detection of helicobacter and campylobacter spp. from the aquatic environment of marine mammals. | the mechanism by which helicobacter species are transmitted remains unclear. to examine the possible role of environmental transmission in marine mammals, we sought the presence of helicobacter spp. and non-helicobacter bacteria within the order campylobacterales in water from the aquatic environment of marine mammals, and in fish otoliths regurgitated by dolphins. water was collected from six pools, two inhabited by dolphins and four inhabited by seals. regurgitated otoliths were collected from ... | 2009 | 18676103 |
| energy reallocation during and after periods of nutritional stress in steller sea lions: low-quality diet reduces capacity for physiological adjustments. | two groups of female steller sea lions (groups h and p) were subjected to periods of energy restriction and subsequent refeeding during winter and summer to determine changes in energy partitioning among principal physiological functions and the potential consequences to their fitness. both sea lion groups consumed high-quality fish (herring) before and after the energy restrictions. during restrictions, group h was fed a lower quantity of herring and group p a caloric equivalent of low-quality ... | 2009 | 19637969 |
| high natality rates of endangered steller sea lions in kenai fjords, alaska and perceptions of population status in the gulf of alaska. | steller sea lions experienced a dramatic population collapse of more than 80% in the late 1970s through the 1990s across their western range in alaska. one of several competing hypotheses about the cause holds that reduced female reproductive rates (natality) substantively contributed to the decline and continue to limit recovery in the gulf of alaska despite the fact that there have been very few attempts to directly measure natality in this species. we conducted a longitudinal study of natalit ... | 2010 | 20386691 |