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behavioral studies with a black vulture, coragyps atratus. 196314055960
the nasal organs of the black and turkey vultures; a comparative study of the cathartid species coragyps atratus atratus and cathartes aura septentrionalis (with notes on cathartes aura falklandica, pseudogyps bengalensis, and neophron percnopterus). 196414214404
the supracloacal chromolipoid body of the black vulture (coragyps atratus): anatomical, histological and histochemical considerations.during histological and physiological investigations of black vultures (coragyps atratus) dissection revealed the presence of an "organ", the supracloacal chromolipoid body, which has no counterpart among other warm blooded animals. the organ occurs in both sexes and in birds of different ages. it is located in the median sagittal plane dorsal to the cloaca. it is enveloped by a smooth muscle-connective tissue capsule and has a rich blood supply. the supracloacal body is yellow-brown in color be ...19694238567
[cerebellum of birds: comparative study of the density of the purkinje cells in the anterior lobe (author's transl)].the mean linear density of the purkinje cells in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the dung cook, gallus gallus, is significantly higher (16.8 cells/mm) than that observed in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum of the black vulture, coragyps atratus (12 cells/mm). it is formulated the hypothesis that this quantitative difference is concerned with the type of locomotion, the walk, predominant in the dung cook.19761013403
histochemical study of polysaccharides in some arteries of the region of the heart of black vulture (coragyps atratus).a comparative histochemical study of polysaccharides in some arteries of the region of the heart of black vulture was performed. with some exceptions, no variation in polysaccharides composition in all arteries studied were shown. arterial walls present a sialo-mucopolysaccharidic complex and it is composed of: sialic acid, neutral mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. the concentration of these carbohydrates, mainly of the acidic ones, decrease from the inner portions o ...19816455339
acute oral toxicity of sodium cyanide in birds.sensitivities of six avian species, black vulture (coragyps atratus), american kestrel (falco sparverius), japanese quail (coturnix japonica), domestic chicken (gallus domesticus), eastern screech-owl (otus asio), and european starling (sturnus vulgaris), to acute poisoning by sodium cyanide (nacn) were compared by single dose ld50's. three species, domestic chickens, black vultures, and turkey vultures (cathartes aura), were dosed with nacn to determine cyanide residues in those that died and a ...19863503141
topography and morphology of retinal ganglion cells in falconiforms: a study on predatory and carrion-eating birds.the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells and their cell body size have been studied in five falconiform species, including predatory (chilean eagle buteo fuscenses australis, and sparrow hawk falco sparverius) and carrion-eating (chimango caracara milvago chimango; condor vultur gryphus, and black vulture coragyps atratus) birds. all these species had a well defined nasal fovea and a horizontal streak. instead of a temporal fovea as in eagles and hawks, an afoveate temporal area is ...19912012314
prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in raptors from alabama.little is known about the prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in wild birds. we examined the hearts and breast muscles from 101 raptors for encysted t. gondii. all of the raptors had been submitted for necropsy to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama. tissues were digested in acid-pepsin solution and inoculated into groups of 3-5 laboratory mice. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 27 of 101 (26.7%) raptors: 8 of 12 (66.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 13 of ...19938277379
mycoplasma corogypsi sp. nov., a new species from the footpad abscess of a black vulture, coragyps atratus.strain bv1 was isolated from the exudate of the footpad abscess of a black vulture (coragyps atratus). the colonies had a "fried-egg" appearance consistent with that of mycoplasmal species. electron microscopic examination of the cells revealed irregular elongated or elliptical forms and smaller circular budding processes. profuse growth was observed in frey medium supplemented with 20% swine serum at 37 degrees c in a humidified atmosphere of 10% co2 and air. typical of mycoplasma, strain bv1 r ...19938347515
isolation and characterization of trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972 from a black vulture (coragyps atratus).a nematode from the genus trichinella was observed in histological sections of breast and tracheal muscles from a black vulture coragyps atratus from alabama. larvae obtained from breast muscle tissue that had been refrigerated for 8 days were infectious for laboratory mice. no nurse cell was observed around larvae in the black vulture or in experimentally infected mice examined 7 or 9 wk postinoculation. the identity of the parasite as trichinella pseudospiralis was confirmed by dna hybridizati ...19958544065
determination of anions in human and animal tear fluid and blood serum by ion chromatography.an important factor contributing to the development of ion chromatography (ic) has been the need for repetitive analyses of samples with high ionic contents and samples available in microvolumes. ic was selected for the determination of cl, no3, so(2-)4 and po(3-)4 anions in tear fluid and serum from ten human volunteers of both sexes, seven young-adult black vultures (coragyps atratus) and three young-adult chickens (gallus gallus domesticus). the samples were analysed on a dionex model 2000i/s ...19957640773
first isolation of tandemly repeated dna sequences in new world vultures and phylogenetic implications.a highly repeated dna sequence composed of closely related subunits that ranged from 171 to 176 base pairs has been cloned and characterized in the king vulture (sarcoramphus papa). related sequences were also isolated in the black vulture (coragyps atratus). this new family of avian repetitive dna elements is here termed the "haeiii family." genomic dnas from a number of avian species were probed with one of the king vulture restriction fragments. in the cathartids, the hybridization patterns s ...19968851796
prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors.an acid-pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), one (100%) mississippi kites (ictinia misisippiensis), one of two ...19999950339
protein electrophoresis as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in raptor medicine.plasma proteins of 139 healthy adult birds of prey from 10 species were separated by electrophoresis to characterize and document normal reference ranges and species-specific electrophoretic patternsand to evaluate the value of this technique for health screening, disease diagnosis, and prognostic indication. species studied included bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis), barn owl (tyto alba), great horned owl (bubo virginianus), turkey vulture (cathartes aur ...200011428396
redescriptions of two echinostomes from birds in paraguay, with comments on drepanocephalus dietz, 1909 and paryphostomum dietz, 1909 (digenea: echinostomatidae).two species of echinostomatid trematodes from paraguayan birds are redescribed: these are drepanocephalus spathans dietz, 1909 from phalacrocorax olivaceus and paryphostomum segregatum dietz, 1909 from coragyps atratus. the genera drepanocephalus dietz, 1909 and paryphostomum dietz, 1909 are redefined and the species previously assigned to them reviewed. paryphostomum mexicanum (lamothe-argumedo & pérez-ponce de león, 1989) n. comb. and p. parvicephalum (rietschel & werding, 1978) n. comb. are t ...200212386423
blood coagulation factors in the black headed vulture (coragyps atratus), a potential animal model for the study of haemostasis. 200415140592
taphonomic effects of vulture scavenging.from july through september 2007, three pig carcasses (sus scrofa), weighing between 27 and 63 kg were placed outside in a grassy area in central texas. a surrounding fence prevented entrance by terrestrial scavengers, while allowing avian scavengers unrestricted access. a fourth pig carcass served as a control for the rate of decomposition and was placed in a cage that prevented terrestrial and avian animal access. modification of the carcasses was recorded through the use of two motion-sensing ...200919432736
association of mycoplasma corogypsi and polyarthritis in a black vulture (coragyps atratus) in virginia.on 10 october 2007, a black vulture (coragyps atratus) was presented to the wildlife center of virginia, waynesboro, virginia, usa, because of an inability to fly. examination revealed multiple swollen, fluctuant joints. the bird suffered from lead toxicosis and had a prominent leukocytosis. histopathologic evaluation revealed an acute fibrinoheterophilic polyarthritis, and results of routine aerobic and anaerobic culture of joint fluid were negative, although mycoplasma sp. sequence-specific po ...200919617493
molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. from fecal samples of birds kept in captivity in brazil.the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium species and genotypes in birds kept in captivity in brazil. a total of 966 samples from 18 families of birds was collected and stored in 5% potassium dichromate solution at 4 degrees c until processing. oocysts were purified in sheather sugar solution following extraction of genomic dna. molecular analyses were performed using nested-pcr for amplification of fragments of the 18s subunit of rrna gene and of the actin gene. a ...200919683397
use of black vulture (coragyps atratus) in complementary and alternative therapies for cancer in colombia: a qualitative study.although coragyps atratus has been used as a traditional therapy for patients with cancer, the scientific literature does not contain enough information on how this therapy is used or the mechanisms that explain this therapeutic practice.201222651097
reproductive success of south american terns (sterna hirundinacea) from cardos islands, florianópolis, sc, brazil.sterna hirundinacea (lesson, 1831) is a migratory seabird that breeds in the pacific coast (from peru to chile) and along the atlantic coast of south america from espírito santo (brazil) to terra del fuego (argentina). this paper describes the reproductive success of south american terns on cardos island, florianopolis, brazil in the breeding seasons of 2003, 2005 and 2006. the colony was formed in mid-may in 2003 and early april in other years, with the total number of nests ranging from 1,852 ...201222499260
the presence of black vultures at the calving sites and its effects on cows' and calves' behaviour immediately following parturition.black vultures (coragyps atratus) are often present near calving sites, and under this situation they may play a positive role by removing animal carcasses and afterbirth or a negative role by attacking neonate calves or disturbing cow-calf behaviours following parturition. cow-calf behaviour was recorded over a 4-year study period from a total of 300 births involving 200 nellore, 54 guzerat, 20 gyr and 26 caracu cows. the calving site in relation to the location of the herd, considering cow-cal ...201323031159
need and seek for dietary micronutrients: endogenous regulation, external signalling and food sources of carotenoids in new world vultures.among birds, vultures show low concentrations of plasma carotenoids due to the combination of their large size, general dull colouration and a diet based on carrion. we recorded the concentration of each carotenoid type present in plasma of the andean condor (vultur gryphus) according to age and sex, that determine colour signalling and dominance hierarchies in the carcasses. we compared the carotenoid profile in wild condors with that of captive condors fed with a controlled diet of flesh to te ...201323785435
mycoplasma corogypsi-associated polyarthritis and tenosynovitis in black vultures (coragyps atratus).three wild american black vultures (coragyps atratus) were presented to rehabilitation centers with swelling of multiple joints, including elbows, stifles, hocks, and carpal joints, and of the gastrocnemius tendons. cytological examination of the joint fluid exudate indicated heterophilic arthritis. radiographic examination in 2 vultures demonstrated periarticular soft tissue swelling in both birds and irregular articular surfaces with subchondral bone erosion in both elbows in 1 bird. prolonged ...201322903399
geographic variation in the taphonomic effect of vulture scavenging: the case for southern illinois.the taphonomic effect of vulture scavenging has been previously documented in central texas (j forensic sci, 2009, 54, 524). this study reports on the behavioral differences between two species of vultures (coragyps atratus, cathartes aura) observed over a period of 1 year at the complex for forensic anthropology research in southern illinois. the decomposition of six research subjects and two control subjects was observed. compared with the previous findings of vulture activity, the authors obs ...201323181511
comparison of eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of new world vultures (aves: cathartidae).vultures are highly reliant on their sensory systems for the rapid detection and localization of carrion before other scavengers can exploit the resource. in this study, we compared eye morphology and retinal topography in two species of new world vultures (cathartidae), turkey vultures (cathartes aura), with a highly developed olfactory sense, and black vultures (coragyps atratus), with a less developed sense of olfaction. we found that eye size relative to body mass was the same in both specie ...201324249399
chronic lead exposure is epidemic in obligate scavenger populations in eastern north america.lead is a prominent and highly toxic contaminant with important impacts to wildlife. to understand the degree to which wildlife populations are chronically exposed, we quantified lead levels within american black vultures (coragyps atratus; blvu) and turkey vultures (cathartes aura; tuvu), two species that are useful as environmental sentinels in eastern north america. every individual sampled (n=108) had bone lead levels indicative of chronic exposure to anthropogenic lead (blvu: x¯=36.99 ± 55. ...201525795925
contaminants in the southern tip of south america: analysis of organochlorine compounds in feathers of avian scavengers from argentinean patagonia.the aim of this study was to assess the exposure to organochlorine compounds (oc) in 91 primary wing feathers of avian scavengers, turkey vulture (cathartes aura), american black vulture (coragyps atratus) and southern crested caracaras (polyborus plancus) from the southern tip of south america, in the argentinean patagonia. we analyzed for a series of oc including hexachlorocyclohexane (hch) isomers, endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-ddt), dichlorodiphe ...201525682585
multi-locus phylogenetic inference among new world vultures (aves: cathartidae).new world vultures are large-bodied carrion feeding birds in the family cathartidae, currently consisting of seven species from five genera with geographic distributions in north and south america. no study to date has included all cathartid species in a single phylogenetic analysis. in this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among all cathartid species using five nuclear (nuc; 4060bp) and two mitochondrial (mt; 2165bp) dna loci with fossil calibrated gene tree (27 outgroup ta ...201627601346
antibody prevalence and isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern usa.raptors are good indicators of the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the environment because they prey on small mammals and birds. these prey species are a major source of infection in domestic cats ( felis catus ), which shed the environmentally resistant oocysts. we assessed t. gondii infection in 281 opportunistically available raptors at a rehabilitation facility between 2012 and 2014. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed by a modified agglutination test (cutoff 1:25) and found in serum of ...201627243150
an ectopic wing in a wild black vulture (coragyps atratus).an approximately 5-month-old black vulture (coragyps atratus) was presented with the chief complaint of cervicomelia. a full-sized ectopic wing, with its own pectoral girdle, was found attached to the dorsal surface of the last few cervical vertebrae. there was deformation (right dorsolateral narrowing) of the spinal canal at the point of attachment with a corresponding compression of the spinal cord.20162241705
avian scavenging of small-sized pig carcasses in central florida: utilizing gis to analyze site variables affecting skeletal dispersal.scavengers can significantly alter a forensic scene and consume, modify, disarticulate, and disperse bodies on the ground surface. the research purpose was to examine vulture scavenging in central florida, usa. four small-sized pig (sus scrofa) carcasses were left on the ground surface of two microenvironments (shaded and open) at a secure site with game cameras. dispersal data were mapped and analyzed using geographical information systems spatial analysis digital mapping tools. the primary avi ...201729211936
fine-scale assessment of home ranges and activity patterns for resident black vultures (coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (cathartes aura).knowledge of black vulture (coragyps atratus) and turkey vulture (cathartes aura) spatial ecology is surprisingly limited despite their vital ecological roles. fine-scale assessments of space use patterns and resource selection are particularly lacking, although development of tracking technologies has allowed data collection at finer temporal and spatial resolution. objectives of this study were to conduct the first assessment of monthly home range and core area sizes of resident black and turk ...201728678813
hematologic reference intervals for wild black vultures (coragyps atratus).the black vulture (coragyps atratus) is the most common species of vulture and is widespread in all america. the species feeds on rotting carcasses, and large groups are frequently seen in urban areas, concentrating especially on rubbish dumps. although c atratus is a very common species in some areas, little is known about its health in the wild.201728858379
anatomical evidence for scent guided foraging in the turkey vulture.the turkey vulture (cathartes aura) is a widespread, scavenging species in the western hemisphere that locates carrion by smell. scent guided foraging is associated with an expansion of the olfactory bulbs of the brain in vertebrates, but no such neuroanatomical data exists for vultures. we provide the first measurements of turkey vulture brains, including the size of their olfactory bulbs and numbers of mitral cells, which provide the primary output of the olfactory bulbs. comparative analyses ...201729234134
parasitaemia data and molecular characterization of haemoproteus catharti from new world vultures (cathartidae) reveals a novel clade of haemosporida.new world vultures (cathartiformes: cathartidae) are obligate scavengers comprised of seven species in five genera throughout the americas. of these, turkey vultures (cathartes aura) and black vultures (coragyps atratus) are the most widespread and, although ecologically similar, have evolved differences in morphology, physiology, and behaviour. three species of haemosporidians have been reported in new world vultures to date: haemoproteus catharti, leucocytozoon toddi and plasmodium elongatum, ...201829310650
more massive but potentially less healthy: black vultures feeding in rubbish dumps differed in clinical and biochemical parameters with wild feeding birds.organic waste is one of the most important anthropogenic food subsidies used by different species. however, there is little information about the health impact that rubbish dumps produce on species foraging in these sites.201829686945
urban waste disposal explains the distribution of black vultures (coragyps atratus) in an amazonian metropolis: management implications for birdstrikes and urban planning.collision rates between aircraft and birds have been rising worldwide. the increases in both air traffic and population sizes of large-bodied birds in cities lacking urban planning result in human-wildlife conflicts, economic loss and even lethal casualties. black vultures (coragyps atratus) represent the most hazardous bird to brazilian civil and military aviation on the basis of their flight behavior, body mass and consequently physical damage to aircraft following collisions. this study inves ...201830233993
protective role of the vulture facial skin and gut microbiomes aid adaptation to scavenging.vultures have adapted the remarkable ability to feed on carcasses that may contain microorganisms that would be pathogenic to most other animals. the holobiont concept suggests that the genetic basis of such adaptation may not only lie within their genomes, but additionally in their associated microbes. to explore this, we generated shotgun dna sequencing datasets of the facial skin and large intestine microbiomes of the black vulture (coragyps atratus) and the turkey vulture (cathartes aura). w ...201830309375
quantification of avian hazards to military aircraft and implications for wildlife management.collisions between birds and military aircraft are common and can have catastrophic effects. knowledge of relative wildlife hazards to aircraft (the likelihood of aircraft damage when a species is struck) is needed before estimating wildlife strike risk (combined frequency and severity component) at military airfields. despite annual reviews of wildlife strike trends with civil aviation since the 1990s, little is known about wildlife strike trends for military aircraft. we hypothesized that spec ...201830383828
mercury in the feathers of bird scavengers from two areas of patagonia (argentina) under the influence of different anthropogenic activities: a preliminary study.mercury (hg) is a global pollutant that bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food chains and is associated with adverse effects in both humans and wildlife. we used feather samples from bird scavengers to evaluate hg concentrations in two different areas of northern patagonia. hg concentrations were analyzed in feathers obtained from turkey vultures (cathartes aura), black vultures (coragyps atratus), and southern crested caracaras (caracara plancus) from the two areas of northern patagonia (argen ...201829512014
scavenger birds exploiting rubbish dumps: pathogens at the gates.different bacteria are present in rubbish dumps used as food resources by various bird species. birds may be good indicators of the presence of zoonotic diseases in these sites since they can be infected with zoonotic pathogens by foraging on organic waste, and can also act as carriers. we studied if foraging in rubbish dumps increases the occurrence of salmonella spp. and chlamydia psittaci in american black vultures (coragyps atratus, hereafter black vultures) from northwest patagonia. we comp ...201930548806
development of microsatellite loci for two new world vultures (cathartidae).use next-generation sequencing to develop microsatellite loci that will provide the variability necessary for studies of genetic diversity and population connectivity of two new world vulture species.201931072404
evaluation of allometric scaling as a tool for extrapolation of the enrofloxacin dose in american black vultures (coragyps atratus).to determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after iv administration in american black vultures (coragyps atratus), to compare clearance of enrofloxacin in american black vultures with clearance of this fluoroquinolone in other avian species, and to evaluate whether allometric scaling is an appropriate tool for dose extrapolation in avian species.201931339763
functional analysis and treatment of self-injurious feather plucking in a black vulture (coragyps atratus).the etiology and maintenance of self-injurious feather plucking (fp) have been attributed to biological and environmental processes, yet a definitive solution has not been found. the current study investigated the application of a functional analysis and function-based treatment to reduce the fp of a black vulture (coragyps atratus). fp was found to be maintained by positive reinforcement in the form of contingent attention. a treatment consisting of noncontingent reinforcement decreased fp, and ...201931523815
evidence of niche differentiation for two sympatric vulture species in the southeastern united states.as obligate scavengers utilizing similar habitats, interspecific competition undoubtedly occurs between resident black (coragyps atratus) and turkey (cathartes aura) vultures. in the interest of exploring how sympatric species coexist through habitat segregation, we examined resource selection of resident black and turkey vultures in the southeastern united states (us) for evidence of niche differentiation.201931695917
the irvingtonian avifauna of cumberland bone cave, maryland.the early and mid-pleistocene avian communities of north america are best known from the rocky mountain region and peninsular florida. in the appalachian mountain region, only a small number of avian bones from mid-latitude cave deposits have been attributed to this time period. here, i enlarge this record by reporting on bird bones from cumberland bone cave in western maryland, a well-known locality for large and small irvingtonian mammals and other vertebrates. the taxa identified encompass gr ...202033055625
plastic ingestion and dispersion by vultures may produce plastic islands in natural areas.rubbish dumps can become an important environmental source of plastic. several species feed on organic waste from these sites, but at the same time are exposed to non-organic materials. species that can gather food in these sites might at the same time disperse waste consumed, but this has rarely been evaluated. we compare the occurrence of plastic debris in regurgitated pellets of three sympatric vultures from northwest patagonia, andean condors (vultur gryphus), black vultures (coragyps atratu ...202033035984
feeding ecology drives lead exposure of facultative and obligate avian scavengers in the eastern united states.lead poisoning of scavenging birds is a global issue. however, the drivers of lead exposure of avian scavengers have been understood from the perspective of individual species, not cross-taxa assemblages. we analyzed blood (n = 285) and liver (n = 226) lead concentrations of 5 facultative (american crows [corvus brachyrhynchos], bald eagles [haliaeetus leucocephalus], golden eagles [aquila chrysaetos], red-shouldered hawks [buteo lineatus], and red-tailed hawks [buteo jamaicensis]) and 2 obligat ...202032022303
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