Publications

distribution of larval tabanidae (diptera) in a spartina alterniflora salt marsh.		1974	4828349
carbon metabolism in model microbial systems from a temperate salt marsh.	the metabolism of a saltwater leachate of 14c-labeled spartina alterniflora was examined in laboratory systems using mixed, salt marsh microbial communities and, by addition of appropriate antibiotics, communities with bacteria or eukaryotes inhibited. label uptake was more rapid in the systems with bacteria alone and with the mixed microbial community than with fungi alone. mineralization of the added label was more extensive in the mixed and bacterial systems, whereas the fungi appear more eff ...	1976	938043
metabolism of atrazine by spartina alterniflora. 1. chloroform-soluble metabolites.		1977	881505
comparison of nitrogen fixation activity in tall and short spartina alterniflora salt marsh soils.	a comparison of the n(2) fixers in the tall spartina alterniflora and short s. alterniflora marsh soils was investigated. zero-order kinetics and first-order kinetics of acetylene reduction were used to describe the activity of the n(2) fixers in marsh soil slurries. it was found that the v(max) values were approximately 10 times greater for the n(2) fixers in the tall spartina than in the short spartina marsh when raffinose was used as the energy source. in addition, the (k(s) + s(n)) values we ...	1977	16345213
nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in a salt marsh amended with sewage sludge and organic carbon and nitrogen compounds.	seasonal distribution of nitrogen fixation by spartina alterniflora epiphytes and in surface and soil samples was investigated in a georgia salt marsh which was amended with sewage sludge or with glucose and/or ammonium nitrate. there was no significant difference between the rates of fixation in the unamended and sewage sludge plots. additional perturbation experiments suggested that nitrogen addition indirectly stimulates nitrogen fixation by enhancing spartina production and root exudation. g ...	1977	16345239
effect of the spartina alterniflora root-rhizome system on salt marsh soil denitrifying bacteria.	nitrous oxide (n(2)o) reductase activity was used as an index of the denitrification potential in salt marsh soils. in a short spartina alterniflora marsh, the seasonal distribution of n(2)o reductase activity indicated a causal relationship between s. alterniflora root-rhizome production and the denitrification potential of the soil system. the relationship was not discerned in samples from a tall s. alterniflora marsh. to further examine the in situ plant-denitrifier interaction in the short s ...	1978	16345288
role of the salt marsh grass spartina alterniflora in the response of soil-denitrifying bacteria to glucose enrichment.	long-term incubations of salt marsh soil systems in the presence of glucose resulted in a decrease in the soils' denitrification potential. addition of nitrate or the presence of living spartina alterniflora reversed this effect, indicating that spartina, through the establishment of an oxidized rhizosphere where nitrification can occur, enables the denitrifying bacteria to adequately compete with the less energetically efficient components of the anaerobic soil microbial community.	1979	16345451
immediate acetylene reduction by excised grass roots not previously preincubated at low oxygen tensions.	excised roots of spartina alterniflora loisel. and corn reduced acetylene in air without the previously reported period of zero activity lasting 8 to 18 hours. the profiles of acetylene-dependent ethylene accumulation by excised roots and intact plants of s. alterniflora were similar. no significant change in the number of bacteria associated with the roots was detectable during the assay. most of the nitrogenase activity was detected in the roots and rhizomes of the plants. the salt marsh sedim ...	1979	16661045
endorhizal and exorhizal acetylene-reducing activity in a grass (spartina alterniflora loisel.)-diazotroph association.	earlier studies indicated that bacteria responsible for nitrogenase activity of some grasses are located inside the roots. those studies were conducted with excised roots in which a long, unexplained "lag phase" occurred before initiation of nitrogenase activity. when hydroponically maintained spartina alterniflora loisel. was incubated in a two-compartment system with acetylene, ethylene was produced following, at most, a 2-hour lag in both the upper (shoot) and lower (roots + water) phases. et ...	1980	16661421
tracer analysis of methanogenesis in salt marsh soils.	differences in paths of carbon flow have been found in soils of the tall (ts) and short (ss) spartina alterniflora marshes of sapelo island, ga. gaseous end products of [u-c]glucose metabolism were co(2) and ch(4) in the ss region and primarily co(2) in the ts region. sulfate concentration did not demonstrably affect glucose catabolism or the distribution of end products in either zone. [u-c]acetate was converted to co(2) and ch(4) in the ss soils and almost exclusively to co(2) in the ts soils. ...	1980	16345551
mineralization of detrital lignocelluloses by salt marsh sediment microflora.	specifically radiolabeled c-(cellulose)-lignocellulose and c-(lignin)-lignocellulose were isolated from labeled cuttings of spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) and pinus elliottii (slash pine). these were used to estimate the rates of mineralization to co(2) of lignocelluloses of estuarine and terrestrial origin in salt marsh estuarine sediments. the lignin moiety of pine lignocellulose was mineralized 10 to 14 times more slowly than that of spartina lignocellulose, depending on the source of inoc ...	1980	16345647
isolation of a nitrogen-fixing campylobacter species from the roots of spartina alterniflora loisel.	a microaerophilic nitrogen-fixing bacterium was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of spartina alterniflora loisel growing in a nova scotian salt marsh. it is a small curved rod and is motile with a single polar flagellum. metabolism is respiratory. organic and amino acids, but not carbohydrates, serve as carbon and energy sources. the guanine + cytosine content of its deoxyribonucleic acid is 32.1 +/- 1.0 mol%. based upon morphological and biochemical characteristics this organism is assign ...	1980	6936066
investigation of selective uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls by spartina alterniflora loisel.		1981	6796156
comparing time course profiles of immediate acetylene reduction by grasses and legumes.	the time course profiles of c(2)h(2) reduction by intact scirpus olneyi (bulrush), oryza sativa (rice) and spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) with roots in atmospheres of n(2) and 30-day-old glycine max (soybean) in air were all immediately linear. this is the first report of immediately linear rates of c(2)h(2) reduction by grass roots removed from soil. the immediately linear profile of c(2)h(2) reduction by soil-free grass roots was achieved by preventing contact between the roots and air. roo ...	1981	16345684
oxygen deficiency in spartina alterniflora roots: metabolic adaptation to anoxia.	the aerenchyma (air-space) tissue in the wetland macrophyte spartina alterniflora conveys sufficient oxygen to roots for predominately aerobic respiration in moderately, but not highly, reduced substrates. continuously flooded plants survive by respiring anaerobically, although growth is decreased. two metabolic adaptations to flooding are displayed in this species, depending on the degree of soil reduction.	1981	17730244
relation of soil water movement and sulfide concentration to spartina alterniflora production in a georgia salt marsh.	it is proposed that differences in plant height and productivity of the salt-marsh cordgrass spartina alterniflora are the result of a dynamic interaction among tidal water movement, dissolved iron and sulfide concentrations in marsh soils, and bacterial sulfate reduction. tidal water movement regulates the input of iron into marsh soils and the drainage of sulfide-containing interstitial water, and thereby controls the concentration of dissolved sulfide formed as a result of bacterial sulfate r ...	1982	17776710
uptake of dissolved sulfide by spartina alterniflora: evidence from natural sulfur isotope abundance ratios.	the difference in the stable sulfur isotope ratios of sulfate and sulfide in marsh pore water was used to verify the uptake of hydrogen sulfide by the salt marsh cordgrass spartina alterniflora in a north carolina salt marsh. most of the plant sulfur derived from pore-water sulfide was recovered as sulfate, an indication that the sulfide had been oxidized within the plant. the analysis of the sulfur isotope ratios of other coastal halophytes may be a useful technique for determining whether sulf ...	1982	17783311
perfusion method for assaying microbial activities in sediments: applicability to studies of n(2) fixation by c(2)h(2) reduction.	a perfusion method for assaying nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in marine sediments was developed. the method was used to assay sediment cores from spartina alterniflora (salt marsh), zostera marina (sea grass), and thalassia testudinum (sea grass) communities, and the results were compared with those of conventional sealed-flask assays. rates of ethylene production increased progressively with time in the perfusion assays, reaching plateau values of 2 to 3 nmol . g of dry sediment . ...	1982	16346036
biomagnification of aroclor 1242 in decomposing spartina litter.	the accumulation of a polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) mixture (aroclor 1242) in the process of detritus formation by a shredded marshgrass (spartina alterniflora) under aerobic conditions was monitored in percolators for 4 months at 20 degrees c. dissolved pcb in the influent solution was 14 to 16 mug/liter. parameters monitored in addition to pcb accumulation were co(2) evolution, nh(4) uptake, no(3) production, and total organic nitrogen and carbon in the effluent. an nan(3-) poisoned control s ...	1982	16346096
effects of metals on methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, carbon dioxide evolution, and microbial biomass in anoxic salt marsh sediments.	the effects of several metals on microbial methane, carbon dioxide, and sulfide production and microbial atp were examined in sediments from spartina alterniflora communities. anaerobically homogenized sediments were amended with 1,000 ppm (ratio of weight of metal to dry weight of sediment) of various metals. time courses in controls were similar for ch(4), h(2)s, and co(2), with short initial lags (0 to 4 h) followed by periods of constant gas production (1 to 2 days) and declining rates there ...	1983	16346294
enumeration and localization of n(2)-fixing bacteria associated with roots of spartina alterniflora loisel.	numbers and possible locations of n(2)-fixing bacteria were investigated in roots of spartina alterniflora loisel, which support nitrogenase activity in the undisturbed native habitat. n(2)-fixing bacteria were recovered in cultures both from s. alterniflora roots and from the surrounding sediment, and they formed a greater proportion of the bacteria recovered from root homogenates than from salt-marsh sediment. n(2)-fixing bacteria were recovered in high numbers from the rhizoplane of s. altern ...	1983	16346321
isolation of a bacterium capable of degrading peanut hull lignin.	thirty-seven bacterial strains capable of degrading peanut hull lignin were isolated by using four types of lignin preparations and hot-water-extracted peanut hulls. one of the isolates, tentatively identified as arthrobacter sp., was capable of utilizing all four lignin preparations as well as extracted peanut hulls as a sole source of carbon. the bacterium was also capable of degrading specifically labeled [c]lignin-labeled lignocellulose and [c]cellulose-labeled lignocellulose from the cordgr ...	1983	16346424
an improved gas chromatographic method for measuring glucosamine and muramic acid concentrations.	a method of simultaneously measuring glucosamine and muramic acid concentrations in marsh grass litter was developed. spartina alterniflora samples were preextracted with acetone to remove lipids containing amino sugars and then hydrolyzed in 6 n hcl (100 degrees c, 4.5 h). amino sugars in the hydrolysates were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, which gave good recoveries (greater than 90%) and reproducibility (cv less than 5%). isolated amino sugars were converted to o-methyloxime acetate ...	1983	6846818
preparation, characterization, and microbial degradation of specifically radiolabeled [c]lignocelluloses from marine and freshwater macrophytes.	specifically radiolabeled [c-lignin]lignocelluloses were prepared from the aquatic macrophytes spartina alterniflora, juncus roemerianus, rhizophora mangle, and carex walteriana by using [c]phenylalanine, [c]tyrosine, and [c]cinnamic acid as precursors. specifically radiolabeled [c-polysaccharide]lignocelluloses were prepared by using [c]glucose as precursor. the rates of microbial degradation varied among [c-lignin]lignocelluloses labeled with different lignin precursors within the same plant s ...	1984	16346477
anaerobic biodegradation of the lignin and polysaccharide components of lignocellulose and synthetic lignin by sediment microflora.	specifically radiolabeled [c-lignin]lignocelluloses and [c-polysaccharide]lignocelluloses were prepared from a variety of marine and freshwater wetland plants including a grass, a sedge, a rush, and a hardwood. these [c]lignocellulose preparations and synthetic [c]lignin were incubated anaerobically with anoxic sediments collected from a salt marsh, a freshwater marsh, and a mangrove swamp. during long-term incubations lasting up to 300 days, the lignin and polysaccharide components of the ligno ...	1984	16346554
relative contributions of bacteria and fungi to rates of degradation of lignocellulosic detritus in salt-marsh sediments.	specifically radiolabeled [c-lignin]lignocellulose and [c-polysaccharide]lignocellulose from the salt-marsh cordgrass spartina alterniflora were incubated with an intact salt-marsh sediment microbial assemblage, with a mixed (size-fractionated) bacterial assemblage, and with each of three marine fungi, buergenerula spartinae, phaeosphaeria typharum, and leptosphaeria obiones, isolated from decaying s. alterniflora. the bacterial assemblage alone mineralized the lignin and polysaccharide componen ...	1984	16346598
water uptake by roots controls water table movement and sediment oxidation in short spartina marsh.	downward movement of the water table during both day and night in the short grass zone of intertidal salt marshes is due not to drainage but to water uptake by roots. removal of water from the sediment results in the entry of air into the sediment, suggesting a feedback between plant growth, water uptake, and sediment oxidation. the water balance of spartina alterniflora appears to influence the internal morphology of its roots, potentially giving rise to a new mechanism for the mass flow of gas ...	1984	17753772
decomposition of [c]lignocelluloses of spartina alterniflora and a comparison with field experiments.	decomposition of lignocelluloses from spartina alterniflora in salt-marsh sediments was measured by using c-labeled compounds. rates of decomposition were fastest in the first 4 days of incubation and declined later. lignins labeled in side chains were mineralized slightly faster than uniformly labeled lignins; 12% of the [side chain-c]lignin-labeled lignocellulose was mineralized after 816 h of incubation, whereas only 8% of the [u-c]lignin-labeled lignocelluloses were degraded during this peri ...	1985	16346741
thymidine incorporation by the microbial community of standing dead spartina alterniflora.	thymidine incorporation by the microbial community on standing dead leaves of spartina alterniflora did not obey many of the assumptions inherent in the use of the technique in planktonic systems. incorporation rates of [methly-h]thymidine were nonsaturable over a wide concentration range (10 to 10 nm). owing to metabolism by both fungi and bacteria, a major fraction of the radiolabel (mean, 48%) appeared in protein. extraction of the radiolabeled macromolecules was inefficient, averaging 8.8%. ...	1986	16347220
evidence for nh4+ switch-off regulation of nitrogenase activity by bacteria in salt marsh sediments and roots of the grass spartina alterniflora.	the regulatory effect of nh4+ on nitrogen fixation in a spartina alterniflora salt marsh was examined. acetylene reduction activity (ara) measured in situ was only partially inhibited by nh4+ in both the light and dark after 2 h. in vitro analysis of bulk sediment divided into sediment particles, live and dead roots, and rhizomes showed that microbes associated with sediment and dead roots have a great potential for anaerobic c2h2 reduction, but only if amended with a carbon source such as manno ...	1986	3456738
tight coupling of root-associated nitrogen fixation and plant photosynthesis in the salt marsh grass spartina alterniflora and carbon dioxide enhancement of nitrogenase activity.	the coupling of root-associated nitrogen fixation and plant photosynthesis was examined in the salt marsh grass spartina alterniflora. in both field experiments and hydroponic assay chambers, nitrogen fixation associated with the roots was rapidly enhanced by stimulating plant photosynthesis. a kinetic analysis of acetylene reduction activity (ara) showed that a five-to sixfold stimulation occurred within 10 to 60 min after the plant leaves were exposed to light or increased co2 concentrations ( ...	1986	3089156
oxygen-poor microzones as potential sites of microbial n(2) fixation in nitrogen-depleted aerobic marine waters.	the nitrogen-deficient coastal waters of north carolina contain suspended bacteria potentially able to fix n(2). bioassays aimed at identifying environmental factors controlling the development and proliferation of n(2) fixation showed that dissolved organic carbon (as simple sugars and sugar alcohols) and particulate organic carbon (derived from spartina alterniflora) additions elicited and enhanced n(2) fixation (nitrogenase activity) in these waters. nitrogenase activity occurred in samples c ...	1987	16347337
production and fate of methylated sulfur compounds from methionine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in anoxic salt marsh sediments.	anoxic salt marsh sediments were amended with dl-methionine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp). microbial metabolism of methionine yielded methane thiol (msh) as the major volatile organosulfur product, with the formation of lesser amounts of dimethylsulfide (dms). biological transformation of dmsp resulted in the rapid release of dms and only small amounts of msh. experiments with microbial inhibitors indicated that production of msh from methionine was carried out by procaryotic organisms, ...	1987	16347461
populations of methanogenic bacteria in a georgia salt marsh.	methanogens represented about 0.5% of the total bacteria in sediments from a georgia salt marsh in which spartina alterniflora is the predominant vegetation. the population of methanogens was composed of at least two groups of nearly equal size. one group was represented by cocci which were able to utilize trimethylamine and were unable to use h(2) or acetate. the second group was composed of two subgroups which were able to utilize h(2) but were unable to use trimethylamine or acetate. the more ...	1988	16347628
populations of anaerobic phototrophic bacteria in a spartina alterniflora salt marsh.	habitat-simulating media were used with the hungate anaerobic roll tube technique to enumerate culturable anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria in sediment, tidal waters, and spartina alterniflora plant samples collected from the salt marsh at sapelo island, ga. no phototrophs were detected in samples of creekside (low marsh) sediment or in tidal waters in creekside regions. in the high marsh region, 90% of anaerobic phototrophic bacteria occurred in the top 5 mm of sediment and none were detected b ...	1988	16347646
evaluation of alternative oil spill cleanup techniques in a spartina alterniflora salt marsh.	three oil spill situations which cause long-term impact were simulated in 1 m(2) salt marsh plots to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative cleanup techniques at removing oil and reducing damage to spartina alterniflora. cleanup techniques, implemented 18-24 h after oiling, were not effective at removing oil after sediment penetration. when oil remained on the sediment surface, flushing techniques were most effective at removal, reducing levels of added oil by 73% to 83%. the addition of disp ...	1988	15092503
relationship between nitrogen-fixing sulfate reducers and fermenters in salt marsh sediments and roots of spartina alterniflora.	a combination of inhibitors and carbon substrates was used to determine the relative contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (srb) and fermenting bacteria to nitrogen fixation in a salt marsh sediment and on the roots of spartina alterniflora. because a lag period precedes acetylene-reducing activity (ara) in amended sediments, an extensive analysis was done to be sure that this activity was due to the activation of dormant cells, not simply to cell proliferation. since ara was not affected by ...	1988	3178210
degradation of polysaccharides and lignin by ruminal bacteria and fungi.	bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon) leaf blades and whole cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) fiber were evaluated for degradation of cell walls by microbial groups in ruminal fluid. the groups were selected by the addition of antibiotics to the inoculum as follows: (i) whole ruminal fluid (wrf), no antibiotics; (ii) cycloheximide (c) to inhibit fungi, thus showing potential bacterial activity; (iii) streptomycin and penicillin (s,p) to inhibit fiber-degrading bacteria, showing potential fungal activi ...	1988	3389808
effects of cucl2 on the germination response of two populations of the saltmarsh cordgrass, spartina alterniflora.		1990	2344482
stable carbon isotope analysis of nucleic acids to trace sources of dissolved substrates used by estuarine bacteria.	the natural abundance of stable carbon isotopes measured in bacterial nucleic acids extracted from estuarine bacterial concentrates was used to trace sources of organic matter for bacteria in aquatic environments. the stable carbon isotope ratios of pseudomonas aeruginosa and nucleic acids extracted from cultures resembled those of the carbon source on which bacteria were grown. the carbon isotope discrimination between the substrate and total cell carbon from bacterial cultures averaged 2.3% +/ ...	1990	2389930
sem observations on the interfacial surface of the cement of the adult barnacle, attached to natural and synthetic adherends.	the barnacle, chthamalus fragilis darwin, is found attached to a variety of natural and man-made substrates in the marine environment. bases of specimens of this species attached to the leaves and stalks of marsh grass, spartina alterniflora, and to polyethylene films placed in the high intertidal zone of the marsh were studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the interfacial features of the cement holding these animals in place. when removed carefully, the interfacial surfa ...	1990	18620313
evidence for hygrometric pressurization in the internal gas space of spartina alterniflora.	higher pressure, up to several hundred pascal relative to ambient, is generated by hygrometric pressurization within the central hollow space of the stem in spartina alterniflora. dilution of oxygen and nitrogen by water vapor within the plant's internal gas space results in an influx of nitrogen and oxygen from the air and a net increase in the internal gas pressure at steady state. the nature of the pressure gradient suggests that small pores exist in the plant tissues. moreover, the compact a ...	1991	16668146
accumulation of polychlorinated terphenyls in aquatic biota of an estuarine creek.	aroclor 5432, a mixture of polychlorinated terphenyls (pct), was detected in several biological compartments including saltmarsh cordgrass (spartina alterniflora), american oysters (crassostrea virginica), red-jointed fiddler crabs (uca minax), wharf crabs (sesarma reticulatum), and mummichogs (fundulus heteroclitus) collected from tabbs creek. this tidal creek is located in the southern chesapeake bay region and contains sediments with high concentrations of pct. samples were collected at four ...	1993	7507821
[effects of bio-mineral food additive on health].	spartina alterniflora, one kind of bio-mineral food additive and special nutrient liquid, rich in bioactive materials, was extracted from a marsh plant grown in beach. it can enhance immune function of animals and human bodies, increase the tolerance to hypoxia in rats, prolong life span of fruit flies, and increase activity of human serum superoxide dismutase.	1995	7600885
minimizing ergosterol loss during preanalytical handling and shipping of samples of plant litter.	common preliminary treatments of samples of decaying material can involve changes in water content (e.g., via storage in relatively dry air or rinsing) that could conceivably result in loss or gain of fungal membranes and, consequently, ergosterol. a related problem is that collecting of ergosterol content data from widely distributed locales by shipment of samples ideally requires an inexpensive, safe alternative to submerging the samples in methanol for prevention of ergosterol loss. experimen ...	1995	16535086
microbial utilization of estuarine dissolved organic carbon: a stable isotope tracer approach tested by mass balance.	the natural stable isotope values of different plants have been used to trace the fate of organic carbon that enters estuarine ecosystems. experiments were designed to determine the magnitude of (delta) (sup13)c changes of dissolved organic carbon (doc) derived from tidal marsh vegetation that occurred during bacterial decomposition. bacteria were grown on doc leached from estuarine spartina alterniflora and typhus angustifolia plants. in four experiments, 25 to 80% of the initial carbon (2.6 to ...	1996	16535358
differential metabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and acrylate in saline and brackish intertidal sediments	in anoxic spartina alterniflora-dominated sediments along a naturally occuring salinity gradient (the cooper river estuary, south carolina, u.s.a.), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) was metabolized to dimethyl sulfide (dms) and acrylate by sediment microbes. the rate of dmsp degradation and acrylate mineralization by sediment microbes was similar at all sites along this 25-km transect. however, sediments amended with acrylate (or dmsp) showed significantly higher rates of n2 fixation (measured ...	1996	8661536
enhanced biodegradation of diesel fuel through the addition of particulate organic carbon and inorganic nutrients in coastal marine waters.	diesel fuel pollution in coastal waters, resulting from recreational boating and commercial shipping operations, is common and can adversely affect marine biota. the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of additions of particulate organic carbon (poc) in the form of naturally-occurring marsh grass (spartina alterniflora), inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), inert particles, and dissolved organic carbon (doc) on diesel fuel biodegradation and to attempt to formulate an effec ...	1996	8782394
lignocellulolysis by ascomycetes (fungi) of a saltmarsh grass (smooth cordgrass).	lignocellulose (lc) makes up greater than 70% of the mature shoots of the prodigiously photosynthetically productive saltmarsh grass spartina alterniflora. naturally decaying shoots of this cordgrass were examined by transmission electron microscopy (after high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution) as a means of directly detecting lysis of the lc-rich tissues. portions of the cordgrass were selected that contained ascomata (sexual reproductive structures) of only one of each of four species ...	1996	8820663
seasonal changes in the relative abundance of uncultivated sulfate-reducing bacteria in a salt marsh sediment and in the rhizosphere of spartina alterniflora.	phylogenetic diversity and community composition of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a salt marsh sediment and in the rhizosphere of spartina alterniflora were investigated. uncultivated desulfobacteriaceae family-related phylotypes were studied by selectively amplifying 16s rrna gene fragments from dna extracted from salt marsh rhizosphere samples. two novel phylotypes were retrieved from rhizosphere samples, with a01 having 89.1% sequence similarity with desulfococcus multivorans and 4d19 having 9 ...	1997	9327553
hybridization between introduced smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora; poaceae) and native california cordgrass (s. foliosa) in san francisco bay, california, usa.	introduced spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is rapidly invading intertidal mudflats in san francisco bay, california. at several sites, s. alterniflora co-occurs with native s. foliosa (california cordgrass), a species endemic to california salt marshes. in this study, random amplified polymorphic dna markers (rapds) specific to each spartina species were identified and used to test for hybridization between the native and introduced spartina species in the greenhouse and in the field. g ...	1997	21708612
the effects of herbivory on neighbor interactions along a coastal marsh gradient.	many current theories of community function are based on the assumption that disturbances such as herbivory act to reduce the importance of neighbor interactions among plants. in this study, we examined the effects of herbivory (primarily by nutria, myocastor coypus) on neighbor interactions between three dominant grasses in three coastal marsh communities, fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline. the grasses studied were panicum virgatum, spartina patens, and spartina alterniflora, which are dominan ...	1997	21708623
greater male fitness of a rare invader (spartina alterniflora, poaceae) threatens a common native (spartina foliosa) with hybridization.	hybridization with abundant invaders is a well-known threat to rare native species. our study addresses mechanisms of hybridization between a rare invader, smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) and the common native california cordgrass (s. foliosa) in the salt marshes of san francisco bay. these species are wind-pollinated and flower in summer. the invader produced 21-fold the viable pollen of the native, and 28% of invader pollen germinated on native stigmas (1.5-fold the rate of the native ...	1998	21680319
dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in spartina alterniflora1. evidence that s-methylmethionine and dimethylsulfoniopropylamine are intermediates.	the osmoprotectant 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) occurs in gramineae and compositae, but its synthesis has been studied only in the latter. the dmsp synthesis pathway was therefore investigated in the salt marsh grass spartina alterniflora loisel. leaf tissue metabolized supplied [35s]methionine (met) to s-methyl-l-met (smm), 3-dimethylsulfoniopropylamine (dmsp-amine), and dmsp. the 35s-labeling kinetics of smm and dmsp-amine indicated that they were intermediates and, consistent with this ...	1998	9576797
physiological diversity of the rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages of selected salt marsh grasses.	rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages of salt marsh grasses are thought to be influenced by host plant species and by a number of porewater geochemical parameters. several geochemical variables can adversely affect plant productivity and spatial distributions, resulting in strong zonation of plant species and growth forms. this geochemically induced stress may also influence the species compositions and distributions of rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages, but little is currently known about these o ...	1998	9797277
phylogenetic and physiological diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria isolated from a salt marsh sediment.	the phylogenetic and physiological diversity of sulphate-reducing bacteria inhabiting a salt marsh rhizosphere were investigated. sulphate-reducing bacteria were isolated from a salt marsh rhizosphere using enrichment cultures with electron donors thought to be prevalent in the rhizosphere of spartina alterniflora. the relationship between phylogeny and nutritional characteristics of 10 strains was investigated. none of the isolates had 16s rrna sequences identical to other delta subclass sulpha ...	1998	9924824
release of dimethylsulfide from dimethylsulfoniopropionate by plant-associated salt marsh fungi.	the range of types of microbes with dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) lyase capability (enzymatic release of dimethylsulfide [dms] from dmsp) has recently been expanded from bacteria and eukaryotic algae to include fungi (a species of the genus fusarium [m. k. bacic and d. c. yoch, appl. environ. microbiol. 64:106-111, 1998]). fungi (especially ascomycetes) are the predominant decomposers of shoots of smooth cordgrass, the principal grass of atlantic salt marshes of the united states. since the ...	1998	16349548
evolution of a new ecotype of spartina alterniflora (poaceae) in san francisco bay, california, usa.	we report the discovery and spread of a dwarf ecotype of spartina alterniflora in san francisco bay. relative to typical s. alterniflora, this dwarf ecotype has one-fifth the tiller height (~21 cm), tenfold the tiller density (~4000 tillers/m), and is restricted to growth in the upper intertidal zone. chromosome counts of the dwarfs are identical to typical smooth cordgrass (2n = 62), and smooth cordgrass-specific random amplified dna markers confirm the species identity of the dwarf. field-coll ...	1999	10205074
molecular phylogenetic and biogeochemical studies of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the rhizosphere of spartina alterniflora	the population composition and biogeochemistry of sulfate-reducing bacteria (srb) in the rhizosphere of the marsh grass spartina alterniflora was investigated over two growing seasons by molecular probing, enumerations of culturable srb, and measurements of so42- reduction rates and geochemical parameters. so42- reduction was rapid in marsh sediments with rates up to 3.5 &mgr;mol ml-1 day-1. rates increased greatly when plant growth began in april and decreased again when plants flowered in late ...	1999	10224021
effects of drainage and soil organic content on growth of spartina alterniflora (poaceae) in an artificial salt marsh mesocosm.	an artificial salt marsh mesocosm was constructed using 680-l polypropylene tanks to determine the effect of soil drainage depth and organic content on growth and rhizome proliferation of the salt marsh smooth cordgrass spartina alterniflora. soil drainage depth had no effect on accumulation of aerial or subsurface plant tissue, but tanks that had 2.5% soil organic content supported enhanced aerial tissue and rhizome growth compared to tanks that contained sand alone. we propose a mathematical m ...	1999	10330073
salt marsh diking and restoration: biogeochemical implications of altered wetland hydrology.	/ in salt marshes, most biomass plus large reserves of biologically important n, p, fe, and s are sequestered below ground under saline, waterlogged, and anaerobic conditions. thus, hydrologic alterations such as diking and ditch drainage that reduce salinity and increase peat aeration can cause radical changes in the composition of salt marsh soils.experimental short-term desalination and drainage of salt marsh cores in greenhouse microcosms caused spartina production to increase after one grow ...	1999	10341067
spatial and temporal assessment of diazotroph assemblage composition in vegetated salt marsh sediments using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis.	> abstract diazotroph assemblage compositions were assessed in rhizosphere sediments from the tall and short form spartina alterniflora growth zones over an annual cycle. sediment cores were collected for dna extraction and nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity assays, and porewater samples were analyzed for several chemical parameters in march, june, september, and december 1997. these data were collected to determine if within- or between-zone differences in the diazotroph assemblage comp ...	1999	10441708
extent and degree of hybridization between exotic (spartina alterniflora) and native (s. foliosa) cordgrass (poaceae) in california, usa determined by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapds).	spartina alterniflora, smooth cordgrass, native to the eastern usa, was introduced into south san francisco bay approximately 25 years ago. it has spread by purposeful introduction of rooted plants and dispersal of seeds on the tides. previous work suggested that s. alterniflora was competitively superior to the native california cordgrass, s. foliosa, and that the two species hybridized. the present study determined the spread of s. alterniflora and s. foliosa x alterniflora hybrids in californ ...	1999	10447858
ferric iron reduction by bacteria associated with the roots of freshwater and marine macrophytes.	in vitro assays of washed, excised roots revealed maximum potential ferric iron reduction rates of >100 micromol g (dry weight)(-1) day(-1) for three freshwater macrophytes and rates between 15 and 83 micromol (dry weight)(-1) day(-1) for two marine species. the rates varied with root morphology but not consistently (fine root activity exceeded smooth root activity in some but not all cases). sodium molybdate added at final concentrations of 0.2 to 20 mm did not inhibit iron reduction by roots o ...	1999	10508065
inbreeding depression in smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora, poaceae) invading san francisco bay.	the magnitude of inbreeding depression in invading plant populations is often presumed to be small and of little consequence. the purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of inbreeding depression in a pollen-limited, partially self-incompatible, invading plant population. the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression were compared among ten maternal plants sampled from a population of smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) invading san francisco bay. selfed and outcrossed progeny ...	1999	21680353
autumnal biomass and potential productivity of salt marsh fungi from 29 degrees to 43 degrees north latitude along the united states atlantic coast.	it has been established that substantial amounts of fungal mass accumulate in standing decaying smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) marshes in the southeastern united states (e.g., in standing decaying leaf blades with a total fungal organic mass that accounts for about 20% of the decay system organic mass), but it has been hypothesized that in marshes farther north this is not true. we obtained samples of autumnal standing decaying smooth cordgrass from sites in florida to maine over a 3-y ...	2000	10618221
fungal biomass in saltmarsh grass blades at two contaminated sites.	ascomycetous fungi are the principal drivers of the decomposition of shoots of smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora). shoots of smooth cordgrass move into the saltmarsh food web via the decomposition system. therefore, influences on saltmarsh ascomycetes by pollutants of saltmarshes could have far-reaching impacts. earlier examination of impacts of severe contamination of a georgia saltmarsh by mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) revealed little or no influence of the toxicants on li ...	2000	10667923
phylogenetic characterization of marine bacterium strain 2-40, a degrader of complex polysaccharides.	the marine bacterium strain 2-40 was isolated from the salt marsh cord grass, spartina alterniflora, in the chesapeake bay watershed, va, usa. it is gram-negative, requires sea salts and is a strict aerobe. it degrades numerous complex polysaccharides and synthesizes eumelanin. by 16s rdna analysis, the isolate was shown to be a member of the gamma-subclass of the proteobacteria, related to microbulbifer hydrolyticus and to a cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium.	2000	10758894
stability in natural bacterial communities: i. nutrient addition effects on rhizosphere diazotroph assemblage composition.	the ability of rhizosphere diazotrophs to remain competitive during increased nitrogen availability in situ was tested in a salt marsh grass stand. nitrogen (16.3 g m(-2)) or nitrogen (16.3 g m(-2)) and phosphorus (18.0 g m(-2)) were added to plots of short form spartina alterniflora for either 2 weeks or 8 weeks. the diazotroph assemblage composition was monitored via the polymerase chain reaction using nifh specific primers followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis. d ...	2000	10790515
stability in natural bacterial communities: ii. plant resource allocation effects on rhizosphere diazotroph assemblage composition.	plant rhizospheres are dynamic environments in which microbes compete for resources, particularly plant-derived organic carbon/energy sources. altering plant productivity changes the availability of carbon/energy resources to rhizosphere microbiota. this limitation is expected to intensify competition for the remaining carbon supply and could cause the loss of poor competitors from the assemblage. we clipped or shaded plots of the salt marsh cord grass, spartina alterniflora, to shift plant carb ...	2000	10790516
microdiversity of culturable diazotrophs from the rhizoplanes of the salt marsh grasses spartina alterniflora and juncus roemerianus.	salt marshes dominated by spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) are among the most productive ecosystems known, despite nitrogen limitation. rhizoplane/rhizosphere diazotrophy (nitrogen fixation) serves as a significant source of combined nitrogen in these systems. several recent studies have demonstrated remarkable physiological and phylogenetic macro- and microdiversity within this important functional group of organisms. however, the ecological significance of this diversity is presently u ...	2000	10833225
biochemical evidence for two novel enzymes in the biosynthesis of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate in spartina alterniflora.	3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) is an osmoprotectant accumulated by the cordgrass spartina alterniflora and other salt-tolerant plants. previous in vivo isotope tracer and metabolic modeling studies demonstrated that s. alterniflora synthesizes dmsp via the route s-methyl-met --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropylamine (dmsp-amine) --> 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde --> dmsp and indicated that the first reaction requires a far higher substrate concentration than the second to attain one-half-maxima ...	2000	10889264
molecular analysis of diazotroph diversity in the rhizosphere of the smooth cordgrass, spartina alterniflora.	n(2) fixation by diazotrophic bacteria associated with the roots of the smooth cordgrass, spartina alterniflora, is an important source of new nitrogen in many salt marsh ecosystems. however, the diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of these rhizosphere diazotrophs are unknown. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of pcr-amplified nifh sequence segments was used in previous studies to examine the stability and dynamics of the spartina rhizosphere diazotroph assemblages in the north ...	2000	10966395
persistence of selected spartina alterniflora rhizoplane diazotrophs exposed to natural and manipulated environmental variability.	rhizoplane-rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) are thought to provide a major source of biologically available nitrogen in salt marshes dominated by spartina alterniflora. compositional and functional stability has been demonstrated for this important functional group; however, the quantitative responses of specific diazotroph populations to environmental variability have not been assessed. changes in the relative abundances of selected rhizoplane diazotrophs in response to ...	2000	11055903
identification and characterization of humic substances-degrading bacterial isolates from an estuarine environment.	bacterial isolates were obtained from enrichment cultures containing humic substances extracted from estuarine water using an xad-8 resin. eighteen isolates were chosen for phylogenetic and physiological characterization based on numerical importance in serial dilutions of the enrichment culture and unique colony morphology. partial sequences of the 16s rrna genes indicated that six of the isolates were associated with the alpha subclass of proteobacteria, three with the gamma-proteobacteria, an ...	2000	11102687
wetland plant seedlings as indicators of near-coastal sediment quality: interspecific variation.	the toxicities of whole sediments collected from an urbanized florida bayou-estuary were determined for the epibenthic mysid, mysidopsis bahia, and the infaunal amphipod, ampelisca abdita. in addition, the phytotoxicities of the same sediments were evaluated using rooted macrophytes, scirpus robustus pursh and spartina alterniflora loisel. the results of the 24 bioassays conducted for 7-28 days, were compared for interspecific differences. toxicity to the benthic invertebrate species was predict ...	2000	11460746
molecular investigations in populations of spartina anglica c.e. hubbard (poaceae) invading coastal brittany (france).	spartina anglica is a classical example of recent alloploid speciation. it arose during the end of the nineteenth century in england by hybridization between the indigenous spartina maritima and the introduced east-american spartina alterniflora. duplication of the hybrid genome (spartina x townsendii) gave rise to a vigorous allopolyploid involved in natural and artificial invasions on different continents. spartina anglica was first recorded in france in 1906, and since then, it has spread all ...	2001	11472537
recovery and phylogenetic analysis of nifh sequences from diazotrophic bacteria associated with dead aboveground biomass of spartina alterniflora.	dna was extracted from dry standing dead spartina alterniflora stalks as well as dry spartina wrack from the north inlet (south carolina) and sapelo island (georgia) salt marshes. partial nifh sequences were pcr amplified, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge), and the prominent dgge bands were sequenced. most sequences (109 of 121) clustered with those from alpha-proteobacteria, and 4 were very similar (>99%) to that of azospirillum brasilense. seven sequ ...	2001	11679360
lead uptake, distribution, and effects in two dominant salt marsh macrophytes, spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) and phragmites australis (common reed).	we examined biomass accumulation, tissue concentrations of lead (pb), and net uptake of pb in phragmites australis (common reed) and spartina alterniflora (salt cord grass) grown under greenhouse conditions in sediment of different pb concentrations. sediment and newly emerged ramets of each plant species were collected in april 1999 from tuckerton, nj, a relatively clean salt marsh. one-gallon pots were filled with either control sediment (29 microg g(-1) pb) or pb-added sediment (68 microg g(- ...	2001	11693635
diversity of the ring-cleaving dioxygenase gene pcah in a salt marsh bacterial community.	degradation of lignin-related aromatic compounds is an important ecological process in the highly productive salt marshes of the southeastern united states, yet little is known about the mediating organisms or their catabolic pathways. here we report the diversity of a gene encoding a key ring-cleaving enzyme of the beta-ketoadipate pathway, pcah, amplified from bacterial communities associated with decaying spartina alterniflora, the salt marsh grass that dominates these coastal systems, as wel ...	2001	11722937
rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise.	the distribution of new england salt marsh communities is intrinsically linked to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of tidal inundation. cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) exclusively inhabits the frequently flooded lower elevations, whereas a mosaic of marsh hay (spartina patens), spike grass (distichlis spicata), and black rush (juncus gerardi) typically dominate higher elevations. monitoring plant zonal boundaries in two new england salt marshes revealed that low-marsh cordgrass rapidly m ...	2001	11724926
physiological diversity of rhizoplane diazotrophs of the saltmeadow cordgrass, spartina patens: implications for host specific ecotypes.	diazotrophic bacteria are important contributors to salt marsh productivity, but the biotic and abiotic factors that influence their distributions and function and the extent of their diversity cannot be understood in the absence of physiological information. here we examine the physiological diversity and distribution patterns of diazotrophic bacteria associated with the rhizoplane of the saltmeadow cordgrass, spartina patens, in comparison with diazotrophs from other intertidal grasses (tall a ...	2001	12024271
the effect of mercury and pcbs on organisms from lower trophic levels of a georgia salt marsh.	we examined several indicators of salt marsh function, focusing on primary producers, microbes, and grass shrimp, at a superfund site (lcp) contaminated with mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and a reference site (cross-river) in georgia. primary production of spartina alterniflora was assessed by measuring peroxidase activity (pod), glutathione concentration (tgsh), photosynthesis (a(net)), and transpiration (e). microbial populations were assessed by measuring living-fungal standing ...	2001	11116336
the relevance of rooted vascular plants as indicators of estuarine sediment quality.	toxicity assessments and numerical quality assessment guidelines for estuarine sediments are rarely based on information for aquatic plants. the effect of this lack of information on contaminated sediment toxicity evaluations is largely unknown. for this reason, the toxicities of whole sediments collected from 15 sites in three urbanized florida bayou-estuaries were determined for the benthic invertebrates mysidopsis bahia and ampelisca abdita and the plants scirpus robustus pursh (saltmarsh bul ...	2001	11116338
phylogenetic analysis of culturable dimethyl sulfide-producing bacteria from a spartina-dominated salt marsh and estuarine water.	dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp), an abundant osmoprotectant found in marine algae and salt marsh cordgrass, can be metabolized to dimethyl sulfide (dms) and acrylate by microbes having the enzyme dmsp lyase. a suite of dms-producing bacteria isolated from a salt marsh and adjacent estuarine water on dmsp agar plates differed markedly from the pelagic strains currently in culture. while many of the salt marsh and estuarine isolates produced dms and methanethiol from methionine and dimethyl sulf ...	2001	11229912
recovery and analysis of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase gene sequences from natural populations of acetogenic bacteria.	primers for pcr amplification of partial (1,102 of 1,680 bp) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fthfs) gene sequences were developed and tested. partial fthfs sequences were successfully amplified from dna from pure cultures of known acetogens, from other fthfs-producing organisms, from the roots of the smooth cordgrass, spartina alterniflora, and from fresh horse manure. the amplimers recovered were cloned, their nucleotide sequences were determined, and their translated amino acid sequences we ...	2001	11229939
long-term fate of glyphosate associated with repeated rodeo applications to control smooth cordgrass (spartina alterniflora) in willapa bay, washington.	cordgrasses (spartina sp.) are exotic, invasive species that threaten to degrade the intertidal zones of estuaries along the west coast of north america. integrated pest management (ipm) strategies primarily focus on the use of aerial and ground applications of rodeo in conjunction with mowing, but ipm treatments over multiple years usually are necessary to control spartina. although information exists regarding the short-term fate and effects to marine biota of a single rodeo application to con ...	2001	11243319
habitat-related predation on juvenile wild-caught and hatchery-reared red drum sciaenops ocellatus (linnaeus).	we examined the patterns of habitat-specific mortality for newly settled red drum (sciaenops ocellatus) using an experimental mesocosm approach. experiments were designed to analyze prey vulnerability and fish rearing-type (wild-caught or hatchery-reared) in estuarine habitats of varying structural complexity including marsh (spartina alterniflora loisel), oyster reef (crassostrea virginica gmelin), seagrass (halodule wrightii aschers), and nonvegetated sand bottom. we used two different predato ...	2001	11358569
seasonal and topographic variations in porewaters of a southeastern usa salt marsh as revealed by voltammetric profilingdagger.	we report electrochemical profiles from unvegetated surficial sediments of a georgia salt marsh. in creek bank sediments, the absence of sigma h2s or fesaq and the presence of fe(iii)-organic complexes suggest that mn and fe reduction dominates over at least the top ca. 5 cm of the sediment column, consistent with other recent results. in unvegetated flats, accumulation of sigma h2s indicates that so42- reduction dominates over the same depth. a summer release of dissolved organic species from t ...	2001	16759419
origin and genetic diversity of spartina anglica (poaceae) using nuclear dna markers.	spartina alterniflora, introduced into the uk in the 1800s, was the seed parent in an interspecific hybridization with s. maritima. the sterile f1 hybrid s. +ùtownsendii gave rise to the fertile allopolyploid s. anglica by chromosomal doubling. previous chromosome, isozyme, and cpdna surveys did not reveal notable genetic variation within either the parental or the hybrid species. we used nuclear dna markers (random amplified polymorphic dna ([rapd]) and inter-simple sequence repeats (issr) to f ...	2001	21669619
molecular diversity of diazotrophs in oligotrophic tropical seagrass bed communities.	denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) was employed to resolve pcr-amplified nifh sequences from vegetated and unvegetated sediments from two oligotrophic seagrass bed sites on san salvador island, bahamas, in order to assess diazotroph species composition. all dgge profiles from these sites showed the same prominent bands. these bands were sequenced, yielding 67 different nifh sequences, which were used in phylogenetic reconstructions. most sequences were from anaerobes, but some were a ...	2002	19709190
analysis of internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of rrna genes in fungal communities in a southeastern u.s. salt marsh.	the ascomycete community colonizing decaying spartina alterniflora blades in a southeastern u.s. salt marsh was characterized by analysis of internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of fungal rrna genes. its sequences were amplified with ascomycete-specific primers from dna extracted from s. alterniflora blades at two stages of decay (early and late) and were identified based on sequence analysis of a companion ascomycete culture collection. the s. alterniflora its libraries were dominated by c ...	2002	12037611
fate of tributyltin in a created tidal wetland.	the ability of spartina alterniflora to degrade tributyltin (tbt) in contaminated dredge spoils was investigated in a created wetland at little creek naval amphibious base in norfolk, virginia, usa. concentrations of tbt up to 250 ng/g did not inhibit s. alterniflora growth over a 16-month period. disappearance rates of tbt in vegetated and unvegetated treatments were similar, with half-lives of 300 to 330 d. disappearance rates were not constant, but they were correlated to temperature changes ...	2002	12069300
imidacloprid residues in willapa bay (washington state) water and sediment following application for control of burrowing shrimp.	pesticides have been used in the willapa bay estuary in western washington state to control the exotic invasive plant species spartina alterniflora (cordgrass) and the native species of burrowing shrimp (callianassa sp.; upogebia sp.) that affect oyster production. carbaryl, the only registered insecticide for control of burrowing shrimp, has not been extensively studied in the willapa bay. however, carbaryl use has been severely restricted, and alternatives likely to have less severe environmen ...	2002	12105979
retrotransposons and genomic stability in populations of the young allopolyploid species spartina anglica c.e. hubbard (poaceae).	spartina x townsendii arose during the end of the 19th century in england by hybridization between the indigenous spartina maritima and the introduced spartina alterniflora, native to the eastern seaboard of north america. duplication of the hybrid genome gave rise to spartina anglica, a vigorous allopolyploid involved in natural and artificial invasions on several continents. this system allows investigation of the early evolutionary changes that accompany stabilization of new allopolyploid spe ...	2002	12140233
the dose-response relationship between no. 2 fuel oil and the growth of the salt marsh grass, spartina alterniflora.	the effect of no. 2 fuel oil on the biomass production of the salt marsh plant, spartina alterniflora, was studied in a greenhouse dose-response experiment. s. alterniflora were transplanted into soil with 10 dosage levels of no. 2 fuel oil ranging from 0 to 456 mg g(-1) dry soil. three months after transplantation, values for plant biomass, stem density, and shoot height decreased significantly with increasing fuel oil level in a dose-response fashion. evapo-transpiration rates were correlated ...	2002	12405214
release into the environment of metals by two vascular salt marsh plants.	metals in contaminated salt marshes are mainly locked in the anaerobic layer of sediments, where they are tightly bound as sulfides and organic complexes. vascular plants survive in saturated soils in part by pumping o2 into their root zones, changing their microenvironment to an oxic one. this, along with chelating exudates, mobilizes metals, allowing uptake by the roots. we compared the common reed phragmites australis and cordgrass spartina alterniflora in lab and field studies for ways in wh ...	2002	12408582
the impact of ozone on a salt marsh cordgrass (spartina alterniflora).	spartina alterniflora plants were collected from salt marshes within new jersey, south carolina, and georgia usa and shipped to the pennsylvania state university. new plants were grown from rhizomes in six open-top field chambers. three chambers received charcoal-filtered air, and three received charcoal-filtered air plus 80 ppb ozone, 8 h/day for 65 days. flower, leaf, and shoot number per plant were recorded weekly. photosynthetic rates were measured in week 5, and foliar injury was assessed d ...	2002	12442793
comparison of benthic invertebrate assemblages at spartina alterniflora marshes reestablished after an oil spill and existing marshes in the arthur kill (ny/nj).	in january 1990, an oil spill damaged salt marshes along the banks of the arthur kill (new york and new jersey, usa). in the years following the spill, spartina alterniflora seedlings were planted at a number of the oil damaged sites and successfully reestablished at these sites. in 1996, the national marine fisheries service began a study to compare the benthic invertebrate assemblages at the reestablished s. alterniflora marshes to those at nearby existing marshes in the arthur kill. oligochae ...	2002	12474971
differentiation of plasmids in marine diazotroph assemblages determined by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis.	nitrogen fixation by diazotrophic bacteria is a significant source of new nitrogen in salt marsh ecosystems. recent studies have characterized the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of oxygen-utilizing diazotrophs isolated from the rhizoplanes of spatially separated intertidal macrophyte habitats. however, there is a paucity of information regarding the traits encoded by and the diversity of plasmids occurring in this key ecological functional group. five-hundred and twenty-one isolates cu ...	2002	11782510