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structural studies on the o-antigen of aeromonas salmonicida.lipopolysaccharide from a strain of aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida was isolated from cells by the aqueous phenol method in 2.3% yield (based on dry weight of bacteria). hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide in 1% acetic acid afforded o-polysaccharide (19% by weight), core-oligosaccharide (12.2%) and lipid a (44.6%). analysis indicated that 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid was absent from the lipopolysaccharide and that no low-molecular-weight compounds were released by the mild hydrolysis. t ...19836188611
isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from masu salmon in the republic of korea.the isolation and identification of the gram-negative fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida, from masu salmon (oncorhynchus masou) at the yang yang salmon hatchery in the republic of korea is described. the bacterium possessed certain characteristics in common with isolates from fish in japan. it is an important cause of mortality among cultured salmonids in the republic of korea. this is the first report of this fish pathogen from the asian mainland.19883373645
evidence against dormancy in the bacterial fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.results indicate that a. salmonicida does not enter an unculturable dormant state. the resuscitation of dormant cells by nutrient broth described by previous workers appears to be due to the presence of small numbers of viable, culturable cells too few to be detected by the sampling protocol employed.19902332152
survival of aeromonas salmonicida in lake water.the survival of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in lake water was investigated by using a variety of techniques. they included acridine orange epifluorescence, respiration, cell culture, cell revival, flow cytometry, plasmid maintenance, and membrane fatty acid analysis. during a 21-day study, a. salmonicida became nonculturable in sterile lake water samples. flow cytometry and direct microscopy indicated that cells were present. although the nonculturable cells could not be revived, th ...19911872606
temperature-dependent in vitro antimicrobial activity of four 4-quinolones and oxytetracycline against bacteria pathogenic to fish.the in vitro antimicrobial activities of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline against strains of bacteria pathogenic to fish (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, atypical a. salmonicida, vibrio salmonicida, vibrio anguillarum, and yersinia ruckeri) were determined at two different incubation temperatures, 4 and 15 degrees c, by a drug microdilution method. the main objective of the study was to examine the effect of incubation temperature on the in vit ...19921416857
non-culturable aeromonas salmonicida in lake water.the survival of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was investigated in lake water. during a 21-day study a. salmonicida became non-culturable in sterile lake water held at 10 degrees c. the incubation of replicate samples between 5 degrees c and 25 degrees c produced similar results. the recovery of colony-forming units of a. salmonicida from different lake water systems indicated that they survived longer in water that was naturally enriched (eutrophic) or enriched with tryptone soya brot ...19921342635
survival of nonculturable aeromonas salmonicida in lake water.the survival of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was investigated in sterile and untreated lake water. in sterile lake water (filtered and autoclaved), it was found that cells of a. salmonicida entered a nonculturable but viable condition. viability was determined by flow cytometry with the dye rhodamine 123, which is taken up and maintained within cells with a membrane potential. for survival studies in untreated lake water, a. salmonicida was marked with the xyle gene by using the plas ...19938481011
a comparison of the amino acid sequence of the serine protease of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida with those of other subtilisin-type enzymes relative to their substrate-binding sites.the amino acid sequence of the so-called 70 kda (actually 64 kda) serine protease secreted by the gram-negative fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida has been determined. it shows a high degree of homology with the complete sequence of other bacterial serine proteases which, with molecular masses of approximately 30 kda, are less than half its size. this homology is particularly marked in regions adjacent to the catalytic triad asp32, his64 and ser221 of subtilisin bpn'. significant features of th ...19938436946
characterization of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: a comparative study of strains of different geographic origin.a total of 130 strains of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida isolated in denmark, norway, scotland, canada and the usa were examined. the strains originated from farmed salmonid fish. the biochemical, physiological and serological characteristics, antibiotic resistance patterns and cell surface-related properties were compared. aeromonas salmonicida was found to be remarkably consistent in general cultural and biochemical characteristics. it is noteworthy that the strains were positive in t ...19947928780
transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments.plasmids harboring multiple antimicrobial-resistance determinants (r plasmids) were transferred in simulated natural microenvironments from various bacterial pathogens of human, animal, or fish origin to susceptible strains isolated from a different ecological niche. r plasmids in a strain of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor and a bovine escherichia coli strain were conjugated to a susceptible strain of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in marine ...199411865872
rapd analysis of aeromonas salmonicida and aeromonas hydrophila.the randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to analyse the genetic differentiation of 13 strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and seven strains of aer. hydrophila. reproducible profiles of genomic dna fingerprints were generated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using a single randomly designed primer. the rapd profiles of all the non-motile aeromonads, aer. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were identical. however, profiles of the motile aeromonads, aer. hydro ...19957592114
vaccination in european salmonid aquaculture: a review of practices and prospects.disease control by vaccination is widely used in european salmonid aquaculture against vibriosis (vibrio anguillarum), cold-water vibriosis (vibrio salmonicida), yersiniosis or enteric redmouth disease (yersinia ruckeri) and furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida). the vaccines against the vibrio spp. and y. ruckeri have proven effective especially when administered by injection. furunculosis vaccines have been less successful and have relied on combination with potent adjuvants ...19957735870
phenotypic and molecular characteristics of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated in southern and northern finland.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida causes outbreaks of furunculosis in salmonid fish. furunculosis was first detected in finland in 1986 on fish farms located on the finnish coast of the bothnian bay. molecular methods, sds-page, ribotyping, randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and plasmid profile analysis as well as phenotypic characteristics (biochemical characteristics, maximum growth temperature, pigment and elastase production) were used both for typing the strains and to study t ...19957665387
in vivo production of a-protein, lipopolysaccharide, iron-regulated outer membrane proteins and 70-kda serine protease by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.using specific immunostaining of western blots, the in vivo expression of several putative virulence factors of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was demonstrated in infected muscle tissue of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. three virulent isolates of a. salmonicida were used. one isolate was chosen because in vitro it was apparently a non-producer of the 70-kda serine protease. infected furuncle tissue was centrifuged and samples of the pellet and supernatant probed for evidence that t ...19979141656
haemorrhagic septicaemia by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in a black-tip reef shark (carcharhinus melanopterus).one black-tip reef shark (carcharhinus melanopterus) was found dead without previous signs of disease. major lesions consisted in cutaneous erythema, mainly at the base of the fins, focal to diffuse inflammatory lesions in gills and intestinal wall, and discrete haemorrhages in the same organs, liver and kidneys. microcolonies of gram-negative rods were observed in the lamina propia of gills, underneath the intestinal mucosa and randomly distributed in the renal and hepatic parenchymas. also, em ...19989780832
siderophore production by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. lack of strain specificity.siderophore production, presence of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins and siderophore specificity was determined among 17 isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida obtained from spain and scotland. all grew in the presence of ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (edda) and siderophore production was detected using chrome azurol s (cas) agar, confirming the presence of a high-affinity siderophore iron-uptake mechanism. the arnow test confirmed that all isolates produced ...19989684314
sialic acid-binding lectin with antibacterial activity from the horse mussel: further characterization and immunolocalization.a heterogeneous sialic acid-binding lectin with affinity for bacterial lps was isolated and partially characterized from hemolymph of the horse mussel modiolus modiolus.(1) using two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized ph gradients, the lectin revealed three subunits with different molecular weight and isoelectric points (pi); mr14 (pi approximately 5.1 and approximately 5.5), 17.5 (pi approximately 5.5) and 20 (pi approximately 4.9) kda. the affinity purified lectin existed in its nati ...19989639084
peroxide-inducible catalase in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida protects against exogenous hydrogen peroxide and killing by activated rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss l., macrophages.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida expresses a single cytoplasmically located catalase which was found to be inducible by exposure to 20 microm hydrogen peroxide in mid-exponential phase resulting in a 4 fold increase in activity. subsequent exposure to 2 mm peroxide in late-exponential/early-stationary phase resulted in further induction of catalase activity which increased to 20 fold higher levels than those found in uninduced cultures. exponentially induced cultures were protected again ...199910089155
efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, for the treatment of furunculosis in atlantic salmon salmo salar held in seawater.this study was performed to determine the efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in the treatment of experimental induced furunculosis in atlantic salmon salmo salar held in seawater. two strains of the causative bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, 1 sensitive (vi-88/09/03175) and 1 resistant (3475/90) to oxolinic acid, were used. in 2 trials, cohabitational challenges were performed by introducing 8 fish challenged in advance by an ...199910439903
bath exposure of atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.) yolk sac larvae to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps): absorption and distribution of the lps and effect on fish survival.radiolabelled bacterial lipopolysaccharide (3h-lps) obtained from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was added to the petri dishes containing yolk sac larvae of atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus l.). the larvae were exposed either to 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 micrograms 3h-lps ml-1. the uptake was both dependent on the lps concentration and the time of exposure. after 5 days of exposure, each larva contained 1.8-7.4 ng 3h-lps dependent on the initial concentration. after 10 days ...200010938728
functional tn5393-like transposon in the r plasmid pras2 from the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida isolated in norway.tn5393c containing stra-strb was identified as part of r plasmid pras2 from the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. this is the first time an intact and active transposon in the tn5393 family has been reported in an ecological niche other than an agricultural habitat.200011097945
identification and characterization of carnobacteria associated with the gills of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.).using the surface plate technique, the population level of aerobic bacteria, occurring in the gills of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), was determined to be approximately 3 x 10(4) g(-1). of 100 isolates investigated, 58 were gram-negative. out of the 42 gram-positive isolates, 26 belonged to the carnobacteria, of which ten were further identified on the basis of 16s rdna sequence analysis and aflp fingerprinting. all were identified as carnobacterium piscicola-like. these carnobacteria strains ...200011249022
class 1 integrons mediate antibiotic resistance in the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida worldwide.the presence of class 1 integrons was investigated in 38 sulfonamide-resistant strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, atypical a. salmonicida and escherichia coli conjugants with r plasmids originating from a. salmonicida. the strains originated from finland, france, japan, norway, scotland, switzerland, and the united states. additional resistance determinants in strains with class 1 integrons were also determined. of 21 strains containing a class 1 integron, 19 had a single gene ...200111759088
evidence for a type iii secretion system in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiological agent of furunculosis, is an important fish pathogen. we have screened this bacterium with a broad-host-range probe directed against yscv, the gene that encodes the archetype of a highly conserved family of inner membrane proteins found in every known type iii secretion system. this has led to the identification of seven open reading frames that encode homologues to proteins functioning within the type iii secretion systems of yersinia sp ...200212374830
characterization of carnobacterium divergens strain 6251 isolated from intestine of arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus l.).an atypical strain of carnobacterium divergens, strain 6251, was isolated from the small intestine of arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus l.), fed high dietary carbohydrate. this strain showed marked growth inhibitory effects in vitro against the fish pathogens aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (furunculosis), vibrio anguillarum (vibriosis) and vibrio viscocus (winter ulcer). the strain is a non-motile gram-positive psychrotrophic rod that lacks both catalase and oxidase, grows at ph 9.1 (ct ...200212086178
characterization of an adp-ribosyltransferase toxin (aext) from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.an adp-ribosylating toxin named aeromonas salmonicida exoenzyme t (aext) in a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiological agent of furunculosis in fish, was characterized. gene aext, encoding toxin aext, was cloned and characterized by sequence analysis. aext shows significant sequence similarity to the exos and exot exotoxins of pseudomonas aeruginosa and to the yope cytotoxin of different yersinia species. the aext gene was detected in all of the 12 a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strai ...200211889090
three small, cryptic plasmids from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a449.the nucleotide sequences of three small (5.2-5.6 kb) plasmids from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a449 are described. two of the plasmids (pasa1 and pasa3) use a cole2-type replication mechanism while the third (pasa2) is a cole1-type replicon. insertions in the rep protein and oriv region of the cole2-type plasmids provide subtle differences that allow them to be maintained compatibly. all three plasmids carry genes for mobilization (mobabcd), but transfer genes are absent and are pre ...200312932739
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aquatic bacteria: quality control disk diffusion ranges for escherichia coli atcc 25922 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc 33658 at 22 and 28 degrees c.quality control (qc) ranges for disk diffusion susceptibility testing of aquatic bacterial isolates were proposed as a result of a multilaboratory study conducted according to procedures established by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls). ranges were proposed for escherichia coli atcc 25922 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc 33658 at 22 and 28 degrees c for nine different antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, gentam ...200312958263
type iii secretion genes in aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida are located on a large thermolabile virulence plasmid.type iii secretion genes in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida are located on a large plasmid of approximately 140 kb. cultivation of this organism at elevated temperatures such as 25 degrees c can, however, result in loss of this plasmid. this is accompanied by a loss of virulence for cultured fish cells.200312904401
molecular characterization and quantitative analysis of superoxide dismutases in virulent and avirulent strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a facultatively intracellular gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a bacterial septicemia of salmonids that causes significant economic loss to the salmon farming industry. the mechanisms by which a. salmonicida evades intracellular killing may be relevant in understanding virulence and the eventual design of appropriate treatment strategies for furunculosis. we have identified two open reading frames (orfs) and relate ...200312867441
removal of fish pathogenic bacteria in biological sand filters.documentation is required to evaluate the use of infiltration systems as an alternative method for removal of fish pathogenic bacteria in wastewater from fish-farms. this study was performed to investigate the removal of bacterial fish pathogens in biological sand filters. a second aim of the study was to evaluate the bacteria used in the study in order to find a suitable model organism for future experiments. low-strength wastewater from an inland freshwater salmonid farm was intermittently loa ...200312753839
association of type iii secretion genes with virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida possesses a number of potential virulence factors, including a recently identified plasmid-encoded type iii secretion system. a number of field isolates of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were examined for the presence of type iii secretion genes. using in vitro experiments, it was found that field isolates containing such genes are cytotoxic to fish cell lines, whereas those that lack these genes are not. using a rainbow trout in vivo model, the virule ...200314735937
the adp-ribosylating toxin, aext, from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is translocated via a type iii secretion pathway.aext is an extracellular adp ribosyltransferase produced by the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. the protein is secreted by the bacterium via a recently identified type iii secretion system. in this study, we have identified a further 12 open reading frames that possess high homology to genes encoding both structural and regulatory components of the yersinia type iii secretion apparatus. using marker replacement mutagenesis of aopb, the a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ho ...200314594831
in vitro inhibition of microbial flora of fish by nisin and lactoperoxidase system.to test the antimicrobial effects of nisin and lactoperoxidase system (lp system) against sardines flora. this study is part of a programme designed to investigate the preservability of fish using these inhibitors as potential biopreservatives.200414687217
differential proteomic analysis of aeromonas salmonicida outer membrane proteins in response to low iron and in vivo growth conditions.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a serious infectious disease of salmonids. bacterial phenotypes are known to change in vivo compared to the in vitro state. proteomic analysis of in vivo phenotypes is usually not possible due to insufficient biomass. using an in vivo growth chamber model, the pathogenic fish bacterium a. salmonicida was cultured in pure culture in vivo in its host, the atlantic salmon, to obtain sufficient biomass to allow proteo ...200415048988
simultaneous detection of marine fish pathogens by using multiplex pcr and a dna microarray.we coupled multiplex pcr and a dna microarray to construct an assay suitable for the simultaneous detection of five important marine fish pathogens (vibrio vulnificus, listonella anguillarum, photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and vibrio parahaemolyticus). the array was composed of nine short oligonucleotide probes (25-mer) complementary to seven chromosomal loci (cyt, rpon, gyrb, toxr, urec, dly, and vapa) and two plasmid-borne loci (fata and a.sa ...200415070982
influence of chronic exposure to treated sewage effluent on the distribution of white blood cell populations in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen.impairment of immune function in aquatic animals has been proposed as a possible consequence of low-level contamination of surface waters with anthropogenic substances such as through the discharge of wastewater into rivers, lakes, and oceans. the study at hand investigated the effects of chronic (32 weeks) exposure to sewage treatment plant (stp) effluent on the prevalence and distribution of different leucocyte populations in spleen samples of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). to simulate a ...200415310861
effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).in this study, the immune reactions of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined, after exposure to 10, 30 and 70% of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for 27 days. exposures were conducted concurrently with and without an immune challenge using intraperitoneal injections of inactivated aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. due to the time required to prepare and analyse samples, fish sampling was conducted over two consecutive days. there was no trout mortality for any of the expe ...200415588644
attenuated virulence of an aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type iii secretion mutant in a rainbow trout model.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a severe systemic disease affecting salmonid fish. this bacterium contains a type iii protein secretion system that is responsible for the secretion and translocation of the adp-ribosylating toxin, aext, into the cytosol of fish cells. this study showed that inactivation of the type iii secretion system by marker-replacement mutagenesis of the gene ascv, which encodes an inner-membrane component of the type iii secr ...200515942017
metabolic changes in atlantic salmon exposed to aeromonas salmonicida detected by 1h-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma.1h-nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance)-based chemometric methods have been applied for the first time to investigate changes in the plasma metabolite profiles of atlantic salmon salmo salar as a result of exposure to aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis. plasma samples were obtained from salmon that survived 21 d post exposure to a. salmonicida, and from a control group maintained under similar conditions. 1d 1h-nmr spectr ...200516060263
identification of the major outer membrane proteins of aeromonas salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a serious infectious disease of salmonids. aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous waterborne bacteria responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases among aquatic organisms and humans. bacterial outer membrane proteins (omps) play a significant role in virulence as they comprise the outermost surface in contact with host cells and immune defense factors. to identify the major omps of a. salmo ...200516465831
bacterial vaccines for fish--an update of the current situation worldwide.during the last few years, the use of vaccines for disease prevention in aquaculture has expanded both with regard to the number of fish species and number of microbial diseases. according to the responses to a questionnaire received from 41 countries, vaccination is used in the commercial aquaculture of species like atlantic salmon (salmo salar), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (sparus aurata), barramundi (lates calcarifer), tilapia (tilapia spp), ...200515962470
standardization of a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations of aquatic bacteria.a multiple laboratory study was conducted in accordance with the standards established by the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi), formerly the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls), for the development of quality control (qc) ranges using dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for bacterial isolates from aquatic animal species. qc ranges were established for escherichia coli atcc 25922 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc 33658 w ...200515997819
structural studies of the core region of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide.the core oligosaccharide structure of the in vivo derived rough phenotype of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was investigated by a combination of compositional, methylation, ce-ms and one- and two-dimensional nmr analyses and established as the following: [carbohydrate: see text] where r=alpha-d-galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-galpnac-(1--> or alpha-d-galp-(1--> (approx. ratio 4:3). comparative ce-ms analysis of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida core oligosaccharides from strains a449, 80204-1 and ...200616297894
expression of and secretion through the aeromonas salmonicida type iii secretion system.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the aetiological agent of furunculosis, a disease of farmed and wild salmonids. the type iii secretion system (ttss) is one of the primary virulence factors in a. salmonicida. using a combination of differential proteomic analysis and reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr, it is shown that a. salmonicida a449 induces the expression of ttss proteins at 28 degrees c, but not at its more natural growth temperature of 17 degrees c. more modest increases in expres ...200616622045
contribution of the type iii secretion system (ttss) to virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.the recently described type iii secretion system (ttss) of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been linked to virulence in salmonids. in this study, three ttss effector genes, aext, aoph or aopo, were inactivated by deletion, as was ascc, the gene encoding the outer-membrane pore of the secretion apparatus. effects on virulence were assayed by live challenge of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the deltaascc mutant strain was avirulent by both intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and immersion ...200616735747
aopp, a type iii effector protein of aeromonas salmonicida, inhibits the nf-kappab signalling pathway.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida contains a functional type iii secretion system that is responsible for the secretion of the adp-ribosylating toxin aext. in this study, the authors identified aopp as a second effector protein secreted by this system. the aopp gene was detected in both typical and atypical a. salmonicida isolates and was found to be encoded on a small plasmid of approximately 6.4 kb. sequence analysis indicates that aopp is a member of the yopj family of effector protein ...200616946275
structural characterization of the lipid a region of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide.the lipid a components of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida from strains a449, 80204-1 and an in vivo rough isolate were isolated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide. structural studies carried out by a combination of fatty acid, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed that the structure of lipid a was conserved among different isolates of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. all analyzed strains contained three major lipid a ...200617049500
characterization of twin toll-like receptors from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): evolutionary relationship and induced expression by aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida.structure and function of factors contributing to the innate immune system of lower vertebrates, including fish are only sparsely characterized. we retrieved with rt-pcr cdna copies of two closely related toll-like receptors (tlr) from liver rna of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the cdna sequences are homologous to 95.6%. the phylogenetic analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences places these twin factors closely to other known tlrs from fish. the twin factors are equally expresse ...200717070576
probiotic properties of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract.one strain of lactobacillus salivarius, two strains of lactobacillus reuteri and lactobacillus amylovorus, and two strains of bifidobacterium thermacidophilum with antagonistic effect against clostridium perfringens were isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. isolates were assayed for their ability to survive in synthetic gastric juice at ph 2.5 and were examined for their ability to grow on agar plate containing porcine bile extract. there was a large variation in the survival of the iso ...200717136367
bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. these immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. in this study, ...200717383895
isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus) with furuncle-like lesions in lake ontario.for the past six decades, parasitic sea lampreys (petromyzon marinus) have caused devastating losses to salmonid fisheries in the great lakes. to reduce the number of sea lampreys, the great lakes fishery commission began a large-scale program based on trapping male sea lampreys, sterilizing them, and releasing sterile males back into streams to compete with fertile males for spawning females. the transfer of lampreys among lakes can potentially lead to the transfer of various pathogens, and thi ...200717984256
in vitro studies of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) foregut: tissue responses and evidence of protection against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida epithelial damage.probiotic bacteria increase the host health status and protect mucosal tissue against pathogen-caused damage in mammalian models. using an in vitro (intestinal sac) method this study aimed to address (a) the in vitro ability of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis to remain in the gastrointestinal tract of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and (b) its ability to prevent cellular damage caused by successive incubation with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the causative agent of furuncul ...200818054448
contribution of type iv pili to the virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.).aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen of atlantic salmon, has no visible pili, yet its genome contains genes for three type iv pilus systems. one system, tap, is similar to the pseudomonas aeruginosa pil system, and a second, flp, resembles the actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans flp pilus, while the third has homology to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pilus of vibrio cholerae. the latter system is likely nonfunctional since eight genes, including the gene encoding ...200818212071
identification of siderophore biosynthesis genes essential for growth of aeromonas salmonicida under iron limitation conditions.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiological agent of furunculosis in fish, produces a catechol-type siderophore under iron-limiting conditions. in this study, the fur titration assay (furta) was used to identify a cluster of six genes, asbg, asbf, asbd, asbc, asbb, and asbi, encoding proteins similar to components of the siderophore biosynthetic machinery in other bacteria. reverse transcriptase pcr analyses showed that this cluster consists of four iron-regulated transcriptional u ...200818296539
transferable, multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in atlantic canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is associated with carriage of an inca/c plasmid similar to the salmonella enterica plasmid psn254.the aim of this study was to examine the molecular basis for multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.200818375380
distribution of small plasmids in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains isolated from nw spain and portugal: evidence of clonality in strains isolated from turbot, psetta maxima (l.). 200818471103
identification of heme uptake genes in the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in fish, can use heme as the sole iron source. we applied the fur titration assay to isolate a cluster including six genes hutazxbcd that showed similarity to heme uptake genes of other gram-negative bacteria, and three genes orf123 of unknown function. the spatial organization of these nine genes, arranged in five transcriptional units, was similar to that of a homologous cluster in a. hydrophila. when a tonb system w ...200818535817
surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006.the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ...200818786028
insight into the plasmid metagenome of wastewater treatment plant bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology.wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) are a reservoir for bacteria harbouring antibiotic resistance plasmids. to get a comprehensive overview on the plasmid metagenome of wwtp bacteria showing reduced susceptibility to certain antimicrobial drugs an ultrafast sequencing approach applying the 454-technology was carried out. one run on the gs 20 system yielded 346,427 reads with an average read length of 104 bases resulting in a total of 36,071,493 bases sequence data. the obtained plasmid metagenom ...200818586057
the genome of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a449: insights into the evolution of a fish pathogen.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of furunculosis, a bacterial septicaemia of salmonid fish. while other species of aeromonas are opportunistic pathogens or are found in commensal or symbiotic relationships with animal hosts, a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida causes disease in healthy fish. the genome sequence of a. salmonicida was determined to provide a better understanding of the virulence factors used by this pathogen to infect ...200818801193
development of multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of five bacterial fish pathogens.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of the five major fish pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, flavobacterium columnare, renibacterium salmoninarum, and yersinia ruckeri. each of the five pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted gene of the specific microorganism. the detection limits of the multiplex pcr was in the range of 2, 1, 1, 3, and 1cfu for a. hydrophila, a. salmo ...200818499358
genetics and proteomics of aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis.comparison between the lipopolysaccharide (lps) core structures of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a450 and aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 shows great similarity in the inner lps core and part of the outer lps core but some differences in the distal part of the outer lps core (residues ld-hep, d-gal, and d-galnac). the three genomic regions encoding lps core biosynthetic genes in a. salmonicida a450, of which regions 2 and 3 have genes identical to those of a. hydrophila ah-3, were fully seq ...200919151135
plasma ladderlectin concentration following sterile inflammation and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection.plasma samples obtained from rainbow trout either experimentally infected with aeromonas salmonicida or injected with either a. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide (lps) or a commercial a. salmonicida vaccine (lipogen) were analysed by enzyme immunoassay to evaluate changes in rainbow trout ladderlectin (rtll) concentrations during the acute phase response (apr). plasma rtll concentrations in fish injected with a. salmonicida lps, vaccine or live a. salmonicida varied over a 10 day period, but did no ...200919538251
quantitative analysis of bacterial adhesion to fish tissue.adhesion to host tissue represents a first crucial step in most bacterial infections. both specific adhesion-ligand as well as hydrophobic interactions may be involved. the adhesion of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, and yersinia ruckeri strains to fish tissue cells was assessed. to determine whether the observed bacterial adhesion to fish tissue cells was caused by non-specific interactions, adhesion to bovine serum albumin (bsa) and polystyrene was also tested. ...200919349152
aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type strain does not possess a type iii secretion system. 200919553573
mutations in the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type iii secretion system affect atlantic salmon leucocyte activation and downstream immune responses.deletion mutants of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were used to determine the effect of the type three secretion system (ttss) on atlantic salmon anterior head kidney leucocytes (ahkl). one strain had a deletion in the outer membrane pore gene, ascc; and the other in three effector genes: aopo, aoph and aext (we call this strain deltaaop3). host cell invasion success and 24h survival were depressed in deltaascc, as was 24h survival of deltaaop3, when compared to the wild type strain. c ...200919751835
thiaminase activity of crucian carp carassius carassius injected with a bacterial fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.dietary thiaminase i is a cause of thiamine deficiency in animals. the physiological significance of thiaminase in the organisms containing this enzyme is not known, nor are the factors causing variation in their thiaminase activity. tests were performed to evaluate the effect a pathogen might have on thiaminase activity in fish, when analyzed both with a cosubstrate added (cata tests) and no cosubstrate added (ncata tests). pyridine is known as a cosubstrate specific for thiaminase i activity t ...200920218496
identification of iron regulated genes in the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: genetic diversity and evidence of conserved iron uptake systems.in this study we applied the fur titration assay (furta) to isolate iron regulated genes in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in fish. we have identified genes for siderophore biosynthesis and for ferri-siderophore transport, some of which have been previously described in this species. a gene for a hitherto uncharacterized functional hemin receptor hute was identified, but its inactivation did not affect significantly the use of hemin as sole iron sou ...200918774242
genetic characterization of pasa6, a new plasmid from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida that encodes a type iii effector protein aoph homolog.a new plasmid designated pasa6 from an aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain isolated from diseased turbot has been characterized. pasa6 consists of 18536bp, has a g+c content of 53.8% and encodes 20 predicted open-reading frames (orfs). eight orfs showed homology to transposases, of which six are complete and two are partial is sequences. two orfs showed homology to replication proteins, and six orfs showed homology to hypothetical proteins. two orfs are truncated homologs of putative ...200919195484
defensin of the zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha): molecular structure, in vitro expression, antimicrobial activity, and potential functions.a 409 bp full length defensin gene was cloned and sequenced based on an expressed sequence tag (est) obtained from a normalized zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha) foot cdna library developed in our laboratory. the d. polymorpha defensin (dpd) gene encoded a peptide with 76 amino acid residues. the mature dpd contains 54 amino acids with a fully functional insect defensin a domain. homologue searching against genbank database suggested that this dpd was phylogenetically close to defensins from a ...201020537393
development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of flavobacterium psychrophilum, yersinia ruckeri and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in culture fisheries.bacterial cold water disease, enteric red mouth disease and frunculosis are the common bacterial diseases of fish worldwide. the etiologic agents of these diseases are flavobacterium (f.) psychrophilum, yersinia (y.) ruckeri and aeromonas (a.) salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, respectively. in this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) method with yer8/10-fer3/4-fp1/3 primer pairs which can identify these fish pathogens simultaneously was developed and optimized. in optimized condit ...201020706031
in vitro adherence of two candidate probiotics from atlantic cod and their interference with the adhesion of two pathogenic bacteria.the potential of two candidate probiotic bacteria (gp21 and gp12), isolated from the gut of atlantic cod, to adhere to primary cultures of the epithelial cells from the different regions of the intestine and to interfere with the adhesion of two pathogens, vibrio anguillarum and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were investigated. the intestinal isolates showed clear preference in adhering to the cells from the different intestine segments. gp12 adhered strongly to the fore- and mid intes ...201020884135
multiplex pcr method for detection of three aeromonas enterotoxin genes.a novel multiplex pcr method using three sets of specific primers was developed for the detection of the cytotoxic (act), heat-labile (alt), and heat-stable (ast) enterotoxin genes in aeromonas spp. this assay was used to characterize 35 reference strains as well as 537 food-borne isolates. a total of seven gene pattern combinations were encountered, including act, alt, act/alt, act/alt/ast, act/alt/148-bp amplicon, alt/ast, and alt/148-bp amplicon. the alt gene was detected with 34 reference st ...201019933350
enterobacteriaceae associated with eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis (testudines:chelonia) in nonpolluted sites of national park of araguaia plains, brazil.fertile eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis were investigated for the presence of enterobacteria, as these two endangered species have the potential for conservation measures that include egg transfer. knowledge of normal microflora associated with turtles and turtle eggs would help effectively manage the transfer of these eggs among institutions. thirty eggs of each species were collected, aseptically transferred, cracked inside plastic bags containing tetrathionate broth, and sp ...201021370647
characterization of gp21 and gp12: two potential probiotic bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of atlantic cod.this study evaluated the probiotic potential of gp21 (pseudomonas sp.) and gp12 (psychrobacter sp.), two bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of a cold-water fish, atlantic cod. the antagonistic activity of the two intestinal bacteria against two fish pathogens (vibrio anguillarum and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) was studied under different physical conditions. further, their resistance to physiological barriers and their ability to form biofilms were examined. in addition, a ...201026781122
complete genomic sequence of a t4-like bacteriophage, phias4, infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.a newly identified virulent phage (named phias4) infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was isolated from river water in korea. morphological analysis of phias4 by transmission electron microscopy revealed that it belonged to the family myoviridae. the genome of phias4 comprised a linear double-stranded dna of 163,875 bp with a g + c content of 41.3%, and genomic analysis revealed 271 putative orfs, 67 putative promoters, 25 putative terminator regions, and 16 trna-encoding genes. mo ...201122116495
development of an antibody elisa for potency testing of furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida) vaccines in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l).the study was conducted in atlantic salmon to establish the initial and basic scientific documentation for an alternative batch potency test for salmon furuculosis vaccines. we assessed the antibody response development for aeromonas salmonicida vaccines at different immunisation temperatures (3, 12 and 18 °c), by an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (elisa) 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks post vaccination, and the correlation between antibody response and protection in cohabitation challenge experiments p ...201122000732
complete genome sequence and characterization of a broad-host range t4-like bacteriophage phias5 infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.in this study, we report one lytic myoviridae bacteriophage (phage) infecting aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. the phage (named as phias5) was isolated from environmental river waters in korea, and showed broad infectivity to other bacterial species in the family aeromonadaceae as well as antibiotic-resistant a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains. the biological properties and complete genome of phias5 were simultaneously investigated. the complete genome of phias5 composed of linea ...201122226819
Colonization of turbot tissues by virulent and avirulent Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains during infection.Preventing disease outbreaks in cultured turbot Psetta maxima L. caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ASS) requires a better understanding of how this pathogen colonizes its host. Distribution of 1 virulent and 2 avirulent ASS strains in turbot tissues was investigated during early and late stages of infection following an immersion challenge. To track bacteria within the turbot, the ASS strains were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Both virulent and avirulent strains ...201121848125
quality control ranges for testing broth microdilution susceptibility of flavobacterium columnare and f. psychrophilum to nine antimicrobials.a multi-laboratory broth microdilution method trial was performed to standardize the specialized test conditions required for the fish pathogens flavobacterium columnare and f. psychrophilum. nine laboratories tested the quality control (qc) strains escherichia coli atcc 25922 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc 33658 against 10 antimicrobials (ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, gentamicin, ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, a ...201223324417
bactericidal efficacy of elevated ph on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria.ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. there is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. the present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased ph (ph 10.0-12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (aeromonas spp., yer ...201225685439
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of Asparagopsis taxiformis from the Straits of Messina against pathogens relevant in aquaculture.Ethanol extracts of Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Straits of Messina (Italy) were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic shellfish and fish bacteria previously isolated from local marine and brackish environments. Genetic labelling by DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the algal population as a biogeographical strain conspecific to A. taxiformis. The extract obtained in May showed the broadest antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria, especiall ...201222078751
first description of cole-type plasmid in aeromonas spp. carrying quinolone resistance (qnrs2) gene.isolation and full sequence analysis of cole-type plasmid, which carries the qnrs2 gene.201222862417
virulence factors of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains associated with infections in turbot psetta maxima.virulence factors for aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ass) strains isolated from cultured turbot psetta maxima l. are unknown with regard to this host. the presence of virulence genes associated with different stages of ass infection in salmonids (vapa, tapa, fla, ascv, ascc, aext, sata and aspa) was analysed using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique in ass strains isolated from turbot. other ass strains isolated from salmonids and environmental a. salmonicida (as) strains were ...201222691983
complete genome sequence of bacteriophage phias7, a t7-like virus that infects aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.to date, a number of myoviridae bacteriophages that infect aeromonadaceae have been identified and characterized. however, the genome sequences of aeromonas phages that not belong to the myoviridae have not been investigated yet. herein, we report the complete genome sequence of aeromonas phage phias7, which belongs to the podoviridae and infects aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.201222328699
isolation and characterization of a lytic myoviridae bacteriophage pas-1 with broad infectivity in aeromonas salmonicida.to search for candidate control agents against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infections in aquaculture, one bacteriophage (phage), designated as pas-1, was isolated from the sediment samples of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) culture farm in korea. the pas-1 was morphologically classified as myoviridae and possessed approximately 48 kb of double-strand genomic dna. the phage showed broad host ranges to other subspecies of a. salmonicida as well as a. salmonicida subsp. salmoni ...201222314935
potential role of specific antibodies as important vaccine induced protective mechanism against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout.furunculosis caused by infection with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been a known threat to aquaculture for more than a century. efficient prophylactic approaches against this disease are essential for continued growth of salmonid aquaculture. since the introduction of successful oil-adjuvanted vaccines in the early 1990's, a number of studies have been published on the protective as well as adverse effects of these vaccines. most studies focus on vaccination of salmon (salmo salar ...201223056427
long-lasting protection induced by bath vaccination against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in rainbow trout.for decades aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (from here referred to as a. salmonicida) has been recognized as the causative agent of typical furunculosis. this disease has had a major impact on aquaculture worldwide, making it a target for international research, particularly within the field of immunoprohylaxis. initial studies attempted vaccination via oral route and immersion. however, these vaccination methods proved insufficient when compared to intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected vac ...201324056280
antigens of the type-three secretion system of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida prevent protective immunity in rainbow trout.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiologic agent of furunculosis, a frequent and significant disease of fisheries worldwide. the disease is largely controlled by commercial oil adjuvanted vaccines containing bacterins. however, the mechanisms leading to a protective immune response remain poorly understood. the type-three secretion system (t3ss) plays a central role in virulence of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and thus may have an influence on the immune response of the host. ...201324012573
insertion sequence as5 (is as5 ) is involved in the genomic plasticity of aeromonas salmonicida.the genome of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida harbors a large number of insertion sequences (iss), many of which are located on plasmids. in the present study, we analyzed the small plasmid profile of a. salmonicida strains to identify evidences of plasmid alterations. ten out of 78 strains analyzed displayed an unconventional plasmid profile. however the her1104 strain was unique, having a positive pcr signal for pasal1 plasmid despite not carrying this plasmid. instea ...201323956951
the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: global analysis, moonlighting proteins and putative antigens for vaccination against furunculosis.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. despite the identification of several virulence factors the pathogenesis is still poorly understood. we have used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of a. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, jf5054) and t3ss-deficient (isogenic δascv, extremely low-virulent, jf2747) strains in exponential (gp) and stationary (sp) phases of ...201324127837
the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: determination of the complete repertoire of type-three secretion system effectors and identification of other virulence factors.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. several virulence factors have been described, but the type-three secretion system (t3ss) is recognized as having a major effect on virulence by injecting effectors directly into fish cells. in this study we used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of a. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, jf2267) and t3ss-deficient (isogeni ...201324073886
polyphasic characterization of aeromonas salmonicida isolates recovered from salmonid and non-salmonid fish.michigan's fisheries rely primarily upon the hatchery propagation of salmonid fish for release in public waters. one limitation on the success of these efforts is the presence of bacterial pathogens, including aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of a. salmonicida in michigan fish, as well as to determine whether biochemical or gene sequence variability exists among michigan isolates. a total of 2202 wild, feral and hat ...201323444966
analysis of a ferric uptake regulator (fur) knockout mutant in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis; a serious infectious disease in aquaculture raised salmonids. iron acquisition has been shown to be critical for the survival of pathogenic bacteria during the course of infection. previous work has demonstrated that a. salmonicida expresses iron-repressible iromp proteins, suggesting the presence of iron acquisition systems that are under the control of a ferric uptake regulator (fur). in this study, the a. salmo ...201323228622
antibody responses correlate with antigen dose and in vivo protection for oil-adjuvanted, experimental furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) vaccines in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and can be used for batch potency testing of vaccines.salmon farming has increased dramatically over last thirty years and a key to the success is the introduction of protective vaccines. in norway, almost 100% of all atlantic salmon are vaccinated prior to sea transfer. this extensive use of vaccines demands use of a lot of resources in production and quality control of vaccines, and fish are now one of the most widely used laboratory animal species in norway, since all batch testing today is performed by challenge experiments. with an increasing ...201323219439
the hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium cobetia sp. strain mm1ida2h-1 produces a biosurfactant that interferes with quorum sensing of fish pathogens by signal hijacking.biosurfactants are produced by hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacteria in response to the presence of water-insoluble hydrocarbons. this is believed to facilitate the uptake of hydrocarbons by bacteria. however, these diffusible amphiphilic surface-active molecules are involved in several other biological functions such as microbial competition and intra- or inter-species communication. we report the isolation and characterization of a marine bacterial strain identified as cobetia sp. mm1ida2h-1, ...201323279885
use of in vivo induced antigen technology to identify genes from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida that are specifically expressed during infection of the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.aeromonas salmonicida is a major fish pathogen associated with mass mortalities in salmonid fish. in the present study, we applied in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat), a technique that relies on antibodies adsorbed against in vitro cultures of the pathogen, to a clinical isolate of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.201425495705
virulence, genomic features, and plasticity of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of fish furunculosis.the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a systemic disease of fish in the salmonid family. furunculosis is a ubiquitous disease that affects aquaculture operations worldwide and is characterized by high mortality and morbidity. a better understanding of the bacterium is required to find a cure. thereby, this review centers on a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, its major virulence factors, and its genome. the classification and characteristic ...201423890675
the warm temperature acclimation protein (wap65) has an important role in the inflammatory response of turbot (scophthalmus maximus).wap65 is a molecule similar to the mammalian hemopexin that is a serum glycoprotein produced mainly by the liver with high affinity to heme. its primary role is participating in iron metabolism scavenging heme that is released into the plasma and transporting it to the liver. it has been reported an important role of hemopexin in the inflammation as an acute-phase protein and its production is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. there are also some evidences suggesting this immune-induct ...201424794581
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