Publications

autophagy plays an important role in protecting pacific oysters from oshv-1 and vibrio aestuarianus infections.	recent mass mortality outbreaks around the world in pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, have seriously affected the aquaculture economy. although the causes for these mortality outbreaks appear complex, infectious agents are involved. two pathogens are associated with mass mortality outbreaks, the virus ostreid herpesvirus 1 (oshv-1) and the bacterium vibrio aestuarianus. here we describe the interactions between these 2 pathogens and autophagy, a conserved intracellular pathway playing a key ro ...	0	25714877
microbiology of shellfish. bacteriological study of the natural flora of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas).		1960	13811389
nucleotides of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (thunberg).		1964	14217242
microbial flora of irradiated dungeness crabmeat and pacific oysters.	the microorganisms in dungeness crabmeat (cancer magister) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) were identified by the replica-plating and computer analysis method. the initial flora of the shellfish and the flora change during storage at 7 c were determined. the microbial flora shifts in both shellfish were also determined after irradiation at 0.1 and 0.4 mrad and during subsequent storage at 7 c. the achromobacter species predominated in the initial flora of crabmeat (77.0%). the predominan ...	1966	5970827
properties of pseudomonas enalia, a marine bacterium pathogenic for the invertebrate crassostrea gigas (thunberg).	bacteriological investigations of dead and dying oysters in populations of crassostrea gigas grown in hood canal, oyster bay, and willapa bay, washington, were undertaken. living, and presumably normal, oysters within the same sample set were also examined. results indicated that the natural flora of crassostrea gigas (thunberg) is composed of organisms representing the genera pseudomonas, achromobacter, flavobacterium, and vibrio. pollution indicator organisms such as escherichia coli were not ...	1967	6053175
observations on experimental wound repair in the adductor muscle and the leydig cells of the oyster crassostrea gigas.		1967	6070690
an ovarian parasite (protista incertae sedis) from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1968	5752490
on the unusual occurrence of the copepod mytilicota orientalis in the digestive diverticulae of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1968	5716599
an unusual internal growth associated with multiple watery cysts in a pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).		1968	5749531
an internal fibrous tumor in a pacific oyster. crassostrea gigas.		1968	5649239
the reaction of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, to homologous tissue implants.		1969	5369194
probable neoplastic disease of the hematopoietic system in oysters, crassostrea virginica and crassostrea gigas.		1969	5374694
occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and related hemolytic vibrios in marine environments of washington state.	samples of sediment, water, and fauna were tested for the presence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and the related biotype v. alginolyticus. altogether, 379 samples were analyzed quantitatively by using a starch-agar medium. invertebrate and sediment samples were invariably positive for v. parahaemolyticus, whereas water samples were quite variable. samples of the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas), obtained on a regular basis for 26 months from a single environment, showed a close correlation betwee ...	1970	4921057
studies on the histopathological effects of ionizing radiation on the oyster crassostrea gigas. i. the degenerative phase involving digestive diverticulae, stomach, and gut.		1970	5449738
the fine structure of the granular amebocytes of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1971	5092845
the fine structure of oyster agranular amebocytes from regenerating mantle wounds in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1971	5092844
experimental self-fertilization of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, utilizing cryopreserved sperm.		1971	17248545
repair of digestive tubule tissue of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, damaged by ionizing radiation.		1971	5575734
[arginine kinase of soluble proteins of the adductor muscle of the portugese oyster (crassostrea angulata lmk) and of the japanese oyster (crassostrea gigas th.)].		1971	4342507
microbial flora of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) subjected to ultraviolet-irradiated seawater.	the ability of oysters to purge themselves of microbial contaminants was investigated by identifying the microorganisms retained by oysters after they have been subjected to ultraviolet (uv) light-treated seawater. a uv intensity of 960 muw per min per cm(2) reduced the microbial count of seawater from 263 to 13 per ml. the coliform multitube test (mpn) was reduced from a high of 17 to <0.18 per 100 ml. over 75% of the microorganisms found in treated seawater were acinetobacter/moraxella, vibrio ...	1972	4551037
an invasive epithelial neoplasm in a pacific oyster, crassotrea gigas.		1972	4647500
chronic tissue degeneration in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, following acute -irradiation.		1972	5009141
absorption of sugars in the gill of the japanese oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1974	4154165
rna synthesis during the early development of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1974	4858305
particle sorting and labial palp function in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (thunberg, 1795).		1974	4815938
absence of detectable hepatitis b antigen (hbag) in the commercial oyster, crassostrea gigas thunberg, in hong kong.	the locally grown commercial oyster in hong kong, crassostrea gigas thunberg, is faecally polluted particularly in the summer months at a time when oyster consumption and the incidence of viral hepatitis similarly increase. whole oysters and isolates of tissues including the digestive diverticula and mantle fluids, in unconcentrated or concentrated forms were examined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the presence of the hepatitis-b antigen (hbag); no antigen was detected in samples examined o ...	1975	1221500
a structural and histochemical study of the reaction complex in crassostrea gigas (mollusca) to echinocephalus crassostreai (nematoda).		1975	1171147
echinocephalus crassostreai sp. nov., a larval nematode from the oyster crassostrea gigas in the orient.		1975	1151103
loss of 137cs and 60co from the oyster crassostrea gigas.		1975	1120663
toxicity and mutagenicity of 2,4,-6-trinitrotoluene and its microbial metabolites.	tnt (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) of explosive grade is highly toxic to marine forms that included fresh water unicellular green algae (selenastrum capricornutum), tidepool copepods (tigriopus californicus), and oyster larvae (crassostrea gigas), and mutagenic to salmonella typhimurium. on the basis of mutagenic assays carried out with a set of histidine-requiring strains of the bacterium, tnt was detected as a frameshift mutagen that significantly accelerates the reversion rate of a frameshift tester ...	1976	773306
experimental infection of mammals with larval echinocephalus sinensis (nematoda: gnathostomatidae) from oysters (crassostrea gigas).		1976	816443
copper toxicity in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.		1976	1016754
cleavage initiation activities of microtubules and in vitro reassembled tubulins of sperm flagella.	cleavage of fish (oryzias latipes) eggs was induced by injection of heterologous (sea urchin hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and oyster crassostrea gigas) sperm microtubules. cleavage initiating ci activity of microtubules was higher in 3% pvp suspension than in 6% bsa, and not affected significantly by the concentration of microtubules themselves. the ci activity of microtubules suspended in 3% pvp was comparatively stable in the frozen state. heat-treatment at more than 55 degrees c resulted in the ...	1976	1255123
a haemagglutinin in the tissue fluid of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, with specificity for sialic acid residues in glycoproteins.	an agglutinin for human red cells has a specificity for sialic acid and a high affinity for bovine salivary glycoprotein. digestion of the glycoprotein with pronase or neuraminidas indicated that binding of sialic acid to receptors in the agglutinin is the first step in the mechanism of formation of a stable complex between ligand and receptor.	1977	891745
[viral infection associated with mortality in the oyster crassostrea gigas thunberg].	virus particles and their morphogenesis have been observed in the cytoplasm of connective cells in the japanese oyster crassostrea gigas. this virus seems to be similar to those described in the portuguese oyster crassostrea angulata when high rates of mortality were recorded in 1970-1973 and those found in gill disease of this species.	1977	413650
heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs ii. oysters (ostrea edulis and crassostrea gigas).	cadmium, zinc and copper, accumulated from polluted habitats by the oysters ostrea edulis and crassostrea gagas, were studied. three distinct low molecular weight (less than 3000 daltons) zinc complexes were separated from highly contaminated c. gigas, one of which may be a complex with the amino acid taurine. only one of these zinc complexes was present in less contaminated specimens of o. edulis. on gel permeation chromatography of oyster extracts, copper was eluted together with amino acids ( ...	1977	880696
incidence of vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages and other vibrio bacteriophages in marine samples.	vibrio bacteriophages were isolated by enrichment from 177 of 643 samples of marine molluscan shellfish, crustaceans, seawater, and sediments. the predominant bacteriophage types isolated were specific for some strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus. a high frequency of phage isolations was also observed with strains of agar-digesting vibrios (21 of 56) and psychrophilic vibrios (14 of 72) that were originally isolated from non-shellfish growing areas. no bacteriophages were isolated against v. algi ...	1978	727781
ecological relationship between vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios as evidenced by bacteriophage susceptibility patterns.	twenty bacteriophages active against vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios, isolated from oysters (crassostrea gigas) and dungeness crab (cancer magister) and by induction of a lysogenic agar digester, were tested as to their host range. these phages were specific for v. parahaemolyticus and various agar-digesting vibrios, and interspecies lysis occurred only between these two groups. v. alginolyticus, v. anguillarum and related species, v. cholerae, and a group of marine psychrophi ...	1978	727782
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues in pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) from tasmania, australia--1973.	pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas thunberg) from 19 sites in tasmania were surveyed for pesticide residues. all samples were analyzed for dieldrin and ddt, and five samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (hcb) and lindane. only ddt was found in all samples. dieldrin levels were high in oysters from the tamar river, but were highest (0.39 mg/kg wet weight) in samples from ruffin's bay. in contrast, other residue levels were low. distribution of pesticides in tamar river samples differed: di ...	1978	82250
modified procedure for the recovery of naturally accumulated poliovirus from oysters.	methods were compared for their ability to recover poliovirus from oysters (crassostrea gigas) which had been allowed to accumulate virus via normal filtration activities. clarification procedures included glycine-nacl and polyelectrolyte extraction methods followed by a variety of acid precipitation concentration methods. polyelectrolyte flocculation followed by a beef extract-supplemented acid precipitation carried out at ph 3.5 yielded the most efficient recoveries. direct assay of homogenate ...	1979	231934
alanopine and strombine are novel imino acids produced by a dehydrogenase found in the adductor muscle of the oyster, crassostrea gigas.		1980	6156653
heavy-metal contamination of the pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) cultured in deep bay, hong kong.		1981	7274194
purification and properties of alanopine dehydrogenase from the adductor muscle of the oyster, crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia).		1981	7238503
the influence of organic chelators on the toxicity of copper to embryos of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	the effects of copper on the development of crassostrea gigas embryos were determined with a 48-hr static bioassay. in filtered, sterilized seawater from bodega bay, california, the lc100 was 20 microgram cu/l, and the lc50 was 12 microgram cu/l. destruction of the naturally occurring dissolved organic material in the culture water by uv oxidation decreased embryo survival at 10 microgram cu/l. the addition to seawater of five organic chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta), sodium cit ...	1981	7224675
[crassostrea angulata (lamarck, 1819), synonym of crassostrea gigas (thunberg, 1793): morphological and genetic studies].		1982	6926939
absence of surface-associated microorganisms in adult oysters (crassostrea gigas).	healthy, actively feeding intertidal oysters were removed from an estuarine environment (pipeclay lagoon, tasmania). the epithelial surfaces of various organs of the mantle cavity and alimentary tract were explored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. all epithelial tissues examined were ciliated, and nearly all were partly covered with secreted mucus. however, microorganisms were seen rarely in the adhesive mucus and never attached to the epithelium. electron microscopy also failed ...	1982	7181503
anatomical distribution of sterols in oysters (crassostrea gigas).	oysters (crassostrea gigas) contain at least 8 predominant sterols as determined by gas liquid chromatography and a modified liebermann-burchard reaction. these sterols and the average amount found in mg/100 are: c26-sterol (22-trans-24-norcholesta-5, 22-diene-3 beta-ol), 19.1; 22-dehydrocholesterol, 15.1; cholesterol, 46.8; brassicasterol, 27.2; delta 5,7-sterols (i.e., 7-dehydrocholesterol) 22.5; 24-methylenecholesterol 29.1; 24-ethylcholesta-5,22-diene-3 beta-ol, 1.2; and 24-ethylcholesta-5-e ...	1982	7154869
trace elements in the pacific oyster in hong kong.		1982	7149770
structure of the thick filaments in molluscan adductor muscle.	molluscan adductor muscles are in general of two kinds--a slow-acting smooth muscle, which after contraction can go into a catch state, in which tension is maintained for many hours with a small turnover of atp, and a quicker-acting muscle, usually to some extent striated, which has not the catch property in marked degree, if at all. the thick filaments of both kinds of adductors contain myosin and paramyosin. those from catch muscles are noteworthy for their high paramyosin content(up to about ...	1982	7146944
the effects of salinity on copper and silver toxicity to embryos of the pacific oyster.		1982	7103561
capillary gc/ms determination of organic sulfur compounds detected in oyster and mussel caught in the sea as an oil pollution index.	the organic sulfur compounds usually contained in crude oil were used as a marker of oil pollution in shellfish. the oyster (crassostrea gigas) and mussel (mytilus edulis) were caught in the seto inland sea of japan. capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms) of extracts showed the presence of organic sulfur compounds of dibenzothiophene and alkyl dibenzothiophenes (c1-c3). the concentration factor of organic sulfur compounds in the oyster and mussel was determined by gas chro ...	1983	6630402
[ecological studies on the microbial flora of raw oysters (crassostrea gigas) harvested in hiroshima and the tohoku district].		1983	6668346
comparative study of the effects of metals on the settlement of crassostrea gigas.		1983	6626760
[electrophoretic study of gene-enzyme systems in oysters classified as crassostrea gigas (thunberg, 1793) and crassostrea angulata (lamarck, 1819) (mollusca: ostreidae)].	as a further contribution to the systematics of species belonging to the genus crassostrea, electrophoretic studies of gene-enzyme system have been carried out on five populations of oysters regarded as either crassostrea gigas or crassostrea angulata species. two populations of c. gigas from japan (karakawa and hiroshima), one of c. gigas from france (fouras), one of c. angulata from portugal (sado) and one of crassostrea sp. from italy (chioggia) have been examined. the electrophoretic study o ...	1983	6543934
accumulation of seven metals by crassostrea gigas, crassostrea margaritacea, perna perna, and choromytilus meridionalis.		1983	6850117
alpha-glucosidase of oyster (crassostrea gigas) digestive diverticula.		1983	6347387
[demonstration of silver and lead contamination of oysters (crassostrea gigas) and mussels (mytilus edulis) in french coastal waters. microanalytical study by secondary ion emission].	the oyster crassostrea gigas and the marine mussel mytilus edulis collected from french coastal waters of the channel, atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea were shown to contain silver and lead. for the oysters, the highest silver and lead levels were detected in the marennes oléron samples; for the mussels, the highest silver levels were detected in the seine bay samples and the lead ones in the boulogne samples. target organs for uptake, storage and excretion, including macrophage haemocytes, ...	1985	3918774
bacteria in bivalve shellfish with special reference to the oyster.	the bacterial flora of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, the sea mussel perna viridis and the arkshell clam scapharca cornea differed considerably from that of seawater in both numbers and generic composition. the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the bivalve shellfish, including the anaerobes and spore-forming bacteria, were greater than that in the surrounding water. pseudomonas spp. were the dominant organisms, comprising over one third of the 321 strains characterized after isolation ...	1985	4030530
[mechanisms of detoxication of cadmium by the oyster crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalve. ii. intracellular sites of accumulation of the metal in absorbant and excretory organs].	in oysters exposed to cdcl2 or under natural conditions (gironde), concentrations of cadmium occur in absorbant and excretory organs, without cellular injury. the lysosomal system, involved in the storage of the metal, is implicated in detoxification processes.	1985	3933774
elevated temperature method for recovery of vibrio cholerae from oysters (crassostrea gigas).	of 222 vibrio cholerae isolates from diverse clinical and environmental sources, 219 produced visible growth in alkaline peptone broth when incubated overnight at 42 degrees c. in field trials conducted to compare enrichment at incubation temperatures of 42 and 35 degrees c, significantly higher rates of isolation (p less than 0.05) and recovery (p less than 0.01) of v. cholerae from oysters were observed at 42 degrees c.	1987	3606095
limitations of the a-1m method for fecal coliform enumeration in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).	use of the a-1m method, which was originally devised for testing water samples, has recently been extended for enumeration of fecal coliforms and escherichia coli in shellfish and other food products. results of our study indicate that while this method is reliable for analysis of growing waters, the use of the a-1m method for testing pacific oysters may be less reliable because bacteria not belonging to the coliform group but which are sometimes present in these animals also give a positive rea ...	1987	3301793
bioelectric responses of sea urchin eggs inseminated with oyster spermatozoa: a sperm evoked potential without egg activation.	multiple oyster spermatozoa can enter sea urchin eggs with or often without fertilization membrane formation (osanai and kyozuka, 1982). in the present work, electrical responses of sea urchin (temnopleurus hardwicki) eggs inseminated with oyster (crassostrea gigas) sperm were examined and correlated to the failure of monospermy and egg activation. with diluted sperm, a transient depolarization of the membrane with a constant pattern appeared repeatedly and discretely, and the depolarizations (s ...	1987	3678598
pharmacological evidence that alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediate metamorphosis of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	oyster larvae can be induced to metamorphose by exposure to the natural vertebrate adrenergic agonists, epinephrine and norepinephrine. the larval receptors mediating this induction were pharmacologically characterized by testing the ability of a variety of adrenergic agonists and selected structural analogs of epinephrine and norepinephrine to induce oyster metamorphosis, and by testing the ability of various adrenergic antagonists to block the induction of metamorphosis by epinephrine. oyster ...	1987	2893994
metal-binding protein in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas: assessment of the protein as a biochemical environmental indicator.		1987	3567412
in vitro binding of parasites (bonamia ostreae) and latex particles by hemocytes of susceptible and insusceptible oysters.	bonamia ostreae is a protozoan parasite that has caused severe losses in the flat oyster (ostrea edulis) industry in europe. the cupped oyster (crassostrea gigas), recently introduced and cultured in europe, is not infected by the disease. in vitro tests were conducted to determine whether there was a difference in the ability of hemocytes from each species to recognize and bind inert foreign particles (fluorescent latex beads) and purified, infective b. ostreae. the results indicated no differe ...	1988	3350192
separation of crassostrea gigas hemocytes by density gradient centrifugation and counterflow centrifugal elutriation.	a protocol is described to separate several subpopulations of hemocytes in a unique medium which avoids cell aggregation and retains cell-viability. isopycnic centrifugation in percoll followed by counterflow centrifugal elutriation provides large quantities of separated granulocyte and hyalinocyte subpopulations.	1988	3169352
a method for the enumeration of poliovirus in selected molluscan shellfish.	a virus extraction procedure was developed and evaluated on five commercially important molluscan shellfish species: crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster), mya arenaria (softshell clam), mytilus edulis (blue mussel), mercenaria mercenaria (hardshell clam), and crassostrea gigas, (pacific oyster). shellfish tissue homogenates were spiked with poliovirus, extracted, and plaque assayed. mean virus recoveries were: c. virginica, 63.8%; m. arenaria, 42.1%; m. edulis, 67.3%; m. mercenaria, 48.3%; and ...	1989	2559103
survival of vibrio vulnificus in shellstock and shucked oysters (crassostrea gigas and crassostrea virginica) and effects of isolation medium on recovery.	when two species of shellstock oysters were artificially contaminated with vibrio vulnificus, the bacterium survived when the oysters were stored at 10 degrees c and below. large numbers of endogenous v. vulnificus cells were found after 7 days at both 0.5 and 10 degrees c in uninoculated control oysters (crassostrea virginica). oysters allowed to take up v. vulnificus from seawater retained the bacterium for 14 days at 2 degrees c. the presence of v. vulnificus in the drip exuded from the shell ...	1989	2619304
patterns of experimental contamination by protogonyaulax tamarensis in some french commercial shellfish.	as a result of the proliferation of toxic marine dinoflagellates along european coasts and the recent discovery of paralytic poisons in french shellfish, experimental studies were conducted on four species of shellfish from the brittany coasts. contamination rates of a culture of toxic protogonyaulax tamarensis, were determined for mytilus edulis, crassostrea gigas, pecten maximus and ruditapes philippinarum. mussels and scallops were very rapidly contaminated showing high toxin accumulation rat ...	1989	2629173
evidence for colonization and destruction of hinge ligaments in cultured juvenile pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) by cytophaga-like bacteria.	several strains of cytophaga-like gliding bacteria (clb) were isolated as numerically dominant or codominant components of bacterial populations associated with proteinaceous hinge ligaments of cultured juvenile pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas. these bacteria were morphologically similar to long, flexible bacilli occurring within degenerative lesions in oyster hinge ligaments. among bacteria isolated from hinge ligaments, only clb strains were capable of sustained growth with hinge ligament m ...	1989	2757377
the accumulation of organotins in adult and seed oysters from selected estuaries prior to the introduction of u.k. regulations governing the use of tributyltin-based antifouling paints.	between april and november, 1985, a study of the levels of organotins in adult and seed crassostrea gigas grown in the southwest and southeast of england was carried out. this work corresponds with a similar study of organotin water levels (reported separately). the analytical procedure used was directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. individual adult oysters and groups of 20-40 seed oysters were taken for analysis on a monthly basis. the pro ...	1989	2781269
xenobiotic biotransformation in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).	1. oyster visceral mass and gill tissues possessed measurable flavin-containing monooxygenase (fmo) activity. 2. fmo activity was confirmed in visceral mass microsomes by oxygen uptake experiments utilizing various nitrogen and sulfur-containing chemicals along with measurement of n,n-dimethylaniline (dma) n-oxidase and methimazole oxidation activities. dma n-oxidase and methimazole oxidation activities also were present in gill microsomes. 3. excluding oyster gill methimazole oxidation, there w ...	1989	2576782
evidence of neutralizing activity against t3 coliphage in oyster crassostrea gigas hemolymph.	to investigate defense reactions of bivalve molluscs against viruses, experimental in vitro assays have been developed using t3 coliphage as a test virus. a native neutralizing factor in oyster crassostrea gigas serum showed high individual variability and was enhanced significantly by repeated sampling of hemolymph from the same oysters. the responsible factor is apparently thermolabile and sensitive to edta treatment. because of an inhibitory effect by the enzymatic inhibitor, phenylmethylsulp ...	1990	2210005
interactions between shewanella colwelliana, oyster larvae, and hydrophobic organophosphate pesticides.	shewanella colwelliana (strain d) is a periphytic estuarine bacterium that forms biofilms beneficial to oyster set. our study examined whether these and other films concentrated two hydrophobic, organophosphate pesticides, abate and malathion, that are detected in chesapeake bay oyster waters. both biofilms and purified exopolysaccharide of s. colwelliana did not adsorb more of the abate or malathion than could be accounted for by adsorption to control surfaces. similar results were obtained by ...	1990	16348382
the in vitro biotransformation of 2-aminofluorene in the visceral mass of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	1. the in vitro biotransformation of 2-aminofluorene (2-af) was examined in visceral mass microsomes from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. 2. the major metabolite was n-formyl-2-aminofluorene with smaller quantities of n-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene and nitroso-2-aminofluorene or 2-nitrofluorene. 3. the mechanism of n-oxidation was explored using various inhibitors, stimulators, cofactors, and ph modifications within incubations. 4. n-oxidation may occur via a one electron mechanism which involv ...	1990	2120855
estuarine sediment bioassay with oyster pediveliger larvae (crassostrea gigas).		1990	2322659
green oysters caused by copper pollution on the taiwan coast.	the first case of green oysters (crassostrea gigas) broke out along the charting mariculture area of south-western taiwan in january 1986. the green color was found to be due to high copper content in the oyster tissue. since then, a long-term survey around this area shows that total dissolved copper ranges from 4.99 to 23.6 microg/liter and particulate copper ranges from 1.09 to 5.51 microg/liter in sea-water. the green oysters collected from the erhjin chi estuary on 26 january, 1989 gave the ...	1990	15092258
occurrence of faecal bacteria, salmonella and antigens associated with hepatitis a virus in shellfish.	an investigation was carried out over a one year period to examine jointly the occurrence of faecal bacteria, salmonella and the presence of antigens associated with the hepatitis a virus (hav) in oysters (crassostrea gigas), mussels (mytilus edulis, mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (cerastoderma edule), taken from 8 shellfish farming areas or natural beds along the french coast. for the faecal coliforms (fc) and faecal streptococci (fs), statistical analysis of the 176 samples examined sh ...	1991	1663750
haplosporidiosis of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	haplosporidan parasites were observed in 10/100 spat and 1/171 adult pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, reared in matsushima bay, japan. eight of the infected spat contained mild to severe plasmodial infections. the multinucleated plasmodia were 6-12 microm x 7-15 microm and were associated with an infiltration of hemocytes that occurred throughout the vesicular connective tissues of all infected oysters. two oysters, one adult and one spat, contained advanced sporogonic infections. these were ...	1991	1787325
extracellular giant rickettsiae associated with bacteria in the gill of crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia).	extracellular giant rickettsiae closely associated with bacteria with a gram-negative type wall are reported among the basal insertions of the cilia of the gill epithelium of the oyster crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia) from the north of spain. these rickettsiae are extremely pleomorphic cells with a maximum 9 microns length. the internal elements are ribosome-like particles and dna strands are distributed in some light areas. some rickettsial cells show one to two vacuole-like dense inclus ...	1991	1885924
expression of overdominance for specific activity at the phosphoglucomutase-2 locus in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.	environmental and genetic components of specific activity variation at the phosphoglucomutase-2 locus in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, were examined to assess the direct role played by this polymorphism in a heterozygosity/growth relationship. both environmental variables studied, season and intertidal position, exerted highly significant effects on phosphoglucomutase specific activity but no interactions occurred between these factors and pgm-2 genotype. highly significant differences ...	1991	1829426
reduction of heavy metal content in hiroshima bay oysters (crassostrea gigas) by purification.	cultured oysters from hiroshima bay were analysed to determine the content of nine trace elements, cadmium (cd), lead (pb), chromium (cr), arsenic (as), manganese (mn), nickel (ni), copper (cu), zinc (zn), and iron (fe) and compared with oysters treated for 48 h in both artificial sea water and a solution of 0.5% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) in artificial sea water. it was found that the values of as and fe in both groups of treated oysters were significantly lower than in the untreate ...	1991	15092133
agglutinin activity in pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) hemolymph following in vivo vibrio anguillarum challenge.	hemolymph from the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) contains lectins that agglutinate horse (gigalin e) and human (gigalin h) erythrocytes. the gigalins also agglutinate bacteria, including vibrio anguillarum, and were adsorbed from oyster hemolymph at different temperatures by living, heat-killed, and freeze-dried v. anguillarum cells. baseline activities of the two gigalins were established by measuring their activities in oyster hemolymph over a period of 4 years. a normal distribution of g ...	1992	1499833
metal, mutagenicity, and biochemical studies on bivalve molluscs from spanish coasts.	three species of marine bivalve molluscs (chamelea gallina, ruditapes decussatus, and crassostrea gigas) have been studied in order to evaluate the levels of pollution on the south atlantic spanish littoral. several transition metals (cu, as, cd, sn, hg, pb) were determined as a general index of total contamination. animals from putative contaminated areas exhibited higher metal contents than those from cleaner waters. c. gigas showed 5-20-fold higher total metal content than the other two speci ...	1992	1541252
determination of oxytetracycline in marine shellfish (crassostrea gigas, ruditapes philippinarum and scrobicularia plana) by high-performance liquid chromatography using solid-phase extraction.	a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to detect oxytetracycline (otc) in three species of marine shellfish (crassostrea gigas, ruditapes philippinarum and scrobicularia plana). shellfish tissues were analysed after solid-phase extraction by using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 0.02 m orthophosphoric acid solution. the linearity and precision of the method were checked over the concentration range 0.100-1.500 micrograms/g. the limits of detectio ...	1992	1487529
a bacteriological survey of an oyster-growing area: the oualidia lagoon, morocco.	a 3-year bacteriological survey of an oyster-growing area in morocco, where the japanese oyster (crassostrea gigas) is grown, showed that the contamination of this lagunar ecosystem was not continuous but intermittent and that animal manure and human recreational activities were important sources of pollution. the major source of contamination was of animal origin, except during the summer, when human contamination prevailed.	1992	24425577
bacteriophage as models for virus removal from pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) during re-laying.	a study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using naturally-occurring bacteriophages to assess the impact of re-laying on levels of viral contamination in crassostrea gigas, the pacific oyster. two phages were chosen. one, male-specific (f+), was enumerated using salmonella typhimurium. the other, a somatic phage, was detected using an, as yet, uncharacterized escherichia coli. investigations, using a variety of re-laying sites, demonstrated that numbers of f+ phage in oyster tissue dec ...	1993	8405159
indigenous bacteria in hemolymph and tissues of marine bivalves at low temperatures.	hemolymph and soft tissues of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) kept in sand-filtered seawater at temperatures between 1 and 8 degrees c were normally found to contain bacteria, with viable counts (cfu) in hemolymph in the range 1.4 x 10 to 5.6 x 10 bacteria per ml. pseudomonas, alteromonas, vibrio, and aeromonas organisms dominated, with a smaller variety of morphologically different unidentified strains. hemolymph and soft tissues of horse mussels (modiolus modiolus), locally collected from ...	1993	16348962
establishment of cell lines from the pacific oyster.		1993	8167909
p-glycoprotein expression in crassostrea gigas and mytilus edulis in polluted seawater.	1. dna-dna hybridization showed that mussels (mytilus edulis) and oysters (crassostrea gigas) possess a highly conserved region constituting one or more genes of the atp-dependent transmembrane transporter family to which belong the mammalian tumor cell genes responsible for multi-drug resistance. 2. monoclonal antibody c219 visualized two proteins (220 and 240 kda) which varied quantitatively in mussels depending on the level of organic pollution at the sampling sites. 3. the authors consider w ...	1993	7905372
morphogenesis of maternal and paternal genomes in fertilized oyster eggs (crassostrea gigas): effects of cytochalasin b at different periods during meiotic maturation.	fertilized oyster (crassostrea gigas) eggs, treated with and without cytochalasin b (cb) at varying periods during meiotic maturation, were examined following 7-aminoactinomycin d (7-aad) and anti-{beta} tubulin staining for dna and microtubular patterns, respectively. electron microscopic observations of untreated fertilized eggs revealed the development of an extensive network of endoplasmic reticulum during germinal vesicle breakdown. germinal vesicle breakdown was not accompanied by the disa ...	1993	27768425
abundance of food affects relative size of larval and postlarval structures of a molluscan veliger.	veliger larvae of mollusks were predicted to develop a larger velum relative to the larval shell when reared with scarce food. the functional consequences of such developmental plasticity would be (1) greater maximum capacity for capturing particles when food is scarce and (2) greater growth of structures retained in the postlarva when food is abundant. the hypothesis was tested by rearing veligers of the oyster crassostrea gigas at high (near satiating) and low (growth limiting) concentrations ...	1993	27768414
discrimination between closely related pacific oyster species (crassostrea) via mitochondrial dna sequences coding for large subunit rrna.	mitochondrial dna sequence variation was characterized for the large subunit rrna-coding gene (16srdna) in two closely related pacific oyster species (crassostrea gigas and c. sikamea) and an out group, the olympia oyster (ostrea lurida). although each species was shown to have a single, fixed haplotype for the dna sequence under study, 7 nucleotide differences were found between c. gigas and c. sikamea, and these two species differed from the o. lurida haplotype at 62 and 60 nucleotide sites, r ...	1993	8103411
fine structure of the spermatozoa of crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia).	we describe sperm ultrastructure and acrosome differentiation during spermiogenesis in crassostrea gigas (mollusca bivalvia). the sperm cell is a uniflagellated cell of the primitive type. the head region contains a rounded or conical nucleus surmounted by small acrosome. this organelle consists of a membrane-bound acrosomal granule, the contents of which have a homogeneous density, except in the anterior region, which is positive for pta. the acrosome also surrounds the perforatorium, which inc ...	1993	8442957
depuration of copper and zinc by green oysters and blue mussels of taiwan.	this paper describes depuration processes of copper and zinc in green oysters (crassostrea gigas) and in blue mussels (mytilus smarangdium) collected from an environment with heavy copper contamination, and then transferred to natural clean seawater. results show that the total loss of copper content per oyster is an exponential function of exposure time for the first 6 days with a depuration rate of 351 microg g(-1) day(-1) and then levels off. during this exponential decrease period approximat ...	1993	15091803
further evidence of regular sporulation by haplosporidium nelsoni in small oysters, crassostrea virginica.	during a field study to determine the susceptibility of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas to chesapeake bay oyster pathogens, sporulation of haplosporidium nelsoni was observed in eastern oysters crassostrea virginica being used as controls. the c. virginica were obtained from 2 sources on 19 may 1993, a wild population in the upper rappahannock river, virginia (59.6 mm mean shell height) and a hatchery-reared population from chesapeake mari-culture that was held in the wye river, maryland (4 ...	1994	7799147
iron milk medium method for recovering clostridium perfringens from shellfish: collaborative study.	eleven laboratories participated in a collaborative study analyzing shellfish (oysters, crassostrea gigas) for the detection and enumeration of clostridium perfringens by the iron milk medium (imm) method. the imm method was compared to aoac official method 976.30. shellfish were artificially inoculated with c. perfringens cells (vegetative and spores) at low (1 x 10(3) colony forming units [cfu]/g), medium (1 x 10(4) cfu/g), and high (1 x 10(6) cfu/g) levels. negative controls (zero level) were ...	1994	8199470
repetitive intracellular ca2+ increases at fertilization and the role of ca2+ in meiosis reinitiation from the first metaphase in oocytes of marine bivalves.	spawned oocytes of marine bivalves limaria hakodatensis, mytilus edulis, crassostrea gigas, and hiatella flaccida are arrested at the first metaphase (metaphase-i) until fertilization. we have measured changes in intracellular ca2+ ([ca2+]i) at fertilization in the single oocytes of these bivalves using the fluorescent ca2+ indicator fura-2. shortly after insemination, these oocytes displayed a transient [ca2+]i increase which was usually followed by a period during which [ca2+]i was kept higher ...	1994	8174771
identification of media supplements that improve the viability of primarily cell cultures of crassostrea gigas oysters.	media supplements have been investigated for their influence on the viability of primary cell cultures from the heart of crassostrea gigas oysters. soluble factors of vertebrate origin were tested, belonging to five families of supplements that had proven to increase the viability of insect and mammal cell cultures. using two-level complete factorial assays, factors and mutual interactions were screened within each family with a mtt reduction assay. results pointed out the positive influence of ...	1994	7765789
tem ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of gymnophalloides seoi (digenea: gymnophallidae).	a transmission electron microscopic study was performed on the ultrastructure of the tegumental layer of gymnophalloides seoi (digenea: gymnophallidae) metacercariae and adults. the metacercariae were obtained from naturally infected oysters, crassostrea gigas, and the adults from experimentally infected c3h mice. the tegumental layer generally revealed a small number of foldings, numerous small vacuoles, sines, and muscle bundles. beneath the muscle layer, nuclei of the tegumental cells were lo ...	1995	8528622