Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
studies on the nutrition of arthrobotrys oligospora fres. and a. robusta dudd. ii. the predaceous phase. 19665950269
studies on the nutrition of arthrobotrys oligospora fres. and a. robusta dudd. i. the saprophytic phase. 19665950268
[in vitro predatory activity of a strain of arthrobotrys oligospora fres. against a zooparasitic nematode].the in vitro predatory activity of arthrobotrys oligospora fres. against larvae of haemoncus contortus (rudolphi) cobb. was investigated on sheepdung agar. the technique employed is described and discussed. the data and observations presented indicate that temperature and number of larvae added to the fungus appear as important factors regulating the capturing efficiency. high trapping percentages were observed at 15 degrees c and 22 degrees c after a 24 hours' contact period, whereas at 10 degr ...1977879676
an endogenous rhythm of trap formation in the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.in the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora fres., the number and distribution of traps formed after the addition of living nematodes to the colonies were determined. at 21°c the traps were formed periodically; the mean period was 42.3±0.8 h. the periodicity was independent of light-dark (ld) cycles of 24 h (10:14). temperature influenced the hyphal elongation but did not affect the periodic trap formation; at lower temperatures the peaks of trap formation were close together, showing parti ...198124302318
isolation and partial characterization of a carbohydrate-binding protein from a nematode-trapping fungus.a developmentally regulated carbohydrate-binding protein from the capture organs of arthrobotrys oligospora, not present on hyphae, was isolated and partially characterized. surface structures of a. oligospora were radiolabeled with [125i]iodosulfanilic acid. the fungus was homogenized, and the homogenate was passed over an affinity column containing n-acetyl-d-galactosamine immobilized to sepharose 6b. the bound radiolabeled protein was eluted from the affinity column with a glycine-hydrochlori ...19846539773
role of n-acetylgalactosamine-specific protein in trapping of nematodes by arthrobotrys oligospora.an n-acetylgalactosamine-specific protein was purified from mycelial homogenates of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora by using affinity chromatography. the molecular weight of the protein was estimated at 22,000 by its comparative mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels. pretreatment of nematodes with the purified protein reduced entrapment, indicating a role for the sugar-binding protein in recognition and capture of prey by the fungus.198416346574
parasitic and saprophytic abilities of the nematode-attacking fungus hirsutella rhossiliensis.the ability of hirsutella rhossiliensis to colonize various substrates in sterile and nonsterile soil was measured. hirsutella rhossiliensis was recovered from 67% and 77% of living, inoculated criconemella xenoplax incubated in sterile and nonsterile soil, respectively. in contrast, the fungus was recovered from 100% and 18% of heat-killed, inoculated nematodes incubated on sterile and nonsterile soil, respectively. hirsutella rhossiliensis was readily recovered from inoculated, autoclaved whea ...198519294104
development of fate of electron-dense microbodies in trap cells of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.the development of electron-dense microbodies in cells of capture organs of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora was studied with different ultrastructural techniques. kinetic experiments revealed that the synthesis of these microbodies started in a very early stage of trap formation; the organelles originated from special regions of endoplasmic reticulum by budding. mature organelles were surrounded by a single membrane of approximately 9 nm (kmno4-fixation) and lacked crystalline i ...19854091542
an electron-microscopical analysis of capture and initial stages of penetration of nematodes by arthrobotrys oligospora.a detailed analysis was made of the capture and subsequent penetration of nematodes by the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora using different electron-microscopical techniques. capture of nematodes by this fungus occurred on complex hyphal structures (traps) and was effectuated by an adhesive coating, present on these trap cells. the adhesive layer was largely fibrillar in nature and was absent on cells of normal hyphae. following capture, penetration hyphae were formed at those sites ...19854091541
laboratory experiments to evaluate the ability of arthrobotrys oligospora to destroy infective larvae of cooperia species, and to investigate the effect of physical factors on the growth of the fungus.laboratory investigations were designed to study the influence of temperature, ph and oxygen tension on the growth of arthrobotrys oligospora, a nematode-trapping microfungus. experiments were performed to evaluate the potential role of a. oligospora in destroying third-stage larvae of cooperia spp. on agar plates and in cattle faeces. the fungus had a growth rate optimum at 23 degrees c and ph 6. anaerobic cultivation for 23 hours at 23 degrees c and 39 degrees c inhibited fungal growth, but it ...19854040943
mycoflora and mycotoxin-producing fungi of air-dust particles from egypt.using the dilution-plate method, 27 genera and 64 species were collected from 20 air-dust samples on glucose - (24 genera and 57 species) and cellulose - (21 genera and 45 species) czapek's agar at 28 degrees c. there are basic similarities between the mycoflora of air-dust on the two media and the most prevalent species were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a. ochraceus, a. terreus, a. versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, p. funiculosum, alternaria alternata, cladosporium herbarum, fusarium oxyspo ...19862938009
field experiments on the ability of arthrobotrys oligospora (hyphomycetales) to reduce the number of larvae of cooperia oncophora (trichostrongylidae) in cow pats and surrounding grass.in field experiments, conducted on parasite-free grass plots in two consecutive summers, artificially prepared cow pats containing cooperia oncophora eggs were inoculated with the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. numbers of infective c. oncophora larvae isolated from the pats as well as from the surrounding herbage were subject to an approximately ten-fold reduction as compared with numbers in fungus-free pats and herbage surrounding these. this reduction was undoubtedly a resul ...19873571923
the capability of the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora (hyphomycetales) to reduce numbers of infective larvae of ostertagia ostertagi (trichostrongylidae) in cow pats and herbage during the grazing season in denmark.artificially prepared cow pats containing ostertagia ostertagi eggs were deposited on two pasture plots in may, june and july 1986. half of the cow pats, placed on one plot, were inoculated with 2000 conidia per gram faeces of the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. on the other plot fungus-free control cow pats were placed at the same time. in the faeces generally fewer infective o. ostertagi larvae developed in the inoculated than in the control cow pats. on the herbage around the contr ...19883235796
interactions between the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of a series of animal-parasitic nematodes.interactions between the predacious hyphomycete arthrobotrys oligospora and third-stage larvae of nine animal-parasitic nematodes were tested in vitro. the trap-inducing capabilities of the ruminant trichostrongylus cooperia oncophora, c. curticei, haemonchus contortus and ostertagia ostertagi and of equine cyathostomes were almost comparable to those of free-living soil nematodes, and significantly higher than those of the porcine oesophagostomum dentatum and oe. quadrispinulatum and of the mur ...19883347992
attempts to control infection with ostertagia ostertagi (trichostrongylidae) in grazing calves by adding mycelium of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora (hyphomycetales) to cow pats.artificially prepared cow pats containing ostertagia ostertagi eggs were deposited on two comparable grazing plots at weekly intervals during june and july 1987. before deposition the cow pats, on the one plot, were inoculated with 0.250 g mycelial fragments per kg of faeces of the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. on the other control plot comparable numbers of non-inoculated cow pats were placed at the same time. subsequently, in july, two equal groups of calves were turned out one on ...19892738380
induction of nematode-trapping organs in the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora (hyphomycetales) by infective larvae of ostertagia ostertagi (trichostrongylidae).laboratory experiments were designed to study the influence of temperature, concentrations of nematodes, oxygen tension, light, and nutrient levels, on the induction of nematode-trapping hyphal nets in the predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. when induced by infective ostertagia ostertagi larvae, a maximum number of nets was produced at 20 degrees c, at which temperature nets in surplus were produced at larval concentrations up to 1,000 larvae per cm2. a. oligospora did not produce nets in ...19892782235
biological control of ruminant trichostrongylids by arthrobotrys oligospora, a predacious fungus.sheep and cattle are prey to many parasitic worms, including the trichostrongylid nematodes. conventional control involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, but in this article hadji ahmad hashmi and roger connan discuss the possible biological control of these nematodes by means of a 'living lasso', the predacious fungus arthrobotrys.198915463131
significance of electron dense microbodies in trap cells of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.we have studied the fate of electron dense microbodies in nematode-trapping organs (traps) of the fungus a. oligospora during the initial hours following nematode capture. the interaction studies were performed with isolated traps which had captured a nematode under conditions where the fungal cells had no access to external energy sources. video enhanced contrast microscopy showed that under these conditions the number of dense bodies present in the trap cell that formed the penetration tube, r ...19892589853
occurrence and metabolic significance of microbodies in trophic hyphae of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.this paper describes the results of an ultrastructural study on the subcellular events occurring in nematode-infecting (trophic) hyphae of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. in early stages of the infection process (30 min-4 h), the infection bulb and developing trophic hyphae are characterized by a highly proliferated endoplasmic reticulum (er). its membranes often appeared vesiculated and occur in close association with the cell membrane of the cells. upon further invasion of th ...19892589852
biological control of meloidogyne hapla on alfalfa and tomato with the fungus meria coniospora.this study was to determine whether arthrobotrys flagrans, a. oligospora, and meria coniospora would control the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla on alfalfa and tomato. alfalfa seeds were coated with a fungus-rye powder in 2% cellulose and were planted in infested soil. three-week-old seedlings from seed treated with m. coniospora had 60% and 58% fewer galls in two experiments than did seedlings from untreated seeds. numbers of j2 in the soil were not reduced. plant growth did not improve. w ...198919287596
an improved method for light- and electron microscopial studies of nematode/fungal interactions.a method is presented that enables studies to be made of single nematode-fungal interactions under conditions where fungal growth at the expense of external nutrients is prevented. the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora was used as a model organism in these studies. the method is based on removal of the traps from the vegetative mycelium, immediately after a nematode was captured and transfer of the trap with the captured nematode into a droplet of sterile distilled water placed in a m ...19892729961
hyphal fusion during initial stages of trap formation in arthrobotrys oligospora.hyphal fusion during initial stages of trap formation by arthrobotrys oligospora was studied by video-enhanced contrast and electron microscopy. trap initials grew perpendicularly to the parent hypha, then curved around and anastomosed with a peg that developed on the hypha. trap initials usually developed 40-140 microns apart while the anastomosis occurred 20-25 microns from the initial. vigorous cytoplasmic movements in trap initials and developed traps corresponded to intense staining with fl ...19892757366
purification and characterisation of two endoglucanases from arthrobotrys oligospora.two endoglucanases, designated endo i and endo ii, were purified from the culture filtrates of a nematode trapping fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora. the purification procedure entailed ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and preparative page. both the preparations (endo i and endo ii) were homogeneous by page, had molecular weights of 24,300 and 44,500 respectively as determined by non-denaturing page, and yielded only cellobiose as the main product of cm-cellulose hydrolysis. the opt ...19902387598
keratitis due to arthrobotrys oligospora fres. 1850.mycotic keratitis caused by arthrobotrys oligospora is reported in a 62-year-old indian male patient. the diagnosis was made by direct microscopic examination, isolation of large quantities of the fungus on multiple media and the response of the lesion to an antifungal compound. this is believed to be the first documented case of keratitis due to an arthrobotrys species.19902362231
carbohydrate/lectin interactions between the nematophagous fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora, and the infective juveniles of trichostrongylus colubriformis (nematoda).removal of the sheath of the ensheathed infective juvenile of trichostrongylus colubriformis prevents capture by the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. exposure of the trap hyphae to a variety of saccharides, which may block a recognition system based on lectin/carbohydrate binding, failed to prevent capture but some saccharides did inhibit penetration and invasion by the fungus. capture and penetration thus appear to be two distinct processes with capture being less specific than pen ...19902122394
capture and penetration processes of the free-living juveniles of trichostrongylus colubriformis (nematoda) by the nematophagous fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora.the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora traps and invades all the free-living juvenile stages of the trichostrongyle nematode trichostrongylus colubriformis. the processes of capture and invasion of the 1st-stage juveniles are described using differential interference contrast optics and 3-d reconstruction techniques. the adhesive responsible for capture is well preserved using a freeze-substitution technique for scanning electron microscopy. the invasion process of the ensheathed 3 ...19902235080
preparation of the nematode-trapping fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora, for scanning electron microscopy by freeze substitution.a freeze-substitution technique for preparing fungal specimens for scanning electron microscopy is described. this involves cryofixation in liquid nitrogen, freeze substitution in methanol at -20 degrees c and critical-point drying. the trapping complexes and conidiophores of the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora are well preserved and retain their normal three-dimensional arrangement.19902352273
antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes in florida citrus.in a survey of antagonists of nematodes in 27 citrus groves, each with a history of tylenchulus semipenetrans infestation, and 17 noncitrus habitats in florida, approximately 24 species of microbial antagonists capable of attacking vermiform stages of radopholus citrophilus were recovered. eleven of these microbes and a species of pasteuria also were observed attacking vermiform stages of t. semipenetrans. verticillium chlamydosporium, paecilomyces lilacinus, p. marquandii, streptomyces sp., art ...199019287759
proteases and their involvement in the infection and immobilization of nematodes by the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora produced extracellular proteases when grown in a liquid culture, as revealed by measuring the hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate azocoll. the extracellular protease activity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (pmsf) and other serine protease inhibitors and partly inhibited by the aspartate protease inhibitor pepstatin and by a cysteine protease inhibitor [l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamide-(4-guanidino)-butane, or e-64]. substrate ...199116348563
surface polymers of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora captures nematodes using adhesive polymers present on special hyphae (traps) which form a three-dimensional network. to understand further the adhesion mechanisms, a. oligospora surface polymers were visualized by transmission electron microscopy and characterized by chemical methods. both traps and hyphae were surrounded by a fibrillar layer of extracellular polymers which stained with ruthenium red. the polymer layer was resistant to most of the ...19911919501
purification and characterization of a surface lectin from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.several studies have indicated that the capture of nematodes by the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora is mediated by a lectin on the fungal surface. one of the major surface proteins of this fungus showed haemagglutinating activity and was isolated by affinity chromatography using a mucin sepharose column. biochemical analysis showed that the protein was a dimeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 36 kda and an isoelectric point of ph 6.5, and contained no sulphur amino acids. the ...19921487732
biological control of nematode parasites in cattle with nematode-trapping fungi: a survey of danish studies.in denmark two series of experiments have been performed to study the interactions between larvae of bovine gastrointestinal nematode parasites and nematode-trapping fungi. for practical reasons we were interested in the possibility of depositing nematode-trapping fungi in cattle faeces after passage through the gastrointestinal tract. in the first series, laboratory tests with the fungus arthrobotrys oligospora showed that motile free-living larvae of a wide range of animal-parasitic nematodes ...19938346645
the role of nematophagous fungi in the biological control of nematode parasites of livestock.the control of nematode parasites of livestock is presently based entirely on anthelmintic treatment and grazing management. on their own, these methods are not sustainable because parasites invariably develop resistance to anthelmintics and because of increasing public concern about chemical residues in livestock products and the environment. although alternative, non-chemotherapeutic control strategies, such as vaccines and genetic selection for resistance are the focus of considerable researc ...19938354604
biological control of ostertagia ostertagi by feeding selected nematode-trapping fungi to calves.three nematode-trapping fungi, one arthrobotrys oligospora and two duddingtonia flagrans isolates, were fed to ostertagia ostertagi-infected calves to test their ability to destroy larvae of this parasite in faeces and consequently to reduce the transmission of infective larvae to herbage. the fungi had previously been selected for their capability to pass the alimentary tract of cattle without losing growth and nematode-trapping potentials. dung was collected from three calves each fed one of t ...19938509616
reduction of haemonchus contortus infective larvae by three nematophagous fungi in sheep faecal cultures.the reduction of haemonchus contortus (l3) infective larvae in sheep faecal cultures caused by the action of three nematophagous fungi conidia was evaluated in vitro. addition of 20,000 conidia of monacrosporium eudermatum, arthrobotrys oligospora and arthrobotrys robusta per gram of faeces caused a reduction of 95.7%, 98.3% and 10.1%, respectively, compared with the control group. a 97.4% reduction was observed when combined conidia of the three fungi were used. total reduction of the larval po ...19947879378
purification and characterization of an extracellular serine protease from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.when grown in liquid cultures allowing the formation of nematode traps, the fungus arthrobotrys oligospora produced two extracellular proteases hydrolysing the chromogenic substrate azocoll. the protease activity was separated into two fractions (fi and fii) using anion-exchange chromatography. in bioassays, protease(s) present in fii immobilized the free-living nematode panagrellus redivivus indicating that the enzyme(s) might be involved in the infection of nematodes. a protease designated pii ...19948075805
the potential of nematophagous fungi to control the free-living stages of nematode parasites of sheep: in vitro and in vivo studies.following in vitro screening investigations on approximately 100 nematophagous fungi reported previously, eight species were selected for further investigation. fungal elements (mycelium and conidia) were subjected to in vitro stress selection designed to simulate rumen and abomasal conditions. from these studies, three species, namely, arthrobotrys oligospora, arthrobotrys oviformis and geniculifera eudermata, were selected for in vivo survival studies in sheep surgically fitted with abomasal a ...19948171832
predacious activity of the nematode-destroying fungus arthrobotrys oligospora in dependence of the medium composition.the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora fres. can live saprophytically as well as predatorily. as a predator it forms sticky reticulate traps in the presence of living nematodes which enable it to kill and consume the animals. in laboratory experiments the nutrient acquisition of the fungus was tested on agar media with various n- and c-sources in different concentrations. the intensity of predacious response was determined by counting the traps formed on the agar surface after inductio ...19947921895
structures and absolute configurations of antibiotics of the oligosporon group from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.spectroscopic data define the structures of three new antibiotics, 4',5'-dihydro-oligosporon (4), hydroxyoligosporon (5) and 10',11'-epoxyoligosporon (6) from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora, and confirm the structures of the recently reported antibiotics oligosporon (1) and oligosporol b (3). the absolute configuration of the substituted 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene nucleus of these metabolites is determined by circular dichroic spectroscopy. oligosporon (1) and its dihydr ...19957797441
in vitro assessment of two species of nematophagous fungi (arthrobotrys oligospora and arthrobotrys flagrans) to control the development of infective cyathostome larvae from naturally infected horses.the ability of two species of nematophagous fungi, arthrobotrys oligospora and arthrobotrys flagrans (syn. trichothecium flagrans, duddingtonia flagrans), to control the development of infective larvae in feces from naturally infected horses was assessed in vitro. the horses were from a farm where it had been previously established that cyathostomes accounted for 100% of the strongyle egg output. the feces from these naturally infected horses were mixed with spores of each fungal species at four ...19957732642
toward practical biological control of parasitic nematodes in domestic animals.in a series of laboratory and field experiments where the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora was mixed directly with feces it has been demonstrated that it is possible to use nematophagous fungi for biological control of animal parasitic nematodes. a procedure used for selection of nematophagous fungi that can pass the digestive tract of ruminants, horses, and pigs is described. the selected fungus, duddingtonia flagrans, has been used in further field experiments, and the results have ...199619277128
molecular characterization of a saline-soluble lectin from a parasitic fungus. extensive sequence similarities between fungal lectins.it has been proposed that the interactions between several parasitic and pathogenic fungi and their hosts are mediated by soluble lectins present in the fungus. we have cloned and analyzed a gene encoding such a lectin (aol) from the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora (deuteromycete). the deduced primary structure of the aol gene displayed an extensive similarity (identity 46.3%) to that of a gene encoding a lectin (abl) recently isolated from the mushroom agaricus bisporus (basidiomyc ...19968706686
a multispecific saline-soluble lectin from the parasitic fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. similarities in the binding specificities compared with a lectin from the mushroom agaricus bisporus.several fungi can express high levels of saline-soluble and low-molecular-mass lectins that bind to glycoproteins such as fetuin and different mucins but not bind to any monosaccharides. in this paper, we report the binding specificities of such a lectin (designated aol) isolated from the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. the results show that aol is a multispecific lectin that interacts with the following ligands: (a) several sulfated glycoconjugates including sulfatide, dextran sul ...19968706687
effect of nematode-trapping fungi on an entomopathogenic nematode originating from the same field site in california.we determined whether nematode-trapping fungi may influence the dynamics of a coastal shrub community. the food chain interactions in the shrub community involve the dominant plant species, its major insect herbivore, and an entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis hepialus. of the 12 nematode-trapping fungi previously isolated from soils at the study site, 5 were selected for this study. arthrobotrys oligospora, geniculifera paucispora, monacrosporium eudermatum, and monacrosporium cionopagum ...19968931364
sequence analysis and regulation of a gene encoding a cuticle-degrading serine protease from the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.the nematode trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora produces an extracellular serine protease (designated pii) that immobilizes free-living nematodes in bioassays and hydrolyses proteins of the nematode cuticle. peptides were isolated from pii and partly sequenced. three internal peptide sequences were used to design synthetic oligonucleotides, which allowed the subsequent isolation of the gene encoding pii from a genomic library. the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that pii is synthesize ...19968757725
effects of nematophagous fungi on numbers and death rates of bacterivorous nematodes in arable soil.in a series of microcosm experiments with an arable, sandy loam soil amended with sugarbeet leaf, the short-term (8 weeks) dynamics of numbers of nematodes were measured in untreated soil and in gamma-irradiated soil inoculated with either a field population of soil microorganisms and nematodes or a mixed population of laboratory-propagated bacterivorous nematode species. sugarbeet leaf stimulated an increase in bacterivorous rhabditidae, cephalobidae, and a lab-cultivated panagrolaimus sp. diff ...199619277342
influence of phosphate on development of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.arthrobotrys oligospora captures and digests nematodes by means of adhesive networks. these traps are formed in the presence of nematodes but can also be induced by low nutrient media containing amino acids. influence of phosphate on growth and development of a. oligospora was studied in a liquid culture system known to allow heavy trap formation. substrate-induced but not nematode-induced trap, formation was inhibited by phosphate at concentrations above 30 mu m. high numbers of chlamydospores ...19968857267
infestation of sheep dung by nematophagous fungi and implications for the control of free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematodes.a field trial was conducted to assess the rate at which dung becomes infested by fungi which parasitise nematodes (nematophagous fungi) after deposition. sheep dung was placed on field plots of bare ground, ryegrass (lolium perenne), browntop (agrostis capillaris) and white clover (trifolium repens) in summer (february) and autumn (april), and subsamples were examined at intervals for the presence of nematophagous fungi. nematophagous fungi occurred in 71% of 129 samples recovered in february an ...19979211650
in vitro assessment of the influence of nutrition, temperature and larval density on trapping of the infective larvae of heligmosomoides polygyrus by arthrobotrys oligospora, duddingtonia flagrans and monacrosporium megalosporum.the influence of nutrient level, temperature and larval density on the trapping of heligmosomoides polygyrus l3 by the nematophagous fungi arthrobotrys oligospora, duddingtonia flagrans and monacrosporium megalosporum were investigated by quantification of trapped nematodes. all 3 factors were found to have a significant effect on the number of larvae trapped by a. oligospora and m. megalosporum. decreased nutrient concentrations resulted in increased trapping for these 2 fungi, but nutrient ava ...19979300468
the control of the free-living stages of strongyloides papillosus by the nematophagous fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora.two laboratory trials were conducted to determine the effect of the addition of spores (conidia) of the nematophagous fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora, on the development of the ruminant parasite, strongyloides papillosus, in cultures of bovine faeces. both studies showed that at a concentration of 2000 conidia/g faeces virtually eliminated infective larvae (> 99% reduction), following 14 days incubation under ideal conditions (25 degrees c and saturated humidity) for free-living development of t ...19989650868
transformation of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora was transformed to hygromycin resistance using the hygromycin-b phosphotransferase gene from escherichia coli under the control of various heterologous fungal promoters. plasmid dna was introduced into fungal protoplasts by polyethylene glycol/cacl2 treatment. transformation frequencies varied between 1-6 transformants per microgram dna. seven out of 13 integration events analyzed from transformants were single copy integrations, whereas the r ...199910220888
nematophagous fungi in fresh feces of cattle in the mata region of minas gerais state, brazil.the capacity to survive gut passage is one of the desirable characteristics for nematophagous fungi to be considered potential biological control agents of gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. from april 1995 to april 1996, a pool of 10 cow fecal samples and 10 individual samples of feces from heifers, which were raised under partial (cows) or total (heifers) confinement in the mata region of minas gerais state, brazil, were examined monthly for the presence of nematophagous fungi. a total o ...199910348101
growth rate and trapping efficacy of nematode-trapping fungi under constant and fluctuating temperatures.the effect of temperature on radial growth and predatory activity of different isolates of nematode-trapping fungi was assessed. four isolates of duddingtonia flagrans and one isolate of arthrobotrys oligospora were inoculated on petri dishes containing either cornmeal agar (cma) or faecal agar and then incubated for 14 days under three different constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. the radial growth was similar on the two substrates at each temperature regime. all fungal isolates showe ...199910431729
[in vitro predatory activity of 8 fungal isolates against the nematode panagrellus redivivus].the aim of this study was to evaluate the predacious capacity in vitro of eight isolates of nematophagous fungi: four of arthrobotrys sp., one of arthrobotrys oligospora, one of duddingtonia flagrans, one of dactylaria sp. and one monacrosporium eudermatum. nine groups of petri dishes with 13 repetitions each were set up. the fungi were seeded in fluor-corn-agar media, following this each petri dish was added with 150 larvae of the free living nematode panagrellus redivivus. five days after larv ...199910932764
structures of flagranones a, b and c, cyclohexenoxide antibiotics from the nematode-trapping fungus duddingtonia flagrans.spectroscopic data define the structures of the flagranones a (2), b (3) and c (4) from the nematode-trapping fungus duddingtonia flagrans. these antibiotics are structurally related to the farnesylated cyclohexenoxides of the oligosporon group recently isolated from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora, and show similar antimicrobial activity.199910656575
analysis of the dynamics of fungal communities in soil via fungal-specific pcr of soil dna followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.a molecular method for profiling of fungal communities in soil was applied in experiments in soil microcosms, with two objectives, (1) to assess the persistence of two selected fungal species in soil, and (2) to analyze the response of the natural fungal community to a spill of sulphurous petrol in the same soil. to achieve the aims, two soil dna extraction methods, one originally designed for the direct extraction of bacterial community dna and the other one aimed to obtain fungal dna, were tes ...200011121612
screening for indian isolates of predacious fungi for use in biological control against nematode parasites of ruminants.four isolates of predacious fungi, two each of arthrobotrys oligospora isolated from a sheep and a male crossbred calf and of duddingtonia flagrans isolated from a sheep and a female buffalo in western india, were studied for their suitability as biocontrol agents against parasitic nematodes of ruminants, using growth assay, predatory activity, germination potential and ability to survive passing through the ruminants gut as criteria. the study showed that isolates of d. flagrans grew well in ar ...200010703754
improving the pathogenicity of a nematode-trapping fungus by genetic engineering of a subtilisin with nematotoxic activity.nematophagous fungi are soil-living fungi that are used as biological control agents of plant and animal parasitic nematodes. their potential could be improved by genetic engineering, but the lack of information about the molecular background of the infection has precluded this development. in this paper we report that a subtilisin-like extracellular serine protease designated pii is an important pathogenicity factor in the common nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. the transcript ...200212089022
two genes encoding fruit body lectins of pleurotus cornucopiae: sequence similarity with the lectin of a nematode-trapping fungus.our previous studies on the fruit body lectin of pleurotus cornucopiae revealed the existence of three isolectins, composed of two homodimers and one heterodimer of 16- and 15-kda subunits. in this study, two genes encoding the lectins were cloned and characterized. both genes encoded 144 amino acids and only 5 amino acids were different within the coding region, but the nucleotide sequences of the 5'-upstream and 3'-downstream regions differed extensively. southern hybridization with gene-speci ...200212450118
the predatory capability of three nematophagous fungi in the control of haemonchus contortus infective larvae in ovine faeces.the effect of oral administration of three different nematode-trapping fungi, in aqueous suspension containing either dactylaria sp. or arthrobotrys oligospora conidia or duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores, on the number of haemonchus contortus infective larvae in sheep faeces, was evaluated. the three selected species of fungi produce three-dimensional adhesive nets in the presence of nematodes. sixteen creole sheep were divided into four groups of four animals each. groups 1 and 2 were orall ...200314627445
correlations between most probable number and activity of nematode-trapping fungi.abstract soil cages were used to determine whether nematode-trapping fungi population density, as measured by most probable number (mpn) procedures, was correlated with the trapping of nematodes. fungi studied (and trap type) were arthrobotrys oligospora (adhesive networks), a. eudermata (adhesive networks), a. dactyloides (constricting rings), dactylellina ellipsospora (adhesive knobs), and d. haptotyla (adhesive knobs). the fungi were formulated as assimilative hyphae in dried alginate pellets ...200318943626
[occurrence and morphology of some predatory fungi, amoebicidal, rotifericidal and nematodicidal, in the surface waters of białystok region].studies concerned the occurrence of some predatory fungi in the surface waters: springs, rivers, lakes and ponds of białystok region, collected in years 1999-2002. the following species of predatory fungi, amoebicidal, rotifericidal and nematodicidal were found: arthrobotrys oligospora fresenius, zoophagus insidians somlnestorff, somnuerstorffia spinosa arnaudov, dactylaria brochopaga drechsler, euryancale sacciospora dreschler and zoopage phanera drechsler. physico-chemical parameters of waters ...200316889032
deletion of a lectin gene does not affect the phenotype of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.a number of filamentous fungi are known to produce high levels of saline-soluble and low-molecular-mass lectins. the function of these proteins are not clear but it has been proposed that they are involved in storage of nutrients, development, recognition of other organisms, and defense reactions. a gene encoding such a lectin (aol) was deleted in the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora by homologous recombination. the deletion mutants did not express any hemagglutinating activity o ...200312781671
do organic amendments enhance the nematode-trapping fungi dactylellina haptotyla and arthrobotrys oligospora?soil cages (polyvinyl chloride pipe with mesh-covered ends) were used to determine how the quantity of two organic amendments affected the nematode-trapping fungi dactylellina haptotyla and arthrobotrys oligospora, which were studied independently in two different vineyards. each cage contained 80 cm(3) of field soil (120 g dry weight equivalent), fungal inoculum (two alginate pellets, each weighing 1.9 mg and containing assimilative hyphae of one fungus), and dried grape or alfalfa leaves (0, 3 ...200419262815
low genetic diversity among isolates of the nematode-trapping fungus duddingtonia flagrans: evidence for recent worldwide dispersion from a single common ancestor.the genetic variation of duddingtonia flagrans, which has become a promising biocontrol agent of animal parasitic nematodes, was investigated in a worldwide collection of 22 isolates. we analysed the sequence variation in four nuclear genes, tuba (beta-tubulin), cmd1 (calmodulin), ef1alpha (translation elongation factor 1alpha), and pii (extracellular serine protease). 1428 aligned base pairs (bp) were analysed from the four genes, including 709 bp of introns. in addition, the variations in thre ...200415535071
improvement on genetic transformation in the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora and its quantification on dung samples.an improved dna-mediated transformation system for nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora based on hygromycin b resistance was developed. the transformation frequency varied between 34 and 175 transformants per microg linearized dna and 93% of the transformants were stable for drug resistance when tested 100 randomly selected transformants. more than 2000 transformants were obtained by transformation of the fungus with pbchygro in the presence of hindiii and among them, one, ymf1.00110 ...200515983740
morphological variations in conidia of arthrobotrys oligospora on different media.most commonly occurring predacious fungus arthrobotrys oligospora showed great variation in size and shape of conidia on some media. the formation of larger conidia was recorded on beef extract and nutrient agar media. the length of conidia in richard's ypss, sabouraud's, pda and corn meal agar media was of medium size while smaller conidia were produced on czapek's, jensen's, martin's medium. maximum width of conidia was recorded on ypss medium followed by sabouraud's medium. the average size o ...200524049485
low-temperature scanning electron microscopy in fungus-nematode interaction.a comparative study has been made of different preparation techniques used for the scanning electron microscope (sem), with regard to their application to fungus-nematode interaction. the preparation of frozen-hydrated specimens of both healthy and arthrobotrys-oligospora-infected second-stage larvae of the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne sp.) is described, and the results are compared with those obtained by critical point-drying and freeze-drying. in all cases the frozen-hydrated specimens cons ...20068281360
characterization of an extracellular protease and its cdna from the nematode-trapping fungus monacrosporium microscaphoides.to better exploit the biocontrol potential of nematophagous fungi, it is important to fully understand the molecular background of the infection process. in this paper, several nematode-trapping fungi were surveyed for nematocidal activity. from the culture filtrate of monacrosporium microscaphoides, a neutral serine protease (designated mlx) was purified by chromatography. this protease could immobilize the nematode penagrellus redivivus in vitro and degrade its purified cuticle, suggesting tha ...200616541149
purification and characterization of an extracellular serine protease from the nematode-trapping fungus dactylella shizishanna.to evaluate the production of an extracellular serine protease by dactylella shizishanna and its potential as a pathogenesis factor.200616706897
the ecology of nematode-trapping hyphomycetes in cattle dung from three plateau pastures.this paper investigated the influence of season and altitude on the occurrence of nematode-trapping fungi in cattle faeces. six hundred and sixty samples of cattle faeces deposited on three plateau pastures with different altitudes in the west of yunnan province, china, were examined in 2004. a total of 17 species of nematode-trapping hyphomycetes were isolated from these samples. the predominant species from all three plateau pastures were arthrobotrys oligospora, a. musiformis, monacrosporium ...200717113711
a mushroom lectin from ascomycete cordyceps militaris.a mushroom lectin has been purified from ascomycete cordyceps militaris, which is one of the most popular mushrooms in eastern asia used as a nutraceutical and in traditional chinese medicine. this lectin, designated cml, exhibited hemagglutination activity in mouse and rat erythrocytes, but not in human abo erythrocytes. sds-page of cml revealed a single band with a molecular mass of 31.0 kda under both nonreducing and reducing conditions that was stained by silver nitrate, and a 31.4 kda peak ...200717306462
response of nematode-trapping fungi to organic substrates in a coastal grassland soil.to understand why arthrobotrys oligospora and other nematode-trapping fungi are common and sometimes abundant in the coastal grassland soils of the bodega marine reserve (bmr, sonoma county, ca), we examined how resident trapping fungi responded to the addition of eight organic substrates (lupine leaves, grass leaves, dead isopods, dead moth larvae, isopod faeces, deer faeces, shrimp shells, and powdered chitin). we were especially interested in the effects of dead isopods because isopods are ab ...200717662588
ambient ph signaling regulates expression of the serine protease gene (spr1) in pine wilt nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum.we have cloned and characterized spr1, a putative serine protease gene, from a nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum. the gene was present as a single copy in the genome. the predicted protein sequence of spr1 is homologous to the putative cuticle-degrading serine proteases pii and azo1 from the nematode-trapping fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora. in the 5' untranslated region near the initiation codon, consensus sequences to an area binding site, a well-known mediator of nitrogen ...200816697631
diversity and metal tolerance of nematode-trapping fungi in pb-polluted soils.the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi (ntf) in two lead (pb) mines in yunnan province, china was investigated in 2004. in total, 20 species belonging to five genera were identified from 500 samples collected at the lanping and the huize mines. pb concentrations ranged from 216 approximately 7,150 mg/kg for the former and 132 approximately 13,380 mg/kg for the latter, respectively. the fungi were divided into five groups based on different trapping mechanisms. the trapping-net producer group c ...200818337687
predation of ancylostoma spp. dog infective larvae by nematophagous fungi in different conidial concentrations.in the present work, it was evaluated the in vitro effect of 12 isolates from the fungal species arthrobotrys, duddingtonia, nematoctonus and monacrosporium genera in different conidial concentrations on the capture of ancylostoma spp. dog infective larvae (l(3)), on 2% water-agar medium at 25 degrees c, at the end of a period of 7 days. the concentrations used for each nematophagous fungus were 1000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000conidia/petri dish plated with 1000 ancylostoma spp. l(3). all n ...200919243889
trap induction and trapping in eight nematode-trapping fungi (orbiliaceae) as affected by juvenile stage of caenorhabditis elegans.this study measured trap induction and trapping on agar disks as affected by juvenile stages (j1, j2, j3, and j4) of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans and by species of nematode-trapping fungi. eight species of nematode-trapping fungi belonging to the family orbiliaceae and producing four kinds of traps were studied: adhesive network-forming arthrobotrys oligospora, a. vermicola, and a. eudermata, constricting ring-forming drechslerella brochopaga, and dr. stenobrocha, adhesive column-forming ...201020146004
characterization of a neutral serine protease and its full-length cdna from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.a neutral serine protease (designated aoz1) was purified to homogeneity from a strain of arthrobotrys oligospora, obtained from soil in yunnan province. the purified protein showed a molecular mass of approximately 38 000 dalton, pi 4.9 and displayed optimal activity at 45 c and ph 6-8. the protein could hydrolyze gelatin, casein and the chromogenic substrate azocoll, and it could immobilize nematodes in vitro (panagrellus redivivus l. [goodey]). the level of activity in culture medium was found ...201021148823
divergence and dispersal of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora from china.nematode-trapping fungi are of significant agricultural, forestry and ecological importance. however, relatively little is known about the patterns of genetic variation for any nematode-trapping fungus through its broad geographic and ecological contexts. here, we analysed dna sequence variation among strains of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora from china. our analyses revealed that the chinese a. oligospora is a species complex with at least three divergent lineages (cryptic ...201123761368
genomic and proteomic analyses of the fungus arthrobotrys oligospora provide insights into nematode-trap formation.nematode-trapping fungi are "carnivorous" and attack their hosts using specialized trapping devices. the morphological development of these traps is the key indicator of their switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. here, the genome of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora fres. (atcc24927) was reported. the genome contains 40.07 mb assembled sequence with 11,479 predicted genes. comparative analysis showed that a. oligospora shared many more genes with pathogenic fungi ...201121909256
arthrobotrisins a-c, oligosporons from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.arthrobotrys oligospora is a carnivorous fungus that can use mycelia trapping devices to capture their prey. three novel oligosporons, named arthrobotrisins a-c (1-3), were isolated from a. oligospora and identified by spectroscopic analysis in combination with x-ray diffraction. this is the first time that the relative configuration of naturally occurring oligosporon metabolites has been fully determined. compound 3 exhibited specific antibacterial activities.201121568306
in-vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi from costa rica with potential use for controlling sheep and goat parasitic nematodes.in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, parasitic diseases are a main cause of losses in livestock productivity. the increased acquired resistence to anthelmintics by gastrointestinal nematodes, requires biological control be considered as a potential feasible and effective alternative. the most effective natural soil enemies of nematodes are nematophagous fungi. in order to collect and identify predator nematophagous fungi (pnf), samples were obtained from 51 farms distributed through ...201121513192
induction of trap formation in nematode-trapping fungi by a bacterium.three soil bacterial strains were identified as chryseobacterium sp. tfb on the basis of their 16s rrna gene sequences. conidia of arthrobotrys oligospora produced a few mycelial traps (mt) and conidial traps (ct) when cultured with bacterial cells that they did not produce when cultured with a bacterial cell-free culture filtrate. however, co-culture of a. oligospora with bacterial cells and bacteria-free filtrate simultaneously induced mt and ct in large amounts. with the increased concentrati ...201121722172
morphology regulatory metabolites from arthrobotrys oligospora.novel autoregulatory metabolites, arthrosporols a-c (1-3), involved in regulating the morphological switch in fungi, were purified and characterized from the carnivorous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora. these compounds possess a novel hybrid carbon skeleton consisting of an epoxy-cyclohexenol combined with a rare monocyclic sesquiterpenol substructure. this is the first report of a monocyclic sesquiterpenol of this type of fungal origin. compounds 1-3 displayed significant inhibitory activities t ...201222768791
use of real-time pcr to discriminate parasitic and saprophagous behaviour by nematophagous fungi.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are important pathogens of soilborne insects and are sometimes developed commercially to manage insect pests. numerous nematophagous fungal species (nf) prey on nematodes and are thought to be important in regulating natural or introduced epn populations. however, nematophagy by these fungi in nature cannot be inferred using existing methods to estimate their abundance in soil because many of these fungi are saprophytes, resorting to parasitism primarily when ce ...201222559917
genetic diversity and recombination in natural populations of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora from china.nematophagous fungi can trap and capture nematodes and other small invertebrates. this unique ability has made them ideal organisms from which to develop biological control agents against plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes. however, effective application of biocontrol agents in the field requires a comprehensive understanding about the ecology and population genetics of the nematophagous fungi in natural environments. here, we genotyped 228 strains of the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys ...201323467563
ion beam mutagenesis in arthrobotrys oligospora enhances nematode-trapping ability.the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora is able to produce extracellular protease that degrades the body walls of parasitic nematode larvae found in livestock and immobilizes the nematodes. our aim was to obtain a strain of a. oligospora with a strong ability to trap nematodes by production of high levels of extracellular protease. a wild type strain of a. oligospora was subjected to mutagenic treatments involving low-energy ion beam implantation to generate mutants. among these mut ...201323370734
efficacy of an arthrobotrys oligospora n mutant in nematode-trapping larvae after passage through the digestive tract of sheep. 201322964007
arthrobotrys oligospora-mediated biological control of diseases of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) caused by meloidogyne incognita and rhizoctonia solani.to study the biocontrol potential of nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora in protecting tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) against meloidogyne incognita and rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions.201322963133
genomic mechanisms accounting for the adaptation to parasitism in nematode-trapping fungi.orbiliomycetes is one of the earliest diverging branches of the filamentous ascomycetes. the class contains nematode-trapping fungi that form unique infection structures, called traps, to capture and kill free-living nematodes. the traps have evolved differently along several lineages and include adhesive traps (knobs, nets or branches) and constricting rings. we show, by genome sequencing of the knob-forming species monacrosporium haptotylum and comparison with the net-forming species arthrobot ...201324244185
proteomic and transcriptional analyses of arthrobotrys oligospora cell wall related proteins reveal complexity of fungal virulence against nematodes.the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora is the best-studied fungus for understanding the interaction between fungi and nematodes. the fungus uses three-dimensional adhesive networks to capture nematodes and then penetrates into the worms through their cuticle. here we examine the effects of fungal cell wall related proteins on morphogenesis and virulence of the fungi. we focused on the changes in its proteomic and transcriptional profiles during its transition from saprophytic to pr ...201323948728
autophagy is required for trap formation in the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.nematode-trapping fungi live mainly as saprobes in soil environments. when encountering nematodes, these fungi become 'carnivorous' and develop specialized trapping devices to attack their hosts for extracting nutrients, especially nitrogen source. thus, nematode-trapping fungi are model organisms for understanding the molecular mechanism of the switch between saprobic and parasitic phases of pathogen life cycles. arthrobotrys oligospora, one of the best-studied nematode-trapping fungi, mainly l ...201323864564
characterization and functional analyses of the chitinase-encoding genes in the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora.nematode-trapping fungi can secrete many extracellular hydrolytic enzymes such as serine proteases and chitinases to digest and penetrate nematode/egg-cuticles. however, little is known about the structure and function of chitinases in these fungi. in this study, 16 orfs encoding putative chitinases, which all belong to glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 18, were identified from the arthrobotrys oligospora genome. bioinformatics analyses showed that these 16 putative chitinases differ in their func ...201323661195
the recombinant serine protease xaoz1 of arthrobotrys oligospora exhibits potent nematicidal activity against caenorhabditis elegans and haemonchus contortus.the nematophagous fungus arthrobotrys oligospora is a potential biological agent against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes. its subtilisin-like serine proteases play an important role in nematode cuticle breach. in this study, the cdna of the mature serine protease xaoz1 from a. oligospora xj-xao1 was expressed in pichia pastoris to assess the in vitro nematicidal activity of recombinant xaoz1 (rexaoz1) on caenorhabditis elegans and haemonchus contortus. the cdna sequence of the protease xaoz ...201323574378
in vitro evaluation of nematophagous activity of fungal isolates.four filamentous fungi associated with nematodes were isolated and identified from litter samples collected in the integral natural reserve "bosco siro negri" (pv, italy): arthrobotrys dactyloides, arthrobotrys oligospora var. oligospora, pochonia bulbillosa, and pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata. their capacity to break down the nematode population was evaluated in vitro by means of simple and reproducible multiwell plates method. all fungal strains were able to cause a death-rate signifi ...201423553775
interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi.nematode-trapping fungi are soil-living fungi that capture and kill nematodes using special hyphal structures called traps. they display a large diversity of trapping mechanisms and differ in their host preferences. to provide insights into the genetic basis for this variation, we compared the transcriptome expressed by three species of nematode-trapping fungi (arthrobotrys oligospora, monacrosporium cionopagum and arthrobotrys dactyloides, which use adhesive nets, adhesive branches or constrict ...201425384908
charge-selective fractions of naturally occurring nanoparticles as bioactive nanocarriers for cancer therapy.a carnivorous fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora, has been shown to secrete nanoparticles. in the present work, the potential of two charge-selective fractions of fungal nanoparticles (fnps) as bioactive nanocarriers in cancer therapy is explored by investigating their immunostimulatory activities, cytotoxic mechanisms and in vitro immunochemotherapeutic effects. a surface charge-selective fractionation procedure to purify crude fnps has been established, and two fnp fractions (i.e. fnp1 and fnp2), ...201424952072
drechslerella stenobrocha genome illustrates the mechanism of constricting rings and the origin of nematode predation in fungi.nematode-trapping fungi are a unique group of organisms that can capture nematodes using sophisticated trapping structures. the genome of drechslerella stenobrocha, a constricting-ring-forming fungus, has been sequenced and reported, and provided new insights into the evolutionary origins of nematode predation in fungi, the trapping mechanisms, and the dual lifestyles of saprophagy and predation.201424507587
malate synthase gene aomls in the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys oligospora contributes to conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity.malate synthase (mls), a key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle, is required for virulence in microbial pathogens. in this study, we identified the aomls gene from the nematode-trapping fungus arthobotrys oligospora. the gene contains 4 introns and encodes a polypeptide of 540 amino acids. to characterize the function of aomls in a. oligospora, we disrupted it by homologous recombination, and the δaomls mutants were confirmed by pcr and southern blot analyses. the growth rate and colony morphology o ...201424323290
bacteria can mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes.in their natural habitat, bacteria are consumed by bacterivorous nematodes; however, they are not simply passive preys. here we report a defensive mechanism used by certain bacteria to mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes. these bacteria release urea, which triggers a lifestyle switch in the fungus arthrobotrys oligospora from saprophytic to nematode-predatory form; this predacious form is characterized by formation of specialized cellular structures or 'traps'. the bacteria signif ...201425514608
Refresh
firstprev
12
nextlast
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 114