Publications

indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak: a deer with a low diploid chromosome number.	the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) has a diploid chromosome number of 7 in the male and 6 in the female, the lowest number yet described in a mammal. its near relative, reeve's muntjac (muntiacus reevesi) has a diploid number of 46, and the karyotypes of the two, species are very different.	1970	5444269
heterochromatin of the indian muntjac. replication, condensation, dna ultracentrifugation, fluorescent and heterochromatin staining.		1971	4106459
fine structure of kinetochore in indian muntjac.		1971	5569205
[ethological observations on captive and semi-wild muntjaks (muntiacus muntjak zimmermann 1780 and m. reevesi ogilby 1839)].		1971	5104269
idiogram and fluorescence pattern of the chromosomes of the indian muntjac.		1971	4142014
nonrandom arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in cultured cells of the indian deer, muntiacus muntjak.		1972	5038359
an investigation of somatic pairing in the muntjak (muntiacus muntjak).		1972	5038358
germ-cell chromosomes and their behavior during meiosis in a male indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak.		1972	5020837
[setaria (a) andersoni n. sp., filaria of muntiacus muntjak cervidae in south vietnam].		1972	4679131
constitutive heterochromatin of indian muntjac chromosomes revealed by dnase treatment and a c-banding technique.		1974	4138961
distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the indian muntjac.	the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) was determined for the chromosomes (except y2) of the indian muntjac stained by the fluorescence plus giemsa (fpg) or harlequin chromosome technique. the relative dna content of each of the chromosomes was also measured by scanning cytophotometry. after growth in bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) for two dna replication cycles. sces were distributed according to the poisson formula in each of the chromosomes. the frequency of sce in each of the chromosom ...	1975	1212902
a simple statistical analysis of indian muntjac giemsa band patterns.	indian muntiacus muntjac g-banded chromosomes were used for computerized analysis for standardized karyotype generation. individual chromosomes on high-contrast photographic negatives were scanned densitometrically. alignment of each chromosome for analysis was achieved by locating predominant peaks as well as the centromere. this provided better alignment that the use of the chromosome-end locations. the standardized set was obtained by determing the root-mean-square average density along 10-20 ...	1975	1192843
evidence suggesting chromosome continuity during the s phase of indian muntjac cells.		1975	1141015
locations of 18s and 28s ribosomal genes on the chromosomes of the indian muntjac.	the locations of genes coding for 18s and 28s ribosomal rna have been mapped on metaphase chromosomes of the indian muntjac m. muntjak by in situ hybridization with (3h)rrna from the toad x. laevis. the results show that, in the muntjac, rdna clusters are associated with the prominent secondary constrictions on the x and the y1 chromos. in addition a cluster of rdna is found near the tip of one arm on the longest pair of autosomes. the autosomal cluster of rdnas usually does not express as a sec ...	1975	1109234
a reliable method of quantifying g-band position in chromosomes.	the locations of chromosomal bands in the muntajac (muntiacus muntjak, zimmerman) are shown to be constant, that is the bands occupy the same relative position regardless of the state of contraction of the chormosome. each band can thus be assigned a precise location. different banding techniques produce bands at identical locations and thus precisely similar patterns, with one notable exception in which certain bands disappear. it it proposed that this more exact procedure be used to identify c ...	1975	50164
comparison of g-, q- and em-banding patterns exhibited by the chromosome complement of the indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak, with reference to nuclear dna content and chromatin ultrastructure.	when the chromosomes of the indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak, were compared following treatment with two presently used banding methods, trypsin-giemsa (g) and quinacrine-hydrochloride (q) with structural bands as seen in the electron microscope, definite correlations were observed with respect to the numbers and positions of individual bands. - weights obtained for the individual chromosomes were: no. 1, 9.98 pg; no. 2, 4.10 pg; no. 3, 4.43 pg; no. 3-x, 5.05 pg; and y, 0.55 pg. average diamete ...	1975	48452
actinomycin d effects on mitosis and chromosomes: sticky chromatids and localized lesions.	when indian muntjac and chinese hamster cells in culture were treated with actinomycin d (1 micron/ml) for 1-2 hours, the sister chromatids, especially the distal segments, appeared to have difficulty separating in anaphase. the separated proximal segments progressively became stretched. the nucleolus organizer regions seemed to be most susceptible to stretching, and breaks in these regions were frequently observed. electron microscopic observations showed that the sticky chromatids (and less fr ...	1975	1132285
visualization of nucleolar organizer regions im mammalian chromosomes using silver staining.	a simple ammoniacal silver staining procedure, designated ag-as, differentially stains the chromosomal locations of ribosomal dna in certain mammalian species. this was critically demonstrated by ag-as staining of the nucleolus organizer regions in karyotypes of the same species and cell lines used for locating the ribosomal cistrons by dna/rna in situ hybridization. with ag-as, silver stained nors (ag-nors) are visualized as black spherical bodies on yellow-brown chromosome arms. ag-nors were v ...	1975	53131
distribution of 18+28s ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes.	in situ hybridization with 3h 18s and 28s ribosomal rna from xenopus laevis has been used to study the distribution of dna sequences coding for these rnas (the nucleolus organizing regions) in the genomes of six mammals. several patterns of distribution have been found: 1) a single major site (rat kangaroo, seba's fruit bat), 2) two major sites (indian muntjac), 3) multiple sites in centromeric heterochromatin (field vole), 4) multiple sites in heterochromatic short arms (peromyscus eremicus), 5 ...	1975	1104290
random distribution of centromere regions at mitosis in cultured cells of muntiacus muntjak.	the manner in which centromere regions of mitotic chromosomes are distributed with respect to the age of their dna was studied. cells of the indian deer muntiacus muntjak, were grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) for two generations and stained with the fluorescent dye hoechst 33258. chromatids containing "granddaughter dna" appear dim when compared with those containing "grandparental dna". the frequencies of the various anaphase patterns of bright and dim centromere regions were ...	1976	1253648
purification of the chromosomes of the indian muntjac by flow sorting.	metaphase chromosomes were isolated from a male indian muntjac cell line, were stained with ethidium bromide and were analyzed by flow microfluorometry to establish a deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)-based karyotype. five major peaks were evident on the chromosomal dna distribution corresponding to the five chromosome types in this species. the amount of dna in each chromosome was confirmed by cytophotometric measurements of intact metaphase spreads. the five chromosome types were separated by flow s ...	1976	1254929
the distribution of mitomycin c-induced sister chromatid exchanges in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the indian muntjac.	the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) induced by mitomycin c (mmc) in indian muntjac chromosomes was determined by the fluorescence plus giemsa (fpg) technique. using scanning cytophotometry the relative dna content of each chromosome was measured with and without acid or alkali pretreatments for c-banding. during acid and alkali treatments, euchromatin lost 20 to 30% of its dna, while heterochromatin lost less than 5%; an intermediate dna loss was observed for the short arm of the ...	1977	562739
preferential late replication of one of the two morphologically distinguishable x-chromosomes in a female muntjac.	in a female barking deer, muntiacus muntjak, whose 2 x-chromosomes are mutually distinguishable from each other, one x has been found to be late replicating in 57.8% cells compared to the other which is late replicating in 42.2% cells. these data are suggestive of preferential inactivation of one x-chromosome. these findings have been discussed in the light of lyon's hypothesis of random x-inactivation in eutherian mammals.	1977	891854
random arrangement of mitotic chromosomes in radial metaphases of the indian muntjac.	the positioning of metaphase chromosomes of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) in the radial metaphase array was investigated using two methods for examining cells. large numbers of radial metaphase figures were obtained by mitotic shake-off. treatment with hypotonic solution, fixation, and spreading onto glass slides did not disrupt the radial metaphase configuration of a proportion of the cells. analysis of 567 cells for the arrangement of six of the seven muntjac chromosomes revealed a ra ...	1977	611003
microsurgically-extracted metaphase chromosomes of the indian muntjac examined with phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy.		1978	340241
transformation of indian muntjac cells by murine and avian sarcoma viruses.	indian muntjac cells were efficiently transformed by murine sarcoma virus (msv) and avian sarcoma viruses (asv). when colony formation of the infected cells was examined in soft agar, many colonies were formed by the asv-injected cells but no colony was seen in the msv-infected cells. the asv-transformed cell clones differed among the clones in morphology, presence of inducible asv genome, and karyotypes.	1978	208907
euploid somatic recombinants with two active x or xy (1)y(i) chromosomes isolated from cultured male indian muntjac cells after hvj virus fusion, and their use for gene assignment.	four diploid somatic recombinants were isolated from hybrids either between or within two diploid cell lines of a male indian muntjac after hvj virus-mediated cell fusion. both parental lines had a normal male karyotype, 7,x,y1,y2, in which the largest autosomal pair was heteromorphic with respect to the size of the secondary constriction (1h+/1h-), c bands, and nucleolar organizers. of the four recombinants, three showed a 6,xx,1h+/1h+ or 1h+/1h- karyotype, the remaining one a 7,xy1y2,1h+/1h+. ...	1978	567383
establishment and characterization of indian muntjak cell lines transformed with simian virus 40.	kidney cells of an indian muntjak were transformed with simian virus 40 (sv40). the transformation efficiency of the tertiary cultures was very high when estimated by the agar suspension culture method. the efficiency was about 0.015% when infected at an input multiplicity of 0.4 p.f.u./cell. clonal cell lines were established from the colonies in soft agar medium. most of the cell lines and their subclones produced a small amount of infectious sv40. the sv40 virion antigen-positive cells in a c ...	1979	217958
visualization of the interphase chromosomes of ornithogalum virens and muntiacus muntjak.	a technique for visualizing "interphase chromosomes" was applied to nuclei of the angio-spermous plant, ornithogalum virens (2 n = 6), and the male mammal, muntiacus munjak (2 n = 7), in an attempt to correlate the numbers of "chromosomes" visible during interphase with the respective diploid chromosome numbers. the alterations in chromosome structure observed during g1, s, and g2 periods were comparable to those previously reported in allium cepa and chinese hamster (cho line) cells [33], but f ...	1979	428620
tumorigenicity of indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus.	the transformed clonal isolates of indian muntjac diploid cells by a mouse sarcoma virus, 43-2xv, were tested for tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. in spite of the indistinguishable transformed morphology, the tumorigenicity exhibited four different patterns: (a) no tumor formation; (b) slowly growing regressive tumor formation; (c) rapidly growing regressive tumor formation; and (d) rapidly growing progressive tumor formation. this demonstrates that the same diploid host cells transformed by ...	1979	501287
structural organization of chromosomes of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak).	the identification, morphology, and banding pattern of the chromosomes of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) are described. a diagrammatic representation of the banding pattern as revealed by various techniques is presented following the nomenclature suggested by paris conference (1971) for human chromosomes. the y2 chromosome and the neck of the x chromosome are late replicating based on observations made with the use of a bromodeoxuridine plus giemsa technique. most of the g-bands are earl ...	1979	509990
preferential occurrence of sister chromatid exchanges at heterochromatin-euchromatin junctions in the wallaby and hamster chromosomes.	chromosomes of two mammalian species, the white-throated wallaby and the rat-like hamster, possessed large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin which is detectable as c bands. by making use of this character the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) was determined for the c band and the euchromatic regions of the chromosome. in both species, the distribution of sces in the euchromatin of chromosomes was found to be proportional to its metaphase length, while the number of sces locali ...	1979	510085
dna methylation and viral gene expression in adenovirus-transformed and -infected cells.	the level of dna methylation in adenovirus type 2 (ad2) and type 12 (ad12) dna was determined by comparing the cleavage patterns generated by the isoschizomeric restriction enzymes hpaii and mspi. as previously reported virion dna of ad2 and ad12 is not methylated. parental or newly synthesized ad2 dna in productively infected human kb or hek cells is not methylated either, nor is the integrated form of ad2 dna in productively infected cells. hamster cells and muntiacus muntjak cells are abortiv ...	1980	6160461
double transformation of indian muntjac cells by avian and murine sarcoma viruses.	avian sarcoma virus-transformed indian muntjac cells, sr-mm-1, formed foci by murine sarcoma-xenotropic murine leukemia virus complex [msv(x-mulv)] superinfection. the response of sr-mm-1 and parental normal indian muntjac mm-2k cells to msv(x-mulv) infection was compared. focus formation by msv(x-mulv) followed two-hit kinetics in mm-2k, but one-hit kinetics in sr-mm-1 cells. msv(x-mulv)-infected sr-mm-1 cells formed larger colonies than uninfected sr-mm-1 cells in soft agar, while no colony wa ...	1980	6247523
persistent infection of muntiacus muntjak cells with adenovirus type 2 and abortive infection with adenovirus type 12.		1980	7355579
preferential effect of mitomycin c on constitutive heterochromatin of the indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak.		1980	7442698
insertion of muntjac gene segment into hamster cells by cell fusion.	indian muntjac diploid cells that have only three pairs of easily discernible large chromosomes were fused with hamster cells deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) using polyethylene glycol. cells that survived in hypoxanthine-aminopterine-thymidine (hat)-oubaine medium were analyzed. hybrid cells containing both muntjac and hamster chromosomes in a given cell were not found. instead, the cells had the same chromosomal sets as those of either parental muntjac or ham ...	1980	7410491
sister-chromatid exchanges and cytotoxicity in cultured indian muntjac cells treated with alkylating agents.	6 monofunctional alkylating mutagens/carcinogens -- 4 n-nitroso and 2 methanesulfonate compounds -- differed in their efficiency for inducing sister-chromatid exchanges (sces) when normalized on cytotoxicity. sce induction occurred only at highly cytotoxic doses. ethylating agents were, on a molar basis, generally less potent inducers of sces, and they were also less cytotoxic than the corresponding methylating agents. the observed differential action spectrum of the 6 alkylating agents is discu ...	1980	7383048
kinetics of dna replication in the indian muntjac chromosomes as studied by quantitative autoradiography.	dna replication patterns of individual chromosomes and their various euchromatic and heterochromatic regions were analyzed by means of quantitative autoradiography. the cultured cells of the skin fibroblast of a male indian muntjac were pulse labeled with 3h-thymidine and chromosome samples were prepared for the next 32 h at 1--2 h intervals. a typical late replication pattern widely observed in heterochromatin was not found in the muntjac chromosomes. the following points make the dna replicati ...	1980	7371457
action of restriction endonucleases on the dna and chromosomes of muntiacus muntjak.		1980	6248490
visible light observations on the kinetochore of the indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjac, z.	we report here a silver stain technique (kt stain) for locating the kinetochore (centromere body) without concomitant staining of c-band material. we compare our observations with those obtained from c-banding, cd (centromeric dot) banding, and electron micrographs, and we report preliminary observations on indian muntjac centromeres.	1980	6156799
comparative cytogenetic studies on the red muntjac, chinese muntjac, and their f1 hybrids.	the chromosomes of the red (indian) muntjac (2n = 6 female, 7 male), the chinese (reeves) muntjac (2n = 46), and their f1 hybrids were studied with various banding techniques. g-banding showed that the two complements still have a high degree of homology despite the vast difference in diploid numbers between the two species. cd-banding suggested that the x chromosome and chromosome 1 of the red muntjac are dicentric. evidence indicates that both centric and repeated tandem translocations among t ...	1980	7371430
arrangement of prematurely condensed chromosomes in cultured cells and lymphocytes of the indian muntjac.	premature chromosome condensation (pcc) was induced in order to study the arrangement of muntjac chromosomes in the interphase nuclei of proliferating and resting cells with respect to their polarity and the spatial relationship between them. the data were compared with the situation in in situ fixed and colcemid blocked metaphases. it appears that in rapidly dividing cells almost all g1- and g2 interphase chromosomes exhibit the rabl type polarized orientation. this pattern still predominates i ...	1981	7273958
synaptonemal complex of the sex-autosome trivalent in a male indian muntjac.	bright-field microscopy of silver-stained pachytene spermatocytes of a male indian muntjac, muntiacus muntjak revealed that (a) the synapsis between the autosomal homologs, including the long arm of the x and y2, was normal, (b) the nucleolus organizer regions were present in both the no. 1 bivalent and the long arm of the x and y2, (c) the accessory structures of the x chromosome short arm in the forms of light and dark thickenings and the hairpin-like bend were present despite the x-autosome t ...	1981	7194773
enhanced frequency of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of male compared with female muntjacs after x-ray irradiation in vitro.	recently, there has been considerable interest in the study of radiation-induced dicentrics and other chromosome aberrations in phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated blood lymphocytes of various mammals, including man, with the aim of establishing a proper biological dosimetry for the assessment of genetic radiation hazards in human. these studies have revealed that the radiosensitivity of lymphocytes differs between species and even between individuals of the same species, but the cause(s) of th ...	1981	7219547
evolution of muntjac dna.	the extent of nuclear single-copy dna divergence between muntiacus reevesi and muntiacus muntjak vaginalis (cervidae), a species pair showing extreme karyotype differences but striking morphological similarity, is 2%, as judged from the thermal stability of interspecific dna-dna hybrids. a comparison of the total nuclear dna reassociation kinetics of the two species indicates a reduction of lowly repetitive sequences in m. m. vaginalis.	1981	7327043
gametogenesis in a male indian muntjac x chinese muntjac hybrid.	histological and cytogenetic examinations of testicular preparations from a male hybrid between an indian muntjac x chinese muntjac showed a certain degree of chromosomal homology, as evidenced by the synaptic behavior. the male hybrid is considered sterile because spermatogenetic stages were arrested at early prophase. silver staining demonstrated that the nucleolus organizer regions of both parents were expressed, but no synaptonemal complex and sex vesicle were observed.	1981	7297121
simian virus 40 causes persistent infection of muntjac cells in the absence of virus transformation.	sv40 infection of muntiacus muntjak cells (atcc, ccl: 157) resulted in abortive transformation with formation of t antigen and induction of cellular dna replication in the absence of virus production. these cells were resistant to stable transformation by sv40 regardless of the route of infection, including microinjection of virus into cell nuclei. the present studies show that t antigen-containing cells persist and that the number of t antigen-positive cells remains constant in infected culture ...	1981	6271915
sister chromatid differentiation and isolabeling of chromosomes.	isolabeling observed during sister chromatid differentiation (scd) was studied from human skin fibroblasts by the fluorescence-plus-giemsa (fpg) technique. bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) was fed to exponentially dividing cells for 52 h to enable completion of two consecutive cycles of dna replication. during this period, the late-replicating regions of some chromosomes were able to go through three replication cycles. these chromosome regions had evidently incorporated brdu bifiliarly in both chromati ...	1981	6165669
chromosome rearrangement between the indian muntjac and chinese muntjac is accompanied by a delection of middle repetitive dna.	the organizations of the genomes of two related species of asian deer, the indian (2n = 6 female, 7 male) and chinese muntjac (2n = 46), were compared at the cytogenetic and molecular levels. these dramatically different karyotypes preserve little apparent g-banding homology. the difference in chromosome number is coincident with a 22% reduction in haploid dna content from 2.7 to 2.1 pg in the chinese and indian muntjac, respectively. the kinetics of reassociation of the indian muntjac (equivale ...	1982	7104826
characterization of x-chromosome specific satellite dna of muntiacus muntjak vaginalis.	a highly repeated dna (designated satellite ia) was isolated from cultured cells of muntiacus muntjak vaginalis and its organization analyzed by the use of restriction nucleases and hybridization experiments with cloned dna-fragments. several restriction nucleases cleave the satellite ia dna into a series of fragments, which are multiples of a basic repeat unit of 800 bp. sequences homologous to the satellite ia dna were also found in a second highly repetitive dna component of muntiacus muntjak ...	1982	6297861
units of chromosome replication and packing.	fusion between mitotic and s-phase cells induces the formation of prematurely condensed chromosomes (pcc) in the interphase partner. viewed in the light microscope, s-phase pcc derived from the indian muntjac appear to be fragmented and heterogeneous. in scanning electron micrographs prepared by an osmium impregnation technique, which avoids the need to sputter-coat the specimen, the s-phase fragments derived from an individual cell are resolved into about 1000 fibre aggregates, together with mo ...	1983	6662858
immunological visualization of 5-methylcytosine-rich regions in indian muntjac metaphase chromosomes.	regions rich in 5-methylcytosine were localized in male metaphase chromosomes of the indian muntjac deer (muntiakus muntjak). chromosomes were ultraviolet irradiated and subsequently photooxidized in the presence of methylene blue to induce maximum dna denaturation. following treatment with anti 5-methylcytosine antibody (anti 5-mec), regions of antibody binding were visualized by an immunofluorescence or immunopreoxidase staining procedure. all chromosomes showed some level of antibody binding ...	1983	6352290
[microfluorimeter for chromosome study].	a microfluorimeter is described for estimating amounts of chemical components in individual cells or in chromosomes, and for registering these components' distribution along the chromosomes. to solve the former problem, photoelectrical photometry of the object's fluorescence intensity is employed. to solve the latter problem, the photographic technique is used--making photos of metaphase plates in automatic or semiautomatic regime of exposure, with the following measuring of the intensity of the ...	1983	6351388
evidence for non-random sequence of centromere separation in muntjak chromosomes by high resolution tv-microscopy.	the sequence of separation of sister centromeres in the chromosomes of the muntjak was analysed using a high resolution tv-microscope-system. computer programs which permit the identification of the individual chromosome pairs and the measurement of the distances between the sister centromeres are described. the study demonstrates that the centromeres do not separate in a random sequence. it could be shown that the amount of pericentromeric heterochromatin participates in the control of centrome ...	1983	6204653
genome size of man and animals relative to the plant allium cepa.	a direct feulgen-cytophotometric comparison of the genomic dna content (c value) was performed between the liliaceous plant species allium cepa and a number of animal species to reassess the genome size ratios between plants and animals. these appeared unduly ambiguous as a consequence of divergent picogram estimates in several animal reference species. taking 1c = 16.75 pg for allium cepa, the estimates were (1c value in picograms): man, 3.11; indian muntjak ccl 157 cell line, 2.68; domestic pi ...	1983	6671147
autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) dna does not persist in mass cultures of mammalian cells.	autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) is one of the most extensively studied baculoviruses. we have investigated whether acnpv or its dna can replicate and/or persist in cultures of mammalian cells. human hela cells or primary human embryonic kidney cells, simian cv1 cells, hamster bhk21 (b3) cells or muntiacus muntjak cells growing in monolayer cultures were used in these studies. cells were inoculated with acnpv at multiplicities ranging from 0.1 to 100 pfu/cell. subsequent ...	1983	6402854
compound kinetochores of the indian muntjac. evolution by linear fusion of unit kinetochores.	the chromosomes of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) are unique among mammals due to their low diploid number (2n = 6 female, 7 male) and large size. it has been proposed that the karyotype of this small asiatic deer evolved from a related deer the chinese muntjac (muntiacus reevesi) with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46 consisting of small telocentric chromosomes. in this study we utilized a kinetochore-specific antiserum derived from human patients with the autoimmune dise ...	1984	6525895
sce and dna methylation.	the interrelationship between sister chromatid exchange (sce) formation and dna methylation was studied in chinese hamster v79 and indian muntjac cells. a dna methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5azac), induced sces only when it had been present in cells for at least 2 rounds of dna replication. this result suggests that sces are formed during replication of hemimethylated or demethylated dna possessing 5azac, and that hypomethylated sites may become fully methylated after they pass 1 cell div ...	1984	6085258
mercury-induced segregational errors of chromosomes in human lymphocytes and in indian muntjac cells.	segregational errors of chromosomes were studied in human lymphocytes and in indian muntjac fibroblasts exposed to methylmercury chloride (ch3hgcl) or mercury chloride (hgcl2). the cells were exposed to the mercury compounds only during a limited period of the pre-dna synthetic stage of the cell cycle or from that stage up to mitosis. in the lymphocytes we observed a clear increase of c-mitotic figures for both mercury compounds and for both exposure times. segregational errors were, however, mu ...	1984	6234683
the inability of in vitro transforming sv40 subgenomes to cause tumors in vivo.	linear or subgenomic sv40 dnas were transfected into cells from a variety of species (including rodent, dog, muntjak, and monkey) and injected subcutaneously into neonate syrian hamsters for tumorigenicity testing. the 'early-region' subgenomes were capable of transforming cells in vitro. complete genomes or complementary subgenomes could transform nonpermissive and semipermissive cells, were infectious for permissive cells, and induced tumors from which infectious virus could be rescued. tumors ...	1984	6321395
identification of an indian muntjac dna fragment preferentially hybridizing to the x-chromosome.	upon digestion of dna from male and female indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) fibroblasts with the restriction enzyme hae iii or alu i, a prominent fragment of dna (greater than 20 kb in length) was observed. this excluded dna (ex-dna) appeared not to contain sequences recognized by a variety of restriction enzymes and constituted about 0.6% of the total dna in the female genome. for equal amounts of dna digested, female dna contained more of this material. in situ hybridization indeed revealed ...	1984	6325221
application of a high-resolution tv-microscope system to estimate the sequence of centromere separation in muntjak chromosomes.	the sequence of centromere separation in muntjak fibroblasts was studied using a high-resolution tv-microscope system. computer programs that identify the chromosomes as well as measure the centromere separation are described. important prerequisites for this study are the high sampling rate and the digital processing of the two images from the red and green channel of a color tv-camera. the study demonstrates that the centromeres do not separate in a random sequence and that the separation sequ ...	1984	6549158
chromosome stabilizing structures in mitotic indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) cells.	a new technique which removes all membranes, cytoskeletal elements, organelles, but preserves intact metaphase, anaphase and telophase configurations is combined with scanning electron microscopy (sem) as an approach for direct visualization of chromosomal behavior in late mitosis. with this approach we are able to confirm the presence of a centromeric ring which stabilizes the centromeres during the cell cycle and present evidence for a lattice-like sheet of interchromatidic fibers in late mito ...	1984	6468606
maintenance of late replication of x-chromosomes in hyperdiploid cells of the barking deer muntiacus muntjak.		1984	6480054
characterization of g-banded chromosomes of the indian muntjac and progression of banding patterns through different stages of condensation.	muntjac prophase and metaphase chromosomes were g-banded following methotrexate-mediated synchronization of peripheral lymphocytes. bands and subbands were characterized from prophase through metaphase, and the progression of band patterns from late prophase to mid-metaphase was analyzed. extended prophase chromosomes exhibited more bands and subbands, a number of which became fused with each other, giving rise to fewer and thicker bands in the condensed metaphase chromosomes. it appeared that t ...	1985	4006518
the g-banded chromosomes of roosevelt's muntjac, muntiacus rooseveltorum.	the chromosomes of a female roosevelt's muntjac (muntiacus rooseveltorum) captured in laos have been studied with g-banding. the diploid number is six and the karyotype is indistinguishable from that of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak vaginalis).	1985	3979122
the muntjak satellite ia sequence is composed of 31-base-pair internal repeats that are highly homologous to the 31-base-pair subrepeats of the bovine satellite 1.715.	the nucleotide sequence of a cloned muntjak satellite ia repeat unit (muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) was determined. the repeat is 807 base pairs (bp) long. by introducing minor deletions and insertions, the whole sequence of the satellite can be arranged in 27 subrepeats of 31 bp length. although diverged relative to each other, all subrepeats show a homology of more than 53% with the common consensus sequence. in 29 out of the 31 bp the consensus sequence of the muntjak satellite subrepeat is id ...	1985	3979396
defective post-replication recovery and u.v. sensitivity in a simian virus 40-transformed indian muntjac cell line.	the responses to u.v. of two cell lines derived from the indian muntjac are described. the u.v. sensitivity of the diploid cell falls within the range of most normal mammalian cells while the other, a heteroploid cell, transformed by sv40, is much more sensitive to killing. this hypersensitivity cannot be explained by defective excision repair: the two cell types are indistinguishable in this activity as judged by inhibitor-associated dna break accumulation and unscheduled dna synthesis. rather, ...	1986	3013792
localization and characterization of recombinant dna clones derived from the highly repetitive dna sequences in the indian muntjac cells: their presence in the chinese muntjac.	a total of seven, highly repeated, dna recombinant m13 mp8 clones derived from a hpa ii digest of cultured cells of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjac vaginalis) were analyzed by restriction enzymes, in situ hybridization, and dna sequencing. two of the clones, b1 and b8, contain satellite dna inserts which are 80% homologous in their dna sequences. b1 contains 781 nucleotides and consist of tandem repetition of a 31 bp consensus sequence. this consensus sequence, tccctgacgcaactcgagaggaatcctg ...	1986	3015505
dna cloning and hybridization in deer species supporting the chromosome field theory.	the cervidae show the largest variation in chromosome number found within any mammalian family. the eight species of deer which are the subject of this study vary in chromosome number from 2n = 70 to 2n = 6. three species of bovidae are also included since they belong to a closely related family. digestion of nuclear dnas with the restriction endonucleases hae iii, hpa ii, msp i, eco ri, xba i, pst i and bam hi reveals that there is a series of highly repetitive sequences forming similar band pa ...	1986	3022841
direct evidence for the non-random localization of mammalian chromosomes in the interphase nucleus.	indirect immunofluorescence staining with human anti-centromere autoantibodies from a patient (lu 851) suffering from the crest form of scleroderma was used to analyse chromosome topology in interphase nuclei of rat-kangaroo (pto) and indian muntjac (im) cells. in some cells, centromeres were arranged in pairs suggesting association of homologous chromosomes. clustering of centromeres at one pole of the nucleus (rabl configuration) and other patterns suggesting higher order organization were als ...	1986	3530789
excessive chromosome fragility and abundance of sister-chromatid exchanges induced by uv in an indian muntjac cell line defective in postreplication (daughter strand) repair.	two uv-hypersensitive animal cell mutants defective in postreplication recovery (daughter strand synthesis) display quite different patterns of induced sister-chromatid exchange (sce). one, an sv40-transformed indian muntjac cell (svm), shows extremely high frequencies of sce after uv; induced exchanges can be measured after uv doses as low as 0.01 j/m2. this cell also displays exaggerated levels of induced and spontaneous chromosome aberrations. by contrast sce rates in the chinese hamster cell ...	1986	3023994
studies on muntiacus muntjak cells infected with poliovirus.		1986	3015504
co-cultivation of whole blood from male and female muntjacs and the cell proliferation kinetics in vitro.	a mixed blood culture (mbc) of heparinized whole blood from male and female indian muntjac has been done using the brdu-hoechst-sunlight-giemsa method to study the cell-cycle kinetics in vitro. blood lymphocytes of both male and female muntjacs show a much shorter cell cycle time, roughly, 10-12 h for the initial but only 8 h for the subsequent cycles. there is a significant difference in the rate of cell proliferation between male and female cells. the male blood cells constitute a majority of ...	1986	3713720
organization and chromosomal distribution of a novel repetitive dna component from muntiacus muntjak vaginalis with a repeat length of more than 40 kb.	the organization and chromosomal distribution of the repetitive dna component ib from muntiacus muntjak vaginalis (mmv) was investigated. dna fragments of component ib were cloned in cosmids and their structure analysed using restriction nucleases and blot-hybridization experiments. two cosmids were found to be practically identical by restriction enzyme mapping. the repeat unit of component ib dna is more than 40 kb and contains the 11 and 18 kb bam hi fragments, which have previously been show ...	1986	3024931
expression of heterochromatin by restriction endonuclease treatment and distamycin a/dapi staining of indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) chromosomes.	the constitutive heterochromatin of the indian muntjac (muntiacus muntjak) was examined following digestion with various restriction endonucleases (alui, haeiii, hinfi, and mboi), as well as by selective fluorescence staining with distamycin a plus 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. distinct areas within the c-bands were found to have characteristic staining patterns which were more conspicuous in the sex chromosomes. two dot-like structures resistant to alui were found in the x and y1 chromosomes i ...	1986	2420537
two-parameter data acquisition system for rapid slit-scan analysis of mammalian chromosomes.	a data acquisition system is described for recording two independent signals simultaneously from a laser-based flow cytometer for rapid slit-scan chromosome analysis. high-aperture microscope optics allow recording of fluorescence distributions along the longest axis of metaphase chromosomes with a spatial resolution better than 1 micron. fluorescence and small angle forward light scatter as well as dual-wavelength fluorescence signals from indian muntjac chromosomes stained with propidium iodid ...	1987	3803098
the fate of x-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocyte culture.	the brdu-giemsa method which facilitates an unequivocal identification of metaphases at different cycles has been utilized to investigate the fate of x-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in the blood lymphocyte culture system of the indian muntjac which has the lowest diploid number (2n = 6 female/7 male) and easily distinguishable large-sized chromosomes. the results demonstrate that about 50% of dicentrics and only 12% of rings were transmitted from the first cycle to the second. there were as ...	1987	3796662
the organization of the mammalian kinetochore: a scanning electron microscope study.	a procedure has been developed for scanning electron microscopy that enables the visualization of kinetochores along the surface of isolated chromosomes of the indian muntjac. indirect immunofluorescence and thin section analysis of the kinetochores of those isolated chromosomes verified that these structures retained in vivo composition and morphology during the isolation procedure. in scanning electron micrographs the outer surface of the outer kinetochore plate can be visualized as a series o ...	1987	3608716
longitudinal differentiation of metaphase chromosomes of indian muntjac as studied by restriction enzyme digestion, in situ hybridization with cloned dna probes and distamycin a plus dapi fluorescence staining.	the longitudinal differentiation of metaphase chromosomes of the indian muntjac was studied by digestion with restriction enzymes, in situ hybridization with cloned dna probes and distamycin a plus dapi (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) fluorescence staining. the centromeric regions of chromosomes 3 and 3 + x of a male indian muntjac cell line were distinct from each other and different from those of other chromosomes. digestion with a combination of ecori and sau3a revealed a pattern correspondin ...	1987	3040343
disassembly of the mammalian metaphase chromosome into its subunits: studies with ultraviolet light and repair synthesis inhibitors.	metaphase chromosomes of a simian virus-transformed indian muntjac cell line have been examined by scanning electron microscopy of material in which the fully packed metaphase structure is progressively relaxed. such chromosomes are seen in standard, spread preparations of ultraviolet light-irradiated, metaphase-arrested cells, which have been incubated in the presence of inhibitors of dna synthesis; they are processed for electron microscopy by trypsinization, further fixation and osmium impreg ...	1987	2822738
a highly repetitive dna component common to all cervidae: its organization and chromosomal distribution during evolution.	in recent work we have isolated and characterized a highly repetitive dna (mmv satellite ia) from muntiacus muntjak vaginalis, the species with the most reduced karyotype in the cervidae family. we have now analysed the genomes of nine related species for the presence of mmv satellite ia components, and have determined their organization and chromosomal distribution. repetitive satellite ia type dna is present in all species of the cervidae, and also in the bovine, but not in a species of the tr ...	1987	3595313
mammalian kinetochore/centromere composition: a 50 kda antigen is present in the mammalian kinetochore/centromere.	the composition of the mammalian kinetochore/centromere was studied by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting protocols using serum from a patient with the crest variant of scleroderma. the results of these studies suggest that a protein with a molecular weight of 50 kda is localized at the surface of the primary constrictions (the kinetochore region) of both human and indian muntjac chromosomes. in addition, we were able to verify the presence of a 19.5 kda antigen (cenp-a), previously ...	1987	3315496
scanning electron microscope analysis of structural changes and aberrations in human chromosomes associated with the inhibition and reversal of inhibition of ultraviolet light induced dna repair.	metaphase chromosomes appear decondensed in preparations from mitotic cells that have been irradiated with ultraviolet light (uv) and incubated with inhibitors of dna synthesis; under these conditions dna repair is inhibited and both single and double strand dna breaks accumulate. after reversal of the inhibition chromosomes are condensed, but are often damaged. in this paper we show by scanning electron microscopy (sem) that decondensed hela chromosomes are composed of fibre clusters similar to ...	1987	3436222
microtubule and microfilament distribution and tubulin content in the cell cycle of indian muntjac cells.	using dapi, rabbit antitubulin antibody, fitc-labeled goat anti-rabbit igg, and tritc-phalloidin to stain individual cells, the microspectrophotometric analysis showed that three markers that represent the nucleus, microtubules (mt), and microfilaments (mf), respectively, could be recognized in individual cells without interference. the phase of the cell cycle was determined by dna content. we found that in indian muntjac (im) cells, the amount of tubulin in g2 and m phases was about twice as mu ...	1988	3402282
[karyological characteristics of cell sublines of the kidney of the kangaroo rat and of skin fibroblasts of the indian muntjac].	a study was made of the karyotypic structure of sublines derived from the kangaroo rat's kidney (nbl-3) and skin fibroblasts of the indian muntjac, available in the cell culture bank of the institute of cytology acad. sci. ussr. a comparative karyologic analysis was made of subline nbl-3 both contaminated with mycoplasma (nblk) and decontaminated with antibiotics (nbld). authentic differences in cell distribution according to chromosome number in nblk and nbld variants were shown. modal numbers ...	1988	3176180
caffeine induces uncoordinated expression of cell cycle functions after ultraviolet irradiation. accelerated cycle transit, sister chromatid exchanges and premature chromosome condensation in a transformed indian muntjac cell line.	caffeine enhances the lethal effect of dna-damaging agents. it also affects the timing of events in the cell cycle; the enhanced cytotoxicity may be partly due to caffeine's ability to overcome the protective damage-induced delay in s or g2 phase. when the effects of caffeine are compared in a normal indian muntjac cell line and a simian virus 40 (sv40)-transformed, ultraviolet light (u.v.)-sensitive line in which u.v. induces many sister chromatid exchanges, different cell cycle sensitivities a ...	1988	3253296
[comparative studies on synaptonemal complexes in spermatocytes of chinese muntjac muntiacus reevesi, black muntjac m. crinifrons and indian muntjac m. muntjak].		1988	3273674
parallel development of cadmium resistance and in vitro transformation in cultured indian muntjac cells.	the development of cadmium resistance in an indian muntjac cell line has been investigated. the parent cell line is highly sensitive to cadmium ions. resistance was obtained by continuous growth of cells in low levels of cadmium with stepwise increments. four cell lines were developed with resistances of between 50- and 200-fold greater than that of the parental line. early in the development of resistance an unstable cell line displaying extensive chromosomal rearrangement and an elevated siste ...	1988	3256541
electron spectroscopic imaging of the centrosome in cells of the indian muntjac.	specific antibody labelling indicates that phosphoproteins are present at microtubule-organizing centres, including the centrosome. we have employed electron spectroscopic imaging techniques that permit high-resolution elemental analysis of thin sections of intact cells to investigate the precise distribution of phosphorus and therefore phosphoproteins at the centrosome of indian muntjac cells. we report that these proteins are localized to both the pericentriolar matrix and the centriole. the m ...	1988	3253303
[the effect of culturing conditions on the karyotypic structure of two cell sublines of indian muntjak skin fibroblasts].	the "therapeutic" doses of antibiotics, routinely applied to prevent microbial contamination in cultured cells, decrease the frequency of modal class cells and increase that of cells of other classes in sublines of indian muntjak skin fibroblasts. in mt-subline, with 9 chromosomes in the modal class, the loss of cells with some large chromosomes occurred almost frequently. in terms of the formula of the karyotype main structural variant, this change is described as (-1-0-1-1). in m-subline, with ...	1989	2815339
kinetochore structure: electron spectroscopic imaging of the kinetochore.	the structure of the kinetochore in thin section has been studied in the indian muntjac by an electron spectroscopic imaging technique. this procedures allows the analysis of the distribution of phosphorus within the layers of the kinetochore. the results indicate that this element is a major component of both the inner and outer plates whereas it is largely absent in the middle plate and fibrous corona. the majority of the phosphorus is localized to a 30-nm fiber(s) that is woven through the la ...	1989	2925783
the activity of bleomycin and modifiers of its clastogenic effect on the interphase chromatin of indian muntjak fibroblasts.	premature chromosome condensation was induced in indian muntjak fibroblasts after exposure of the cells to bleomycin. further experiments were devoted to the interaction of anticlastogens and a repair inhibitor, streptovitacin a. chromosomal aberrations due to bleomycin treatment were s-phase-independently visible in the g1 and g2 phase of the cell cycle. for premature chromosome condensation experiments, a 100-fold lower concentration of the mutagen produced a similar extent of chromosome damag ...	1989	2465811
molecular mechanisms of alkylation sensitivity in indian muntjac cell lines.	the responses of two indian muntjac cell lines to two monofunctional alkylating agents were investigated. an sv40-transformed line (svm) had an increased sensitivity to cell killing when compared to the other, euploid line (dm) after exposure both to methyl nitrosourea (mnu) and to dimethylsulphate (dms) and also exhibited higher frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (sces) following alkylation. the hypersensitivity of svm to dms correlates with the defective repair of single-strand breaks t ...	1989	2544312
reversible extinction of insulin gene expression in insulinoma x fibroblast somatic cell hybrids.	to investigate for the presence of regulator(s) repressing the expression of insulin gene in cells other than pancreatic beta cells, rat insulinoma (rin) cells secreting insulin were hybridized with fibroblasts from various species. in rin x l mouse fibroblast hybrids, which maintained most of the parental chromosomes, no insulin transcripts were detected. in three rin x indian muntjac fibroblast hybrids and one rin x human fibroblast hybrid which had lost dna from the fibroblast parent through ...	1989	2553459
evolution of compound centromeres. a new phenomenon.	a new type of centromere aberration in a transformed cell line of rat cerebral endothelial origin is described. these cells exhibit normal monocentric, dicentric, and multicentric chromosomes. the centromeres in dicentrics and multicentrics express variable locations along the chromosome. the centromeres in some of the multicentrics are located next to each other, with small intervening noncentromeric chromatin. in others, the centromeres appear to be in the immediate vicinity of each other with ...	1989	2790749
cadmium-induced multistep transformation of cultured indian muntjac skin fibroblasts.	during the past five years we have made a series of cadmium-transformed and resistant fibroblast cell lines by continuous low-level exposure to cadmium. in the present paper we describe the use of four of these lines with varying degrees of transformation to investigate the multistep nature of cadmium carcinogenesis. these include: (a) m cell, an immortal but nontransformed muntjac skin fibroblast line; (b) ccr5, a morphologically transformed and cadmium-resistant line derived from m cells after ...	1990	2073461
structure of dna polymerase alpha-primase complexes from mammalian cells analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies.	the molecular masses of two of the four dna polymerase alpha-primase complex subunit peptides from various mammalian cells have been compared through the use of specific monoclonal antibodies. one monoclonal antibody (e4) binds to 77-kda peptide from hela cells and cognate peptides from other mammalian cells (monkey, mouse, bovine, indian muntjac, and hamster). another monoclonal antibody (a5) binds the 180-kda type peptide and its degradation product (160-kda peptide) of the mammalian dna polym ...	1990	2113520
chromosomal evolution in cervidae.	on the basis of chromosome data obtained on 30 species and 20 subspecies of cervidae, a report is submitted on the karyosystematics of this family. the primitive karyotype of cervidae may be inferred to be composed of 35 acrocentric pairs (2n = 70 fn = 70). during the phyletic evolution of this family different types of chromosome rearrangements were probably selected and the group may have differentiated karyologically into three branches: (1) the cervinae that fixed a centric fusion resulting ...	1990	2249009