Publications

some observations on corynebacterial infections: with particular reference to their occurence in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, in british columbia.		1942	17647842
parasites, diseases, injuries, and anomalies of the columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus columbianus (richardson), in british columbia.		1946	20990807
cyclic variation in the mule deer thymus.		1956	13370609
factor analysis of growth of california mule deer odocoileus hemionus californica.		1956	13366069
total gonadotrophic potency of mule deer pituitaries.		1956	13285464
erythrocyte survival studies in the mule deer, aoudad sheep, and springbok antelope, using glycine-2-c14.		1959	13812007
the susceptibility of mule deer to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.		1964	14125927
trophic level effect on the accumulation of cesium-137 in cougars feeding on mule deer.		1964	14236313
factors influencing the accumulation of fallout 137-cs in colorado mule deer.		1965	5894390
amino acid sequence studies on artiodactyl fibrinopeptides. i. dromedary camel, mule deer, and cape buffalo.		1967	6033721
nematodirus odocoilei sp. n. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus, in north america.		1967	6067113
eimeria odocoilei n. sp. from the mule deer odocoileus h. hemionus in washington.		1967	6069253
antibacterial action of essential oils of artemisia as an ecological factor. ii. antibacterial action of the volatile oils of artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on bacteria from the rumen of mule deer.	rumen microorganisms of wild and captive deer were subjected to increasing amounts of volatile oils. the oils had a marked antibacterial effect on the rumen bacteria when the concentration reached approximately 16 muliters of oil per 10 ml of rumen fluid nutrient broth. the gross reactions of rumen bacteria obtained from wild, as well as captive, deer to the volatile oils seemed to be of the same magnitude; thus no adaptation by the bacteria to the oils was apparent.	1968	5649859
phenylketonuria in a mule deer(odocoileus hemionus).		1968	5693840
strontium-90 in california mule deer.		1968	5652044
eimeria ivensae sp. n. from the mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, in montana.		1969	5372089
a urine-collection device for male mule deer.		1969	5388170
a new technique for restraining antlerless mule deer.		1969	5388169
rumen microbial ecology in mule deer.	mule deer rumen microbial populations from animals in the natural habitat in utah and from captive deer fed various rations were studied. the microorganisms were characterized on the basis of morphology and gram reaction. rumen samples contained 13 identifiable types of bacteria and one genus of ciliate protozoa (entodinium). highest rumen bacterial populations were produced on rations containing barley. no differences in proportions of ruminal bacteria in the various morphological groups could ...	1969	4978925
ear-scab mites, psoroptes cuniculi (acarina: psoroptidae), in captive mule deer.		1970	5504528
experimental infection of domestic sheep and mule deer with elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935.		1970	16512021
comparative growth in four races of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). i. growth in body weight.		1970	5533911
the feed intake and heat production of the young black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).		1970	5415446
a light microscopic study of nuclear and cytoplasmic size of the aggregate acidophil population in the hypophysis cerebri, pars distalis, of adult male mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus, relative to seasons of the photoperiod and antler cycles.		1971	5575133
tissue distribution of radiocesium in the mule deer.		1971	5212289
the contribution of various tissues and organs to total body mass in the mule deer.		1971	5570758
bilateral testicular degeneration in a wild mule deer (odocroileus hemionus).		1971	5167770
carotene and vitamin a in the liver and blood serum of a rocky mountain mule deer, odocoileus hemionus hemionus population.		1972	5032169
trypanosomes from mule deer in new mexico and colorado.		1972	4673718
studies on the biology of an antlered female mule deer.		1972	5035263
total serum protein in a population of mule deer.		1972	5035260
blood serum electrolytes in a colorado mule deer population.		1972	5021007
pelage and molt in the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque).		1972	5027190
epizootiologic studies of anaplasmosis in oregon mule deer.		1973	4784318
experimental infection of immature mule deer with elaeophora schneideri.		1974	4810215
characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix. i. selected histochemical and enzymatic assessment.	biopsy samples of the main beams and tines were obtained from the antlers of mature rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the rapid phase of the antler grow-th cycle. the samples were studied using histochemical and enzymatic techniques for the demonstration of mucosubstances. the reserve mesenchyme contained chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, hyaluronic acid and sialic acid. during prechondroblastic and chondroblastic differentiation, some strongly sulfated mucopolysacchari ...	1975	125143
observations on epizootiology and distribution of elaeophora schneideri in montana ruminants.	seventy-four moose, 111 elk, 20 mule deer, 8 white-tailed deer, 26 prong-horn antelope, 42 domestic sheep and 3 bighorn sheep from montana or northwestern wyoming were examined post-mortem for evidence of elaeophora schneideri infection in 1973-74. fifteen percent of the mule deer and four percent of the moose were positive for adult arterial worms. this constitutes the first report of e. schneideri in mule deer in montana. no gross signs of blindness or other neurologic disorder were evident in ...	1975	127848
testicular atrophy in columbian black-tailed deer in california.	during an 18-year period, 4.1% (34/831) of male deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) killed on a field station during the autumn hunting season had velvet-covered, often misshapen antlers, and at least two deer had testicular atrophy (gonads from most deer were not available for examination). testes from six similarly affected deer and several normal deer were compared histologically. lesions ranged from hypocellularity of the semeniferous tubules and relative hyperplasia or degeneration of in ...	1975	163381
epizootiology of bluetongue: the situation in the united states of america.	bluetongue was first reported in the united states in 1948 in sheep in texas. the virus has now been isolated from sheep in 19 states. when the disease first occurs in a flock, the morbidity may reach 50 to 75% and mortality 20 to 50%. in subsequent years, the morbidity may be only 1 to 2% with very few deaths. difference in breed susceptibility has not been observed. natural bluetongue infection has not been observed in angora or dairy goats. bluetongue virus was first isolated from cattle, in ...	1975	169793
latent anaplasmosis infection in idaho mule deer demonstrated by calf inoculation.		1975	1078067
experimentally induced fasciola hepatica infections in black-tailed deer.	the susceptibility of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) to the common liver fluke (f. hepatica) was studied. two deer and one sheep comprised each of three experimental groups. animals in each group were inoculated individually with 250, 500, or 1000 f. hepatica metacercariae. one deer and one sheep given 1000 metacercariae died with lesions consistent with black disease 7 weeks after inoculation. at necropsy 6 or 15 weeks postinoculation, the mean percentage recovery of the in ...	1975	1142555
serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope.	serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. animal species included black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana). the mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes w ...	1975	1190586
trypanosomes from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus in wyoming.	examination of mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, from wyoming in spring, 1974 (8) and in winter of 1974-75 (8) revealed trypanosomes in all 16 deer. spring samples showed dividing epimastigotes as well as normal bloodstream forms. winter samples showed only normal blood stream forms. these differences are considered to be seasonally related.	1975	1195494
behavior associated with parturition in captive rocky mountain mule deer.		1975	1141780
metabolism of low oral doses of ddt and dde by tame mule deer fawns.		1975	1125459
the pattern of reproduction in female columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus columbianus.	ovarian cycles and the pattern of reproduction in female black-tailed deer in british columbia were ascertained largely through examination of the ovaries from 444 females. cyclic development and degeneration of single follicles of ovulatory size occurred several weeks before first ovulation. as the breeding season approached, a second or third large follicle developed in each cycle but in 48% of adult females the follicles were at different stages of maturation. those failing to rupture at firs ...	1975	1159666
the behavior of nose bot flies (cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni) when attacking black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and the resulting reactions of the deer.		1975	1139473
attainment of early puberty in female black-tailed deer. (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).		1975	1165005
fluorosis in black-tailed deer.	marked dental disfigurement and abnormal tooth wear patterns were observed in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) taken from an area near an industrial fluoride source in northwestern washington. fluoride levels in the bones of these deer were from 10 to 35 times higher than levels in the bones of normal animals. these levels are similar to those associated with fluorosis of cattle.	1976	1255910
further studies on trypanosomers in game animals in wyoming.	blood samples were collected from captive and free-ranging elk (cervus canadensis), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer, (odocoileus virginianus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana), moose (alces alces), and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) for cultural evidence of trypanosoma sp. infection. eleven of 188 (12%) hunter-killed elk, 22 of 37 (59%) free-ranging elk, and 79 of 119 (66%) captive elk were culture positive in 1973-74. par ...	1976	933315
fetal maceration and suppurative metritis in a mule deer.		1976	977463
necropsy and laboratory findings in free-living deer in south dakota.	in a diagnostic survey of diseases in wild white-tailed deer (62 cases) and mule deer (12 cases) the most common findings were traumatic injury (20%), nontraumatic hemorrhage (13%), polioencephalomalacia (11%), and bacterial infections (9%). although epizootic hemorrhagic disease was suspected in several cases, the virus was isolated from only 1 white-tailed deer.	1976	185186
possible species differences between sarcocystis from mule deer and cattle.	in preliminary studies with sarcocystis from bovine (bos taurus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), a coccidia-free laboratory dog (canis familiaris) and captive coyote (canis latrans) were fed flesh from a local sarcocystis-infected bovine and later flesh from an infected mule deer from eastern oregon. sporocysts were passed in the feces of both canine hosts 10-15 days after ingestion of infected meat. there was a statistical difference in the size of sporocysts derived from bovine a ...	1976	815572
a review of sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs.	the nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. the following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: s cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), s hirsuta (cat), s hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: s ovicanis (dog), s tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: s ...	1976	824260
the modified card agglutination test: an accurate tool for detecting anaplasmosis in columbian black-tailed deer.	inoculation of susceptible calves confirmed that the modified card agglutination test accurately detected the anaplasmosis infection status of each of 35 columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). anaplasma marginale, and specific antibodies, were demonstrated only in calves which received blood from deer that were positive by the card test. the modified card agglutination testing of deer serum was performed in the manner recommended for testing cattle serum with bovine-origi ...	1976	16498890
tularemia in a mule deer.	a case of tularemia was confirmed in a 51-year-old man who acquired the disease from a mule deer, odocoileus hemionus. francisella tularensis was isolated from bone marrow of the deer carcass.	1976	16498895
cytology of the anterior pituitary at different times of the year in normal and methallibure-treated male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).		1976	991020
hormonal regulation of reproduction and the antler cycle in the male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). part ii. the effects of methallibure and hormone treatment.		1976	974931
hormonal regulation of reproduction and the antler cycle in the male columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). part i. seasonal changes in the histology of the reproductive organs, serum testosterone, sperm production, and the antler cycle.		1976	974930
endogenous type c rna virus of odocoileus hemionus, a mammalian species of new world origin.	type c rna viruses have been isolated from several old world vertebrates, and an even larger number of old world species have been shown to contain endogenous viral genetic sequences. the present report describes the first isolation of type c virus endogenous to a species originating in the new world. this virus, isolated from cells of the columbian black-tailed deer, odocoileus hemionus, is shown to possess genetic sequences in common with dna of its species of origin. while it shares biochemic ...	1976	62621
evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic.	samples of blood from 87 rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. the deer were trapped along the idaho-utah state boundary, near stone, id. acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) posi ...	1977	833034
trypanosoma cervi kingston and morton, 1975 from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, in wyoming.	mensural values of blood stream stages and cross-transmission studies defined the trypanosome species from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, as con-specific with trypanosoma cervi, the trypanosome found in elk from the same locality. trypanosomes were found in eight mule deer sampled in the spring and eight sampled in the winter in southeastern wyoming.	1977	839619
meningeal worm-induced neurologic disease in black-tailed deer.	neurologic disease attributable to parelaphostrongylus tenuis was diagnosed in five black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) relocated from oregon to tennessee. mortality occurred in the pre-release enclosure and in the release area. infection with p. tenuis was considered the cause of an unsuccessful stocking attempt. in addition, neurologic disease was produced by experimental infection of a black-tailed x white-tailed deer hybrid. clinical and pathologic findings were described for ...	1977	864846
viruses isolated from captive and free-ranging wild ruminants in alberta.	nasal secretions, leukocytes and preputial or vaginal swabs from a group of 15 captive wild ruminants, comprising six pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), seven fallow deer (dama dama) and two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and from 50 free-ranging pronghorns in southern alberta, were examined for viral agents. captive animals were given injections of dexamethasone daily for 6 days in attempts to reactivate latent infections. specimens were collected at 2-3 day intervals from days 0 to ...	1977	190422
sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (sp. n.) life cycle in mule deer and coyotes.	fifteen coyotes (canis latrans) shed sporulated sporocysts in their feces after eating freshly ground skeletal muscles from a mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) infected with microscopic-sized cysts of sarcocystis. sporocysts were shed intermittently from 12 to 36 days after ingestion of the infected meat. sporocyst size averaged 14.4 x 9.3 mum. eleven mule deer fawns orally inoculated with these sporocysts became infected and 9 of 11 died between post-inoculation days (pid) 27 and 63. cli ...	1977	402485
histopathologic study of experimental sarcocystis hemionilatrantis infection in fawns.	mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) inoculated with sporocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis became infected, developed clinical signs of disease, and died, due to the infection itself or from intercurrent pneumonia. clinical signs were first noticed 18 days after infection and fawns died from postinfection days 27 to 63. histopathologic examination revealed early lesions in skeletal muscle which consisted of perivascular necrosis with mononuclear and neutrophilic cell infiltration, ...	1977	410334
ketamine-xylazine immobilization of a mule deer.		1977	924885
survey of colorado's wild ruminants for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis.	a 10-year survey for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis in mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ), elk ( cervus canadensis ), and antelope ( antilocapra americana ) in colorado is summarized. over 10,000 blood samples were tested against brucella abortus and 4,747 samples were tested against leptospira pomona . a total of 1,761 blood samples were tested against l. canicola , l. grippotyphosa , l. hardjo , l. icterohemorrhagiae . all results were considered negative.	1977	24228967
distribution and expression in mammals of genes ralated to an endogenous type c rna virus of odocoileus hemionus.	an endogenous type c virus recently isolated from the columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus) was used as a molecular probe to study the distribution of virus-related nucleotide sequences in cellular dnas of mammalian species. by dna-dna hybridization, the most extensive homology was demonstrated between the viral complementary dna and cellular dna isolated from odocoileus species. dnas of representatives of other genera within the same family, cervidae, were partially related to the v ...	1977	69718
nonlethal experimental inoculation of columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease.	intramuscular or intravenous inoculation of 5 columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with virus of epizootic hemorrhagic deer disease (ehd) did not produce overt clinical disease. two white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) exposed identically died in 5 to 6 days. there were no significant lesions in 1 black-tailed deer euthanatized on postinoculation day 5. the ehd virus was not isolated from the spleen of that deer. seroconversion occurred in black-tailed deer, from ze ...	1977	192112
a serologic survey of mule deer and elk in utah.	sera from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus canadensis) in central and northern utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. antibodies to francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. a screening slide agglutination test for titers to brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. no positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, co ...	1978	105153
a redescription and neotype designation for parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyoidea).	parelaphostrongylus odocoilei is redescribed from worms collected from the type host (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in california, as well as material from experimentally infected mule deer (o. h. heminus) in alberta. a single male specimen from the california material is designated as the neotype of p. odocoilei, the type species of parelaphostrongylus. the male copulatory structures of the 3 species of parelaphostrongylus (p. tenuis, p. anderscni, and p. odocoilei) are reviewed and a key fo ...	1978	641663
parelaphostrongylus odocoilei: life cycle in experimentally infected cervids including the mule deer, odocoileus h. hemionus.		1978	729704
evaluation of stress and its effects on the immune system of hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus).		1978	739592
methoxyflurane anesthesia in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns.	methoxyflurane inhalation was used a total of 58 times to anesthetize 23 hand-reared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns ranging from 25 to 85 days of age. induction, maintenance, and recovery times were recorded for 28 anesthetizations. induction time was unrelated to age and averaged 3 +/- 1 min (x +/- sd). recovery time was longest in the youngest fawns and varied with the depth but not with the length of anesthesia. induction and recovery were smooth, the depth of anesthesia was easily con ...	1978	739591
changes in gonadotrophin and ovarian hormone levels during the estrous cycle of black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).	daily blood samples over a fifteen day period were obtained from two adult female black-tailed deer and circulating levels of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay. lh levels showed an apogee at the time when there was observed estrous behaviour. the length of the estrous cycle appeared to be 7 days. progesterone levels peaked just subsequent to the lh peak. high estrogen levels coincided with high pr ...	1978	571734
sarcocystis in free-ranging herbivores on the national bison range.	heart, esophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscle obtained from various herbivores on the national bison range were examined grossly for sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 81, 50, 50, and 13% of the mule deer, (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus), and bison (bison bison), respectively.	1979	110949
serologic profile of exotic deer at point reyes national seashore.	serotests were conducted on axis (axis axis) and fallow (dama dama) deer at point reyes national seashore to determine their status with respect to nine diseases enzootic to the native black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) or to resident dairy cattle. in the exotic deer, the proportion of animals that were seropositive included: anaplasmosis, 35%; bluetongue, 48%; brucellosis, 0%; bovine viral diarrhea, 2%; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 3%; leptospirosis, 7%; parainfluenza-3, ...	1979	521370
ectoparasites of sympatric barbary sheep and mule deer in the texas panhandle, usa.		1979	541816
serological studies on sympatric barbary sheep and mule deer from palo duro canyon, texas.	sera were collected from 12 barbary sheet (ammotragus lervia) and 11 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) occupying sympatric ranges in palo duro canyon, texas. these were tested for leptospirosis, brucellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, anaplasmosis, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue (bt), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), and coccidioidomycosis. serologic reactors were found to ibr in 3 barbery sheep, bt in 6 barbary sheep and 6 mule deer and ehd in 3 barbary ...	1979	228088
techniques for evaluating humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus).	twenty mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) were removed from their dams 48 h after birth, and hand-reared. methods for monitoring their immune capability are described. passive humoral immunity was determined by serum protein electrophoresis. active humoral immunity following clostridium toxoid vaccination was determined by immunodiffusion. cell-mediated immunity was assayed using contact sensitization to 1-nitro, 2,4-dichlorobenzene (dncb).	1979	88530
metals in soft tissues of mule deer and antelope.		1979	486787
survey for antibodies to viruses of bovine virus diarrhea, bluetongue, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in hunter-killed mule deer in new mexico.	sera from male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) collected in november 1977 in otero county, new mexico were tested fro antibodies to bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), bluetongue virus (btv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). neutralizing antibodies were detected in 26 of 76 (34%) sera tested for bvdv (titer greater than or equal to 1:16). of 46 sera tested for antibodies to btv and ehdv, 10 (22%) and 3 (7%), respectively, were positive. three (7%) of 46 sera were suspect (titer < ...	1980	6256331
sarcocystis in wild ungulates in alberta.	muscle samples from 557 wild ungulates in alberta, comprising seven species, were examined grossly and/or histologically for cysts of sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 100, 96, 94, 75, 75, 73, and 49% of the wapiti (cervus canadensis), moose (alces alces), bison (bison bison), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), respectively.	1980	6780701
chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy.	in the past 12 years (1967-79) a syndrome we identify as chronic wasting disease has been observed in 53 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and one black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) held in captivity in several wildlife facilities in colorado and more recently in wyoming. clinical signs were seen in adult deer and included behavioral alterations, progressive weight loss and death in 2 weeks to 8 months. gross necropsy findings included emaciation and excess rumen fluid ad ...	1980	7373730
experimental infection of mule deer with parelaphostrongylus tenuis.	six adult and three fawn mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were experimentally infected with a range of 75-100 infective larvae of parelaphostrongylus tenuis. five of the six adult deer developed clinical signs of neurologic disease that terminated in paralysis between 35 and 80 days. the sixth deer developed slight signs of neurologic disease for 10 days, but recovered. all three mule deer fawns developed neurologic disease. adult meningeal worms were recovered from the subdural space of the spin ...	1980	7463606
baseline levels of selected trace elements in colorado oil shale region animals.	baseline levels of boron, fluorine, molybdenum, and copper are described for 18 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and for 45 composite samples of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) from the piceance creek basin, rio blanco county, colorado. these data were collected before oil shale mining took place, and can be used to compare with levels found after mining is initiated. the data can thus be used to monitor changes in levels in animal tissues and as a basis for mitigating possible harmful effects ...	1980	7431515
experimental coccidiosis in mule deer fawns.	five mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) ranging in age from 3 to 6 weeks were given sporulated eimeria mccordocki oocysts orally. four of the five fawns developed coccidiosis. initial clinical signs appeared by 8 to 9 days postinoculation and included elevated body temperature and bloody diarrhea. dehydration and limited emaciation occurred as the disease progressed. the disease was allowed to run its course in one fawn and oocysts were passed in the feces on the 16th day following inoculatio ...	1980	7463611
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from musculature of moose and pronghorn in montana.	pieces of skeletal muscle from 43 mule deer, 34 elk, 4 white-tailed deer, 21 pronghorn, 7 moose, and 2 bison were examined for toxoplasma infection, by the acid-pepsin digestion technique. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 1 moose and 1 pronghorn. the isolated strains of t gondii were of low virulence to mice.	1981	7224306
further studies on trypanosomes in game animals in wyoming ii.	further studies on moose revealed trypanosomes in two captive moose (alces alces shirasi) and in 4 of 7 free-ranging moose in wyoming by blood culture. two free-ranging moose from utah were negative. one of two additional captive moose calves was positive for trypanosomes. trypanosomes also were detected in blood cultures of 8 of 39 american bison (bison bison) being brought into wyoming from nebraska. nineteen additional bison were negative for trypanosomes by blood cultures. identification of ...	1981	7338978
sarcocystis spp. in white-tailed deer. i. definitive and intermediate host spectrum with a description of sarcocystis odocoileocanis n. sp.	sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 15.2 micrometers x 10.7 micrometers (n = 195) were shed in the feces of dogs (canis familiaris) 8 to 16 days (avg. 11.6 days) after the first feeding of venison infected with sarcocystis sp. sporocysts containing four sporozoites and measuring (avg.) 11.5 micrometers x 8.1 micrometers (n = 35) were shed by a cat (felis catus) 14 days after ingesting sarcocystis-infected venison. statistical (pooled t-test) comparison of the mean measure ...	1981	6802990
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in montana: isolation and serologic survey.	epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). a 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. the virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and rec ...	1981	6267969
elaeophorosis in barbary sheep and mule deer from the texas panhandle.	adult elaeophora schneideri were recovered from the common carotid artery and its branches in 14 of 14 mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, and 3 of 9 barbary sheep or aoudads, ammotragus lervia, from palo duro canyon in the texas panhandle. gross cutaneous lesions attributable to elaeophorosis in the barbary sheep varied from small circumscribed scars up to 10 cm in diameter usually on the poll or orbital region to extensive proliferative irregular encrustations on the frontal, temporal and orbital ...	1981	6454793
morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america.	the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ...	1981	6171158
colostrum deficiency in mule deer fawns: identification, treatment and influence on neonatal mortality.	glutaraldehyde coagulation test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, and total protein refractometry were adapted for use in detecting failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). the results of all three tests were similar. serum total protein concentration was directly correlated to gamma globulin concentration and gave the best indication of morbidity and mortality. thirteen of 13 fawns with serum total protein concentrations of 5 g/dl or less at ...	1982	6178849
sarcocystis of deer in south dakota.	the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ...	1982	6808161
survey for evidence of colorado tick fever virus outside of the known endemic area in california.	a virus very similar or identical to colorado tick fever (ctf) virus was recovered from the blood clot of one of 104 black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) examined during a survey for various zoonotic agents in mammals and ticks from the university of california, hopland field station, mendocino county, california, 1974--79. this is the first reported isolation of a ctf-like virus from l. californicus, and only the second time such a virus has been found in northwestern california. mend ...	1982	7102919
isolation of encysted toxoplasma gondii from muscles of mule deer in montana.	toxoplasma gondii was isolated from muscles of 2 road-killed mule deer found near bozeman, mont, by feeding muscles to a toxoplasma-free cat. the cat shed t gondii oocysts 5 days after ingesting muscles pooled from the 2 deer. one infective oocyst of this isolate of t gondii was lethal to mice.	1982	7161172
induced toxoplasmosis in pronghorns and mule deer.	two mule deer and 2 pronghorns were inoculated intraruminally with infective oocysts (deer with 100,000 each, and pronghorns with 100, and 10,000) of the gt-1 strain of toxoplasma gondii. the deer died 7 and 11 days after inoculation, and the pronghorns died 13 and 19 days after inoculation. necropsy findings were typical of acute toxoplasmosis.	1982	7174439
trypanosoma cervi from alaskan reindeer, rangifer tarandus.	twenty-nine (64.4%) or 45 reindeer, rangifer tarandus, examined over a two-year period were infected with trypanosomes. trypomastigotes and dividing epimastigotes were found in the blood of fawns, cows, and bulls. morphometric analysis of bloodstream trypomastigotes from reindeer and comparison of these parasites with similar stages of trypanosomes from elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer from the continuous united states proved them conspecific; the trypanosomes from these members of the cerv ...	1982	7175772