Publications

the domestication of the llama.		1918	17796015
the domestication of the llama.		1918	17821140
notes on a female llama.		1930	17104285
the eosinophil cell as seen in the llama.		1951	14910670
a case of suspected johne's disease in a llama (l. glama).		1954	13130719
renal function and electrolytes in the llama.		1955	13268682
fracture of the metacarpal bones in a llama.		1956	13345700
[attempted determination of the rate of passage of gastrointestinal contents in wild ruminating animals; cervus elaphus l., dama dama l. and lama glama l].		1957	13532794
observations on the full-term foetal membranes of three members of the camelidae (camelus dromedarius l., camelus bactrianus l. and lama glama l.).		1961	13772976
respiratory functions of blood of the yak, llama, camel, dybowski deer, and african elephant.		1963	14058111
[llama huanachus molina and llama glama linneus, new hosts of moniezia expansa (rud., 1810) (cestoda, anoplocephalidae)].		1963	14060697
[osteogonesis in the adrenal cortex of llama].		1965	4954828
erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña).		1968	5635776
ventilatory response of llama to hypoxia at sea level and high altitude.		1968	5693199
the small pulmonary arteries of the llama and other domestic animals native to high altitudes.		1969	5357769
ovulation and corpus luteum function in the llama (lama glama).		1969	5366111
mycobacterium microti infection in a zoo-llama: lama vicugna (molina).		1970	5527701
motility of the llama and guanaco stomach.		1971	5538663
high altitude-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in the llama (lama glama).		1971	5540891
volatile fatty acid concentrations and ph of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta.		1971	5577488
a gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco.		1971	5093421
oxygen transport in the llama (lama glama).		1971	5112825
oestrous and mating behaviour in the llama (llama glama).		1971	5147828
hematology of the resting llama.		1971	5153064
[the gastric motility of the llama].		1971	4997506
comparative aspects of oxygen transport in animals with hemoglobin of high (llama) and low (sheep) affinity for oxygen.		1972	5009854
iatrogenic myocardial infarction and mitral valve insufficiency in a llama (lama glama).		1972	5014471
effect of different levels of simulated altitude on o 2 transport in llama and sheep.		1972	5022382
the mucigenous glandular mucosa in the comples stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco.		1972	4338128
[resorption and secretion in the rumen of llama (lama guanacoe)].		1972	4624368
"mucocytes" in the brain of a llama: a case report.		1972	4634527
hydrocephalus in a newborn llama.		1973	4701181
bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach.		1973	4782561
[new micrococcus radioresistant red pigment, isolated from lama glama feces, and its use as microbiological indicator of radiosterilization].		1973	4799987
[physiological mechanisms of adaptation of the llama to hypoxia (lama glama)].		1973	4807523
morphology of camel and llama erythrocytes as viewed with the scanning electron microscope.		1974	4853270
the heart and pulmonary vasculature of the llama (lama glama).		1974	4854860
the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus, rafinesque, 1832).	the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is illustrated and described with emphasis on origins and insertions of individual muscles. published works on the myology of domestic bovidae (bos taurus; ovis aries; capra hircus), camelidae (camelus bactrianus; lama glama) and cervidae (cervus nannodes-canadensis) have been used for comparisons of individual muscles. the musculature of the hip and thigh of odocoileus is substantially similar to that of othe ...	1975	1200389
water metabolism in the llama.		1975	1179
urea metabolism in the llama.		1975	1185
o2 transport in the alpaca (lama pacos) at sea level and at 3,300 m.	five male alpacas native to high altitude, of approximately 40 kg, were studied first at 3,300 m and again after a 3-month sojourn at sea level. measurements were made with the animals standing, unsedated and breathing air. cardiac output was measured by the dye dilution technique. blood gas tensions and contents were measured in arterial and mixed venous blood. blood samples were also equilibrated with different oxygen tensions to construct o2-hb dissociation curves. the p50 was 17.8 and 19.7 t ...	1976	785566
an account of the longitudinal mucosal corrugations of the human tracheo-bronchial tree, with observations on those of some animals.	a description is given of the distribution of the longitudinal mucosal corrugations in the human tracheo-bronchial tree. it has been shown that they are made up of elastic tissue in a collagen matrix, and that the elastic fibres continue into the smallest bronchioles beyond where the corrugations are no longer visible. an examination has also been made of the tracheo-bronchial trees of the hen, rat, raccoon, pig, sheep, llama and tiger. corrugations are present in all these animals, except the h ...	1976	1010796
clara cells in the llama.	a study was made by light and electron microscopy of the clara cells of two llamas born and bred at an altitude of 4,720 m in the peruvian andes. the clara cells were numerous and prominent with big apical caps, many of which had been extruded into the terminal bronchioles. on electron microscopy the caps were found to contain vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. previous studies have shown this to contain dipalmitoyl lecithin, a known pulmonary surfactant. acute exposure to a simulated altitude of ...	1976	1001601
somatic sensory cortex of llama (lama glama).	the somatic sensory cortex (si and sii) was mapped in llamas using microelectrode mapping methods developed earlier in a study of si of the slow loris. projections to si from the llama's prehensile browsing lips were differentially enlarged when compared to those reported for sheep. in llama, sii was reversed in its mediolatreal pattern from that reported for sii in most other mammals. fissural landmarks reliably demarcated different projections within si, between si and sii and between si or si ...	1976	990910
[regulation of respiration at high altitudes and its molecular interpretation: the sequence of beta-chains of hemoglobins from pig and llama (author's transl)].	the primary structures of the beta-chains from pig (suidae) and llama (lama glama, camelidae) hemoglobins are given. they differ from human beta-chains in the exchange of 22 and 23 amino acid residues, respectively. some aspects of the sequences are discussed and the molecular interpretation of respiration at high altitudes is given. this interpretation is based on the exchange of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contact beta2his leads to asn from man to llama: the interaction between the heterotropic ...	1977	892715
[the sequence of alpha-chains from pig and llama hemoglobins (aspects on the respiration in highlands) (author's transl)].	the primary structure of the alpha-chains from pig (suidae) and llama (lama lama, camelidae) hemoglobins is given. they differ in the exchange of 22 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively, compared to human alpha-chains. some aspects and the physiological significance of these results are discussed.	1977	852824
[the interaction between phosphate and protein, and the respiration of the llama, the human fetus and the horse (author's transl)].	the sequence analysis of llama (lama glama, camelidae) hemoglobin is described. the chains were separated, cleaved by trypsin as previously described, quantitatively characterized and sequenced in the sequenator. the llama hemoglobin differs from the human hemoglobin in that it has 25 different amino acids in the alpha chain and 24 different amino acids in the beta chain. the interaction between protein and phosphate is discussed. the earlier finding that the o2 affinity of the llama hemoglobin ...	1978	669574
bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama.	bicarbonate appearance in the lumen and its relationship to solute absorption were studied in a pavlov pouch in the cardiac region of the first compartment of the llama forestomach. hco3- appearance showed no diurnal variation. hco3- accumulation was highly dependent on the ph of the solution used. the hco3- ion probably is formed from co2 diffusing into the lumen from the serosal side, as a result of cell metabolism and of oh- ions. hco3- accumulation was closely related to volatile fatty acid ...	1978	677305
dead space and tidal volume of the giraffe compared with some other mammals.	the ventilation, tidal volume and anatomical dead-space were measured in a living giraffe and compared with similar measurements in a camel, red deer, llama and man. the giraffe had a resting tidal volume of about 3.3 litres with a dead-space/tidal-volume ratio of 0.34. the giraffe breathes slowly, apparently because of the unusually small diameter of its trachea relative to its length, compared with known measurement in other mammals.	1978	734250
cerebrospinal parelaphostronglylosis in llamas.	four of 11 llamas (lama guanicoe) from a ranch near houston, texas developed clinical signs of a neurologic disease. tissues from 2 of the 4 llamas were submitted for microscopic examination. lesions in the central nervous system of both llamas appeared to have been caused by a migrating parasite. an adult nematode having morphologic features of the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was found in the brain of one llama. the findings suggest that the neurologic disease in the llamas were ...	1978	739583
variability in erythrocyte deformability among various mammals.	deformability is an important aspect of erythrocyte physiology and has been extensively studied using human red cells. we have studied erythrocytes from 25 different animals using a viscometric technique. erythrocyte diameters ranged from 3.3 microns in the goat to 11.4 microns for the elephant seal. erythrocytes from most species deformed readily when a fluid shear stress was applied. a deformability index of the stressed cell defined as (length - width)/(length + width) correlated with cell si ...	1979	443394
morphological and functional peculiarities of the llama forestomach.		1979	533202
deformability and spectrin properties in three types of elongated red cells.	three types of unusual, elongated erythrocytes have been studied in our effort to understand factors that regulate the shape and deformability of red blood cells. measurements of deformability, morphologic response to membrane-shape-altering drugs, spectrin phosphorylation, spectrin extractability, and casein kinase activity were measured in llama cells, irreversibly sickled cells, and nonhemolytic human elliptocytes. the results of these studies support the concept that the physical properties ...	1980	6893106
clara cells in llamas born and living at high and low altitudes.	quantitative histological studies showed greater clara cell activity in two llamas born and spending their lives in the high andes as compared to a llama born and spending its life at sea level.	1980	7356916
the fine structure of the stomach mucosa of the llama (llama guanacoe). ii. the fundic region of the hind stomach.	the epithelium of the fundic region mucosa of the hind stomach in the llama guanacoe has been studied using morphological and histochemical methods. morphology suggests that solute and water absorption may occur in the epithelium of the surface and of the foveolae, although this absorption can not be estimated because of the extensive secretion of the gastric glands. the same cells of the surface and foveolar epithelium show numerous secretory granules. the glands reveal neck cells, chief cells, ...	1980	7407832
ataxia and spinal cord degeneration in llama, wildebeeste and camel.	clinical and pathological findings from instances of ataxia in a group of wildebeeste (connochaetes taurinus), two llamas (llama glama) and one arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) are presented. clinically, all the affected animals showed a non-febrile, progressive ataxia. neuropathologically, wallerian degeneration was diffuse in the spinal cord of the camel and llamas but was focal in the wildebeeste. degeneration was present in the cervical dorsal roots in the wildebeeste and in the ventral n ...	1980	7434534
[phosphate-hemoglobin interaction: concerning the respiration of adult man, human fetus, the llama and dromedary (author's transl)].	the perinatal control of the oxygen affinity of human blood and the high altitude respiration of the llama is discussed. furthermore, the sequences of the beta-chains of the hemoglobin of man, llama, dromedary and the gamma-chains of human fetal hemoglobin are reported. considering physical, physiological, and chemical data it is shown that the human fetal respiration and the high altitude respiration of llama are based on a similar molecular mechanism and are marked by a reduced mutual effect o ...	1980	7453084
pulmonary mast cells in cattle and ilamas at high altitude.	the density of mast cells in various anatomical locations within the lung were measured in a peruvian andean llama, a peruvian andean cow and a sea-level-cow. these densities were determined separately around pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterioles and venules, in the alveolar septa, and around bronchi. the total mast cell density did not differ significantly between the three animals and there were more periarteriolar and perivenular mast cells in the llama than in either of t ...	1981	7288526
azalea poisoning in a llama: a case report.		1981	6906912
keratoconjunctivitis in a llama.		1981	6915682
[gastrolithiasis in a llama].		1982	7059338
pulmonary circulation of the llama at high and low altitudes.	we have studied the pulmonary circulation of three closely related animals, the llama, alpaca, and guanaco. the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 12 llamas and one alpaca indigenous to high altitude in the andes was found to be slightly but significantly higher than that of three llamas and three guanacos born and bred at low altitude in england. on the other hand, the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries and the relative weights of the two ventricles were the same in three llam ...	1982	7071792
[hemoglobins, xlviii: the primary structure of hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus, proboscidea): beta 2 = asn].	the primary structure of the hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus) is given. the sequence was determined automatically in a sequenator. by homologous comparison with adult human hba, the alpha-chains differ by 24 exchanges and the beta-chains by 27 exchanges. furthermore, we report p(o2)50 values with regard to altered contact sites with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in indian elephant hemoglobin. our findings explain the low p(o2)50 and the reduced interaction with 2,3-bisphosphoglycera ...	1982	7129359
coccidioidomycosis in the llama: case report and epidemiologic survey.	an 8-year-old nongravid female llama with a 1-month history of progressive posterior paresis was referred because of suspected degenerative myelopathy secondary to copper deficiency or plant poisoning. neurologic examination revealed loss of conscious proprioception and slightly depressed bilateral patellar reflexes. electromyographic examination of hindlimb flexors and extensors did not elicit evidence of lower motor neuron disease. possible fragmentation and mottling of the 10th thoracic verte ...	1982	7174454
complete choanal atresia in a llama.		1982	7174481
urolithiasis in a three-month-old llama.		1982	7174482
interaction of amphipathic drugs with erythrocytes from various species.	changes in morphology of human erythrocytes exposed to certain amphipathic drugs can be predicted by the bilayer couple hypothesis as proposed by sheetz and singer (proc natl acad sci usa 71:4456-4461, 1975). when we tested that hypothesis, using erythrocytes from other mammals, we found that most but not all, underwent the predicted changes. both camel and llama erythrocytes showed minimal morphologic changes when exposed to anionic and cationic phenothiazines. the spicules formed by anionic dr ...	1982	6896609
metabolic meaning of elevated levels of oxidative enzymes in high altitude adapted animals: an interpretive hypothesis.	it is commonly observed that during acclimatization to altitude oxidative enzyme activities increase per g wet weight of tissue. to examine this problem in long-term adapted animals we measured citrate synthase (cs), hydroxyacylcoa dehydrogenase (hoad), pyruvate kinase (pk), and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activities/g of myocardium in two domestic species (llama and alpaca) and a high altitude deer, the taruca. in all these species, we found an upward scaling of oxidative capacity (indicated by ...	1983	6612104
the band 3-rich membrane of llama erythrocytes: studies on cell shape and the organization of membrane proteins.	the erythrocyte membrane of the llama was characterized in comparison to that of the human. the llama erythrocyte was an elliptical disk that resisted shape alterations in hyperosmotic buffers and following metabolic depletion, both of which induce speculation of the human red cell. lysophosphatidylcholine incorporation produced minor serrations of the edge of the llama disk but no spicules, whereas human red cells became sphero-echinocytes. the polypeptide profiles in the membranes of the two s ...	1983	6854621
comparative morphologic features of the pulmonary vasculature in mammals.	the ratio of right to left ventricular weight (0.3), and the ratio of the medial thickness of the pulmonary trunk to that of the aorta (0.4 to 0.7) are similar in humans and other mammals for which data are available. there are interspecies differences in quantity and arrangement of collagen, smooth muscle, and elastic tissue in the pulmonary trunk. the medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries is similar in man, baboon, ferret, goat, llama, and monkey. in most other mammals these vessels ...	1983	6881709
[fine structure and development of sarcocystis aucheniae in llamas].	isolated cysts of sarcocystis aucheniae of the llama (lama glama) were fed to one dog and one cat. only the dog excreted sporocysts, measuring 13.1-15.7 (15.0 +/- 0.54) x 9.0-11.3 (10.4 +/- 0.36) micron after 11 days for 21 days. a second cat, which had ingested meat of a llama containing macrocysts of s. aucheniae as well as sarcosporidial cysts visible only under a microscope also did not excrete sporocysts. the cysts of s. aucheniae are surrounded by a folded primary cyst wall forming caulifl ...	1984	6433590
canine tooth extraction and pulpotomy in the adult male llama.		1984	6511572
nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the llama.	silver nitrate (ag-as) staining was applied to chromosome preparations from the llama (lama glama). the nors were detected on the secondary constrictions of the short arms or the stalks of five small acrocentric chromosome pairs.	1985	3998445
control of stomach motility in the llama (lama guanacoe f. glama).	manometric and electromyographic recordings of stomach motility were made in five conscious llamas to investigate the influence of distension of the stomach compartments, of temporary cervical vagal blockade and the influence of atropine, acetylcholine and adrenaline. the frequency of a-contractions was slowed by distension of the canal joining compartment 2 (c2) and compartment 3 (c3), or of the proximal region of c3, and either increased and/or reduced by distension of the distal region of c3 ...	1985	4011829
band 3 protein of the red cell membrane of the llama: crosslinking and cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain.	comparative studies were done on the cytoplasmic domain of the band 3 protein in the red cell membranes of the the human and the llama. two approaches were used: crosslinking with o-phenanthroline/cuso4, and cleavage with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoate. o-phenanthroline/cuso4 crosslinks the band 3 polypeptide chains in the human; in contrast band 3 in the llama is minimally crosslinked by this agent. 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoate cleaves band 3 in the human into a 23,000-dalton fragment; a similar fr ...	1985	4026842
chorioptes bovis (acarina: psoroptidae) in some camelids from dutch zoos.	the feet of three two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus), one lama (lama glama) and four alpacas (lama pacos) from zoos and a circus in the netherlands were examined for the mange-mite choroptes bovis. mites were found on two of the camels, the lama, and three of the alpacas. on one camel and one alpaca small mange lesions on the feet were present. this is the first report of chorioptes bovis and chorioptic mange in the two-humped camel.	1985	4049716
comparative pathology of the enlarged carotid body.	a histological study was made of the carotid bodies of man and various animal species from low and high altitudes. the animals studied were the alpaca, llama, cattle, guinea-pig, rabbit, dog, rat and man. as well as a qualitative microscopic study, a differential cell count was carried out to determine the percentage of the light and dark variants of chief cells and of sustentacular cells present. the investigation showed that the carotid bodies enlarge in cattle, guinea-pigs and rabbits living ...	1985	3837795
lymphosarcoma in a llama.		1985	3841116
the oxygen affinity of mammalian hemoglobins in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in relation to body weight.	we studied the oxygenation of mammalian hemoglobins: mouse (mus musculus molossinus), rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), man (homo sapiens), sheep (ovis aries), llama (lama glama), pig (sus scrofa domesticus), cow (bos taurus domesticus) and horse (equus caballus), in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (dpg) and compared their oxygen affinity in relation to the body weight. the negative correlation between body weight and the oxygen affinity of the wh ...	1985	2866879
non-surgical embryo transfer and live birth in a llama.	the uteri of two donor female llamas were flushed non-surgically and one viable 7-day-old embryo was recovered. the embryo was transferred non-surgically within four hours into a recipient female llama whose estrous cycle was synchronized with the donor by injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh). pregnancy was confirmed 20 days after transfer, at which time the level of serum progesterone was determined and found to be consistent with that of gestation (>/=100 ng/100 ml). a normal and ...	1985	16726078
retention of fluid and particles in the digestive tract of the llama (lama guanacoe f. glama).	the retention times of fluid and particles of different lengths were measured in the digestive tract of the llama. peg was used as a fluid marker; hay particles were labelled with cerium or samarium and the samples were determined by neutron activation analysis. in compartments 1 and 2 the retention time of fluid (9.7 hr) was significantly shorter than that of particles having a length of 0.2-1.0 cm (19.2 hr) and 2.5-4.0 cm (25.0 hr). in the intestine slightly significant differences in the rete ...	1986	2870861
reversal of xylazine-induced sedation in llamas, using doxapram or 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine.	for each of 3 separate evaluations, 6 fasted llamas (lama glama) were sedated with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and then 15 minutes later were given normal saline solution (5.0 ml, iv; control values), doxapram (2.2 mg/kg, iv), or 4-amino-pyridine (0.3 mg/kg, iv) and yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, iv). after administration of 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine, the llamas stood in a mean of 11 minutes and resumed eating in a mean of 34 minutes; both means were significantly less (p less than 0.05 ...	1986	2851570
interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos).	polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ...	1986	3964445
repair of complete choanal atresia in a llama.		1986	3505969
variation among species in the endocrine control of mammary growth and function: the roles of prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen.	prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen form a family of structurally related hormones, which may have evolved from a common ancestral peptide. prolactin and growth hormone are present in all mammals, but the biological activity associated with placental lactogen has been detected in only some groups. attempts to detect placental lactogen using bioassay and radioreceptor assay are reported and have been unsuccessful in an insectivore (the shrew), a bat, an edentate (the armadillo), a l ...	1986	3519707
suspected chlorpyrifos toxicosis in a llama, and plasma pseudocholinesterase activity in llamas given chlorpyrifos.	five days after treatment with chlorpyrifos, a 1.5-year-old male llama was unable to stand, had saliva flowing from its mouth, and had constricted pupils, hyperglycemia, a metabolic acidosis, and a plasma pseudocholinesterase activity of 111 iu/l. mean (+/- 1 sd) plasma pseudocholinesterase activity of 29 healthy llamas was 233.76 +/- 51.55 iu/l. five to 8 days after topical application of chlorpyrifos (25 mg/kg of body weight) to 3 healthy llamas, the pseudocholinesterase activity decreased to ...	1986	2464570
oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat.	to estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (rbc) of high-altitude camelids for o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 uptake into and release from the rbc obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees c with a stopped-flow technique. o2 transfer conductance of rbc (g) was estimated from the rate of o2 saturation change and the corresponding o2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. for comparison, o2 kinetics for the rbc of a low-altitude camelid (dromed ...	1987	3571563
isolation of giardia from a llama and from sheep.	giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (lama glama) and in feces of lambs (ovis aries) from wisconsin, u.s.a. all of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. furthermore, giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in mongolian gerbils (meriones unquiculatus). ...	1987	3607656
reproduction in the male llama (lama glama), a south american camelid. i. spermatogenesis and organization of the intertubular space of the mature testis.	the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the llama was divided into eight stages, using as criteria the shape and distribution of the germ cell nuclei, the location of the spermatids, the presence of meiotic figures and the release of spermatozoa from the tubular wall. cell populations making up each stage are described. the relative frequencies of stages 1 through 8 were: 9.86, 12.46, 17.65, 14.12, 5.81, 8.09, 13.04 and 18.89%, respectively. in the seminiferous epithelium, spermatogonia of t ...	1987	3618099
substrate and o2 fluxes during rest and exercise in a high-altitude-adapted animal, the llama.	llamas were trained to exercise on a treadmill at graded speeds. o2 uptake values at rest, at modest exercise (me, 0.58 m/s), and at heavy exercise (he, 1.84 m/s) were 0.069, 0.297, and 0.594 ml o2 x kg-1 x s-1. corresponding values for cardiac output were 1.64, 4.39, and 6.85 ml x kg-1 x s-1. palmitate, glucose, and lactate replacement rates (ra values) were determined at these varying work rates using a single-bolus injection of 14c- or 3h-labeled metabolites, two at a time. ra values for palm ...	1987	3618831
fecal survey of llamas (lama glama) in oregon: incidental recovery of nematodirus battus.	between september 1985 and march 1987, 243 fecal specimens from llamas (195 adults, 48 crias) were examined for parasite eggs. of the adults, 78% had at least one type of egg. trichostrongyles were found in 67% of the adults, nematodirus spp in 23%, strongyloides spp in 9%, capillaria spp in 8%, and trichuris spp in 5%. of the crias, 90% had at least one kind of egg. trichostrongyles were found in 71% of the crias, nematodirus spp in 52%, strongyloides spp in 17%, and trichuris spp and capillari ...	1987	3693012
the use of a silicone t-tube to treat tracheal stenosis in a llama.	a female llama was presented at 4 days of age with severe dyspnea resulting from bilateral choanal atresia. a tracheostomy was performed before surgical treatment of the airway obstruction. although the choanal atresia was successfully corrected, tracheal stenosis secondary to mucosal necrosis, malacia of the cartilage rings, and proliferation of intraluminal granulation tissue at and distal to the tracheal stoma developed. the affected segment of the trachea was resected and an end-to-end anast ...	1987	3507150
vaccination-related anthrax in three llamas.	two llama calves died 3 days after inoculation with anthrax vaccine. concurrent administration of ivermectin and other biologics may have enhanced the infectivity of the sterne strain vaccine of bacillus anthracis. this experience suggests that the sterne strain of anthrax vaccine can induce fatal disease when given to young llamas and should be used only with extreme care and in face of strong "at risk" situations.	1987	3119528
dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions.	the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ...	1987	3505882
prevalence of eimeria spp. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in oregon llamas.	eimeria alpacae, e. punoensis, e. lamae, and e. macusaniensis were identified in fecal samples from 189 llama (lama glama (l.] adults and 50 llama crias (animals less than one year of age of any species in the genus lama) from central and western oregon. in both adults and crias, e. alpacae was the most common species found. the least common was e. macusaniensis, which was found in only two adults. overall prevalence and numbers of animals with mixed infections was approximately twice as high in ...	1988	3183993
removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama.		1988	3202070
genetic variation in the blood of llamas, llama glama, and alpacas, llama pacos.	blood samples of llamas and alpacas were typed using haemolytic, electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing procedures to assay polymorphism at 13 loci. blood group variation was assessed using six antibody specificities produced by allo- and heteroimmunizations. two red cell factors (a and b) behave as autosomal, codominant alleles at a closed a locus. the other four factors (c, d, e and f) behave as autosomal, dominant traits. biochemical variation was found for red cell enzymes catalase, phosph ...	1988	3207220
oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids.	the oxygen binding properties of the blood of the camelid species vicuna, llama, alpaca and dromedary camel were measured and evaluated with respect to interspecific differences. the highest blood oxygen affinity, not only among camelids but of all mammals investigated so far, was found in the vicuna (p50 = 17.6 torr compared to 20.3-21.6 torr in the other species). low hematocrits (23-34%) and small red blood cells (21-30 microns 3) are common features of all camelids, but the lowest values are ...	1988	3220989
a natural infection of fascioloides magna in a llama (lama glama).	a young, female llama (lama glama) was euthanized following the onset of hindleg paresis and paralysis. live trematodes, identified as fascioloides magna, were identified from the liver of this animal. this represents the first report of f. magna in a llama.	1988	3357126
haematology of clinically normal and abnormal captive llamas and guanacoes.	blood counts of healthy juvenile and adult llamas (lama glama) and guanacoes (l guanacoe) showed that guanacoes have higher red cell counts, haemoglobin values and packed cell volumes than llamas. in both species, the numbers of lymphocytes and platelets were higher in juveniles than in adults. by reference to the values found in normal animals, abnormal haematological variations were detected in a number of sick individuals. neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and a tendency to develop regenerat ...	1988	3363814