Publications

first description of the immature stages and redescription of the adults of cosmiomma hippopotamensis (acari: ixodidae) with notes on its bionomics.	cosmiomma hippopotamensis (denny, 1843) is one of the most unusual, beautiful, and rare tick species known to the world. all stages of this species possess a unique morphology, on the one hand making them easy to identify, while on the other they exhibit similarities to certain species of amblyomma koch, 1844, dermacentor koch, 1844, and hyalomma koch, 1844. adults of c. hippopotamensis have been collected on only two occasions from their hosts, namely hippopotamus amphibius l. and diceros bicor ...	0	23926768
contribution to the question of abnormal canine formation in hippopotamus amphibius.		1948	18884213
serum proteins of hippopotamus amphibius (linnaeus).		1960	13843562
blood parasites of hippopotamus in uganda.		1960	13703709
schistosomes from hippopotamus amphibius l. ii. the morphology of schistosoma edwardiense sp. nov.		1964	14124284
serological evidence for the susceptibility of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius linnaeus) to natural infection with rinderpest virus.		1964	14210780
the role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of african swine fever (a survey of the incidence of african swine fever virus in hippopotami in queen elizabeth national park uganda).		1965	14286145
a redescription of nilocotyle (nilocotyle) praesphinctris näsmark, 1937 (trematoda: paramphistomidae) from hippopotamus amphibius.		1966	6007782
observations on the pathology of bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of hippopotamus amphibius linnaeus, 1758, from the kruger national park.		1967	5626001
[further information on the systematic evaluation of the large hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius var. major). considerations on the significance of the species and variety, on the possibility of genetic assimiliation of acquired characteristics and on the importance of "chance" in the biological evolution].		1967	5630267
[note on the morphology of the eye in hippopotamus amphibius and choeropsis liberiensis (mammalia, artiodactyla, hippopotamidae) with particular reference to the tapetum lucidum fibrosum and schlemm's canal].		1968	5673459
a record of "testis cords" in the ovary of a mature hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius, linn.).		1970	5414285
[cutaneous musculature of the head and neck of hippopotamus amphibius l. 1758].		1971	5166267
investigations of allerton-type herpes virus infection in east african game animals and cattle.	neutralization tests with a strain (ba) of allerton-type herpes virus, derived from a buffalo (syncerus caffer) were carried out on 924 sera from 17 species of e. african game animals and on cattle sera from tanzania (2001), kenya (792) and uganda (410).buffalo populations throughout e. africa showed a very high rate of infection, with all animals over 2 years of age serologically positive. antibody was present in some giraffe, waterbuck and hippopotamus sera and, less frequently, in impala, ela ...	1971	4326248
the isolation of trypanosoma brucei from hippopotamus amphibius in the luangwa valley, zambia.		1972	4671461
nutritional studies on east african herbivores. 2. losses of nitrogen in the faeces.	1. a series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (arman & hopcraft, 1975). 2. various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. food and faecal samples were analysed for n. 3. with the pelleted diets, the n content of the faecal dry matter (dm) was low for eland (taurotragus oryx pallas), high for sheep and cattle (bos taurus and bos indicus) and intermediate for the ...	1975	1115763
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living african mammals.	twelve species of free-living african mammals from kenya, tanzania, uganda and zambia were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. t. gondii antibodies were detected in burchell's zebra, (equus burchelli), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius), african elephant (loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (kobus defassa), lion (panthera leo), and rock hyrax (procavia capensis), the highest titers were fou ...	1975	1195497
echinococcosis (hydatodosis) in wild animals of the kruger national park.	echinococcosis has been diagnosed in the following wild species in the kruger national park : lion, panthera leo, spotted hyena, crocuta crocuta, cape hunting dog, lycaon pictus, burchell's zebra, equus burchelli antiquorum, buffalo, syncerus caffer, hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius, and impala, aepyceros melampus. infestation rates in the herbivores vary from 60% in zebra to less than 1% in impala. species like elephant, loxodonta africana, and blue wildebeest, connochaetes taurinus, do not ...	1975	1219111
observations on the reproductive physiological status of mature herd bulls, bachelor bulls, and young bulls in the hippopotamus. hippopotamus amphibius amphibius linnaeus.		1975	1132668
composition of the lipids from the adrenal gland of hippopotamus amphibius.		1976	1277800
[quantitative characteristics of the systems of truncal auditory and visual brain formations in artiodactyla and perissodactyla].	on the ground of cytoarchitectonic investigation and planimetric measurements a volumetric comparison between the systems of truncal formations of auditory and optical analysers were made in the representatives of artiodactyla (deer, elk, gazelle, sheep, wild boar, hippopotamus) and perissodactyla orders (horse). the data obtained demonstrated a great quantitative predominance of the system of optical formation in comparison with that of auditory, which correlates to the leading role of the opti ...	1977	409378
heterogeneity of amino acid sequence in hippopotamus cytochrome c.	the amino acid sequences of chymotryptic and tryptic peptides of hippopotamus amphibius cytochrome c were determined by a recent modification of the manual edman sequential degradation procedure. they were ordered by comparison with the structure of the hog protein. the hippopotamus protein differs in three positions: serine, alanine, and glutamine replace alanine, glutamic acid, and lysine in positions 43, 92, and 100, respectively. since the artiodactyl suborders diverged in the mid-eocene som ...	1978	214435
t-lymphocyte response to cytochrome c. i. demonstration of a t-cell heteroclitic proliferative response and identification of a topographic antigenic determinant on pigeon cytochrome c whose immune recognition requires two complementing major histocompatibility complex-linked immune response genes.	the t-lymphocyte proliferative response to pigeon cytochrome c was studied in the mouse. h-2a and h-2k strains were responders to this antigen whereas h-2b, h-2d, h-2f, h-2ja, h-2p, h-2q, h-2r, h-2s, and h-2u strains were low or nonresponders. genetic mapping demonstrated that two major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-linked ir genes control the response, one in i-a, the other in i-e/i-c. the major antigenic determinant recognized in this response was localized by cross-stimulations with specie ...	1979	92520
the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of lake sibaya, with a note on other areas of tongaland (natal, south africa).	the epidemiology of human and bovine schistosomiasis in the lake sibaya area of tongaland, south africa, an undeveloped rural environment, is discussed. the mean prevalence of schistosoma haematobium infection is 72%, but s. mansoni is absent; possible reasons for this are given and the different types of water habitat are shown to play different roles in transmission. fear of crocodiles and hippopotami is important because villagers are compelled to use for domestic purposes, the smaller, shall ...	1979	539856
studies on glossina pallidipes, g. fuscipes fuscipes and g. brevipalpis in terms of the epidemiology and epizootiology of trypanosomiases in south-eastern uganda.	glossina pallidipes, g. f. fuscipes and g. brevipalpis in stages i and ii of hunger were caught from bukunya and buyundo villages in south-east uganda during the period december 1969 to february 1971, and the origins of their blood meals identified. g. pallidipes fed mainly on bovids in the two villages; bushbuck was the most favoured host (44.9% of all blood feeds) though in buyundo buffalo provided a significant alternative (20.8%). g. f. fuscipes frequently fed on bovids (75.6%), particularly ...	1980	7436606
pancreatic ribonucleases of mammals with ruminant-like digestion. amino-acid sequences of hippopotamus and sloth ribonucleases.	high levels of pancreatic ribonucleases are found in ruminants, species that have a ruminant-like digestion and several species with coecal digestion. pancreatic ribonucleases from several independently evolved species with ruminant-like digestion were investigated to test a hypothesis that glycosylation of ribonucleases may have some function in species with coecal digestion and that glycosylation of the enzyme may not be advantageous for ruminants. ribonucleases from the hippopotamus, two-toed ...	1980	7439154
nilocotyle duplicisphinctris sp. n. (trematoda: paramphistomidae) from hippopotamus amphibius.	nilocotyle duplicisphinctris sp. n. was recovered from the stomach of hippopotamus amphibius in ethiopia. the average body size (l x w) is 3.6 x 1.2 mm; pharynx 0.5 x 0.3, dicranocoelium type; outer diameter of the acetabulum 0.85, nilocotyle type; anterior testis 0.34 x 0.49; posterior testis 0.32% x 0.27: ovary 0.27 x 0.19; genital opening 0.30 x 0.34, duplicisphinctris type and eggs 0.15 x 0.07. the most characteristic specific feature is the presence of a double sphincter along the genital a ...	1980	7410807
schistosoma weinland, 1858 from hippopotamus amphibius linnaeus, 1758 in the kruger national park.	adults of schistosoma edwardiense thurston, 1964, were recovered from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park. small round to oval schistosoma margrebowiei-like eggs, presumed to be those of s. edwardiense, were found fairly frequently in the faeces of infected hippopotami together with a few schistosoma haematobium-like eggs the identity of which remains uncertain. biomphalaria sp., exposed to the droppings of infected hippopotami, shed cercariae thought to be those of s. edwardiense ...	1981	7345384
non-specific esterase isoenzymes of adult schistosomes from the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius).	extracts of adult schistosomes collected from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park gave alpha naphthyl acetate isoenzyme patterns after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that did not correspond with those of either schistosoma mansoni or s. rodhaini.	1981	7345393
[new data on the dipetalonema lineage (filarioidea, nematoda)].	the evolutionary line of dipetalonema can apparently be divided into four groups: i: australian species; ii: paleoendemic south american species; iii: the tetrapetalonema group; iv: the acanthocheilonema group. loxodontofilaria at present insufficiently known to be classified and several species belonging to the acanthocheilonema group are the object of the present study. descriptions are given of loxodontofilaria asiatica n. sp., parasite of elephas indicus in burma, cercopithifilaria degraaffi ...	1982	6891995
effects of some african game animal sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones.	the effects of different african game sera on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. brucei clones have been studied in vitro and in vivo, for the first time, using a modified version of the blood incubation infectivity test (biit). trypanosomes were incubated in vitro with serum samples from a number of different game animal species and their subsequent infectivity for proven susceptible rats then examined after one hour and 8 hours of serum incubation. sera from eland, waterbuck and, to a les ...	1982	7051497
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to bovid herpesvirus 2 in african wildlife.	a total of 3,470 sera, collected between 1963 and 1980 from 45 different species of wildlife in nine african countries, was examined for virus neutralizing (vn) antibodies to bovid herpesvirus 2. antibodies were demonstrated in 20 species including 15 bovidae, two suidae, hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) and a green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops); 11 of these species had not been previously recorded as sero-positive. although the significance of neutralizi ...	1982	6296471
[coccidiosis of the placenta in a hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius)].		1982	7090651
phylogenetical and ontogenetical studies on the molecular weight heterogeneity of bovine serum transferrin.	antitransferrin (tf) rabbit serum was highly specific: it reacted with tfs of ruminants, such as european breeds and zebu breeds of cattle, bali cattle, banteng, swamp and river types of water buffalo, anoa, goat, sheep, deer, antelope, camel, and giraffe, but did not react with serum of other non-ruminant species, such as pig, wild boar, hippopotamus, horse, rabbit, rat, chicken, etc. electrophoresis of tf and immunoglobulin g (igg) complexes was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyac ...	1984	6529442
neutralising antibodies to wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever virus in african wildlife.	a total of 2,722 sera collected between 1963 and 1983, from 43 different species of wildlife in 11 african countries was examined for neutralising antibodies against the wildebeest-derived strain of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus. antibodies were demonstrated in 10 species of bovidae which included eight species from the sub-family hippotraginae and one species each from bovinae and antilopinae. neutralising antibodies were also recorded in hippopotamus. it is suggested that the high prev ...	1984	6099787
notes on placentation in the suina.	we examined the gross and microscopic anatomy of placental tissues and umbilical cords from six species representing the three living families of the suina. these species included, of the suidae, the wart hog (phacochoerus aethiopicus), the giant forest hog (hylochoerus meinertzhageni), the domestic pig (sus scrofa), and the banded pig of malaysia (sus scrofa vittatus); of the tayassuidae, the white-lipped peccary (tayassu pecari); of the hippopotamidae, the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) ...	1985	3991477
[2 new cases of rhinoentomophthoromycosis diagnosed in the central african republic (review of the literature)].	after a historical account and review of the published literature on rhinoentomophthoromycosis, we report two recently recognized cases in central african republic. the first case was a 32 year-old "peuhl" woman with typical facial deformation that gave her a "hippopotamus-woman" aspect. the second case was a 53 year-old man with lesions that were less typical and limited to one half of the face only. in both cases, hypodermic nodules were palpable and it is likely that inoculation occurred by s ...	1987	3329986
a set of test life tables for theoretical gerontology.	prediction of life tables, which provide the most empirical information available about the statistical properties of aging, provides a rigorous test for any theory of aging as manifested at the organismic level of biological organization. for this purpose, a set of test tables for the wild boar (sus scrofa), domestic sheep (ovis aries), dall sheep (ovis dalli dalli), african buffalo (syncerus cafer), and hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) is reconstructed from primary data taken from the lit ...	1988	3346518
comparative anatomy of the foramen ovale in the suina.	the structure of the foramen ovale from six species of suina was studied using the scanning electron microscope. in each species, the foramen ovale, when viewed from the terminal part of the caudal vena cava had the appearance of a short tunnel. in the domestic pig (sus scrofa), the wart hog (phacochoerus aethiopicus) and the bush pig (potamochoerus porcus) a fold of tissue projected from the caudal edge of the foramen ovale into the lumen of the left atrium. it constituted a large proportion of ...	1988	3377202
the distribution of lysine vasopressin (lysipressin) in placental mammals: a reinvestigation of the hippopotamidae (hippopotamus amphibius) and tayassuidae (tayassu angulatus) families.	the neurohypophyseal hormones of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) and collared peccary (tayassu angulatus) were isolated by molecular sieving and preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc). oxytocin and arginine vasopressin have been identified by their amino acid compositions and their retention times in hplc. lysipressin (lysine vasopressin) was not detected in posterior pituitaries of two hippopotami and nine peccaries (less than 2% of arginine vasopressin in molar ratios ...	1988	3192070
the tegument of schistosoma hippopotami from hippopotamus amphibius in the kruger national park.	schistosoma hippopotami were collected from the right heart chambers and pulmonary arteries of hippopotamus amphibius culled in the kruger national park. the schistosomes were subjected to scanning electron microscopy as well as optical microscopy. the results indicate that s. hippopotami is not conspecific to s. mansoni as suggested in the literature. on account of the morphology of certain tegumental structures of both male and female parasites, it is suggested that s. hippopotami is adapted t ...	1988	3194115
[the topography of the organs of the thoracic cavity of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius linné 1758)].	with the aid of a juvenile hippopotamus amphibius (l. 1758), the thorax and its organs has been examined under the macroscopic anatomic aspect. the description of the topography was the main subject. the present findings have been compared with the situation found in related domesticated mammalians (pig, ruminants). several significant differences from those and similarities to other species were noticed. the appearance of the lung does not agree with the one of the severe divided lung in pigs a ...	1988	3224797
blood lead concentrations in hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius) in the kruger national park.	venous whole-blood samples for the determination of lead concentrations were obtained from hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius) (n = 26) during a population control programme on the banks of the sabie river. a mean blood lead concentration of 26.3 micrograms l-1 was lower than the mean concentration of 34.0 micrograms l-1 cited for a group of young people living in a remote area where lead pollution was considered to be negligible. these concentrations indicate that lead pollution in this area o ...	1988	3199412
the distribution of wearout over evolved reliability structures.	a multiple-integral equation, termed the wearout equation, describes the distribution of wearout (or aging) over evolved reliability structures, such as organisms and self-replicating machines, and thus statistically governs virtually all aging properties of the systems. the equation is applied to the computation of ab initio ("from the beginning") life tables for four natural populations of ungulates--wild boar, dall sheep, african buffalo, and hippopotamus--which represent a broad range of sur ...	1989	2779258
host cellular components adhering to the tegument of schistosomes from cattle, buffalo, hippopotamus and lechwe.	the teguments of adult schistosoma mattheei from cattle and buffalo, s. hippopotami from hippopotamus and s. margrebowiei from lechwe were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy for cells possibly engaged in immunological action. leukocytes were observed on the teguments of the schistosomes from all 4 host species. although certain of these cells seemed to be fused to the surface membrane of the worms, they did not display pseudopodia. the tegument of certain schistosomes from buffalo ...	1990	2216347
epidemiology of leishmaniases in kenya. natural host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies in baringo district, kenya.	host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies was studied in marigat, baringo district, kenya, an endemic focus for both leishmania donovani laveran & mensel and l. major yakimov & schokhov using precipitin test of blood meals. sandflies of the phlebotomus rondani & berte and sergentomyia franc & parrot genera were encountered blood fed and resting in nine different habitats which were investigated. analysis of their blood meals revealed a distinct host preference between the phlebotomus ...	1990	2390954
natural hosts of glossina tachinoides (diptera: glossinidae) in northern côte d'ivoire.	bloodmeal samples of g. tachinoides were taken at the comoé national parc in northern côte d'ivoire. the total of 1154 identified samples consisted mainly of ruminants (37%, whereof bushbuck represented 57%), hippopotamus (34%), and monitor lizard (19%). these proportions changed with the seasons. in the rainy season the portion of hippopotamus samples increased, whereas that of reptiles decreased. primate blood was identified only in samples taken in the dry season.	1990	2166331
anthrax in wildlife in the luangwa valley, zambia.	an abnormally high mortality among hippos (hippopotamus amphibius) in the luangwa river valley between june and november 1987 and estimated to number more than 4000 deaths was attributed to anthrax. several other species, particularly cape buffalo (syncerus caffer) and elephant (loxodonta africana), appear to have been affected. a smaller outbreak of anthrax in hippos occurred between august and september 1988, approximately 100 km up-river. a field study was arranged in august 1989 to assess th ...	1991	1907048
subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy, polyneuritis and ganglionitis in aged wild and exotic mammalians.	subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy was present in the intradural dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets of 19 aged individuals of the following wild and exotic mammalian species: woodrat, raccoon, mink, lynx, reindeer, red deer, musk ox, scimitar-horned oryx, arabian oryx, hybrid waterbuck, persian onager, przewalski's wild horse, malayan sun bear, asian elephant, east african river hippopotamus, vervet monkey and rhesus monkey. it was characterized by mild to severe multifocal ballooning of myelin ...	1993	8408784
trials of traps and attractants for stomoxys spp. (diptera: muscidae).	five blue and black cloth traps designed for tsetse were tested for their ability to catch stomoxys spp. in kenya. significantly greatest catches were obtained with vavoua traps, which then were used to compare odor baits at nairobi park. acetone, lactic acid, and animal urine (cow, buffalo, waterbuck, camel) or dung (rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus) did not increase catches. however, 1-octen-3-ol dispensed at 0.2-2.0 mg/h increased catches up to 3.7-fold. vavoua traps were highly specific fo ...	1995	7616518
its2 ribosomal rna indicates schistosoma hippopotami is a distinct species.	the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal rna, its2, was sequenced from a single specimen of s. hippopotami collected from a pulmonary artery of the hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius in south africa. the nucleotide sequence was aligned with those of s. mansoni, s. rodhaini, s. haematobium, s. intercalatum, s. curassoni, s. bovis and s. japonicum. both maximum parsimony and genetic distance analyses were performed on these data sets. using s. japonicum as outgroup to the african ...	1995	8719965
the role of cattle as hosts of glossina longipennis at galana ranch, south-eastern kenya.	glossina longipennis were recorded visiting and engorging on cattle in an enclosure and on a single ox in a crush using transparent electrocuting nets in an incomplete ring. of the total flies caught, 3-6% of males and 5-6% of females in the total catches were engorged (a feeding success rate of up to 16.6% and 12.6%, respectively, depending on assumptions made about the proportion which had an opportunity to feed). direct observation of tsetse from an observation pit showed 57% landing on the f ...	1996	8994134
stephanofilaria boomkeri n. sp., as a cause of severe skin disease in pigs in zaire.	a new stephanofilaria, s. boomkeri n. sp., is described as the cause of skin lesions in pigs in zaire. it is the first species described in suids. the reservoirs might be wild african suids. the six valid species of the genus stephanofilaria form two main groups. in one group, female worms lay sheathed microfilariae; members of this group are exclusively african and are represented by the parasite of rhinoceros, s. dinnicki, and hippopotamus, s. thelazioides. their morphology is primitive. in th ...	1996	9033910
phylogenetic position of cetaceans relative to artiodactyls: reanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences.	by a maximum likelihood analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences, we examine graur and higgins' hypothesis of the ruminantia/cetacea clade with suiformes as an outgroup. graur and higgins analyzed these sequences by the neighbor-joining and parsimony methods, as well as by the maximum likelihood method under the assumption that the substitution rate is the same for all sites. the ruminantia/suiformes clade assumed by the traditional taxonomy was rejected strongly by this analysis and the ruminant ...	1996	8676745
methanogenesis in monogastric animals.	studies of methanogenic bacteria present in monogastric animals are still scarce. methanogens have been isolated from faeces of rat, horse, pig, monkey, baboon, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giant panda, goose, turkey and chicken. the predominant methanogen in all except the chicken and turkey is species of methanobrevibacterium. the chicken and turkey harbour species of methanogenium. in pig the population of methanogenic bacteria is more than 30 times as dense in the distal colon as in the caecum. ...	1996	24193495
encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an australian zoo.	fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infections in a ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta), a squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus), three mandrills (mandrillus sphinx), a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), a pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis), and two goodfellows tree kangaroos (dendrolagus goodfellowi) occurred at taronga zoo. this is the first description of emcv in a zoological collection outside of the united states. regardless of species, the most common clinical presentation was sudden deat ...	1997	9279403
fourier-transform raman spectra of ivory. iii: identification of mammalian specimens.	the ft-raman spectra of six mammalian ivories, other than elephant and mammoth, are presented and spectral differences formulated into a protocol for the identification of animal species from the ivory samples. in this study, sperm whale, walrus, wart hog, narwhal, hippopotamus and domestic pig are considered. the results, which are obtained non-destructively from a variety of specimens, suggest that ft-raman spectroscopy provides a potentially useful method for the identification of mammalian i ...	1997	9477579
host preferences of tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) based on bloodmeal identifications.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to identify the origin of vertebrate blood in the guts of 29 245 wild-caught flies of eleven glossina species from various ecological zones of africa. depending on the quality of the bloodmeal samples, 62.8% of the samples were identified and could be assigned to a host-group (e.g. ruminant), family (e.g. bovidae) or species (e.g. bos spp.). a total of 13 145 samples (44.9%) was identifiable up to the species level. with a few exceptions ...	1998	9622371
a sine species from hippopotamus and its distribution among animal species.	thirty sequences of a short interspersed repetitive element (sine) were isolated from genomic dna of hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus). rna polymerase iii split promoter sequence was observed in all of the 30 sequences; and poly(a)-like structure at 3'-end, as well as direct repeat flanking to the repetitive sequence in many of the 30 sequences. a comparison of the consensus sequence of the 30 sequences with sequences in a dna database (ddbj/genbank/embl) revealed 93% homology to the consens ...	1998	9657853
evolution of the trappin multigene family in the suidae.	trappins are a group of secretory proteins containing a wap motif with an anchoring domain. previous studies showed that their genes, especially those of pig, have undergone rapid evolution, which produced trappins with a broad spectrum of actions. to understand the evolution of such a rapidly evolving multigene family, we isolated trappin genes of the artiodactyla, including pig, wart hog, collared peccary, hippopotamus, and cow, by means of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). two genes newly isol ...	1998	9722657
analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus-whale clade.	although the sister-group relationship between cetacea and artiodactyla is widely accepted, the actual artiodactyl group which is closest to cetacea has not been conclusively identified. in the present study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the hippopotamus, hippopotamus amphibius, and included it in phylogenetic analyses together with 15 other placental mammals. these analyses separated the hippopotamus from the other suiform included, the pig, and identified the hippopot ...	1998	9881471
some coprophilous fungi from kenya.	the occurrence of coprophilous fungi on samples of antelope, buffalo, zebra and hippopotamus dung collected from the marula estates in kenya was recorded. a hundred and seventy three fungal isolates representative of 40 genera and 59 species were identified. among these species, 23 were ascomycetes (39%), 30 deuteromycetes (50.8%), 5 zygomycetes (8.5%) and 1 basidiomycete (1.7%). ascobolus immersus, coprotus niveus, iodophanus carneus, lasiobolus lasioboloides, podospora anserina, p. australis a ...	1998	16284849
chemical restraint of the nile hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) in captivity.	this retrospective study describes 16 immobilizations performed on nine adult captive nile hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius). animals were immobilized using intramuscular etorphine alone (1.0-5.0 micrograms/kg; n = 9) or in combination with xylazine (67-83 micrograms/kg; n = 6) or acepromazine (20 micrograms/kg; n = 1). exact weights for the animals were unknown so drug dosages were based on estimated weights. seven animals either were in good health or had minor or localized medical problem ...	1998	9638625
evolutionary applications of mirs and sines.	it is believed that short interspersed elements (sines) are irreversibly inserted into genomes. we use this concept to try to deduce the evolution of whales using sequence and hybridization studies. the observation that microsatellites are associated with sines lead us to screen sequences surrounding cetacean microsatellites for artiodactyl-derived sines. two sequences that were thought to be cetacean sines and the bovine sine were aligned for comparison to sequences flanking microsatellites fro ...	1999	10050283
inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes.	mammalian secretory ribonucleases (rnases 1) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins that were already used for phylogenetic analyses at the protein sequence level previously. in this paper we report the determination of six ribonuclease gene sequences of artiodactyla and two of cetacea. these sequences have been used with ruminant homologues in phylogenetic analyses that supported a group including hippopotamus and toothed whales, a group of ruminant pancreatic and brain-type r ...	1999	10093226
genetic relationships among hippopotamus, whales, and bovine based on sine insertion analysis.		1999	10337630
duinefontein 2: an acheulean site in the western cape province of south africa.	excavations at duinefontein (dft) 2 near cape town, south africa have recovered numerous stone artefacts and animal bones on an ancient surface sealed within iron-stained eolian sands. u-series analysis of an overlying calcrete places the sands before 150 ka ago, while the large mammal taxa imply an age between 400 and 200 ka ago. the artefacts include a classic acheulean handaxe and probable biface shaping flakes that support this age estimate. the principal mammalian species are long-horned bu ...	1999	10444350
effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of parentodinium africanum in domestic u.s. cattle (bos taurus).	consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. after emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. for those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. protozoal concentrations and number o ...	1999	10568037
[sea horse, silkworm, ram, hippopotamus, dolphin: the hippocampus or ammon's horn bestiary].		1999	10649640
the mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates.	extant cetaceans are systematically divided into two suborders: mysticeti (baleen whales) and odontoceti (toothed whales). in this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of an odontocete, the sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus), and included it in phylogenetic analyses together with the previously sequenced complete mtdnas of two mysticetes (the fin and blue whales) and a number of other mammals, including five artiodactyls (the hippopotamus, cow, sheep, alpaca, and pig ...	2000	10835487
early human occupation of western europe: paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in spain.	the lacustrine deposits infilling the intramontane guadix-baza basin, in the betic range of southern spain, have yielded abundant well-preserved lithic artifacts. in addition, the lake beds contain a wide range of micromammals including mimomys savini and allophaiomys burgondiae and large mammals such as mammuthus and hippopotamus together with the african saber-toothed felid megantereon. the association of the lithic artifacts along with the fossil assemblages, themselves of prime significance ...	2000	10973485
for whales and seals the ocean is not blue: a visual pigment loss in marine mammals.	most terrestrial mammals have colour vision based on two spectrally different visual pigments located in two types of retinal cone photoreceptors, i.e. they are cone dichromats with long-to-middle-wave-sensitive (commonly green) l-cones and short-wave-sensitive (commonly blue) s-cones. with visual pigment-specific antibodies, we here demonstrate an absence of s-cones in the retinae of all whales and seals studied. the sample includes seven species of toothed whales (odontoceti) and five species ...	2001	11328346
the ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden.	malarious patients experience asymptomatic parasitemia; acute febrile illness (with cerebral damage, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia); chronic debilitation (anemia, malnutrition, nervous system-related sequelae); and complications of pregnancy (anemia, low birth weight, increased infant mortality). these manifestations in patients, communities, and countries reflect intrinsic (human, parasite, mosquito) and extrinsic (environmental, social, behavioral, political, and economic conditio ...	2001	11425172
hepatic and renal concentrations of copper and other trace elements in hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) living in and adjacent to the kafue and luangwa rivers in zambia.	hepatic and renal concentrations of the elements arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc were studied in samples collected from hippopotami from the kafue river in the kafue national park and the luangwa river in the southern luangwa national park in zambia. there were no significant differences between trace element concentrations in the tissues of the hippopotami taken in the kafue river and the luangwa river. the concentrations of copper and o ...	2002	12356167
molecular evolution of the mammalian alpha 2b adrenergic receptor.	the alpha 2b adrenergic receptor (a2ab) is a heptahelical g protein-coupled receptor for catecholamines. we compared the almost complete coding region (about 1,175 bp) of the a2ab gene from 48 mammalian species, including eight newly determined sequences, representing all the 18 eutherian and two marsupial orders. comparison of the encoded proteins reveals that residues thought to be involved in agonist binding are highly conserved, as are the regions playing a role in g protein-coupling. the th ...	2002	12446807
[muscoid dipterans as helminth eggs mechanical vectors at the zoological garden, brazil].	to assess muscoid dipterae species who are able to carry helminth eggs and larvae and to evaluate the potential contamination of trapped dipterae.	2002	12471387
endocrine patterns associated with reproduction in the nile hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) as assessed by fecal progestagen analysis.	the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) is a popular zoo animal and an integral part of wetland ecosystems in its native continent of africa. however, information about the reproductive physiology of the hippopotamus is limited compared to the other megaherbivores of africa such as the elephant and the rhinoceros. this study is the first to report on the endocrine patterns associated with ovulation and pregnancy in the nile hippopotamus. fecal samples were collected 3 times per week from femal ...	2002	12270790
ovarian function in the nile hippopotamus and the effects of depo-provera administration.	the preliminary results of an investigation into the reproductive endocrinology of the hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) and the effects of the progestin depo-provera on ovarian function are presented. faecal progestagen analysis indicated that hippos have an oestrous cycle of 29.2 +/- 0.9 days and faecal progestagen concentrations of 323.6 +/- 31.4 ng g(-1) during the luteal phase. concentrations were higher (765.9 +/- 162.4 ng g(-1); p < 0.05) during pregnancy than during the luteal phase ...	2002	12220165
structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the west indian manatee (trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius), and african elephant (loxodonta africana).	the iridocorneal angles of prepared eyes from the west indian manatee, short-finned pilot whale, hippopotamus and african elephant were examined and compared using light microscopy. the manatee and pilot whale demonstrated capacity for a large amount of aqueous outflow, probably as part of a system compensating for lack of ciliary musculature, and possibly also related to environmental changes associated with life at varying depths. the elephant angle displayed many characteristics of large herb ...	2003	12641841
stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of pleistocene homo sapiens from middle awash, ethiopia.	clarifying the geographic, environmental and behavioural contexts in which the emergence of anatomically modern homo sapiens occurred has proved difficult, particularly because africa lacked adequate geochronological, palaeontological and archaeological evidence. the discovery of anatomically modern homo sapiens fossils at herto, ethiopia, changes this. here we report on stratigraphically associated late middle pleistocene artefacts and fossils from fluvial and lake margin sandstones of the uppe ...	2003	12802333
a newly-identified lineage of schistosoma.	because of their role in causing schistosomiasis, flukes of the genus schistosoma are the best known of all digeneans. the genus has traditionally been divided into four familiar species groups. here we report on three poorly known species of schistosoma, one of which, schistosoma hippopotami, is known from the hippopotamus, one of which is provisionally identified as schistosoma edwardiense, another hippo parasite, and a third that has not previously been described. all were collected from fres ...	2003	12906881
a chronology for late prehistoric madagascar.	a database has been assembled with 278 age determinations for madagascar. materials 14c dated include pretreated sediments and plant macrofossils from cores and excavations throughout the island, and bones, teeth, or eggshells of most of the extinct megafaunal taxa, including the giant lemurs, hippopotami, and ratites. additional measurements come from uranium-series dates on speleothems and thermoluminescence dating of pottery. changes documented include late pleistocene climatic events and, in ...	2004	15288523
episodic molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone in cetartiodactyla.	the sequence of growth hormone (gh) is generally strongly conserved in mammals, but episodes of rapid change occurred during the evolution of primates and artiodactyls, when the rate of gh evolution apparently increased substantially. as a result the sequences of higher primate and ruminant ghs differ markedly from sequences of other mammalian ghs. in order to increase knowledge of gh evolution in cetartiodactyla (artiodactyla plus cetacea) we have cloned and characterized gh genes from camel (c ...	2004	15461431
intake, ingesta retention, particle size distribution and digestibility in the hippopotamidae.	although several aspects of the digestive physiology of the hippopotamidae-non-ruminating foregut fermenters-have been described, ingesta kinetics and passage characteristics of these species are not well understood. the most outstanding feature of the hippo digestive physiology reported so far is the very long mean ingesta retention times (mrts) measured by foose [foose, t., 1982. trophic strategies of ruminant versus nonruminant ungulates. phd dissertation, university of chicago, chicago.]. si ...	2004	15596390
mitochondrial dna variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion.	mitochondrial dna control region sequence variation was obtained and the population history of the common hippopotamus was inferred from 109 individuals from 13 localities covering six populations in sub-saharan africa. in all, 100 haplotypes were defined, of which 98 were locality specific. a relatively low overall nucleotide diversity was observed (pi = 1.9%), as compared to other large mammals so far studied from the same region. within populations, nucleotide diversity varied from 1.52% in z ...	2005	16030528
ethnobotanical study of some ghanaian anti-malarial plants.	an ethnobotanical study was conducted in the wechiau community hippopotamus sanctuary area in ghana, through interviews and quadrate studies, to investigate the range and abundance of species used in the treatment of malaria. forty-one species belonging to 17 families were encountered during the study. of the 17 families studied leguminosae and anacardiaceae predominated in terms of number of species used to treat malaria. eight plant species namely, afraegle paniculata (rutaceae), haematostaphi ...	2005	15894138
identification, evolution, and regulation of expression of guinea pig trappin with an unusually long transglutaminase substrate domain.	trappins are found in human, bovine, hippopotamus, and members of the pig family, but not in rat and mouse. to clarify the evolution of the trappin genes and the functional significance of their products, we isolated the trappin gene in guinea pig, a species belonging to a rodent family distinct from rat and mouse. guinea pig trappin was confirmed to encode the same domain structure as trappin, consisting of a signal sequence, an extra large transglutaminase substrate domain, and a whey acidic p ...	2005	15778505
pesticide residues in adipose tissue from hippopotami (hippopotamus amphibius l) living in and adjacent to the luangwa river in zambia.	the concentration of organochlorines (ocs) such as organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in adipose tissue collected from 14 male hippopotami at mfuwe in the southern part of the luangwa national park, zambia. the samples contained low levels of ocs, and the concentrations of ocs were comparable to or lower than reported for wild herbivores studied in other parts of the world.	2005	16137136
polymorphism of the growth hormone gene of red deer (cervus elaphus).	in mammals, pituitary growth hormone (gh) is usually encoded by a single gene, but in some caprine ruminants there are two gh genes, and higher primates have a cluster of at least 5 gh-like genes. we have previously shown that in several artiodactyls (chevrotain, giraffe, and hippopotamus) there are two gh gene sequences, differing by 5-21 nucleotides (nt), but whether these arise from two distinct gene loci is unclear. we report here that in the red deer (cervus elaphus) also there are two main ...	2006	16356499
new filarial nematode from japanese serows (naemorhedus crispus: bovidae) close to parasites from elephants.	a new onchocercid species, loxodontofilaria caprini n. sp. (filarioidea: nematoda), found in subcutaneous tissues of 37 (33%) of 112 serows (noemorhedus crispus) examined in japan, is described. the female worm had the characteristics of loxodontofilaria, e.g., the large body size, well-developed esophagus with a shallow buccal cavity, and the long tail with three caudal lappets. the male worm of the new species, which was first described in the genus, had unequal length of spicules, 10 pairs of ...	2006	17007210
the role of community-based surveillance in health outcomes measurement.	summary	2006	17299561
comparative anatomy of the ciliary body of the west indian manatee (trichechus manatus) and selected species.	to examine the anatomy of the ciliary body in the west indian manatee (trichechus manatus), paying close attention to its vascularization and to compare to those of its distant relative, the african elephant (loxodonta africana), the amphibious hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius) and the aquatic short-finned pilot whale (globicephala macrorhynchus).	2006	16359360
digestion studies in captive hippopotamidae: a group of large ungulates with an unusually low metabolic rate.	we performed intake and digestibility studies in four common (hippopotamus amphibius) and four pygmy (hexaprotodon liberiensis) hippos from two zoological institutions, using acid detergent lignin as an internal marker for the quantification of faecal output. in the case of one pygmy hippo, where total faecal collection was also possible, there was no distinct difference between the two methods of faecal output quantification. two animals from each species were tested on a conventional zoo diet ...	2006	16867075
oronasal fistula in a 53-year-old hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibius).	an oronasal fistula is described in a 53-year-old captive hippopotamus, the animal having shown a nasal discharge, consisting mainly of food particles, during and after feeding for at least 15 years. necropsy of the emaciated animal revealed an oronasal fistula, measuring 4.5 x 3.5 cm, adjacent to the third left molar tooth, the first and second molars being missing. the fistula was thought to have been caused by an earlier necrotizing alveolitis and osteitis. there was no evidence of rhinitis o ...	2007	17888937
suppression of ovulation in nile hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibious) using melengestrol acetate-treated feed or high dose depo-provera injection.	analysis of fecal progestogen profiles during depo-provera injection (1,200 mg; depo, pfizer inc., new york, ny), melengestrol acetate (mga) in feed (2 or 3 mg/head/day), and a combination treatment (depo+mga) are presented for nine captive female nile hippos housed at disney's animal kingdom in florida. all tested treatments reduced fecal progestogen elevations successfully to durations consistent with prevention of ovulation for a portion of the treatment period. percentage of treatment months ...	2007	19360579
forelimb myology of the pygmy hippopotamus (choeropsis liberiensis).	based on morphological analyses, hippos have traditionally been classified as suiformes, along with pigs and peccaries. however, molecular data indicate hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa (see review in uhen, 2007, this issue). this study analyzes soft tissue characters of the pygmy hippo forelimb to elucidate the functional anatomy and evolutionary relationships of hippos within artiodactyla. two specimens from the national zoological park in washington, d.c. were dissected, revealing several ...	2007	17516432
evolution of suiform aromatases: ancestral duplication with conservation of tissue-specific expression in the collared peccary (pecari tayassu).	aromatase cytochrome p450 (p450arom), the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis, is required for successful reproduction and is encoded by a single copy gene (cyp19) in most mammals. however, pigs and their distant suiform relatives the peccaries experienced cyp19 duplication. here, the evolutionary origin of cyp19 duplication, and the evolution of the gene paralogs, was explored further in collared peccaries (pecari tayassu). exons iv and v, and the intervening intron, representing duplicate ...	2007	17912474
the morphology of the inner ear from the domestic pig (sus scrofa).	the morphology of the hair cells of the inner ear end organs from the domestic pig (sus scrofa) have been studied using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (sem and tem), revealing hair cells from the cochlea and vestibule using a novel surgical and technical approach. this is the first time that the inner ear hair cells from s. scrofa have been studied, thus providing useful anatomical information on the morphology of the hair cells from the cochlea, saccule and utric ...	2007	18045329
[a text-book case of tropical facial elephantiasis].	tropical facial elephantiasis is a nosological entity which can arise from various underlying causes: von recklinghausen neurofibromatosis, lymphatic and cutaneodermal filarioses, deep mycosis.	2007	17289097
structure of ivory.	profiles with all orientations have been used to visualize the 3d structure of ivory from tusks of elephant, mammoth, walrus, hippopotamus, pig (bush, boar, and warthog), sperm whale, killer whale, and narwhal. polished, forming, fractured, aged, and stained surfaces were prepared for microscopy using epi-illumination. tusks have a minor peripheral component, the cementum, a soft derivative of the enamel layer, and a main core of dentine=ivory. the dentine is composed of a matrix of particles 5- ...	2008	18157860