Publications

knemidocoptic mange in wild golden eagles, california, usa.	during 2012-2013 in california, usa, 3 wild golden eagles were found with severe skin disease; 2 died. the cause was a rare mite, most closely related to knemidocoptes derooi mites. cautionary monitoring of eagle populations, habitats, and diseases is warranted.	0	25271842
isolation of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from a golden eagle.		1957	17648982
the "golden eagle" pharmacy of the fortress of buda.		1969	4896967
natural pox infection in a golden eagle.		1972	4336531
suspected riboflavin deficiency in a golden eagle.		1973	4742093
[the "golden eagle" pharmacy at nyiregyháza].		1974	4603875
organochlorine residues in golden eagles, united states--march 1964-july 1971.		1974	4216005
the species of mallophaga in wild birds in iran.	up to date 2 species of mallophaga have been reported from birds in iran. further studies in tehran area showed that the wild birds harbour more lice. the following species of mallophage are reported for the first time from birds in iran. anaticola crassicornis from anas clypeata, laemobothrion maximum from falco tinnunculus laemobothrion sp. from aquila chrysaetos alcedoecus annulatus from alcedo athis, colpocephalum pectinatum and strigiphilus sp. from streptopelia turtur, amrysidea fulvomacul ...	1975	1243890
acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of thallium sulfate in golden eagles, aquila chrysaetos.		1976	1276487
normal fasting plasma glucose levels in some birds of prey.	blood samples taken from five great horned owls (bubo virginianus), eight red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), four marsh hawks (circus cyaneus), two prairie falcons (falco mexicanus), five golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), and five white leghorn chickens (gallus domesticus) that had been fasted for 24 h were used to determine plasma levels of glucose by the glucose oxidase method. the mean plasma glucose levels were: great horned owls 374.6 mg/100 ml, red-tailed hawks 346.5 mg/00 ml, marsh ha ...	1978	739587
[hemoglobin of the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos, accipitriformes): amino acid sequence of the alpha a- and beta chains of the principal component].	the primary structures of the alpha a- and beta-chains from the major hemoglobin component of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) are given. by homologous comparison, greylag goose (anser anser) hemoglobin and golden eagle alpha a-chains differ by 17 amino acids or 19 nucleotides (2 two-point mutations), beta-chains by 9 exchanges. five substitutions have modified alpha 1 beta 1-contacts, one substitution, one alpha 1 beta 2-contact and one alpha 1 alpha 1-contact. differences by homologous compari ...	1983	6618445
pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in birds of prey.	the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, including half-life, apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance, and fraction of drug absorbed from im injection sites, were determined in 3 species of birds of prey (red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, and golden eagles). significant differences (p less than 0.05) between species were found for the half-life and total body clearance values for this broad-spectrum antibiotic. the values for apparent volume of distribution and fraction absorbed did ...	1983	6881663
pleuritis and peritonitis in a golden eagle.	a female golden eagle died despite intensive treatment after being struck by a vehicle. necropsy revealed poor body condition, with no fat stores. the proventriculus and ventriculus contained a pellet of fur and bone fragments, at the center of which was the leg of a red-tailed hawk. a talon on the leg had punctured the ventriculus, resulting in fatal pleuritis and peritonitis.	1984	6749123
high altitude respiration of birds. the primary structures of the major and minor hemoglobin component of adult european black vulture (aegypius monachus, aegypiinae).	the primary structures of the hemoglobin components hb a and hb d of the european black vulture (aegypius monachus) are presented. the globin chains were separated on cm-cellulose in 8m urea buffer. the amino-acid sequences were established by automatic edman degradation of the globin chains and the tryptic peptides in liquid phase and gas-phase sequenators. the sequences are compared with those of the golden eagle, and with those of the andean condor, a new world vulture. the possible evolution ...	1987	3828077
the humeroscapular bone of the great horned owl (bubo virginianus) and other raptors.	a small, separate, bony density dorsal to the shoulder joint is radiographically visible in several species of large hawks and owls. gross dissection and histological examination show the bone to lie on the deep surface of the major deltoid muscle in intimate association with the dorsal coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint. the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle passes immediately cranial to the humeroscapular bone. two ligaments distinct from the shoulder joint capsule attach the hum ...	1992	1585989
prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in raptors from alabama.	little is known about the prevalence of encysted toxoplasma gondii in wild birds. we examined the hearts and breast muscles from 101 raptors for encysted t. gondii. all of the raptors had been submitted for necropsy to the state veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama. tissues were digested in acid-pepsin solution and inoculated into groups of 3-5 laboratory mice. toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 27 of 101 (26.7%) raptors: 8 of 12 (66.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 13 of ...	1993	8277379
tonometry of normal eyes in raptors.	an applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal eyes of several species of raptors. no bird had active injury or illness, though some were nonreleasable to the wild because of previous injury. mean (+/- sd) intraocular pressure was 20.6 (+/- 3.4) mm of hg in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis, n = 10), 20.8 (+/- 2.3) mm of hg in swainson's hawks (buteo swainsoni, n = 6), 21.5 (+/- 3.0) mm of hg in golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos, n = 7), 20.6 (+/- 2.0) mm of hg in ...	1994	8017692
the ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights.	: lead shot ingestion is the primary source of elevated lead exposure and poisoning in waterfowl and most other bird species. for some species (e.g. common loons, gavia immer), lead sinker ingestion is a more frequent cause of lead poisoning. in freshwater environments where recreational angling activity and loon populations co-occur, lead poisoning from ingestion of small (<50 gram) lead sinkers or jigs accounts for 10-50% of recorded adult loon mortality, depending on the locations studied. le ...	1996	24193869
metastatic cholangiocellular carcinoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	a 33-year-old captive male golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was presented for necropsy with a history of emaciation and depression. the liver was severely distorted by numerous, coalescent, poorly demarcated, white firm nodules. upon microscopic examination, these masses were found to be infiltrative and were composed of anastomosing tubular structures lined by signet-ring cells piling up in a disorderly fashion. ultrastructurally, neoplastic cells were characterized by abundant microvilli at th ...	1998	18484007
concentrations of lead in liver, kidney, and bone of bald and golden eagles.	the diagnosis of lead poisoning in eagles relies on autopsy information and residue analysis of lead in certain tissues, usually liver or blood. similarly, the assessment of elevated lead exposure in eagles depends on the determination of lead concentrations in these tissues. renal and bone lead concentrations have rarely been examined in eagles. we examined relationships among hepatic, renal, and bone lead concentrations in bald and golden eagles from the canadian prairie provinces. hepatic and ...	1999	10398778
prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors.	an acid-pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (accipiter striatus), one (100%) mississippi kites (ictinia misisippiensis), one of two ...	1999	9950339
identification of duck plague virus by polymerase chain reaction.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for detecting duck plague virus. a 765-bp ecori fragment cloned from the genome of the duck plague vaccine (dp-vac) virus was sequenced for pcr primer development. the fragment sequence was found by genbank alignment searches to be similar to the 3' ends of an undefined open reading frame and the gene for dna polymerase protein in other herpesviruses. three of four primers sets were found to be specific for the dp-vac virus and 100% (7/7) of ...	1999	10216766
health evaluation of a pronghorn antelope population in oregon.	during 1996 and 1997, the u.s. fish and wildlife service conducted a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) fawns on hart mountain national antelope refuge (hmnar) located in southeastern oregon (usa). as part of that study, blood, fecal, and tissue samples from 104 neonatal fawns, 40 adult does, and nine adult male pronghorns were collected to conduct a health evaluation of the population. physiological parameters rel ...	1999	10479084
two new species of caryospora léger, 1904 (apicomplexa, eimeriidae) from accipitrid raptors.	two new species of coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) are described from european accipitrid raptors (falconiformes: accipitridae). oöcysts of carvospora aquilae n. sp. found in faeces of the gold eagle aquila chrysaetos are subspherical to broad ellipsoidal and measure 43 (40-49) x 37.5 (34-39) microm. polar granule, oöcyst residuum and micropyle are absent. each oöcyst contains one spherical to subspherical slightly polygonal sporocyst measuring 23.8 (23-25) x 23.3 (22-25) microm. stieda and s ...	2000	10803432
species variation in osmotic, cryoprotectant, and cooling rate tolerance in poultry, eagle, and peregrine falcon spermatozoa.	potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), bonelli's eagle (hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (aquila adalberti), and peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus). studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cr ...	2000	10993841
[causes of death, zoonoses, and reproduction in the european brown hare in switzerland].	to elucidate the importance of different causes of mortality which could explain the downward trend of the hare populations in switzerland and for monitoring selected zoonoses, the health and reproductive status of 167 perished brown hares (lepus europaeus) was assessed. concerning causes of mortality, traumas were by far the most frequent diagnosis, 80% of the hares dying because of injuries. animals killed by road traffic were highly represented. predators (such as dogs, domestic cats, lynx, m ...	2001	11344944
the effects of low levels of pollutants on the reproduction of golden eagles in western norway.	the reproductive success of golden eagles was studied in an area in western norway between 62 degrees and 63 degrees n between 1973 and 1999. addled eggs were collected for analysis of chemical pollutants from nine territories; five from coastal areas and four from inland. the coastal sites had lower annual reproductive output than inland sites, and the eggs had a higher content of organochlorine compounds. there were relatively strong negative correlations between reproductive output and (1) sh ...	2001	11556115
golden eagles, feral pigs, and insular carnivores: how exotic species turn native predators into prey.	island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to exotic species. here we show how an introduced prey has led to the wholesale restructuring of an island food web, including the near extinction of an endemic carnivore. introduced pigs, by providing abundant food, enabled golden eagles to colonize the california channel islands. eagles preyed heavily on the island fox, whose resulting decline toward extinction released populations of the competitively inferior island skunk. the presence of exotic ...	2002	11752396
organochlorines in egg samples from norwegian birds of prey: congener-, isomer- and enantiomer specific considerations.	the content of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants was determined in a total of 44 egg samples from 8 different raptor species collected throughout norway in the period 1991-1997. the content of 8 chlorinated bornanes, 9 chlorinated pesticides, and 15 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (pcb) were determined. the highest average concentrations for pcb were found for eggs from white-tailed sea eagle and peregrine falcon (average sum pcb concentration: 8.9 and 9.1 microg/g wet weight (w.w.), ...	2002	12150443
producing progeny from endangered birds of prey: treatment of urine-contaminated semen and a novel intramagnal insemination approach.	wild raptors brought into an ex situ environment often have poor semen quality that is further compromised by urine contamination. generally, it is believed that in birds, artificial insemination into the cloaca or caudal vagina of females requires large doses of high-quality spermatozoa to maximize fertility. in an effort to define and overcome some of the challenges associated with reproduction in wild raptors, the objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the frequency, impact, and remedia ...	2002	12216788
assessing behavior in extinct animals: was smilodon social?	it has been suggested that saber-tooth species such as smilodon fatalis were social because partially healed skeletal injuries were found at rancho la brea, california. this conclusion assumes injured animals would die without help. this paper will rebut assertions of sociality. first, cats use metabolic reserves to heal quickly without feeding. second, dehydration is a more profound limitation than starvation as prey carcasses only provide a quarter of necessary water. injured animals must be m ...	2003	12697957
lead poisoning in upland-foraging birds of prey in canada.	we examined the degree of lead exposure, based on tissue-lead concentrations, in 184 raptors of 16 species found dead across canada. the most prevalent species available for examination were red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, and golden eagles (n = 131). the majority of individuals examined had very low lead accumulation, however 3-4% of total mortality in these 3 most commonly encountered species was attributed to lead poisoning. in addition, 1 of 9 bald eagles found dead far from aquatic env ...	2003	12739854
how predation risk affects the temporal dynamics of avian leks: greater sage grouse versus golden eagles.	leks often attract predators as well as mates, yet most evolutionary models have assumed that sexual selection, not predation, drives lekking behavior. we explored the influence of predation on lek dynamics using a stochastic dynamic game model based on the lek-breeding greater sage grouse (centrocercus urophasianus) and its principal avian predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). the model predicts time-dependent male lek attendance as a function of factors affecting both mating success ...	2004	14767844
secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in western canada.	records of eagles, coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) necropsied at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada, between 1967 and 2002 were reviewed for cases suggestive of anticholinesterase poisoning. from 1993 to 2002, 54 putative poisoning incidents involving 70 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 10 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetus) were identified. of these, 50 incidents occurred in saskatchewan, two were in manitoba, and one occur ...	2004	15362815
brominated flame retardants and other organobromines in norwegian predatory bird eggs.	a set of 62 unhatched eggs was collected from six different predatory bird species throughout norway after incubation period was completed. they were analysed for pbde, pbb, tbbp a and naturally occurring halogenated compounds. bde 47, 99 and 153 were the dominating congeners, with species dependent pbde patterns. bde 153 was observed as the most abundant congener in eggs of peregrine falcon, golden eagle and merlin. the highest pbde level (sum of nine congeners) was found in eggs of white-taile ...	2005	16182862
natural and experimental west nile virus infection in five raptor species.	we studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of west nile virus (wnv) in five raptor species from july 2002 to march 2004, including american kestrels (falco sparverius), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), barn owls (tyto alba), and great horned owls (bubo virginianus). birds were infected per mosquito bite, per os, or percutaneously by needle. many experimentally infected birds developed mosquito-infectious levels of viremia (>10(5) wnv ...	2006	16699143
coupling stable isotopes with bioenergetics to estimate interspecific interactions.	interspecific interactions are often difficult to elucidate, particularly with large vertebrates at large spatial scales. here, we describe a methodology for estimating interspecific interactions by combining stable isotopes with bioenergetics. we illustrate this approach by modeling the population dynamics and species interactions of a suite of vertebrates on santa cruz island, california, usa: two endemic carnivores (the island fox and island spotted skunk), an exotic herbivore (the feral pig) ...	2006	17069380
terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of sichuan snub-nosed monkeys.	morphological characters allow the sichuan snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) to use multiple tree levels, but very few studies have quantified the terrestriality and tree stratum use of the species. i investigated the terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of the monkeys from july 2003 to september 2004 (except february) in the qianjiaping area of shennongjia nature reserve, china. i collected data on the vertical position of individual monkeys in forest in relation to behavior ...	2007	17265009
double allee effects and extinction in the island fox.	an allee effect (ae) occurs in populations when individuals suffer a decrease in fitness at low densities. if a fitness component is reduced (component ae), per capita population growth rates may decline as a consequence (demographic ae) and extinction risk is increased. the island fox (urocyon littoralis) is endemic to six of the eight california channel islands. population crashes have coincided with an increase in predation by golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). we propose that aes could rende ...	2007	17650257
fecal steroid monitoring for assessing gonadal and adrenal activity in the golden eagle and peregrine falcon.	we examined the efficacy of noninvasive monitoring of endocrine function via fecal steroid immunoassays in the golden eagle and peregrine falcon. high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fgcm) revealed that minor percentages of immunoreactive fgcm co-eluted with [(3)h]corticosterone in both sexes of the eagle (2.5-2.7%) and falcon (7.5-11.9%). in contrast, most fecal estrogen metabolites in eagle and falcon females co-eluted with radiolabeled estradiol-17 ...	2007	17464481
high-throughput gender identification of accipitridae eagles with real-time pcr using taqman probes.	the objective was to develop high-throughput gender identification of eagles. based on blast and alignment analyses, the chd-z and chd-w sequences of nine species of eagles were highly homologous with spilornis cheela hoya (s. c. hoya); therefore, taqman probes were designed to target their chd-zw-common and chd-w-specific regions. in s. c. hoya, genders were identified using taqman-based, real-time pcr (amplified by p2/p8 primers); this method was validated with anatomically confirmed controls ...	2008	18440628
west nile virus in golden eagles, spain, 2007.		2008	18760030
monitoring of raptors and their contamination levels in norway.	this article summarizes results from raptor monitoring and contamination studies in norway of the golden eagle, gyrfalcon, white-tailed sea eagle, osprey, peregrine, and merlin. golden eagle and gyrfalcon populations have been monitored since 1990 as part of the "monitoring programme for terrestrial ecosystems" (tov). no long-term trend in the population size or productivity of golden eagle has been shown in any of the 5 study areas. the reproductive output of gyrfalcon is monitored in 3 areas. ...	2008	18833794
does the order of invasive species removal matter? the case of the eagle and the pig.	invasive species are recognized as a primary driver of native species endangerment and their removal is often a key component of a conservation strategy. removing invasive species is not always a straightforward task, however, especially when they interact with other species in complex ways to negatively influence native species. because unintended consequences may arise if all invasive species cannot be removed simultaneously, the order of their removal is of paramount importance to ecological ...	2009	19759894
characterization of west nile virus isolates from spain: new insights into the distinct west nile virus eco-epidemiology in the western mediterranean.	west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which causes important morbidity and mortality in birds, horses and humans. in the western mediterranean region, wnv causes sporadic, self-limited outbreaks, with few or no human cases. here we report the characterization of two recent western mediterranean wnv isolates, obtained in spain in 2007 from two golden eagles. complete genome sequence comparisons revealed high identity between these isolates and close relationship with other western ...	2009	19833373
genetic data from 28 str loci for forensic individual identification and parentage analyses in 6 bird of prey species.	twenty-eight str loci were screened in wild populations of six bird of prey species providing allele frequencies and population genetic parameters necessary for the application of strs in wildlife forensic genetic casework. individual str loci were validated according to forensic recommendations in specimens of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos), goshawk (accipiter gentilis), merlin (falco columbarius), peregrine falcon (falco peregrinus), gyr falcon (falco rusticolus) and saker falcon (falco cher ...	2009	19215871
concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in the eggs of predatory birds in britain.	the eggs of gannets from two scottish colonies (ailsa craig, bass rock) of golden eagles from the hebrides and highlands and of merlin eggs from the scottish borders were analyzed for 52 pahs, including 2-7 ring parent and alkylated pahs. phenanthrene was the most abundant pah in gannet eggs from ailsa craig, and methylnaphthalenes predominated in the eggs from other locations and species. most pahs were detected in eggs but none were at likely embryotoxic concentrations. the sum concentrations ...	2009	19943681
perturbation analysis for patch occupancy dynamics.	perturbation analysis is a powerful tool to study population and community dynamics. this article describes expressions for sensitivity metrics reflecting changes in equilibrium occupancy resulting from small changes in the vital rates of patch occupancy dynamics (i.e., probabilities of local patch colonization and extinction). we illustrate our approach with a case study of occupancy dynamics of golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) nesting territories. examination of the hypothesis of system equili ...	2009	19294907
the normal electrocardiogram of conscious golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos).	the aim of this study was to describe the normal electrocardiographic patterns and values in conscious golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). the standard bipolar and augmented unipolar limb leads' electrocardiograms were recorded in the golden eagles. the waveforms were analyzed in all leads at 50 mm/sec and at 10 mm = 1 mv to determine p, pr (segment and interval), qrs, st, and qt durations and p, net qrs complex, and t amplitudes. the polarity of each waveform was tabulated in all leads. the mean ...	2010	20945639
relationships between organohalogen contaminants and blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters in chicks of three raptor species from northern norway.	organohalogen contaminants (ohcs) may affect various physiological parameters in birds including blood chemistry. we therefore examined blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters and ohcs in golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and goshawk chicks from northern norway. correlation analyses on pooled data showed that alkaline phosphatase (alkp), glucose and creatinine were significantly negatively correlated to various ohcs (all: p<0.05; r: -0.43 to -0.55; n=23), while alanine aminotransferase (alat), ...	2010	19800686
natural fatal sarcocystis falcatula infections in free-ranging eagles in north america.	three bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1 golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) were admitted to rehabilitation facilities with emaciation, lethargy, and an inability to fly. intravascular schizonts and merozoites were present in 2 bald eagles, mainly in the lung tissue, whereas the third bald eagle and the golden eagle had lymphohistiocytic encephalitis with intralesional schizonts and merozoites. in all eagles, protozoal tissue cysts were present in skeletal musculature or heart. the proto ...	2010	20224094
avian pox infection with secondary candida albicans encephalitis in a juvenile golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	abstract: a juvenile golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was presented with proliferative epithelial lesions, consistent with avian poxvirus infection, around the eyes, on commissures of the beak, and on both feet. despite treatment, the eagle declined clinically, and, 15 days after presentation, the eagle began seizuring and was euthanatized because of a poor prognosis. on postmortem examination, avian poxvirus infection was confirmed in the nodular skin lesions, and candida albicans was cultured ...	2010	20496607
lead poisoning of bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles in the u.s. inland pacific northwest region--an 18-year retrospective study: 1991-2008.	to determine risk factors and seasonal trends of lead poisoning in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles, blood lead levels were evaluated in eagles admitted from the inland pacific northwest region of the united states to the raptor rehabilitation program, college of veterinary medicine at washington state university from 1991 to 2008. admissions were from washington (32 bald eagles, 27 golden eagles), northern idaho (21 bald eagles, 25 golden eagles), northeaste ...	2010	21302758
an adaptive-management framework for optimal control of hiking near golden eagle nests in denali national park.	unintended effects of recreational activities in protected areas are of growing concern. we used an adaptive-management framework to develop guidelines for optimally managing hiking activities to maintain desired levels of territory occupancy and reproductive success of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in denali national park (alaska, u.s.a.). the management decision was to restrict human access (hikers) to particular nesting territories to reduce disturbance. the management objective was to mi ...	2011	21342265
late neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at fumane cave 44 ky b.p., italy.	a large and varied avifaunal bone assemblage from the final mousterian levels of grotta di fumane, northern italy, reveals unusual human modifications on species that are not clearly relatable to feeding or utilitarian uses (i.e., lammergeier, eurasian black vulture, golden eagle, red-footed falcon, common wood pigeon, and alpine chough). cut, peeling, and scrape marks, as well as diagnostic fractures and a breakthrough, are observed exclusively on wings, indicating the intentional removal of la ...	2011	21368129
impact of the california lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures.	predatory and scavenging birds may be exposed to high levels of lead when they ingest shot or bullet fragments embedded in the tissues of animals injured or killed with lead ammunition. lead poisoning was a contributing factor in the decline of the endangered california condor population in the 1980s, and remains one of the primary factors threatening species recovery. in response to this threat, a ban on the use of lead ammunition for most hunting activities in the range of the condor in califo ...	2011	21494329
west nile and usutu viruses in mosquitoes in spain, 2008-2009.	west nile virus lineage 1 (similar to the strains obtained from golden eagles in spain, 2007) and usutu virus (similar to the strains obtained from culex pipiens in spain, 2006) were detected in pools from culex perexiguus collected in southern spain in 2008 and 2009, respectively. this is the first detection and isolation of west nile virus lineage 1 from mosquitoes in spain.	2011	21734145
estimating updraft velocity components over large spatial scales: contrasting migration strategies of golden eagles and turkey vultures.	ecology letters (2011) abstract: soaring birds migrate in massive numbers worldwide. these migrations are complex and dynamic phenomena, strongly influenced by meteorological conditions that produce thermal and orographic uplift as the birds traverse the landscape. herein we report on how methods were developed to estimate the strength of thermal and orographic uplift using publicly available digital weather and topography datasets at continental scale. we apply these methods to contrast flight ...	2011	22077120
seropositivity and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from spain.	toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. to date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of t. gondii and the risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in wild bird populations. in the present study, t. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including falconiformes (n = 610), strigiformes (n = 260), ciconi ...	2011	22216311
a first evaluation of the usefulness of feathers of nestling predatory birds for non-destructive biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants.	in previous studies, feathers of adult predatory birds have been evaluated as valid non-destructive biomonitor matrices for persistent organic pollutants (pops). in this study, we assessed for the first time the usefulness of nestling raptor feathers for non-destructive biomonitoring of pops. for this purpose, we collected body feathers and blood of nestlings from three avian top predators from northern norway: northern goshawks (accipiter gentilis), white-tailed eagles (haliaeetus albicilla) an ...	2011	21256594
minimising mortality in endangered raptors due to power lines: the importance of spatial aggregation to optimize the application of mitigation measures.	electrocution by power lines is one of the main causes of non-natural mortality in birds of prey. in an area in central spain, we surveyed 6304 pylons from 333 power lines to determine electrocution rates, environmental and design factors that may influence electrocution and the efficacy of mitigation measures used to minimise electrocution cases. a total of 952 electrocuted raptors, representing 14 different species, were observed. electrocuted raptors were concentrated in certain areas and the ...	2011	22140549
induced changes in island fox (urocyon littoralis) activity do not mitigate the extinction threat posed by a novel predator.	prey response to novel predators influences the impacts on prey populations of introduced predators, bio-control efforts, and predator range expansion. predicting the impacts of novel predators on native prey requires an understanding of both predator avoidance strategies and their potential to reduce predation risk. we examine the response of island foxes (urocyon littoralis) to invasion by golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos). foxes reduced daytime activity and increased night time activity relat ...	2011	20814698
modified evisceration technique in a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	two different modified techniques have been described for enucleation in raptors, including the transaural approach and the globe-collapsing procedure. this case report describes an alternative, modified evisceration procedure in a mature female golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos). the advantages of this procedure are decreased anesthetic time, ease of procedure, decreased risk of excessive traction of the optic nerve, decreased intraoperative orbital trauma, and preservation of the natural symmetr ...	2011	21929613
flight responses by a migratory soaring raptor to changing meteorological conditions.	soaring birds that undertake long-distance migration should develop strategies to minimize the energetic costs of endurance flight. this is relevant because condition upon completion of migration has direct consequences for fecundity, fitness and thus, demography. therefore, strong evolutionary pressures are expected for energy minimization tactics linked to weather and topography. importantly, the minute-by-minute mechanisms birds use to subsidize migration in variable weather are largely unkno ...	2012	22593085
surgical treatment of bumblefoot in a captive golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	the golden eagle is one of the world's largest living birds. footpad dermatitis, also known as plantar pododermatitis or bumblefoot, is a condition characterized by lesions due to contact with unhealthy "perching" conditions, such as plastic perches, sharp-cornered perches on the ventral footpad of birds. a young female golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) in fars province of iran was presented to veterinary clinics of shiraz university with clinical signs of lameness. the bird was examined clinical ...	2012	25653750
general methods for sensitivity analysis of equilibrium dynamics in patch occupancy models.	sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for the study of ecological models that has many potential applications for patch occupancy modeling. drawing from the rich foundation of existing methods for markov chain models, i demonstrate new methods for sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium state dynamics of occupancy models. estimates from three previous studies are used to illustrate the utility of the sensitivity calculations: a joint occupancy model for a prey species, its predators, and habitat ...	2012	22764506
testing an emerging paradigm in migration ecology shows surprising differences in efficiency between flight modes.	to maximize fitness, flying animals should maximize flight speed while minimizing energetic expenditure. soaring speeds of large-bodied birds are determined by flight routes and tradeoffs between minimizing time and energetic costs. large raptors migrating in eastern north america predominantly glide between thermals that provide lift or soar along slopes or ridgelines using orographic lift (slope soaring). it is usually assumed that slope soaring is faster than thermal gliding because forward p ...	2012	22558166
blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters as biomarker endpoints for organohalogen contaminant exposure in norwegian raptor nestlings.	raptors are exposed to biomagnifying and toxic organohalogenated compounds (ohcs) such as organochlorines, brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. to investigate how ohc exposure may affect biochemical pathways we collected blood plasma from norwegian northern goshawk (n=56), golden eagle (n=12) and white-tailed eagle (n=36) nestlings during three consecutive breeding seasons. we found that blood plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, creatinine, cholesterol, albumin, total ...	2012	22445502
helminth fauna of a japanese golden eagle, aquila chrysaetos japonica.	a japanese golden eagle, aquila chrysaetos japonica, was found dead in nagano prefecture pb 399-8200, japan, and subjected to necropsy. the necropsy revealed that the entire length of the intestine was filled with several masses of intestinal parasites. the recovered helminths were identified as one digenean trematode species, neodiplostomum reflexum; two species of nematodes, synhimantus sp. and larvae of porrocaecum sp.; and a single species of acanthocephala, centrorhynchus sp. digenea and ac ...	2012	23272374
ecological and spatial factors drive intra- and interspecific variation in exposure of subarctic predatory bird nestlings to persistent organic pollutants.	top predators in northern ecosystems may suffer from exposure to persistent organic pollutants (pops) as this exposure may synergistically interact with already elevated natural stress in these ecosystems. in the present study, we aimed at identifying biological (sex, body condition), ecological (dietary carbon source, trophic level) and spatial factors (local habitat, regional nest location) that may influence intra- and interspecific variation in exposure of subarctic predatory bird nestlings ...	2013	23632440
when do young birds disperse? tests from studies of golden eagles in scotland.	dispersal comprises three broad stages - departure from the natal or breeding locations, subsequent travel, and settlement. these stages are difficult to measure, and vary considerably between sexes, age classes, individuals and geographically. we used tracking data from 24 golden eagles, fitted with long-lived gps satellite transmitters as nestlings, which we followed during their first year. we estimated the timing of emigration from natal sites using ten previously published methods. we propo ...	2013	24192328
estimating raptor nesting success: old and new approaches.	studies of nesting success can be valuable in assessing the status of raptor populations, but differing monitoring protocols can present unique challenges when comparing populations of different species across time or geographic areas. we used large datasets from long-term studies of 3 raptor species to compare estimates of apparent nest success (ans, the ratio of successful to total number of nesting attempts), mayfield nesting success, and the logistic-exposure model of nest survival. golden e ...	2013	26401058
evaluating the connectivity of a protected areas' network under the prism of global change: the efficiency of the european natura 2000 network for four birds of prey.	climate and land use changes are major threats to biodiversity. to preserve biodiversity, networks of protected areas have been established worldwide, like the natura 2000 network across the european union (eu). currently, this reserve network consists of more than 26000 sites covering more than 17% of eu terrestrial territory. its efficiency to mitigate the detrimental effects of land use and climate change remains an open research question. here, we examined the potential current and future ge ...	2013	23527237
the occurrence of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target raptor species in norway.	second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (sgars) are commonly used for rodent pest control in norway resulting in the potential exposure of non-target raptor species. in this study the occurrence of flocoumafen, difethialone, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was determined in the livers of five species of raptors found dead in norway between 2009 and 2011. the sgars brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum and flocoumafen were detected in golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) and eagle owl ( ...	2013	23500818
lead, mercury, selenium, and other trace elements in tissues of golden eagles from southwestern montana, usa.	lead-based rifle bullets, used in game hunting and recreational shooting, fragment when striking bone and soft tissues. lead fragments may be ingested by birds scavenging offal piles or nonretrieved carcasses and therefore pose a poisoning risk. we captured and sampled 74 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) in southwestern montana, usa, from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate levels of lead, mercury, selenium, and 13 other trace elements in blood and feathers. lead was detected in blood of most (97%, n=70) ...	2013	23307377
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in bald (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (aquila chrysaetos) eagles from washington and idaho, usa.	little is known about the exposure and accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the 2 species of eagles inhabiting north america. the authors analyzed the livers of 33 bald eagles and 7 golden eagles collected throughout washington and idaho, usa, for 51 pbde congeners. total pbdes ranged from 2.4 ng/g to 9920 ng/g wet weight. bald eagles and eagles associated with large urban areas had the highest pbde concentrations; golden eagles and eagles from more sparsely populated areas ...	2014	25367115
lead and eagles: demographic and pathological characteristics of poisoning, and exposure levels associated with other causes of mortality.	we conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate demographic and pathologic characteristics in 484 bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 68 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) diagnosed with lead poisoning at the u.s. geological survey national wildlife health center. as part of our analysis, we compared characteristics of lead poisoned eagles with those that died of other causes. odds of lead poisoning were greater for bald eagles versus golden eagles, females versus males, adults versus ju ...	2014	25173769
efficient use of information in adaptive management with an application to managing recreation near golden eagle nesting sites.	it is generally the case that a significant degree of uncertainty exists concerning the behavior of ecological systems. adaptive management has been developed to address such structural uncertainty, while recognizing that decisions must be made without full knowledge of how a system behaves. this paradigm attempts to use new information that develops during the course of management to learn how the system works. to date, however, adaptive management has used a very limited information set to cha ...	2014	25098955
peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a subadult golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	a 5-year-old, female golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) was admitted with tetraplegia that progressed to a nonambulatory, spastic tetraparesis after a few days of treatment. clinical and radiologic examinations, including radiography, computed tomography scan, and myelography, were indicative of neoplasia involving a spinal nerve root. postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and necropsy findings confirmed the diagnosis of a peripheral nerve sheath neoplasia, not, to our knowledge, previously report ...	2014	24881155
the genome sequence of a widespread apex predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos).	biologists routinely use molecular markers to identify conservation units, to quantify genetic connectivity, to estimate population sizes, and to identify targets of selection. many imperiled eagle populations require such efforts and would benefit from enhanced genomic resources. we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the first eagle genome using dna from a male golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) captured in western north america. we constructed genomic libraries that were sequenced using illumin ...	2014	24759626
increased flight altitudes among migrating golden eagles suggest turbine avoidance at a rocky mountain wind installation.	potential wind-energy development in the eastern rocky mountain foothills of british columbia, canada, raises concerns due to its overlap with a golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos) migration corridor. the dokie 1 wind energy project is the first development in this area and stands as a model for other projects in the area because of regional consistency in topographic orientation and weather patterns. we visually tracked golden eagles over three fall migration seasons (2009-2011), one pre- and two ...	2014	24671199
an overview of existing raptor contaminant monitoring activities in europe.	biomonitoring using raptors as sentinels can provide early warning of the potential impacts of contaminants on humans and the environment and also a means of tracking the success of associated mitigation measures. examples include detection of heavy metal-induced immune system impairment, pcb-induced altered reproductive impacts, and toxicity associated with lead in shot game. authorisation of such releases and implementation of mitigation is now increasingly delivered through eu-wide directives ...	2014	24632328
regional distribution shifts help explain local changes in wintering raptor abundance: implications for interpreting population trends.	studies of multiple taxa across broad-scales suggest that species distributions are shifting poleward in response to global climate change. recognizing the influence of distribution shifts on population indices will be an important part of interpreting trends within management units because current practice often assumes that changes in local populations reflect local habitat conditions. however, the individual- and population-level processes that drive distribution shifts may occur across a lar ...	2014	24466253
assessing risk to birds from industrial wind energy development via paired resource selection models.	when wildlife habitat overlaps with industrial development animals may be harmed. because wildlife and people select resources to maximize biological fitness and economic return, respectively, we estimated risk, the probability of eagles encountering and being affected by turbines, by overlaying models of resource selection for each entity. this conceptual framework can be applied across multiple spatial scales to understand and mitigate impacts of industry on wildlife. we estimated risk to gold ...	2014	24405249
an immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in raptors.	the cytoarchitecture of the endocrine pancreas of 10 raptors (golden eagles, peregrine falcons, saker falcon, turkey vultures, red-tailed hawk and unspecified falcon) was examined by immunohistochemistry. three islet types were identified: type a mixed islets composed mainly by glucagon (a)-secreting cells, type b mixed islets with predominantly insulin (b)-secreting cell component and type m mixed islets (type m) consisting of variable number of glucagon-, insulin- and somatostatin (d)-secretin ...	2014	25468799
predicting spatial patterns of eagle migration using a mesoscale atmospheric model: a case study associated with a mountain-ridge wind development.	high resolution numerical atmospheric modeling around a mountain ridge in northeastern british columbia (bc), canada was performed in order to examine the influence of meteorology and topography on golden eagle migration pathways at the meso-scale (tens of km). during three eagle fall migration periods (2007-2009), local meteorological conditions on the day of peak bird counts were modeled using the regional atmospheric modeling system (rams) mesoscale model. hourly local surface wind speed, win ...	2014	23325041
clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) naturally infected with west nile virus.	fifteen bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 3 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) were diagnosed with west nile disease based on 1) presence of lesions in brain, eyes, and heart, 2) viral antigen detection in brain, eyes, heart, kidney, and/or liver by immunohistochemical staining, 3) detection of viral rna in tissue samples and/or cerebrospinal fluid (csf) by polymerase chain reaction, and/or 4) detection of west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies in csf by serum neutralization assay. we ...	2014	25085868
high risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success.	top predators and scavengers are vulnerable to pollutants, particularly those accumulated along the food chain. lead accumulation can induce severe disorders and alter survival both in mammals (including humans) and in birds. a potential source of lead poisoning in wild animals, and especially in scavengers, results from the consumption of ammunition residues in the tissues of big game killed by hunters. for two consecutive years we quantified the level lead exposure in individuals of a sentinel ...	2014	25389754
convergent evidence of eagle talons used by late neanderthals in europe: a further assessment on symbolism.	to contribute to have a better understanding of the symbolic or not use of certain items by neanderthals, this work presents new evidence of the deliberate removal of raptor claws occurred in mediterranean europe during the recent phases of the mousterian. rio secco cave in the north-east of italy and mandrin cave in the middle rhône valley have recently produced two golden eagle pedal phalanges from contexts not younger than 49.1-48.0 ky cal bp at rio secco and dated around 50.0 ky cal bp at ma ...	2014	25010346
causes of mortality and unintentional poisoning in predatory and scavenging birds in california.	we documented causes of mortality in an opportunistic sample of golden eagles, turkey vultures and common ravens, and assessed exposure to several contaminants that have been found in carrion and common prey for these species.	2014	26392875
use of multiple modes of flight subsidy by a soaring terrestrial bird, the golden eagle aquila chrysaetos, when on migration.	large birds regularly use updrafts to subsidize flight. although most research on soaring bird flight has focused on use of thermal updrafts, there is evidence suggesting that many species are likely to use multiple modes of subsidy. we tested the degree to which a large soaring species uses multiple modes of subsidy to provide insights into the decision-making that underlies flight behaviour. we statistically classified more than 22 000 global positioning satellite-global system for mobile comm ...	2015	26538556
mange caused by a novel micnemidocoptes mite in a golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ).	a second-year, female golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) was live trapped in northern california because of severe feather loss and crusting of the skin on the head and legs. on physical examination, the bird was lethargic, dehydrated, and thin, with severe feather loss and diffuse hyperemia and crusting on the head, ventral wings, ventrum, dorsum, and pelvic limbs. mites morphologically similar to micnemidocoptes derooi were identified with scanning electron microscopy. the eagle was treated wi ...	2015	26378670
a collision risk model to predict avian fatalities at wind facilities: an example using golden eagles, aquila chrysaetos.	wind power is a major candidate in the search for clean, renewable energy. beyond the technical and economic challenges of wind energy development are environmental issues that may restrict its growth. avian fatalities due to collisions with rotating turbine blades are a leading concern and there is considerable uncertainty surrounding avian collision risk at wind facilities. this uncertainty is not reflected in many models currently used to predict the avian fatalities that would result from pr ...	2015	26134412
avian top predator and the landscape of fear: responses of mammalian mesopredators to risk imposed by the golden eagle.	top predators may induce extensive cascading effects on lower trophic levels, for example, through intraguild predation (igp). the impacts of both mammalian and avian top predators on species of the same class have been extensively studied, but the effects of the latter upon mammalian mesopredators are not yet as well known. we examined the impact of the predation risk imposed by a large avian predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos, l.), on its potential mammalian mesopredator prey, the r ...	2015	25691975
lead and mercury in fall migrant golden eagles from western north america.	lead exposure from ingestion of bullet fragments is a serious environmental hazard to eagles. we determined blood lead levels (bll) in 178 golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) captured during fall migration along a major north american flyway. these eagles spent the breeding season distributed over a large range and are the best currently available representation of free flying golden eagles on the continent. we found 58 % of these eagles containing increased bll > 0.1 mg/l; 10 % were clinically le ...	2015	25686747
seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california.	throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ...	2015	26606755
modeling with uncertain science: estimating mitigation credits from abating lead poisoning in golden eagles.	challenges arise when renewable energy development triggers "no net loss" policies for protected species, such as where wind energy facilities affect golden eagles in the western united states. when established mitigation approaches are insufficient to fully avoid or offset losses, conservation goals may still be achievable through experimental implementation of unproven mitigation methods provided they are analyzed within a framework that deals transparently and rigorously with uncertainty. we ...	2015	26552261
toxic identification and evaluation of androgen receptor antagonistic activities in acid-treated liver extracts of high-trophic level wild animals from japan.	sulfuric acid-treated liver extracts of representative high-trophic level japanese animals were analyzed by toxic identification and evaluation (tie) with chemically activated luciferase expression (calux) and chemical analysis to elucidate androgen receptor (ar) antagonistic activities and potential contributions of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). the activities were detected in striped dolphins (n = 5), stejneger's beaked whales (n = 6), golden eagle (n = ...	2015	26321157
landscapes for energy and wildlife: conservation prioritization for golden eagles across large spatial scales.	proactive conservation planning for species requires the identification of important spatial attributes across ecologically relevant scales in a model-based framework. however, it is often difficult to develop predictive models, as the explanatory data required for model development across regional management scales is rarely available. golden eagles are a large-ranging predator of conservation concern in the united states that may be negatively affected by wind energy development. thus, identif ...	2015	26262876
patterns in diurnal airspace use by migratory landbirds along an ecological barrier.	migratory bird populations and survival are affected by conditions experienced during migration. while many studies and conservation and management efforts focus on terrestrial stoppage and staging areas, the aerial environment through which migrants move also is subjected to anthropogenic impacts with potential consequences to migratory movement and survival. during autumn migration, the northern coastline of lake superior acts as an ecological barrier for many landbirds migrating out of the bo ...	2015	26214913