Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| diffusing factors: concentration of the mucinase from testicular extracts and from crotalus atrox venom. | 1941 | 16747341 | |
| [injuries caused by rattlesnake bite (crotalus atrox)]. | 1958 | 13626024 | |
| biochemical studies on venom of the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox atrox. | 1961 | 14451832 | |
| some characteristics of rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom and electrophoretically separated components. | 1963 | 13948461 | |
| effects of crotalus atrox venom on the permeability of human lung tissues to d-glucose-6-c-14. | 1964 | 14298227 | |
| release of bradykinin-like substance (bkls) in sheep by venom of crotalus atrox. | 1965 | 14327520 | |
| stress and the toxicity of venoms. | animals injected with venom of the scorpion centruroides sculpturatus ewing or venom of the rattlesnake crotalus atrox baird and girard were subjected to high-and low-temperature stress. unconditioned animals transferred to a modified temperature were less refractory to the venoms than those conditioned for 48 hours, but all animals stressed were less refractory than unstressed animals. animals receiving a series of small doses of epinephrine were similarly affected. this apparent change in toxi ... | 1965 | 5853934 |
| effect of enzymatic functional group inhibitors on proteolytic enzymes of crotalus atrox venom. rep no. 622. | 1965 | 14313044 | |
| [specificity of snake venom proteases (crotalus atrox)]. | 1965 | 5847962 | |
| studies on the phospholipase a activity of crotalus atrox venom.rep no. 630. | 1965 | 5295166 | |
| detoxification of crotalus atrox venom by photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue. rep no. 628. | 1965 | 5295050 | |
| effect of enzymatic functional group inhibitors on the esterases of crotalus atrox venom. rep no. 627. | 1965 | 5295048 | |
| effect of ph, temperature, antivenin and functional group inhibitors on the toxicity and enzymatic activities of crotalus atrox venom. | 1966 | 4309654 | |
| lipid monolayers: action of phospholipase a of crotalus atrox and naja naja venoms on phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidal choline. | the activity of phospholipase a on phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidal choline spread as monolayers on phosphate buffers containing snake venom (crotalus atrox or naja naja) was studied by measuring the fall of surface potential as a function of time, ph, film pressure, temperature, and concentrations of phosphate and venom. at 25 degrees c, ph 7.0, and 0.2 micrograms of venom per ml, optimal activity was observed with both venoms on both substrates at 12 dynes/cm film pressure on 0.04 m phosp ... | 1966 | 5947040 |
| studies on the phospholipase a activity of crotalus atrox venom. | 1966 | 5938784 | |
| phospholipase a properties of several snake venom preparations. | the hydrolytic properties of the venoms of seven species of snakes,crotalus adamanteus, ancistrodon contortrix, naja naja, bothrops atrox, ophiophagus hannah, crotalus atrox andvipera russeli, were studied with purified lecithins and mixtures of lecithins of known fatty acid and class composition as substrates.the relative rates of hydrolysis of the fatty acids by the above venoms were studied by analysis of the products of the reaction at intervals during the course of the reaction. of the seve ... | 1966 | 17805626 |
| detoxification of crotalus atrox venom by photooxidation in the presence of methylene blue. | 1966 | 5938781 | |
| precipitin and neutralizing antibody response elicited by crotalus atrox venom-antivenom precipitate. | 1966 | 5944887 | |
| precipitin and neutralizing antibody response elicited by crotalus atrox venom antivenom precipitate. report no. 649. | 1966 | 5296740 | |
| application of crotalus atrox venom alpha-protease for amino acid sequence determination. | 1967 | 5625443 | |
| a method for estimating crotalus atrox venom concentrations. | 1967 | 6036248 | |
| [on the evolution of endopeptidases. ii. properties of the alpha-protease from the venom of crotalus atrox]. | 1967 | 5586897 | |
| electron microscopy of the thymus in two species of snakes, crotalus atrox and lampropeltis getulus. | 1967 | 6035292 | |
| differential resistance of mice at various time levels to the lethality of rattlesnake venom (crotalus atrox). | 1967 | 6064845 | |
| pseudo-precipitin reactions of rattlesnake venom (crotalus atrox) when reacted with certain mammalian sera. | 1967 | 16349779 | |
| [further studies on the amino acid sequence of melittin, ii. preferential cleavage of valine-, leucine- and isoleucine bonds by alpha-protease from crotalus atrox venom]. | 1969 | 4389597 | |
| phospholipa2se a from crotalus atrox venom. i. purification and some properties. | 1969 | 4979754 | |
| [enzymatic cleavage of native cysteine-containing polypeptides by thermolysin (ec 3.4.4.). ii. comparison of thermolysin with alpha-protease from crotalus atrox venom and subtilisin]. | 1969 | 4391355 | |
| collagenolytic activity from venom of the rattlesnake crotalus atrox. | 1971 | 5560678 | |
| collagenolytic activity of snake venom: the absence of collagenolytic activity in the trypsin-like enzyme from crotalus atrox venom. | 1971 | 4332276 | |
| observations on the phospholipase a 2 of crotalus atrox. molecular weight and other properties. | 1971 | 5161032 | |
| yield of venom obtained from crotalus atrox by electrical stimulation. | 1972 | 4665361 | |
| effects of fasting on the blood chemistry of the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox. | 1973 | 4146626 | |
| lung surface-active fraction as a model system for macromolecular ultrastructural studies with crotalus atrox venom. | the dog lung surface-active fraction and phosphatidylcholine constituents were subjected to hydrolysis by crotalus atrox phospholipase a(2). relative rates of hydrolysis were: dipalmitoyl glycerophosphorylcholine > phosphatidylcholine isolated from the surface-active fraction > phosphatidylcholine as an integral component of the intact surface-active macromolecular structure. cholesterol markedly inhibited, whereas tripalmitin increased, the rate of hydrolysis with both pure phosphatidylcholine ... | 1973 | 4739813 |
| elastolytic activity from venom of the rattlesnake crotalus atrox. | 1973 | 4746906 | |
| the activity of pure phospholipase a2 from crotalus atrox venom on myelin and on pure phospholipids. | 1974 | 4433546 | |
| the interaction of alpha2-macroglobulin with proteinases. binding and inhibition of mammalian collagenases and other metal proteinases. | 1. experiments were performed to determine whether the specific collagenases and other metal proteinases are bound and inhibited by alpha(2)-macroglobulin, as are endopeptidases of other classes. 2. a specific collagenase from rabbit synovial cells was inhibited by human serum. the inhibition could be attributed entirely to alpha(2)-macroglobulin; alpha(1)-trypsin inhibitor was not inhibitory. alpha(2)-macroglobulin presaturated with trypsin or cathepsin b1 did not inhibit collagenase, and pretr ... | 1974 | 4374931 |
| the action of phospholipase a2 purified from crotalus atrox venom on specifically labelled 2-acyl-1-alk-1'-enyl- and 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. | 1974 | 4416084 | |
| effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and procaine on hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venom. | nineteen compounds and seven combinations of compounds were tested for their ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of crotalus atrox venom in vitro and in vivo. two compounds and four combinations were effective in reducing hemorrhage in an in vivo test in which the venom was injected before injection of compounds. dtpa plus procaine hcl was the most effective combination and reduced hemorrhage when injected 1, 5, or 15 minutes after injection of venom. dtpa-procaine reduced hemorrhage ... | 1975 | 1133218 |
| fatty acid and prostaglandin composition of left ventricular myocardium from dexamethasone-treated dogs with severe low output syndrome (los). | the effects of dexamethasone (dex) administration on the left ventricular myocardial content of fatty acids and prostaglandins e1, e2 and f2alpha were studied. following a complete right and left cardiac catheterization, either dex (8 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of its vehicle was given intravenously 30 minutes prior to low output syndrome (los induction, and supplemental doses of dex (4 mg/kg) or vehicle administered at 15 and 75 minutes post-los induction. low output syndrome was induced by ... | 1976 | 935523 |
| isolation and characterization of reptilian insulin: partial amino acid sequence of rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) insulin. | 1976 | 939409 | |
| comparative biochemistry and pharmacology of salivary gland secretions. iii. chromatographic isolation of a myocardial depressor protein (mdp) from the venom of crotalus atrox. | a protein has been isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) which induces acute myocardial depression when administered to experimental animals. purification was achieved by gel filtration on sephadex g-100, deae- and cm-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, ultra-filtration, and adsorption chromatography on hydroxyapatite. amino acid analysis of the highly purified protein indicated n-terminal isoleucine and c-terminal tyrosine residues, and the absence o ... | 1976 | 965463 |
| hypotension--a hypotensive peptide isolated from crotalus atrox venom: purification, amino acid composition and terminal amino acid residues. | 1976 | 976484 | |
| treatment of an encephalitogenic peptide from guinea pig myelin basic protein with alpha-protease and thermolysin. isolation of fragments and determination of cleavage sites. | two peptic fragments (residues 37-88 and 43-88) of guinea pig myelin basic protein which are capable of inducing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in lewis rats were cleaved to shorter fragments with alpha-protease (crotalus atrox proteinase, ec 3.4.24.1) and thermolysin (ec 3.4.24.4). the fragments were isolated, purified, and identified by amino acid composition and nh2- and cooh-terminal residues. the time courses of the reactions, monitored by thin layer electrophoresis of the digests, ... | 1977 | 65352 |
| the primary structure of a non-histone chromosomal protein. | the primary structure of the calf thymus non-histone chromosomal protein hmg-17 has been determined. the sequence was determined mainly from data provided by the peptides obtained by cleavage with staphylococcal protease. additional information was obtained from peptides produced by cleavage with trypsin and alpha-protease (from crotalus atrox venom) and by partial acid hydrolysis. the protein is 89 amino acid residues in length, and has molecular weight of 9247. the n-terminal two-thirds of the ... | 1977 | 330164 |
| some blood values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) from south texas. | hematologic values of the western diamond-back rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) from south texas were determined by standard techniques. the means of the principal blood measurements were 0.68 +/- 0.20 million erythrocytes/mm3, 31.9 +/- 4.6% hematocrit and 10.0 +/- 1.8 gm% hemoglobin. a comparison of hematologic values of snakes is given. | 1977 | 916141 |
| purification, characterization and analysis of the mechanism of action of four anti-complementary factors in crotalus atrox venom. | 1977 | 914318 | |
| interaction of crotalus atrox venom with serum complement: kinetic analysis. | 1977 | 914317 | |
| the interaction of crotalus atrox phospholipase a2 with calcium ion and 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate. | 1977 | 18264 | |
| hemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins. | the pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified components of rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom was studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. crude venom was fractionated by anion exchange and gel filtration in four steps. beta-alanine acetate disk gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate electrophoretic homogeneity. white mice were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of a sublethal dose of hemorrhagic toxin. gross examination revealed extensive hemorrhage 5 minutes aft ... | 1978 | 696805 |
| hemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom: isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin e. | five previously unknown hemorrhagic proteins, designated hemorrhagic toxins a,b,c,d, and e, were isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). molecular weights of hemorrhagic toxins a-e were determined to be 68 000, 24 000, 24 000, 24 000, and 25 700, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-phosphate gel electrophoresis using various polyacrylamide gel concentrations. amino acid composition showed a total of 636, 200, 213, 214, and 219 amino acids for hemorrha ... | 1978 | 210790 |
| kinetics of hydrolysis of dispersions of saturated phosphatidylcholines by crotalus atrox phospholipase a2. | dispersions of lamellar phase dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (ddpc) and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (dmpc) in 0.01 m cacl2 were subjected to hydrolysis by phospholipase a2 (ec 3.1.1.4) from crotalus atrox venom. the reaction was followed continuously by titrating the released fatty acids. for hydrolysis of gel phase phosphatides, the steady-state initial velocities were hyperbolic functions of bulk lipid concentrations. at the 'pre-transition' temperature (34 degrees c for dppc, 15 degrees ... | 1978 | 580900 |
| chemical modification of crotalus atrox phospholipase a2 by means of a photolabile phosphatidylethanolamine analog. | 1978 | 665363 | |
| resistance of woodrats (neotoma micropus) to crotalus atrox venom. | 1978 | 635934 | |
| changes in coagulation effects by venoms of crotalus atrox as snakes age. | venom samples separately collected at monthly intervals from three crotalus atrox specimens as they aged from 2 to 22 months showed many quantitative changes of biological activities. but more important were qualitative changes of coagulation activity. up to 8 months the venoms clotted fibrinogen solutions directly. at 9 to 10 months, plasma was clotted but not fibrinogen. subsequently the venoms no longer clotted plasma. qualitative venom changes with growth of snakes could explain some of the ... | 1978 | 717632 |
| bites by foreign venomous snakes in britain. | in 1970-7 17 people in britain were the victims of 32 bites by foreign venomous snakes. crotalus atrox caused eight of these bites, bitis arietans five, and the remaining 19 bites were caused by 12 different species. all the victims were bitten while handling the snake, and 24 bites were incurred by private individuals in their own homes. poisoning was negligible in 17 of the 32 bites but life-threatening in at least two cases. thus in the early stages snake bite may be unpredictable as a clinic ... | 1978 | 656831 |
| the resistance of three species of warm-blooded animals to western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | 1979 | 524385 | |
| heterogeneous catalysis by phospholipase a2: formulation of a kinetic description of surface effects. | the kinetics of hydrolysis of aqueous dispersion of long-chain, saturated phosphatidylcholines (pc) catalysed by crotalus atrox phospholipase a2 (pla) have been analyzed, and a reaction mechanism proposed which takes surface effects into account. pla is proposed to form an enzyme-substrate complex with surface substrate molecules, thereby undergoing a conformational change which exposes sites that interact with the lipid surface. after a hydrolytic event, the enzyme can either desorb from the su ... | 1979 | 427633 |
| heterogeneous catalysis by phospholipase a2: mechanism of hydrolysis of gel phase phosphatidylcholine. | hydrolysis of gel phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) at 37 degrees c catalysed by crotalus atrox phospholipase a2 (pla) is described extremely well by the "path 1" kinetic mechanism of tinker and wei (1979) (can. j. biochem. 57, 97-106), if reversible adsorption is allowed as a side reaction. progress curves show an initial rapid phase, the initial velocity being a michaelis-menten function dependent on the catalytic properties of the enzyme (kcat approximately equal to 9200 min-1, km a ... | 1980 | 7459686 |
| fibrinolytic enzyme(s) in western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | 1980 | 7394818 | |
| effect of a semi-purified fraction of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom on chloride transport across the frog skin. | 1980 | 6971502 | |
| immunological, structural and functional relationships between an anti-complementary protein from crotalus atrox venom, cobra venom factor and human c3. | an anti-complementary protein which cross-reacts with antiserum to cobra venom factor (cof) has been highly purified from crotalus atrox venom (cav). on an equal weight basis, the c. atrox factor (ca-f) had one-third the anti-complementary activity of cof and similarly consumed the terminal components of complement via the alternative pathway. the subunit compositions of cof and cav were similar, each being composed of alpha and beta chains held together by covalent and non-covalent bonds. agaro ... | 1980 | 6769786 |
| the management of upper extremity pit viper wounds. | in a series of 56 rattlesnake bites, there were 31 injuries involving the upper extremity and hand with a clinical complication rate of 32% that ranged from volkmann's contracture to coagulopathies. the most frequent was tissue necrosis with functional joint stiffness and loss of sensibility. because these patients were treated with a variety of regimens, an animal model was developed to determine the efficacy of the individual treatments. sublethal intramuscular injections of crotalus atrox ven ... | 1980 | 7358958 |
| hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine induced by nominally synthetic lysophosphoglycerides: methodological implications. | synthetic lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lpe) obtained from commercial sources augmented the apparent activity of phospholipase a2 (pla2) in cardiac mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. for elucidation of this phenomenon, 2-[1-14c]linoleylphosphatidylethanolamine was incubated in the absence of cell protein with selected concentrations of lpe, lysophosphatidylcholine (lpc), ca2+, ionic and nonionic detergents, and phospholipids with functional groups similar to those of lpe. hydrolysis of phos ... | 1980 | 7378384 |
| the kinetics of the phospholipase a2-catalyzed hydrolysis of egg phosphatidylcholine in unilamellar vesicles. product inhibition and its relief by serum albumin. | only the lecithin in the outer leaflet (representing 70% of the total) of egg lecithin unilamellar vesicles is hydrolyzed by crotalus atrox phospholipase a2. hydrolyzed vesicles remain intact and impermeable to ionic solutes. the fatty acids produced in the hydrolysis remain on the vesicle and are only partially ionized at neutral ph due to electrostatic repulsions. about 40% of the lysolecithin product is desorbed from the vesicle. in the presence of a large excess of bovine serum albumin, the ... | 1981 | 7240204 |
| clinical potential of fibrinolytic enzyme(s) of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | 1981 | 7255443 | |
| the 2.5 a crystal structure of a dimeric phospholipase a2 from the venom of crotalus atrox. | the crystal structure of the dimeric (alpha 2) phospholipase a2 from crotalus atrox has been determined by multiple isomorphous replacement to 2.5 a resolution. a skeletal model was fit to the electron density, and the stereochemistry of the backbone was idealized. the dimeric molecule is a well defined oblate ellipsoid composed of two covalently identical subunits related by a local dyad axis which is essentially "exact" except for deviations at the periphery induced by ionic lattice contacts w ... | 1981 | 7263673 |
| effects of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom on heart muscle. | 1981 | 7268801 | |
| proteolytic specificity of hemorrhage toxin a isolated from western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | the proteolytic specificity of hemorrhagic toxin a from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) has been investigated by using the oxidized b chain of bovine insulin and other peptides as substrates. the toxin appears highly specific for x--leu bonds (cleaving the his10--leu11, ala14--leu15, and tyr16--leu17 bonds), with no detectable activity against the gly--phe, phe--phe, phe--tyr, and leu--tyr bonds also present in the insulin b chain. the x--leu bond of the peptides ty ... | 1981 | 7032585 |
| fibrinolytic and fibrinogen clotting enzymes present in the venoms of western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus adamanteus, and southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | 1981 | 7222089 | |
| photoaffinity labeling of crotalus atrox phospholipase a2 by a substrate analogue. | a photolabile analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine (photolabile pe analogue), 1,2-di-o-hexylglycero-3-(ethyl diazomalonamidoethyl phosphate), was synthesized in nonisotopic and 14c-radiolabeled form and in both the l configuration (that of the naturally occurring phospholipids) and the racemic form. when the unlabeled racemic compound was photolyzed in the presence of phospholipase a2 of crotalus atrox, extensive enzyme inactivation was observed. the rate of inactivation was stimulated by ca2+ a ... | 1981 | 7470471 |
| western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) poisoning. | 1982 | 7079204 | |
| crotalus atrox phospholipase a2. amino acid sequence and studies on the function of the nh2-terminal region. | 1982 | 7061414 | |
| purification of three arginine esterases from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | three acidic arginine esterases have been isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). these components demonstrated marked differences in ionic characteristics, as noted by kcl gradient elution from a deae-sephadex a-50 column. molecular weights, as determined from gel permeation chromatography, were estimated at 25,100 (fraction d), 24,000 (b); and 22,900 (f) for the three separate enzymes. the two larger enzymes (b and d) exhibited similar activities toward ... | 1982 | 6819657 |
| isolation and identification of a collagenolytic enzyme from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | a collagenolytic enzyme, with a molecular weight of 58,000 daltons and isoelectric point of 5.1, was isolated and purified from the venom of the rattlesnake crotalus atrox by sephadex g-100 gel filtration followed by chromatography on deae-bio-gel a. the enzyme released alpha-chains from beta-chains of the native collagen and cleaved in the helical region similar to other animal collagenases. the enzyme also hydrolyzed the pz-peptide, however, it did not hydrolyze synthetic substrates for serine ... | 1982 | 6285554 |
| a comparative electron microscopic study of myonecrosis induced by crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) in gray woodrats and mice. | the myonecrosis induced by western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom in the woodrat (neotoma micropus) was studied at the electron microscopic level. woodrats and control white mice were injected i.m. with 0.1 ml of diluted venom. gross examination revealed extensive hemorrhage when 250 micrograms were injected into mice. electron microscopic examination showed muscle necrosis in mouse muscle tissue. no extensive hemorrhage or muscle damage was noted until 7.5 and 15 mg of venom wer ... | 1982 | 7043786 |
| presence of zinc in proteolytic hemorrhagic toxin isolated from agkistrodon acutus venom. | 1. hemorrhagic toxin (ac1-proteinase) was isolated from the venom of agkistrodon acutus (formosa) and the zinc content was determined (1.15 mol/mol protein). the results we extensively compared with hemorrhagic toxin e of crotalus atrox venom (u.s.a.). comparable results were obtained for zinc content, hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities for native hemorrhagic toxins from two different venoms. it is of interest that the zinc content of hemorrhagic toxins is identical even though the venoms ar ... | 1982 | 6125319 |
| simultaneous determination of phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum or plasma by substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay. | this assay system for simultaneously determining phenytoin and phenobarbital in serum and plasma is based on the substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay technique. a beta-galactosylcoumarin derivative of phenobarbital and a 4-methylcoumarin phosphodiester derivative of phenytoin are used as substrate labels for escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and crotalus atrox phosphodiesterase i, respectively. the smallest measurable concentrations are about 1.6 mg/l for phenytoin, 2.7 mg/l for phenobarb ... | 1983 | 6303626 |
| unique degradation of human fibrinogen by proteases from western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | thrombin-coagulability of both human fibrinogen and plasma was rapidly lost upon incubation with western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. the dose- and time-dependent effect was due to direct proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen (mr 340,000) by venom enzymes. using purified fibrinogen as the substrate it was demonstrated that the venom degraded the a alpha chain first and then the b beta chain. the degradation pattern of fibrinogen in plasma was different to that of purified fibr ... | 1983 | 6353668 |
| isolation of an anticomplement factor from the venom of the mojave rattlesnake (crotalus scutulatus scutulatus). | the venom of the mojave rattlesnake was fractionated by deae-sephadex column chromatography. a venom fraction, f5, inactivated both human and guinea pig complement. both serum and purified c3 were partially converted to a protein of faster electrophoretic mobility, indicating that f5 had a direct proteolytic effect on c3. this product was capable of passively lysing guinea pig red blood cells. f5 very effectively inactivated the classical pathway, but only partially inactivated the alternative p ... | 1983 | 6845386 |
| development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venom. | in accordance with the recommendations of the report of a who coordination meeting on venoms and antivenoms, methods have been developed for the assessment of lethal, defibrinogenating, procoagulant, haemorrhagic, and necrotizing properties of venoms, and used to study 53 venoms from 30 different species of snakes of medical importance throughout the world. the venoms studied included echis carinatus (iran), naja naja kaouthia (thailand), notechis scutatus (australia), trimeresurus flavoviridis ... | 1983 | 6609011 |
| purification and characterization of a fibrinogenase from the venom of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | a fibrinogenolytic enzyme was isolated from the venom of western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) by a three-step procedure involving gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. the molecular weight was estimated as 22 900 by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the isoelectric point was found to be ph 4.65. the enzyme rapidly destroyed the ability of bovine fibrinogen to form a clot on incubation with thrombin. incubation of fibrinogen with the fibrinogenolytic enzyme for 5 min ... | 1983 | 6615843 |
| attachment of rattlesnake venom myotoxin a to sarcoplasmic reticulum: peroxidase conjugated method. | myotoxin a is a muscle-damaging toxin isolated from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) and is composed of 42 amino acid residues. earlier electron microscopic observation indicated that the toxin causes extensive swelling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum followed by disorganization of the sarcomers. in the present paper we describe the evidence for the attachment of peroxidase-conjugated myotoxin a to the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum of human muscle. it is thus sugg ... | 1983 | 6661395 |
| kallikrein-like enzymes from crotalus atrox venom. | the symptoms which immediately follow envenomation by many crotalid snakes include hypotension, hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, and shock. we have isolated and characterized two proteases (ei and eii) from the venom of crotalus atrox which may be involved in the onset of these symptoms. ei and eii have molecular weights of 27,500 and 29,200 and isoelectric points of 4.7 and 4.3, respectively. specific esterolytic activities of ei and eii on n alpha-p-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester are 51.5 mumol ... | 1983 | 6355088 |
| proteolytic specificity and cobalt exchange of hemorrhagic toxin e, a zinc protease isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | 1983 | 6351911 | |
| isolation and characterization of fibrinogenase from western diamondback rattlesnake venom and its comparison to the thrombin-like enzyme, crotalase. | a new type of fibrinogenase was isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). unlike thrombin, the newly isolated fibrinogenase did not cause formation of a fibrin clot. various properties of the fibrinogenase we isolated were compared with crotalase isolated from the venom of c. adamanteus. it was found that fibrinogenase has considerable similarity to crotalase isolated by markland and damus in 1971. crotalase is a thrombin-like enzyme and produces a fibrin c ... | 1983 | 6362974 |
| an iron-dependent 5'-nucleotide phosphoribohydrolase activity in the venom of crotalus atrox and its effect upon the determination of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase. | there is an iron-dependent activity in the venom of crotalus atrox which appears to hydrolyze the n-glycosidic sugar-base bond of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides. maximal activation of this activity occurred at 1.0 mmol/l and 0.8 mmol/l fecl3 for cytidine diphosphate (cdp) and adp substrates, respectively. the release of free base affects the background values of control experiments carried out during nucleotide-labelled assays of ribonucleotide reductase which require the conversion of nucleo ... | 1983 | 6307681 |
| isolation and biochemical characterization of hemorrhagic toxin f from the venom of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake). | hemorrhagic toxin f (ht-f) was isolated from crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom by a five-step purification procedure. homogeneity was established by the formation of a single band in acrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-electrophoresis. ht-f has a molecular weight of 64,000 and contains 572 amino acid residues. it contains 1 mol of zinc per mol of protein. zinc is essential for both hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. ht- ... | 1984 | 6375570 |
| inhibition of epithelial chloride channels by a semi-purified fraction of crotalus atrox venom. | rattlesnake venom has a strong effect on the ionic permeability of plasma membranes. rattlesnake venom and one of its semipurified fractions (cav-c2) has been implicated in affecting both sodium and chloride transfer across epithelia. the mechanism of cav-c2 action on epithelia, however, is still open to question. aplysia californica intestine has been shown to contain both chloride conductive channels and sodium dependent chloride uptake mechanisms in the mucosal membrane of its enterocytes whi ... | 1984 | 6320211 |
| isolation and characterization of three ca2+-dependent beta-galactoside-specific lectins from snake venoms. | three lactose-inhibited lectins from the venoms of the snakes agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (southern copperhead), ancistrodon piscivorous leukostoma (western cottonmouth moccasin) and crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) have been isolated and newly characterized. the three lectins are similar to thrombolectin, a lectin isolated from the venom of bothrops atrox (fer-de-lance) (gartner, stocker & williams, 1980), with regard to sugar specificity, mr, ca2+ requirements and sensiti ... | 1984 | 6391472 |
| thermotropic change in phospholipid packing in microsomal membranes sensed by phospholipase a2. | a reversible, temperature-dependent change in phospholipid packing occurring between 0 degree c and 12 degrees c has been identified in microsomal membranes by the use of phospholipase a2 from crotalus atrox. it manifests itself as a drastic increase in susceptibility to the phospholipase and depends on non-lipid (presumably protein) membrane components. it is suggested that this change could underlie the change in transmembrane mobility of phospholipids which occurs in the same temperature rang ... | 1984 | 6697423 |
| a new method for quantitating hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venoms: ability of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize hemorrhagic activity. | polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of two crotaline venoms when mixed with them prior to injection. hemorrhage was measured by two methods. in the first method an intradermal injection of venom produced a hemorrhagic spot which was quantitated by measuring diameters. in the second method the amount of hemoglobin in a muscle extract was measured after i.m. injection of venom. the results show that both methods are useful for quantit ... | 1984 | 6729841 |
| anticoagulant proteases from western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom. | crotalus atrox venom contains agents that render human fibrinogen and plasma incoagulable by thrombin. to elucidate the mechanism of alteration of fibrinogen clotting function by the venom, four immunochemically different proteases, i, ii, iii, and iv, were purified from the venom by anion-exchange chromatography and column gel filtration. all four proteases had anticoagulant activity rendering purified fibrinogen incoagulable. proteases i and iv do not affect fibrinogen in plasma but in purifie ... | 1984 | 6367819 |
| the purification and characterization of an antihemorrhagic factor in woodrat (neotoma micropus) serum. | a protein antihemorrhagic factor was purified from the serum of the southern plains woodrat (neotoma micropus) by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. the homogeneity of the purified factor was measured by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. the factor had an isoelectric ph of 4.1, a molecular weight of 54,000, and migrated with alpha-globulins in disc electrophoresis. the factor failed to form a precipitate with crude western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) venom and ... | 1984 | 6372164 |
| ultrastructural localization in the mouse lung of venom from the western diamondback (crotalus atrox) rattlesnake. | procedures which make immune complexes between venom antigens and their complementary antibodies visible have been applied to detect the site of deposition of rattlesnake venom in the lung tissue of mice after in vivo envenomation. lung tissue, from mice envenomated with reconstituted but otherwise unmodified crotalus atrox venom, was incubated in commercially available polyvalent antiserum (against north american crotalid snakes) which had been conjugated to the enzyme horseradish peroxidase. t ... | 1984 | 6441312 |
| production of a monoclonal antibody against hemorrhagic activity of crotalus atrox (western diamondback rattlesnake) venom. | crotalid venoms have cytotoxic properties which could be useful in medical research. crotalus atrox venom-hyperimmunized mouse spleen cells were fused with sp2/0 myeloma cells. forty-one wells containing the hybridoma cells were positive for c. atrox venom, as determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). cell line 1-e12 was cloned and used to produce ascites tumors in balb/c mice. the monoclonal antibody produced by cloned and subcultured 1-e12 cells reacted with both c. atrox ve ... | 1984 | 6523516 |
| an enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of north american pit viper venoms. | we describe a method for immunodetection of north american pit viper venoms in clinical materials. antibody-enzyme conjugates prepared against venoms of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), mojave rattlesnake (crotalus scutulatus), and copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) detect homologous venoms in concentrations of 0.1-.01 mcg/ml using a double antibody sandwich technique. venoms of 10 additional species of u.s. pit vipers were detected in concentrations of 10 mcg/ml or less. v ... | 1984 | 6527395 |
| fibrinogenolytic afibrinogenemia after envenomation by western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox). | the absence of fibrinogen and the presence of plasmic fragments x, y, d, and e were demonstrated in a patient bitten by a western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox. the factor viii level and the platelet count were within normal limits. there were distinct changes of protease inhibitors in the patient's plasma. alpha-1-protease inhibitor was elevated. antithrombin-iii was only slightly decreased after the envenomation, but alpha 2-antiplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin were initially signif ... | 1984 | 6537796 |
| atrotoxin: a specific agonist for calcium currents in heart. | a specific label for voltage-dependent calcium channels is essential for the isolation and purification of the membrane protein that constitutes the calcium channel and for a better understanding of its function. a fraction of crotalus atrox that increases voltage-dependent calcium currents in single, dispersed guinea pig ventricular cells was isolated. in the doses used, neither sodium nor potassium currents were changed. the fraction was active in the absence of detectable phospholipase or pro ... | 1985 | 3160111 |
| primary structure of the reactive site of human c1-inhibitor. | human c1-inhibitor (c1-inh) forms an equimolar complex with complement proteinase c1s that is resistant to dissociation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. the formation of this stable complex results in the cleavage of a peptide bond near the carboxyl terminus of the inhibitor and, whereas the bulk of c1-inh remains covalently bound to the light chain of c1s, the postcomplex inhibitor peptide can be isolated under denaturing conditions. we have sequenced the amino-terminal region of this peptide and ded ... | 1985 | 3919001 |