Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| immunogenic response of the venoms of fer-de-lance, bothrops atrox asper, and la cascabella, crotalus durissus durissus, following photooxidative detoxification. | 1968 | 4170736 | |
| [carbohydrates of the venoms of bothrops asper of costa rica. quantitative study]. | the venom of the central american bothrops asper, previously classified as b. atrox, is very rich in carbohydrates, both in the free state and forming a part of glycoproteins. it also contains neutral sugars (hexoses), methylpentoses, hexosamines and sialic acid. there is a significant difference in the quantity of carbohydrates in the venom of b. asper as compared to that of the south american b. atrox, thus further documenting the different taxonomic position of these two species. | 1977 | 615321 |
| venom from the snake bothrops asper garman. purification and characterization of three phospholipases a2. | the water-soluble venom of bothrops asper garman (san juan evangelista, veracruz, méxico) showed 15 polypeptide bands on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. this material exhibited phospholipase, hyaluronidase, n-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl hydrolase, n-benzoyl-l-tyrosine ethyl hydrolase and phosphodiesterase activity, but no alkaline phosphatase or acid phosphatase activity. fractionation on sephadex g-75 afforded seven protein fractions, which were apparently less toxic than the whole venom (ld(5 ... | 1980 | 7387631 |
| [comparative study of venoms of newborn and adult specimens of bothrops asper]. | this paper is a comparative study of venoms of newborn and adult specimens of bothrops asper from two costa rican populations: san carlos, in the atlantic versant and puriscal in the pacific. comparison was on a basis of determination of the following effects: hemorrhage, myonecrosis, edema, proteolysis, hemolysis, and lethality, as well as neutralization of the lethal effect by polyvalent antivenom. biochemical and immunochemical comparisons were done by means of electrophoresis, immunoelectrop ... | 1980 | 7323342 |
| [myonecrosis, hemorrhage and edema induced by bothrops asper venom in white mice (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 7222065 | |
| [ultrastructural study of myonecrosis in mice induced by terciopelo venom (bothrops asper) from costa rica (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 7336443 | |
| [neutralization of local effects of bothrops asper venom by polyvalent antivenin]. | neutralization of lethality, myonecrosis, hemorrhage and edema induced by bothrops asper venom in mice was studied using the polyvalent antivenom produced in the instituto clodomiro picado. the neutralizing effect (ed50) on each of these toxic activities varied; the neutralization of lethal and hemorrhagic effects being more effective than the neutralization of myonecrosis and edema. with independent inoculation of venom and antivenom, antivenom was not effective in neutralizing edema-forming ac ... | 1981 | 7330888 |
| bothrops asper venom from the atlantic and pacific zones of costa rica. | 1981 | 7038989 | |
| [comparative study of the isoenzymes of l-amino acid oxidase from the venom of bothrops asper]. | a comparative study was performed between the isozymes 1 and 2b of the l-amino acid oxidase (e.c. 1.4.3.2) from the venom of bothrops asper snakes captured in costa rica. the amino acid composition differs slightly: l-amino acid oxidase-1 (thn most anodal) shows more aspartic and glutamic acid residues than l-amino acid oxidase-2b, which was found to be richer in lysine and alanine residues. both isozymes had subunits of 60,000 and 57,000 molecular weight, as shown by electrophoresis on sds poly ... | 1982 | 7156430 |
| [purification and isolation of isoenzymes of l-amino acid oxidase from the venom of bothrops asper]. | l-amino acid oxidase (e.c. 1.4.3.2) was purified from the venom of bothrops asper snakes from costa rica. three forms of this enzyme were obtained from the crude venom using only two steps: heating in the presence of l-leucine and chromatography on deae-cellulose. the isozymes were numbered 1, 2a and 2b on the basis of electrophoretic mobility towards the anode. isozymes 1 and 2b were homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation velocity. they showed a molecular weight of 125, ... | 1982 | 7156429 |
| neutralization of local effects of the terciopelo (bothrops asper) venom by blood serum of the colubrid snake clelia clelia. | the neutralizing capacity of the blood serum of the non-venomous snake clelia clelia against the hemorrhagic, edematous and myonecrotic effects of bothrops asper venom in white mice was tested using in vitro preincubation experiments. untreated serum neutralized to a different extent all local effects evaluated, but showed toxicity to mice, evidenced by edema and myonecrosis. serum heated at 56 degrees c for 30 min lost its toxic properties but also its neutralizing capacity against hemorrhagic ... | 1982 | 7101308 |
| pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin of bothrops asper. | the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle necrosis induced by crude bothrops asper venom and isolated myotoxic phospholipase was studied using light and electron microscopy. white mice were injected intramuscularly with a dose of 2.5 micrograms/g and tissue samples were taken at 30 min and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. toxin-injected muscle showed localized wedge-shaped lesions ("delta lesions") by 30 min, which included disrupted plasma membranes. at 1 and 3 hr the predominant type of necrotic cell con ... | 1984 | 6539250 |
| skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin from the snake bothrops asper (fer-de-lance). | skeletal muscle regeneration was studied following injections of bothrops asper venom and a myotoxin isolated from the crude venom. in toxin-injected muscle regeneration proceeded normally. by 4 days there were myotubes and small regenerating cells. the size of the cells increased by 1 and 2 weeks, and by 4 weeks regenerating cells were fully developed. the regenerated cells retained centrally located nuclei. the regenerative process in venom-injected muscle was not completely normal--by 1 and 2 ... | 1984 | 6523503 |
| isolation of a myotoxin from bothrops asper venom: partial characterization and action on skeletal muscle. | a myotoxic phospholipase has been isolated from bothrops asper venom by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex followed by gel filtration on sephadex g-75. the toxin is a basic polypeptide with an estimated molecular weight of 10,700. it has both phospholipase a and indirect hemolytic activities, but is devoid of proteolytic, direct hemolytic and hemorrhagic effects. when injected i.m. into mice the toxin induces a rapid increase in plasma creatine kinase levels and a series of degenerative ... | 1984 | 6426093 |
| [mechanism of action of myotoxins isolated from snake venoms]. | biochemically and pharmacologically, myotoxins isolated from snake venoms can be placed in four main groups: myotoxic phospholipases a, low molecular weight basic toxins, cardiotoxins, and hemorrhagic myotoxins. the myotoxic phospholipases a notexin, taipoxin, crotoxin, and bothrops asper myotoxin induce muscle necrosis by first affecting the integrity of the plasma membrane, thereby inducing a calcium influx that culminates in cell death. the small basic myotoxin crotamine acts on the voltage-s ... | 1984 | 6400184 |
| [alterations in the coagulation mechanisms of patients bitten by bothrops asper (terciopelo)]. | blood from eighteen patients bitten by b. asper were studied for effects on coagulation. all showed alterations in the levels of fibrinogen and of factors ii, v, viii, ix, x and xi, as well as in anti-thrombin-iii and plasminogen. the number of platelets and the concentrations of factors vii and xii did not show significant variations in comparison with the controls. the biological assay of fibrinogen, the quantitation of fibrinogen degradation products and of factor ii and the general coagulati ... | 1985 | 4024146 |
| isolation from a polyvalent antivenom of antibodies to a myotoxin in bothrops asper snake venom. | antibodies against bothrops asper myotoxin were purified from a polyvalent antivenom by affinity chromatography. these antibodies neutralized most of the myotoxic activity of crude b. asper venom, as judged by histologic evaluation of skeletal muscle and determination of plasma creatine kinase levels in mice. when tested by immunoelectrophoresis, purified antibodies formed two superimposed bands of precipitation against an homogeneous (by sds-page analysis) preparation of b. asper myotoxin, as w ... | 1985 | 3937296 |
| skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced by bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom. | in order to assess the extent of regeneration, creatine kinase content of injected gastrocnemius muscle were determined at four time intervals after inoculation. simultaneously, the diameters of regenerating fibers were measured, the wet weight of the gastrocnemius was recorded and electrophoretic patterns of muscle proteins and histology of the tissue were analyzed. injection of crude b. asper venom caused myonecrosis and hemorrhage; in these cases regeneration was very poor, as there was only ... | 1986 | 3715894 |
| isolation and partial characterization of a myotoxin from the venom of the snake bothrops nummifer. | a myotoxin from the venom of the snake bothrops nummifer was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex. the toxin is a basic dimer with a subunit molecular weight of 16,000, as estimated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the toxin lacks phospholipase a2 activity when tested on egg yolk lecithin and skeletal muscle homogenates. it induces skeletal muscle damage both in vivo and in vitro. when injected i.m. it promotes a drastic increase in serum creatine kinas ... | 1986 | 3810663 |
| isolation and characterization of myotoxic phospholipases a2 from crotalid venoms. | phospholipases a2 producing myonecrosis when injected i.m. into mice were isolated from venoms of trimeresurus flavoviridis, agkistrodon bilineatus, a. c. contortrix, a. c. mokeson, a. p. piscivorus and bothrops asper by gels filtration on sephadex g-75 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose. they are basic enzymes with molecular weights between 14,000 and 15,000 containing 120-129 amino acid residues and exhibit relatively low enzymatic activity when tested on egg yolk suspensi ... | 1986 | 3705094 |
| inflammatory infiltrate in skeletal muscle injected with bothrops asper venom. | the time-course and composition of inflammatory infiltrate in mouse gastrocnemius injected with bothrops asper venom was studied. the venom induced myonecrosis, and a prominent decrease in muscle levels of creatine kinase (ck) as early as 3 hr after envenomation. inflammatory infiltrate was scarce by 6 hr. but increased markedly at 24, 48 and 72 hr. samples of infiltrate obtained at 6 and 24 hr contained polymorphonuclear leucocytes as the predominant cell type, whereas at 48 hr and 72 hr the re ... | 1986 | 3423335 |
| pharmacological activities of a toxic phospholipase a isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | a toxic phospholipase a was isolated from the venom of bothrops asper. it induced skeletal muscle damage, anticoagulant effects and edema in the foot pad. the toxin had an intravenous ld50 of 95 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt and an intraventricular ld50 of 0.42 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt. upon intramuscular and intravenous injections, the toxin induced a prominent increase in serum creatine kinase (ck) levels; only the ck-mm isozyme increased markedly. the toxin induced ck and creatine ... | 1986 | 2873948 |
| effects of a myotoxic phospholipase a2 isolated from bothrops asper venom on skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | the myotoxin from b. asper snake venom inhibited ca-atpase activity of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum after incubation in vitro. inhibition was non-competitive and albumin enhanced the effect of the toxin. furthermore, b. asper myotoxin hydrolyzed sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids and induced a dose-dependent release of horseradish peroxidase that had been trapped in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. binding studies indicated that myotoxin does not bind to any particular protein of this membran ... | 1987 | 2963409 |
| immunohistochemical demonstration of the binding of bothrops asper myotoxin to skeletal muscle sarcolemma. | the binding of bothrops asper myotoxin to mouse skeletal muscle was studied at both the light and electron microscope levels using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. the toxin binds to muscle cell sarcolemma, and there are no intracellular binding sites. this study corroborates previous observations which suggested that the sarcolemma is the first site of action of b. asper myotoxin. | 1987 | 3303452 |
| antibody neutralization of a myotoxin from the venom of bothrops asper (terciopelo). | neutralization of biological activities of b. asper myotoxin by a monospecific anti-myotoxin rabbit serum and polyvalent antivenom was studied. both antisera neutralized myotoxic, phospholipase a and lethal activities of myotoxin, whereas edema-forming activity of myotoxin was not neutralized by these antisera. anti-myotoxin rabbit serum neutralized most of the myotoxic activity of b. asper venom, but did not neutralize phospholipase a activity of this venom. neutralization curves showed that my ... | 1987 | 3617082 |
| detection of proteins antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxin in crotaline snake venoms. | the presence of components antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxin was investigated by western blotting and immunoelectrophoretic techniques. b. asper myotoxin is a non-glycosylated monomeric phospholipase a with a molecular weight by sds-page of 16,000 and isoelectric point of ph 9.8-10.0. results showed that proteins in the venoms of b. nummifer, b. godmani, b. schlegelii, b. picadoi, and agkistrodon bilineatus were recognized by monospecific antibodies to b. asper myotoxin raised in ... | 1987 | 2448918 |
| characterization of a metallo-proteinase from bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | metalloproteinase from the venom of bothrops asper (proteinase g) is a glycoprotein with 1% neutral hexose and 3.5 moles of sialic acid per mole of protein. it hydrolyses a number of protein substrates such as casein, hemoglobin, gelatin and fibrinogen, whose alpha chain is degraded preferentially. the ph optimum of hydrolysis of casein is approximately 9.5. the protease is devoid of hemorraghic, esterolytic and amidolytic activities. the proteolytic activity of the enzyme increases by about 20% ... | 1987 | 3672544 |
| [neutralization of toxic and enzyme activities of 4 venoms from snakes of guatemala and honduras by the polyvalent antivenin produced in costa rica]. | we studied the ability of the polyvalent antivenom produced in costa rica to neutralize lethal, hemorrhagic, edema-forming, proteolytic, hemolytic, hyaluronidase and fibrinolytic activities of the venoms of bothrops asper and b. nummifer from honduras, and of agkistrodon bilineatus and crotalus durissus durissus from guatemala. neutralizing ability of antivenom was expressed as ed50 (effective dose 50%), defined as the antivenom/venom ratio at which the activity of the venom is reduced 50%. anti ... | 1987 | 3444924 |
| production of monovalent anti-bothrops asper antivenom: development of immune response in horses and neutralizing ability. | a monovalent antivenom was produced by immunizing two horses with venom of the pit viper bothrops asper (ophidia: viperidae). although development of the immune response against four toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom was similar in both horses during the first two thirds of the immunization schedule, antibody response in one of the horses reached much higher levels in the last part of the immunization. immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that there were precipitating antibodies in ... | 1988 | 3078800 |
| body distribution of bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom myotoxin and its relationship to pathological changes. | the distribution of 125i-labelled bothrops asper myotoxin following i.m. and i.v. injections was studied in mice. after i.m. administration the toxin was concentrated in the injected gastrocnemius muscle, with relatively little binding to other tissues. upon i.v. injection the highest radioactivity was detected in liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and blood. a conspicuous decrease in myotoxin concentration occurred during the first hour, whereas the rate of decrease was reduced at later time periods ... | 1988 | 3406950 |
| anticoagulant effect of myotoxic phospholipase a2 isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (viperidae). | 1988 | 3273606 | |
| production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bothrops asper (terciopelo) myotoxin. | seven murine monoclonal antibodies against bothrops asper myotoxin were produced and partially characterized. they revealed the presence of at least four cross-reacting basic components in crude venom, with a common subunit mol. wt of 16,000 by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but slight differences in charge. these myotoxin-related components might be isoforms of the toxin. by western blotting and enzyme-immunoassay binding techniques, differences in the reactivities wi ... | 1988 | 3140427 |
| use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin (cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (bothrops asper). | in parque nacional manuel antonio, costa rica, an adult male cebus capucinus was observed repeatedly hitting a venomous snake (bothropsasper) with a branch. initially a large dead branch overhanging the snake had been broken off in the course of aggressive displays to the snake by the adult and two subadult males. the snake's escape was apparently prevented by the weight of the fallen branch and possibly by the injuries caused by its fall. this is the first direct observation of a capuchin monke ... | 1988 | 31973450 |
| an alternative in vitro method for testing the potency of the polyvalent antivenom produced in costa rica. | the ability of several batches of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize indirect hemolytic activity of bothrops asper venom was studied using a sensitive plate test. all samples of antivenom tested effectively neutralized this activity. a highly significant correlation was observed between neutralization of indirect hemolysis and neutralization of lethal activity. this simple and sensitive in vitro test could be used to monitor antibody levels in horses immunized to produce polyvalent antivenom. | 1988 | 3406951 |
| a new method for the detection of phospholipase a2 variants: identification of isozymes in the venoms of newborn and adult bothrops asper (terciopelo) snakes. | a new method for the identification of phospholipase a2 isozymes in snake venoms is described. the technique is based on the separation of the venom components by isoelectric focusing in agarose gels, transfer of the protein bands by diffusion onto nitrocellulose paper and detection of the phospholipolytic activity of the enzymes by a hemolytic assay either in agarose gels or by benzidine reaction on a solid matrix. striking differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the phospholipase a2 iso ... | 1988 | 3406947 |
| a new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin ii, from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | a new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin ii, was purified from the venom of bothrops asper by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex c-25. the toxin is a dimeric, basic protein with a monomer mol.wt of 13,341, according to the amino acid composition, and 16,000 on the basis of sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobility. it has a high number of aspartate and lysine residues, as well as of hydrophobic amino acids. upon i.m. injection into mice, the toxin induces myonecrosis and increase in s ... | 1989 | 2781572 |
| cross reactivity of mono- and polyvalent antivenoms with viperidae and crotalidae snake venoms. | the lethal, local and defibrinating effects of two african viperidae and four crotalidae were assayed. two commercial antivenoms (behringwerke nord africa and wyeth anticrotalic) and gamma-globulins from hyperimmune rabbit serum were tested for their ability to neutralize the toxic effects of the venoms. cross neutralization of the lethal effect (antiviperidae antivenom against crotalidae venom and vice versa) was evident with behringwerke against crotalidae as well as with wyeth against viperid ... | 1989 | 2815109 |
| distortion of the electrophoretic titration curves of some proteins. | the electrophoretic titration curves of complex mixtures of vitamin k-dependent human blood proteins and proteins of bothrops asper venom were investigated. in both protein mixtures some curves exhibited marked distortions such as additional maxima and minima when pharmalyte 3-10 carrier ampholytes were used for isoelectric focusing in agarose gels. the distortions result from an unspecific interactions between some carrier ampholyte constituents with particular proteins. the interacting carrier ... | 1989 | 2612467 |
| comparative study on coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of costa rican crotaline snake venoms and their neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom. | the coagulant, defibrinating, fibrino lytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of venoms from ten species of costa rican crotaline snakes were studied, together with the neutralization of these effects by a polyvalent antivenom. the venoms of bothrops asper, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. godmani, lachesis muta and crotalus durissus induced a coagulant effect in vitro, and all of them, with the exception of b. nummifer, also induced defibrination in vivo. the four non-coagulant venoms (b. lateralis ... | 1989 | 2781583 |
| [the development of the anti-phospholipase a2 antibody response in horses inoculated with venom for the production of polyvalent antisnake serum in costa rica]. | the development of antibody response against phospholipase a2 activity of bothrops asper venom was studied in a group of adult and healthy horses used in the production of the polyvalent antivenom at the instituto clodomiro picado. simultaneously, the general condition of the animals during the immunization schedule was also studied. there was a great individual variability in the immune response, although most of the horses studied reached the highest neutralizing titer after injection of doses ... | 1989 | 9709794 |
| histopathological and biochemical alterations induced by intramuscular injection of bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom in mice. | the local and systemic pathological changes induced by an i.m. injection of 100 micrograms of bothrops asper venom in mice were studied histologically and by following the changes in serum levels of enzymes, proteins, atp and lactate, as well as alterations in hematocrit and clotting time. b. asper venom induced a rapid and marked increase in serum levels of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, but not alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase. a local my ... | 1989 | 2815106 |
| cross-neutralization of thrombin-like enzymes in snake venoms by polyvalent antivenoms. | five polyvalent antivenoms (crotalidae; orient, north, central and south africa) were tested for their ability to neutralize the thrombin-like activity of snake venoms (bitis gabonica, agkistrodon acutus, bothrops asper, b. atrox, crotalus adamanteus). considerable cross-neutralization was observed. anti-coagulase antibodies were isolated from an antivenom by affinity chromatography using a purified enzyme from bitis gabonica venom. these antibodies neutralized the activity of most snake venom c ... | 1989 | 2629180 |
| isolation of a fibrinogen-converting enzyme ficozyme from the venom of bothrops asper by one-step affinity chromatography on blue sepharose. | 1990 | 2090664 | |
| [the serum of newborn clelia clelia (serpentes: colubridae) neutralizes the hemorrhagic action of brothrops asper venom (serpentes: viperidae)]. | the ability of serum from nine newborn specimens of clelia clelia (colubridae) to neutralize hemorrhagic action of bothrops asper venom was tested. all serum samples neutralized completely the hemorrhagic effect of the venom in mice. this finding shows that the neutralizing ability of c. clelia serum towards the hemorrhagic activity of b. asper venom is innate. | 1990 | 2101463 |
| changes in myofibrillar components after skeletal muscle necrosis induced by a myotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | the effects of a myotoxic phospholipase a2 isolated from the venom of the crotaline snake bothrops asper on skeletal muscle myofibrils were studied by histological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and biochemical parameters. myotoxin induced a rapid and prominent muscle necrosis after intramuscular injection in mice. in this process, myofibrils were affected and three main changes were observed: (a) initially, they were hypercontracted, eventually forming "clumped," dense masses which alte ... | 1990 | 2307211 |
| balb/can b cells and t cells have distinct susceptibilities to cytotoxic effects of snake venom. | previous studies have analyzed abilities of snake venoms to preferentially kill certain animal cells. some studies have examined selective cytotoxic effects of snake venoms on b and t lymphocytes, but few studies have determined abilities of snake venoms to interact with b and t cells at distinct stages of cellular development. thus, this study has analyzed susceptibilities of immature and mature balb/can splenic b cells and t cells to cytotoxic effects of crude venoms of snakes belonging to the ... | 1990 | 2349577 |
| south american snake venom proteins antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxins. | 1. the presence of proteins antigenically related to bothrops asper myotoxins in various snake venoms, mainly from south america, was investigated by using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. 2. myotoxin-like components were detected in ten bothrops venoms from south america, and in the venoms of crotalus atrox (north america), trimeresurus flavoviridis (japan), and micrurus alleni (costa rica). 3. cross-reactive components detected in several bothrops venoms show a common subunit of 15-16 kda ... | 1990 | 1710160 |
| non-specific therapy of a hemorrhagic diathesis after a bite by a young bothrops asper (barba amarilla): a case report. | hemorrhagic diathesis developed 4 hr after a bite by one fang of a two-month-old specimen of bothrops asper. severe allergy to horse serum contraindicated the use of horse antivenom, and a substitution therapy was started 20 hr after the bite. during the following 4 days the patient was treated with infusions of 8 g human fibrinogen, 2500 u of cryoprecipitate, 1000 ml of human plasma and vitamin k in several portions. by means of plasmapheresis 1800 ml of plasma was exchanged. until plasmapheres ... | 1990 | 2089742 |
| the amino acid sequence of a myotoxic phospholipase from the venom of bothrops asper. | a myotoxic, basic phospholipase a2 (pi greater than 9.5) with anticoagulant activity has been purified from the venom of bothrops asper, and its amino acid sequence determined by automated edman degradation. it is distinct from the b. asper phospholipase a2 known as myotoxin i [lomonte, b. and gutierrez, j. m., 1989, toxicon 27, 725] but cross-reacts with myotoxin i rabbit antisera, suggesting that the proteins are closely related isoforms. to our knowledge, this is the first myotoxic phospholip ... | 1990 | 2327788 |
| effect of storage temperature on the stability of the liquid polyvalent antivenom produced in costa rica. | the effect of storage temperature on the stability of the liquid polyvalent (crotaline) antivenom produced at the instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, was studied during a twelve-month period. the following parameters were evaluated: neutralizing potency against lethal activity of bothrops asper venom; protein and phenol concentrations; ph; turbidity; safety; and sterility. analyses were performed each month on different samples of a batch, stored at 4, 23, 30 and 37 degrees c. no significant ... | 1990 | 2330601 |
| equine antibodies to bothrops asper myotoxin ii: isolation from polyvalent antivenom and neutralizing ability. | equine antibodies to b. asper myotoxin ii were isolated from polyvalent antivenom by affinity chromatography. purified antibodies were among the most acidic serum immunoglobulins, migrating between the beta- and alpha 2-globulin regions by zone electrophoresis. this might be related to the fact that myotoxin ii is a very basic antigen. at an antibody/toxin molar ratio of two or higher, myotoxic effect of myotoxin ii was neutralized completely. antibodies also neutralized myotoxic activity of cru ... | 1990 | 2349580 |
| immunological properties of the fibrinolytic enzyme (fibrolase) from southern copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) venom and its purification by immunoaffinity chromatography. | an antibody to the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom was produced by immunizing rabbits with chromatographically purified enzyme. the antibody was purified from rabbit blood by ammonium sulfate fractionation and protein-a affinity chromatography. the purified antibody reacted only with the fibrinolytic enzyme in southern copperhead venom as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. western immunoblotting revealed that several snake venoms, including agkistrodon pi ... | 1991 | 1926169 |
| myotoxin ii from bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom is a lysine-49 phospholipase a2. | a basic, dimeric myotoxic protein, myotoxin ii, purified from bothrops asper venom has a similar molecular weight and is immunologically cross-reactive with antibodies raised to previously isolated b. asper phospholipases a2, except that it shows only 0.1% of the phospholipase activity against l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine in the presence of triton x-100. its 121 amino acid sequence, determined by automated edman degradation, clearly identifies it as a lys-49 phospholipase a2. key amino acid diffe ... | 1991 | 1899180 |
| the effect of myotoxins isolated from bothrops snake venoms on multilamellar liposomes: relationship to phospholipase a2, anticoagulant and myotoxic activities. | the effect of four myotoxins isolated from bothrops snake venoms on the release of peroxidase trapped in large multilamellar liposomes was studied and correlated to their phospholipase a2, myotoxic and anticoagulant activities. the four myotoxins affected negatively-charged liposomes in a dose-dependent way, having no effect on positively-charged liposomes. conditions that inhibited phospholipase a2 activity, i.e., substitution of calcium by edta, reduced liposome-disrupting activity of bothrops ... | 1991 | 1764457 |
| degenerative and regenerative changes in murine skeletal muscle after injection of venom from the snake bothrops asper: a histochemical and immunocytochemical study. | the degenerative and regenerative changes in murine skeletal muscle after injection of bothrops asper venom were studied by histological, lectin histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. according to our observations, the process was divided into four main stages: (a) during the first 3 days prominent degenerative events took place in skeletal muscle fibres, capillaries, arteries, veins and intramuscular nerves. an inflammatory infiltrate was abundant after the first day and removal of ne ... | 1991 | 1707650 |
| quantitation by enzyme-immunoassay of antibodies against bothrops myotoxins in four commercially-available antivenoms. | an enzyme-immunoassay (eia) for the quantitation of antibodies against myotoxins present in the venoms of bothrops asper (costa rica), b. atrox (colombia) and b. moojeni (brazil), was developed. this eia was utilized for the evaluation of four antivenoms produced in mexico (laboratorios myn; myn), costa rica (instituto clodomiro picado; icp), colombia (instituto nacional de salud; ins) and brazil (instituto butantan; ib). antivenoms icp, ib and ins showed a higher titer of antibodies against the ... | 1991 | 1926170 |
| calcium ion independent membrane leakage induced by phospholipase-like myotoxins. | the two snake venom myotoxins ammodytin l and myotoxin ii, purified respectively from vipera ammodytes ammodytes and bothrops asper, have phospholipase-like structures but lack an asp-49 in the active site and are without normal phospholipase activity. the interaction of these proteins with different types of liposomes indicated that the myotoxins were able to provoke rapid and extensive release of the aqueous content of liposomes. leakage was measured by two different methods: fluorescence dequ ... | 1992 | 1334427 |
| isolation and characterization of basic myotoxic phospholipases a2 from bothrops godmani (godman's pit viper) snake venom. | two basic myotoxic phospholipases a2 were purified to homogeneity from the venom of bothrops godmani from costa rica by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex. they have molecular weights of 14,300 (myotoxin i) and 13,400 (myotoxin ii) and isoelectric points of 8.2 (myotoxin i) and 8.9 (myotoxin ii). they behave as amphiphilic proteins in charge-shift electrophoresis and have similar amino acid compositions. both toxins induce drastic myotoxic effects when injected in the gastrocnemius muscl ... | 1992 | 1524423 |
| citrate is an endogenous inhibitor of snake venom enzymes by metal-ion chelation. | citrate levels in selected snake venoms were determined by an enzymatic assay coupled to nadp+ reduction. citrate concentrations in different viper venoms (n = 5) varied from 95 to 150 mm, in crotalids (n = 3) from 63 to 142 mm, and in elapids (n = 4) from 17 to 163 mm. in bothrops asper venom ca(2+)-ion concentrations varied from 2.5 to 3.6 mm, suggesting that the high relative citrate levels may serve to chelate endogenous divalent metal cations, thereby inactivating divalent cation requiring ... | 1992 | 1440629 |
| pathological and biochemical changes induced in mice after intramuscular injection of venom from newborn specimens of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | venom from newborn bothrops asper snakes has higher lethal, hemorrhagic, edema-forming, proteolytic and defibrinating activities than venom from adult b. asper specimens. electrophoretic analysis confirmed the variation between these venoms. intramuscular injection of 100 micrograms of venom from newborn specimens in mice induced defibrination, together with moderate increments of serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, hemoglobin and total proteins. a conspicuous hemorrhage deve ... | 1992 | 1440647 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| individual expression patterns of myotoxin isoforms in the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | 1. in order to investigate the distribution of myotoxin isoforms in the snake bothrops asper, venoms from individual specimens were analyzed by a cathodic electrophoretic system for basic proteins under native conditions. 2. the electrophoretic system resolved at least five bands with slight differences in mobility, corresponding to the fastest migrating proteins in the venom. the identity of the bands was confirmed by immunoblotting, using a rabbit anti-myotoxin serum. 3. there were clear diffe ... | 1992 | 1617940 |
| ultrastructural alterations in mouse capillary blood vessels after experimental injection of venom from the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | histological and ultrastructural alterations in capillary blood vessels were studied at various time intervals after im injection of 50 micrograms of bothrops asper snake venom in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. hemorrhage was observed as early as 5 min after envenomation, as abundant erythrocytes appeared in the interstitial space. ultrastructural observations revealed two different patterns of pathological changes: in the majority of damaged capillaries, endothelial cells had blebs and cytoplasmic ... | 1992 | 1426156 |
| immunoenzymatic quantitation of antibodies to bothrops asper myotoxins after polyvalent antivenom administration in mice. | 1. two quantitative enzyme-immunoassays (eia) for bothrops asper myotoxin and anti-myotoxin antibodies, respectively, were utilized to study their in vivo distribution in mice (swiss, 18 to 20 g). 2. after polyvalent antivenom (0.4 ml) administration by the iv route, there was an immediate peak in plasma anti-myotoxin antibodies which declined rapidly during the first hour, and then decreased more gradually. anti-myotoxin antibodies were detected in muscular tissue (gastrocnemius) following iv i ... | 1992 | 1304940 |
| effect of bothrops asper (fer-de-lance) snake venom on erythrocyte membrane. a comparative study. | 1. the effect of bothrops asper venom on erythrocytes of different species, sheep erythrocyte ghost vesicles and liposomes made of phospholipids from sheep erythrocytes was studied. 2. b. asper venom had a direct hemolytic effect on mouse erythrocytes, but no lytic activity on goat, rabbit, horse, toad and sheep erythrocytes. human erythrocytes were lysed only in the presence of bovine serum albumin and ca2+. 3. although the phospholipase a2 activity in the venom might be involved in the lytic e ... | 1992 | 1354121 |
| host response to bothrops asper snake venom. analysis of edema formation, inflammatory cells, and cytokine release in a mouse model. | as part of the characterization of the host reactivity to the venom of bothrops asper, we investigated the inflammatory responses in the mouse footpad model. the subcutaneously injected venom induced a rapid increase of serum il-6 concentration, which peaked between 3 and 6 h and returned to normal values at 12 h. in contrast, serum tnf-alpha and il-1 alpha were not detectable at any time point studied. a myotoxic phospholipase a2 isoform purified from this venom, myotoxin ii, was also able to i ... | 1993 | 8491517 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms. | the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ... | 1993 | 8212043 |
| effects on cultured mammalian cells of myotoxin iii, a phospholipase a2 isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom. | myotoxin iii (mt-iii), a myotoxic phospholipase a2 from bothrops asper, was studied with respect to interactions with cultured mammalian cells and red blood cells. tests of the cytopathogenic effect of mt-iii on different cell lines indicated that rat skeletal muscle l6 myoblasts were more sensitive to the toxin than chinese hamster ovary cells, human lung fibroblasts, mouse adrenal tumour cells and rat intestinal epithelial cells. specific plasma-membrane permeabilization was assayed as release ... | 1993 | 8218369 |
| effects of bothrops asper (terciopelo) myotoxin iii, a basic phospholipase a2, on liposomes and mouse gastrocnemius muscle. | the action of bothrops asper myotoxin iii, a basic phospholipase a2 which induces acute muscle damage, was studied in mouse gastrocnemius muscle in vivo and in vitro and in multilamellar liposomes. myonecrosis occurred rapidly after myotoxin injection, as indicated by histological alterations and by a drastic increment in plasma creatine kinase levels. a dose-dependent release of creatine kinase from mouse gastrocnemius muscle incubated in vitro with the toxin was observed. myotoxin iii affected ... | 1993 | 8456450 |
| crystallization and preliminary diffraction data of two myotoxins isolated from the venoms of bothrops asper (terciopelo) and bothrops nummifer (jumping viper). | two myotoxins isolated from b. asper (myotoxin ii) and b. nummifer (myotoxin i) snake venoms have been crystallized and their diffraction properties are described. these myotoxins are phospholipase a2 variants which lack enzymatic activity; b. asper myotoxin ii is a lysine-49 phospholipase. crystals were obtained at room temperature by standard hanging-drop vapour diffusion methods. crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.8 and 2.3 a, respectively. | 1993 | 8212044 |
| p-bromophenacyl bromide modification of bothrops asper myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2, affects its pharmacological activities. | modification of bothrops asper myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2 variant, was carried out with p-bromophenacyl bromide. modified toxin did not show changes in its charge and immunological properties but two of its pharmacological activities were modified. myotoxic activity, measured by histology and by increment of creatine kinase levels in plasma of mice, was significantly reduced after toxin modification. in addition, liposome disruption activity was also significantly lower with the m ... | 1993 | 8266351 |
| isolation and characterization of synergistic hemorrhagins from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | three hemorrhagic factors (bah1, bh2 and bh3) were isolated from the venom of bothrops asper by gel filtration on sephacryl s-200, deae-sepharose chromatography, metal chelate affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. they contain 55% of the total hemorrhagic activity of the whole venom when they are mixed, but lose almost half of the activity if they are separated, indicating a synergism between the three. the main hemorrhagin is bah1 (bothrops asper hemorrhagin 1); th ... | 1993 | 8266346 |
| inhibition of metalloproteinases in bothrops asper venom by endogenous peptides. | bothrops asper venom contains a variety of degradative enzymes, including metal-ion dependent proteinases as well as low molecular weight peptides. two of these peptides, pyroglutamate-glutamine-tryptophan (peqw) and pyroglutamate-asparagine-tryptophan are present in crude venom at concentrations of about 4.5 and 1 mm, respectively. proteinase fractions from b. asper are inhibited from digesting oxidized insulin b-chain in vitro by both of these tripeptides with an ic50 for peqw of approximately ... | 1993 | 8212033 |
| bothropstoxin-i: amino acid sequence and function. | the complete amino acid sequence of bothropstoxin-i (bthtx-i), a myotoxin isolated from bothrops jararacussu snake venom, is reported. the results show that bthtx-i is a lys49 phospholipase a2 (pla2)-like protein composed of a single polypeptide chain of 121 amino acid residues (m(r) = 13,720), containing one methionine and 14 half-cystines. although deprived of any detectable pla2 activity, bthtx-i reveals a high degree of sequence homology with asp49-pla2s and with other lys49-myotoxins. criti ... | 1993 | 8427634 |
| preparación toxoide a partir de la fracción hemorrágica del veneno de bothrops asper (serpiente de américa central y del sur) (toxoid preparation from hemorrhagic fraction of the venom from bothrops asper (snake from central and south america). | a technique is described for preparing a toxoid from the hemorrhagic fraction of the bothrops asper venom. this method conserves a high degree of immunogenicity although it eliminates lethal effects. none of the animals vaccinated with the toxoid from this fraction had hemorrhagic lesions after they were injected the venom from the hemorrhagic fraction. | 1993 | 7800884 |
| isolation of a myotoxin from the venom of agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) and pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by it in mice. | a myotoxin was isolated from the venom of the broad-banded copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus) by hplc using anion and cation exchange chromatography. the toxin has a mol. wt of approximately 14,000 and has a pi greater than 9. it does not have phospholipase a activity, but does induce myonecrosis of skeletal muscle cells characterized by a hypercontraction of myofilaments. electron microscopic analysis showed that the myotoxin appears to disrupt the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cel ... | 1993 | 8470130 |
| a potent antihemorrhagin in the serum of the non-poisonous water snake natrix tessellata: isolation, characterization and mechanism of neutralization. | the main natural antihemorrhagic factor (ntah), which inhibits the hemorrhagic activity of bothrops asper snake venom, was isolated from the serum of the non-poisonous water snake natrix tessellata by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 35-55%, sephadex g-75 gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography on deae-sepharose and cm-sepharose and hydrophobic phenyl-sepharose chromatography. the purified protein showed one band with an isoelectric point of 4.5 and a molecular mass of about 880 kda. the an ... | 1994 | 7803481 |
| cleavage of the nh2-terminal octapeptide of bothrops asper myotoxic lysine-49 phospholipase a2 reduces its membrane-destabilizing effect. | bothrops asper myotoxin ii was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to determine the role of nh2-terminal amino acid residues in its ability to destabilize negatively charged liposomes and to induce myonecrosis. after treatment, cleaved toxin was separated from its nh2-terminal octapeptide by reversed-phase hplc. cleaved myotoxin ii lost its capability to disrupt negatively charged liposomes, whereas it maintained approximately one-third of its muscle-damaging effect. no gross antigenic changes were de ... | 1994 | 8037445 |
| primary sequence determination of the most basic myonecrotic phospholipase a2 from the venom of vipera russelli. | the most basic phospholipase a2 (pla2), vrv-pl-viiia, was purified from (sri lankan) vipera russelli venom. it is a major component of the venom, contributing over 40% to the whole venom pla2 activity. the purity of vrv-pl-viiia was ascertained by electrophoresis and by reverse phase high-pressure liquid-chromatography (rp-hplc). vrv-pl-viiia had an apparent mol. wt of 13,000 and was a single polypeptide. the protein was reduced, pyridylethylated and subjected to sequence analysis. the n-termina ... | 1994 | 7940574 |
| neutralization of the cytolytic and myotoxic activities of phospholipases a2 from bothrops asper snake venom by glycosaminoglycans of the heparin/heparan sulfate family. | basic phospholipases a2 from the venom of bothrops asper exhibit skeletal muscle damaging activity in vivo, and cytolytic activity to a variety of cell types in culture. glycosaminoglycans of the heparin/heparan sulfate family were found to be potent blockers of the cytolytic action in vitro, and, as well, to be able to neutralize the muscle damaging activity of purified myotoxins and crude venom in vivo. however, the neutralizing effect of heparins was more potent in vitro than in vivo. the cyt ... | 1994 | 8185661 |
| activity of hemorrhagic metalloproteinase bah-1 and myotoxin ii from bothrops asper snake venom on capillary endothelial cells in vitro. | in vivo, hemorrhagic toxins isolated from snake venoms cause a disorganization of the basal lamina of capillaries, with a concomitant degenerative process of endothelial cells. in this study we investigated the effects of bah-1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase purified from the venom of bothrops asper, on a murine endothelial cell line of capillary origin. a quantitative cytotoxicity assay based on the release of lactic dehydrogenase was utilized. bah-1, despite its potent hemorrhagic activity, ... | 1994 | 8053003 |
| phospholipase-like myotoxins induce rapid membrane leakage of non-hydrolyzable ether-lipid liposomes. | two phospholipase-like myotoxins--ammodytin l from vipera ammodytes and myotoxin ii from bothrops asper--are shown to be able to induce leakage of liposomes made from non-hydrolyzable ether-linked phospholipids. this demonstrates that the cytolytic activity of these toxins is completely independent of any remaining enzyme activity or contamination with active phospholipases. | 1994 | 8110812 |
| muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, inhibits hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms. | the antihemorrhagic activity of muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was tested on various snake venoms with hemorrhagic activity. the extract inhibited strongly hemorrhagic activity of venoms from bitis arietans, bothrops jararaca and vipera latastei gaditana, and remarkably that of venoms from agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicornis, bothrops atrox asper, crotalus horridus horridus and vipera berus. the antihemorrhagic activity against eight other s ... | 1994 | 7846699 |
| the dynamics of local tissue damage induced by bothrops asper snake venom and myotoxin ii on the mouse cremaster muscle: an intravital and electron microscopic study. | the acute tissue damaging effects of bothrops asper snake venom and a myotoxic lys-49 phospholipase a2 (myotoxin ii) on the mouse cremaster muscle were studied by intravital and electron microscopy. both venom and myotoxin induced local contractions of the muscle fibres within 10-60 sec after exposure, which disappeared after 1-2 min. this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that bothrops myotoxins act initially at the sarcolemma by affecting its permeability and allowing an influx of ... | 1994 | 9237336 |
| inhibition of hemorrhagic activities of various snake venoms by purified antihemorrhagic factor obtained from japanese habu snake. | the ability of purified antihemorrhagic factor isolated from the serum of japanese habu (trimeresurus flavoviridis) was tested on 17 snake venoms to inhibit their hemorrhagic activity. the factor strongly inhibited that of the venoms of crotalus horridus horridus and vipera latastei gaditana in addition to that of the homologous (t. flavoviridis) venom. hemorrhagic activity of agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, bothrops atrox asper and crotalus atrox venoms was also ... | 1994 | 8016857 |
| broad cytolytic specificity of myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2 of bothrops asper snake venom. | the cytotoxic activity of bothrops asper myotoxin ii, a lysine-49 phospholipase a2 isoform, on different cell types in culture, was investigated. myotoxin ii caused a dose-dependent cytolytic effect on all cell types tested, characterized by rapid release of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase and drastic morphological cell alterations. quantitative differences in the susceptibility to myotoxin ii among cell types fell within a relatively narrow range, and in general, the toxin was cytolytic at con ... | 1994 | 7886694 |
| screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks. | eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ... | 1994 | 8016848 |
| pathological changes induced by bah1, a hemorrhagic proteinase isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom, on mouse capillary blood vessels. | the pathological changes induced in capillaries by bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of bothrops asper, were studied after i.m. injection in mouse gastrocnemius. hemorrhage was observed macroscopically, and corroborated histologically, within the first 5 min. at the ultrastructural level, the earliest changes in endothelial cells, observed 1 min after toxin administration, consisted of a decrease in the number of pinocytotic vesicles, the presence of blebs and cytopla ... | 1994 | 7985202 |
| neutralizing interaction between heparins and myotoxin ii, a lysine 49 phospholipase a2 from bothrops asper snake venom. identification of a heparin-binding and cytolytic toxin region by the use of synthetic peptides and molecular modeling. | heparin binds to phospholipase a2 myotoxins from bothrops asper snake venom, inhibiting their toxic activities. this interaction was investigated using purified myotoxin ii, a lys-49 phospholipase a2 of this venom, and a series of heparin variants, fragments, and other glycosaminoglycans. the binding was correlated to toxin neutralization, using endothelial cells as a target. myotoxin ii binds radiolabeled heparin in solution unselectively, and forms macromolecular complexes with an optimum at a ... | 1994 | 7961981 |
| caprylic acid fractionation of hyperimmune horse plasma: description of a simple procedure for antivenom production. | a simple methodology for hyperimmune horse plasma fractionation, based on caprylic acid precipitation, is described. optimal conditions for fractionation were studied; the method gives best results when concentrated caprylic acid was added to plasma, whose ph had been adjusted to 5.8, until a final caprylic acid concentration of 5% was reached. the mixture was vigorously stirred during caprylic acid addition and then for 60 min; afterwards the mixture was filtered. non-immunoglobulin proteins pr ... | 1994 | 8016856 |
| isolation, characterization and mode of neutralization of a potent antihemorrhagic factor from the serum of the snake bothrops asper. | a potent antihemorrhagic factor (basah1) was isolated from the serum of the snake bothrops asper by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 40-60%, sephacryl s-200 and sephadex g-50 gel filtration, deae-sepharose, and hydrophobic phenyl-sepharose chromatography. the purified protein showed one band with an isoelectric point of 5.2 and a molecular weight of 66 kda. 4 micrograms of the purified factor basah were needed to neutralize the hemorrhagic dose of b. asper whole venom compared to 60 micrograms ... | 1995 | 7492583 |
| pharmacological study of edema induced by venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo) in mice. | the effect of several drugs on the edema-forming activity of bothrops asper venom was studied plethysmographically using the mouse foot pad assay. bothrops asper venom induced a dose-dependent edema which developed rapidly and peaked 1 hr after envenomation. incubation of venom with edta before injection resulted in a significant reduction of edema. in addition, pretreatment with prazosin, indomethacin, dexamethasone, yohimbine and mepacrine resulted in a significant reduction in edema-forming a ... | 1995 | 7778127 |
| purification and characterization of myotoxin iv, a phospholipase a2 variant, from bothrops asper snake venom. | a basic myotoxic protein was purified from bothrops asper venom. like other basic bothrops myotoxins, myotoxin iv induces acute muscle damage after intramuscular injection in mice and disrupts negatively charged liposomes but not positively charged ones. furthermore, this protein exerts a weak anticoagulant effect only at concentrations of 40 micrograms/ml or higher, and is devoid of phospholipase a2 activity. rabbit polyclonal antibodies to b. asper myotoxin ii, a related lysine-49 isoform, cro ... | 1995 | 7749580 |
| skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration after injection of bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the snake bothrops asper (terciopelo). | the effects of bah1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from bothrops asper venom, on mouse gastrocnemius muscle was investigated. the toxin induced severe hemorrhage within minutes after injection. groups of necrotic muscle fibers were observed after the sixth hour, with evident disorganization of myofibrillar material. at the ultrastructural level myofibrils in these cells lost their regular arrangement, z lines were absent, and sarcomeres were disoriented, although there was no evidence ... | 1995 | 7556589 |
| (evaluation of neutralizing ability of four commercially available antivenoms against the venom of bothrops asper from costa rica) | we studied the ability of four commercially available antivenoms to neutralize several toxic and enzymatic activities of bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom from costa rica. experiments with preincubation of venom and antivenom were carried out to test the neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant and indirect hemolytic activities. in addition, antibody titers against crude venom and myotoxin ii purified from this venom were determined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa). results indicate that po ... | 1995 | 8585095 |
| in vitro activity of bah1, the main hemorrhagic toxin of bothrops asper snake venom on bovine endothelial cells. | incubation of bah1, the main hemorrhagic toxin purified from the venom of bothrops asper, with endothelial cells caused the appearance of spaces among the cells. this effect became more noticeable with increasing hemorrhagin concentration and longer incubation time. later, the cells became rounded and detached from the substrate into the medium. augmentation of trypan blue did not stain the detached cells, indicating their viability. moreover, after washing the floating cells from the toxin they ... | 1995 | 8599191 |
| local tissue damage induced by bap1, a metalloproteinase isolated from bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. | the pathogenesis of hemorrhage and other local effects induced by the metalloproteinase bap1, isolated from bothrops asper venom, was investigated using various in vivo and in vitro models. upon intramuscular injection in mice bap1 caused rapid hemorrhage in muscular and adipose tissues. vital microscopy using mouse cremaster muscle evidenced the formation of multiple hemorrhagic foci of an explosive character, originating from capillaries and small venules. in contrast to crude b. asper venom, ... | 1995 | 9062552 |
| immunological studies on bah1 and bap1, two hemorrhagic metalloproteinases from the venom of the snake bothrops asper. | no immunological cross-reactivity was observed between bah1 and bap1, two hemorrhagic metalloproteinases isolated from b. asper venom, by gel immunodiffusion, western blotting and neutralization studies. cross-reactivity was detected with antisera against these toxins in several crotaline and viperine snake venoms by elisa, whereas no reactivity was observed with either antiserum against the venoms of bothrops nummifer, crotalus durissus terrificus, vipera russelli and several elapid venoms. ant ... | 1995 | 8533144 |
| structure of a calcium-independent phospholipase-like myotoxic protein from bothrops asper venom. | myotoxin ii, a myotoxic calcium-independent phospholipase-like protein isolated from the venom of bothrops asper, possesses no detectable phospholipase activity. the crystal structure has been determined and refined at 2.8 a to an r-factor of 16.5% (f > 3sigma) with excellent stereochemistry. amino-acid differences between catalytically active phospholipases and myotoxin ii in the ca(2+)-binding region, specifically the substitutions tyr28-->asn, gly32-->leu and asp49-->lys, result in an altered ... | 1995 | 15299297 |
| autocatalytic acylation of phospholipase-like myotoxins. | several snake venoms contain a phospholipase a2 in which position 49 in the active site is occupied by a lysine or a serine instead of the aspartate residue normally found. although these proteins do not bind ca2+ and are devoid of catalytic activity, they are still highly specific myotoxins and have recently been shown to induce membrane leakage by a new type of cytolytic mechanism. three of these toxins, myotoxin ii from bothrops asper, ammodytin l from vipera ammodytes, and the k49 protein fr ... | 1995 | 7718570 |