Publications

identification of a heat shock cognate protein 70 gene in chinese soft-shell turtle (pelodiscus sinensis) and its expression profiles under thermal stress.	the heat shock cognate protein 70 (hsc70) is a member of a 70-kda heat shock protein (hsp70) family that functions as molecular chaperones. in this study, a novel hsc70 gene from chinese soft-shelled turtle (pelodiscus sinensis) (thsc70) was identified. the thsc70 full-length complementary dna (cdna) is 2272 bp long with a 1941-bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 646 amino acids. three characteristic signature regions of the hsp70 family, two major domains of an adenosine triphosphate (atp)/gua ...	0	22661209
alligator mississippiensis in oklahoma.		1909	17844118
the mid-dorsal hair whorl in an australian of european ancestry.		1942	17104904
the gross anatomy of the lymphatic system of alligator mississippiensis.		1956	13372491
the teeth of alligator mississippiensis daud. iii. development of enamel.		1958	13539262
the teeth alligator mississippiensis daud. ii. development of dentin.		1958	13539261
physiological adjustments to prolonged diving in the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis.		1961	13861173
a functional analysis of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei and spinal nucleus of the trigeminal in the reptile (alligator mississippiensis).		1961	14459910
the teeth of alligator mississippiensis daud. vii. replica study of the enamel.		1962	13927728
interventricular septal defect in alligator mississipiensis daudin.		1962	14015635
glucose and acetate metabolism in alligator mississippiensis.		1963	14113498
the surgical occlusion of the left aortic orifice in alligator mississipiensis daudin.		1964	14224013
organization of the visual projection upon the optic tectum of a reptile (alligator mississippiensis).		1965	14304266
operant stimulus control applied to maze behavior: heat escape conditioning and discrimination reversal in alligator mississippiensis.	eight alligators were trained to escape heat by traversing an 8-ft runway containing right or left approaches to a water tank. all subjects were run until they had satisfied three criteria of stable response time, after which the predominant escape path was blocked, requiring discrimination reversal. seven subjects again met the criteria; three also met them in a second reversal.	1966	5970390
laboratory maintenance and learning of alligator mississippiensis.		1966	5916539
the fine structure of iridial constrictor pupillae muscle of alligator mississippiensis.		1966	5963635
successive discrimination reversal (sdr) performances of american alligators and american crocodiles on a spatial task.		1969	5777974
considerations on the ependyma of the encephalic ventricles of tropidonotus natrix, alligator mississipiensis and testudo graeca.		1970	5492413
hearing in the crocodilia.	measurements of auditory sensitivity in terms of the cochlear potentials were made in young specimens of three species of crocodilians, caiman crocodilus and alligator mississipiensis of the subfamily alligatorinae and crocodylus acutus of the subfamily crocodylinae. these species show considerable similarity in their capabilities for sound reception. all have the best sensitivity in a fairly broad middle range, and fall off for lower tones and particularly rapidly for the high tones. the level ...	1971	5283940
placobdella multilineata (hirudinea) from the american alligator in florida.		1974	4853659
free amino acids in crocodilians fed proteins of different biological value.	changes in plasma levels of amino acids derived from fed protein were determined by feeding crocodilians (caiman crocodilus crocodilus and alligator mississipiensis) 7.5 g protein/kg body weight and by monitoring the plasma free amino acids for several days. zein and several other vegetable proteins produced no rise in plasma amino acids and were excreted intact in the feces. casein and fish muscle were rapidly digested but produced little rise in plasma amino acids, and the increases showed no ...	1975	1127472
plasma amino acids in reptiles after feeding protein or amino acids and after injecting amino acids.	turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans) and alligators (alligator mississipiensis) were fed fish, casein, or free amino acid mixtures, or were injected with free amino acid mixtures, quantities in each case being equivalent to about 42 mmoles of amino acids/kg body weight. the experiments were designed to determine whether protein synthesis normally precedes catabolism of the amino acids absorbed from digesting food. both animals disposed of free or food-derived amino acids more rapidly than could b ...	1976	939990
cutaneous heat flow during heating and cooling in alligator mississipiensis.	direct in vivo measurement of heat flow across the skin of the american alligator (alligator mississipiensis) showed increased heat flow during warming. mean values at 25 degrees c during warming (15-35 degrees c) in air (airspeed 300 cm/s) were 17.9 +/- 92 se cal/cm2 per h (mean alligator wt 3.27 kg). cooling heat flow at the same temperature was 13.6 +/- 0.57 cal/cm2 per h. subdermal heat flow was reduced during warming and was not significantly different from cutaneous heat flow during coolin ...	1976	818906
amphibious behavior of alligator mississippiensis: roles of a circadian rhythm and light.	juvenile american alligators in outdoor pens moved out of and into the water at sunrise and sunset, respectively. when the natural light cycle was extended with artificial illumination, these movements gradually shifted into phase with the altered light cycles; therefore, the amphibious behavior was modulated by a circadian rhythm cued by light. movement between land and water was characterized by a decrease in body temperature, which suggests that it is was not simply a proximate heat-seeking r ...	1976	1251194
further studies on the chemical nature of reptilian gonadotropins: fsh and lh in the american alligator and green sea turtle.		1976	1260093
genic homozygosity in an ancient reptile (alligator mississippiensis).	proteins assayed electrophoretically showed variation at only three of 49 presumed genetic loci in alligators from southwestern louisiana. average heterozygosity per individual was 0.021+/-0.012; proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.06. data on the history, structure, and ecology of this alligator population are consistent with natural selection as the primary factor accounting for this low genetic variability. however, neither a historic population bottleneck nor some genetic mechanism limiting ...	1977	921737
vocalization in juvenile crocodilians.	evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (caiman crocodilus, crocodylus niloticus, and crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. these findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacou ...	1977	930443
temperature-induced changes in blood acid-base status in the alligator, alligator mississipiensis.	gas exchange and arterial blood acid-base status were measured in 13 conscious alligators, alligator mississipiensis, at 15, 25, and 35 degrees c. arterial ph decreased by 0.250 units (from 7.635 to 7.385) and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure increased by 11.4 torr (from 11.8 to 23.2) as body temperature increased from 15 to 35 degrees c. no statistically significant changes occurred in arterial bicarbonate concentration. when oh-/h+ and alpha-imidazole were compared at each temperature, ...	1978	32163
cutaneous blood flow during heating and cooling in the american alligator.	nine alligators, alligator mississippiensis, were injected with 133xe and the clearance half times measured in response to heating and cooling. mean half times for thermostable, heating, and cooling conditions were 12.2, 8.6, and 28.3 min, respectively, indicating cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating and reduced blood flow during cooling. alterations of cutaneous blood flow occurred before changes in body temperature or heart rate. warming portions of the animal while shading the ...	1978	696854
the parasite fauna of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) in south carolina.	twelve american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were obtained from three different areas of south carolina. one species of pentastome (sebekia oxycephala), two species of nematodes (dujardinascaris waltoni and multicaecum tenuicolle), four species of trematodes (polycotyle ornata, acanthostomum coronarium, archaeodiplostomum acetabulatum and pseudocrocodilicola americaniense) and one species of hemogregarine (haemogregarina crocodilnorum) were recovered. polycotyle ornata was observed on ...	1978	739582
fatal mycotic pulmonary disease of captive american alligators.	fatal pulmonary disease occurred in two captive american alligators. the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions in both alligators. an extended hibernation period because of a severe winter and a failure of the zoo heating system may have predisposed the alligators to infection.	1979	452316
isolation of aeromonas hydrophila from the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis.	aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of nine adult alligators, alligator mississippiensis, which died without apparent cause, suggesting the bacterium may have been a factor. one hundred and twenty-three alligators ranging in age from six months to over 10 years were captured from five locations in the southeastern united states and sampled for a. hydrophila. the bacterium was isolated from the oral cavity of 85% of the animals, on the external jaw area from over 50% and fr ...	1979	480514
cleavage of the taurine conjugate of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by rat fecal bacteria.	this paper describes a method for the hydrolysis of the taurine conjugates of the 25r and the 25s diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (thca) with retention of original configuration of c-25. rat fecal suspensions were incubated with the taurine conjugate of thca for 5 and 60% of the free thca was recovered. when bile from alligator mississippiensis, which contains mostly the taurine conjugate of thca, was analyzed by this method, thca was obtained ...	1979	500682
fatal beauveria bassiana infection in a captive american alligator.	the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions of a dead american alligator (alligator mississipiensis) at the oklahoma city zoo. colonies of the fungus, which had sporulated in vivo, were found in the thoracic air spaces. septate, branching hyphae and fungal spores were seen in stained histologic sections of pleura and lung. dissemination to other viscera had not occurred. this case indicated that b bassiana, a rare vertebrate pathogen, may be a fatal mycot ...	1979	521377
the american alligator (alligator mississipiensis): a new model for investigating developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation.	despite numerous investigations, there are still many unsolved problems concerning normal and abnormal palatal development. the american alligator is here put forward as a new model for the investigation of a variety of developmental phenomena associated with palatogenesis. the structure of the palate of the adult alligator is reported. this animal exhibits a unique combination of reptilian and mammalian features in its craniofacial anatomy and so its craniofacial development should be of consid ...	1979	522694
water-vapor conductance of testudinian and crocodilian eggs (class reptilia).	flexible-shelled eggs of snapping turtles (chelydra serpentina) have conductances to water vapor that are 55 times higher than predicted for avian eggs of similar size, whereas rigid-shelled eggs of softshell turtles (trionyx spiniferus) and american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) have conductances that are only five times higher than expected for comparable eggs of birds. the differences between empirical and predicted values result from the much higher effective pore areas in reptilia ...	1979	515558
excision of bilateral digital masses from an american alligator.		1979	521388
nonpineal melatonin in the alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	all living and most fossil representatives of the reptilian subclass archosauria lack pineal bodies. arrhythmic, low-level, nonpineal melatonin is present, however, in the blood of alligator mississippiensis. although pineal bodies have been implicated in circadian phenomena, these results suggest that arrhytmic melatonin in alligators may not be involved incircadian events and indicate that the pineal is not the only source of the hormone melatonin. the evolutionary loss of the pineal in archos ...	1980	7423204
the amino acid sequence of alligator (alligator mississippiensis) myoglobin. phylogenetic implications.	the amino acid sequence of myoglobin from cardiac muscle of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) was established by alignment of overlapping peptides and dansyl-edman degradation. the chain initiating methonine seems to be retained. thus, this molecule has 154 amino acid residues rather than 153 as in other tetrapod myoglobins. maximum parsimony analysis indicated that alligator myoglobin diverges more from both bird and mammal myoglobins than these latter do from each other. the ...	1980	6774758
circadian rhythm of extraretinal photosensitivity in hatchling alligators, alligator mississippiensis.		1980	7422717
biliary bile acids, bile alcohols, and sterols of alligator mississippiensis.	bile from alligator mississippiensis was found to contain a mixture of more than twenty bile acids, bile alcohols, and neutral sterols. bile acids and bile alcohols were purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography on 1% hieff-8bp and identifications were made by mass spectrometry. the major neutral sterols consisted of 98% cholesterol and 0.8% cholestanol. bile acids recovered from the ...	1980	7354247
a haemogregarine from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	haemogregarina crocodilinorum börner 1901 is redescribed from the blood of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). gametocytes occurred in erythrocytes and erythrocytic schizonts contained about eight merozoites (range, 6--12). gametogony and sporogony occurred in the gut of the leech, placobdella multilineata and intracellular, unisporocystic oocysts were found within epithelial cells of the leech's intestinal wall. presumed sporozoites were present in the intestinal contents. atte ...	1980	7391873
direct reciprocal allosteric interaction of oxygen and hydrogen carbonate sequence of the haemoglobins of the caiman (caiman crocodylus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and the mississippi crocodile (alligator mississippiensis).		1981	6286445
developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation with particular reference to the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of cleft palate.	palatal development was studied macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally in foetuses of inbred wistar rats and alligator mississippiensis. in the rat, elevation of the palatal shelves from a vertical position lateral to the tongue to a horizontal position above the tongue, occurs very rapidly. this reorientation is postulated to be caused by an intrinsic turgor shelf force generated by the hydration of mesenchymal mucopolysaccharides (predominantly hyaluronic acid). cleft palate wa ...	1981	6455154
the fecal bile acids and sterols of alligator mississippiensis.		1981	7239111
review: the value of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) as a model for research in craniofacial development.	american alligators exhibit a number of morphological features which are more characteristic of mammals than reptiles. this unique combination makes an extremely useful animal for experimental investigations of craniofacial development. thus, it is possible to make a longitudinal study of the development of the alligator's secondary palate by utilizing shell-less culture techniques. incubation of eggs at 28 degrees c, as opposed to 3 degrees c, slows development sufficiently to enable both the r ...	1981	7042741
the structure and development of the palate in alligator mississippiensis.		1981	6947744
light and electron microscopic study of crocodile islets of langerhans.	the tissue of the islets of langerhans was studied in alligator mississippiensis and caiman niger. the distribution of the insular tissue in the pancreas was described from the picture in the light microscope, together with the incidence of characteristic islets, which frequently surround the duct tress, and of scattered insular cells. five types of endocrine cells, distinguishable by their staining properties and typical electron microscopic image, were described in the insular tissue. in addit ...	1981	6169221
encephalic photoreceptor involvement in the entrainment and control of circadian activity of young american alligators.		1981	7243958
temperature of egg incubation determines sex in alligator mississippiensis.		1982	7070524
in vivo and in vitro development of first branchial arch derivatives in alligator mississippiensis.		1982	7156142
effect of body temperature on ventilatory control in the alligator.	pulmonary ventilation and arterial blood acid-base balance were measured in six unanesthetized alligators, alligator mississipiensis, at 15, 25, and 35 degree c. the animals exhibited pronounced ventilatory responses to hypercapnia at all temperatures studied. arterial pco2 increased and ph decreased with increases in body temperature during both normocapnia and hypercapnia. the fractional dissociation of imidazole (alpha pr) remained constant with changes in body temperature during normocapnia, ...	1982	6800983
the endocrine pancreas of alligator mississippiensis. an immunocytochemical investigation.	immunocytochemical methods for light and electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the regulatory peptides present in the endocrine pancreas of the alligator, alligator mississippienses. the peptides studied included insulin, glucagon (pancreatic and enteric), somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (avian, bovine and human), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance p, metenkephalin, beta-endorphin, c-terminal gastrin/cck and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. endocrine cells were detected usin ...	1982	6124317
steatitis and fat necrosis in captive alligators.	steatitis and fat necrosis were identified in a group of 123 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) kept in an enclosed pond and fed a diet of only fish for more than 10 years. all affected animals were outwardly healthy and had had no signs of disease in the period immediately before slaughter. the diagnosis was made at the time of commercial slaughter for harvest of meat and hides. lesions consisted of firm yellow-brown masses distributed in fat tissue throughout the body. the histop ...	1983	6643233
regulatory peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of alligator mississipiensis. an immunocytochemical study.	the gastrointestinal tract of the alligator alligator mississipiensis has been investigated for the presence of immunoreactivity to fourteen regulatory peptides all known to occur in the mammalian gut system. mucosal endocrine cells reacting specifically with the antisera to neurotensin, c-terminal gastrin, somatostatin, bombesin, secretin, pancreatic glucagon and enteroglucagon were detectable, the distribution of these cells being, in general, similar to the mammalian pattern. peripheral nerve ...	1983	6133628
circadian variation in plasma corticosterone in the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, and the effects of acth injections.	crocodilians are unique among the reptiles in that they lack a pineal gland. since the pineal is believed to play a role in the regulation of photoperiodic control of circadian rhythms in activity and corticosterone secretion in vertebrates, plasma corticosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay (ria) in samples collected over a 24-hr period from captive-reared, juvenile crocodilians (alligator mississippiensis) held under a constant temperature but exposed to natural photoperiod. a clear biphas ...	1984	6327457
physiological thermoregulation of mature alligators.	a 67.1 kg alligator (alligator mississippiensis), tested in air, heated twice as fast as it cooled. the cooling thermal time constant was 425 min while alive. warming and cooling thermal time constants were 421 min after death. the thermal time constant was not appropriate in describing warming in air of mature alligators. surface and subdermal heat flow measurements of the 67.1 kg animal indicate greater blood flow in the skin during warming compared to cooling. two mature alligators, 49.9 and ...	1984	6141029
isolation and characterization of reptilian insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide: complete amino acid sequence of alligator (alligator mississippiensis) insulin and pancreatic polypeptide.	the insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin contents of acid-alcohol extracts of alligator pancreas have been estimated by heterologous radioimmunoassay, and the insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide have been isolated. the amino acid sequences of the insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were determined. the sequence of the insulin a chain is identical to that of chicken insulin a chain, while the b chain exhibits three conservative substitutions when compared to that o ...	1984	6146554
inflammation induced by subcutaneous turpentine inoculation of young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	turpentine-induced skin lesions in young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) kept at 25 c were used to study inflammatory response in a reptile. skin harvested at intervals between 4 hours and 30 days after inoculations were done had no gross changes until days 24 to 26, when superficial skin necrosis was evident. early responses of congestion and dermal edema (4 to 8 hours) were seen by light microscopy, and these were followed by necrosis and granulocyte migration (1 to 3 days). l ...	1984	6497146
diazepam and succinylcholine chloride for restraint of the american alligator.	diazepam followed by succinylcholine chloride was administered intramuscularly to 26 healthy mature female alligators on 2 occasions. the mean diazepam dosage was 0.37 mg/kg (range, 0.22 mg/kg to 0.62 mg/kg) and the mean succinylcholine chloride dosage was 0.24 mg/kg (range, 0.14 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg). this drug combination reduced stress and allowed adequate immobilization for restraint and handling. the reduced drug volume, low dosage of succinylcholine chloride required, short induction period ...	1984	6511577
morphologic, cytochemical, and functional studies of peripheral blood cells of young healthy american alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	samples of peripheral blood collected from healthy young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were studied to determine baseline values and characterize cell types. mean total leukocyte counts were 6.4 +/- 2.9 x 10(3)/mm3, with mean differential values of 54.7 +/- 47.5% heterophils, 10.4 +/- 6.0% eosinophils, 12.7 +/- 16.8% basophils, 23.9 +/- 4.9% lymphocytes, and 0.7 +/- 0.5% monocytes. mean total thrombocyte counts were 23.0 +/- 7.0 x 10(3)/mm3, and mean total erythrocyte counts w ...	1984	6732012
mycotic pneumonia caused by fusarium moniliforme in an alligator.	fatal pulmonary infection in a captive alligator (alligator mississippiensis) is reported. at necropsy, the animal appeared to be in excellent nutritional condition, but a severe necrotizing bronchitis with bronchiectasis was present. histological examination revealed numerous branched, septate, hyaline hyphae within the necrotic debris lining the bronchi and rarely infiltrating into the adjacent stroma. the fungus cultured from the lung was identified as f. moniliforme.	1985	4095646
isolation and partial characterization of a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of alligators exposed to cadmium.	seven american alligators, alligator mississippiensis, were each administered a single, intracardiac injection of cadmium chloride, at a dose of 1.0 mg cd/kg body wt. at sacrifice, the highest concentration of cd was found in the liver, bound to a cytosolic protein with characteristics similar to mammalian metallothionein (mt). gel filtration (sephadex g-75) of the cytosol revealed a peak containing cd and to a lesser extent, zinc (zn), having the same relative elution volume (ve/vo) as rat hepa ...	1985	2865051
alpha-crystallin a sequences of alligator mississippiensis and the lizard tupinambis teguixin: molecular evolution and reptilian phylogeny.	the amino acid sequences of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin a from many mammalian and avian species, two frog species, and a dogfish have provided detailed information about the molecular evolution of this protein and allowed some useful inferences about phylogenetic relationships among these species. we now have isolated and sequenced the alpha-crystallins of the american alligator and the common tegu lizard. the reptilian alpha a chains appear to have evolved as slowly as those of other ...	1985	3870872
distribution of ventilation in american alligator alligator mississippiensis.	the regional distribution of ventilation in the multicameral lung of spontaneously ventilating alligators (alligator mississippiensis) was studied with 133xe scintigraphy. frequent gamma camera images of 133xe washin and washout were obtained and processed to allow evaluation of regional ventilation. washin of 133xe to equilibrium occurred in three to four breaths in anterior, central, and posterior compartments. washin was most rapid in the posterior compartment and slowest in the anterior. the ...	1985	4051034
parasitism by placobdella multilineata (hirudinoidea: glossiphoniidae) and its first record from asia.	placobdella multilineata (hirudinoidea: glossiphoniidae) a temporary, bloodsucking ectoparasite, was previously recorded only from the southern united states, with turtles and the american alligator (alligator mississipiensis) as hosts. this is the first record of p. multilineata from asia (beijing, people's republic of china) and also a new host record for the estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus). the introduction of p. multilineata to asia occurred as a result of the transfer of american a ...	1985	3981352
the effect of chronic saline exposure on the electrolyte balance, nitrogen metabolism, and corticosterone titer in the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis.	juvenile alligators were exposed to fresh water, 5, 10, 15 and 20% sea-water for 4 weeks. hematocrit, plasma corticosterone, plasma and urine osmolality, [na+], [k+], [cl-] and uric acid were measured at weekly intervals. although no change was found in plasma nacl at 5%, a significant increase in nacl urine/plasma (u/p) ratio was found; however, no further increase in nacl u/p ratio was found at higher salinities, and plasma nacl increased with salinity. plasma corticosterone increased signific ...	1985	2864163
aerobic metabolism of american alligators, alligator mississippiensis, under standard conditions and during voluntary activity.	we measured the rate of consumption of oxygen by alligators in a dry metabolic chamber and in a tank of water where they were free to dive and surface at will at 10-35 degrees c, a range spanning most of the body temperatures experienced by alligators in nature. neither the standard metabolic rate nor the rate of oxygen consumption during one hour of sustained, voluntary activity varied with body mass, month of the year, duration of fasting before measurement, or experimental condition (terrestr ...	1985	2858324
oxygen binding in alligator blood related to temperature, diving, and "alkaline tide".	blood of alligator mississippiensis has a relatively high o2 affinity, the half-saturation o2 tension (p50) = 24.5 torr at ph 7.495, the arterial, normocapnic ph at 25 degrees c. although the overall temperature sensitivity of p50 at 15, 25, and 35 degrees c and constant ph is low, the effect on p50 almost doubles when measured at the in vivo ph of each temperature (delta happ = -24 and -47 kj/mol, respectively). the co2 bohr effect (theta co2 = -0.95) is 5.5 times greater than the fixed acid bo ...	1986	3096153
the effects of estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure in alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	the effects of exogenous estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure were studied in young male and female alligators. males and females responded in the same manner to estrogen treatment. eight days after the initial injection, plasma calcium was significantly greater in experimentals than in controls. no changes in femoral bone structure were observed.	1986	2871963
conserved restriction sites within the ribosomal rna genes of vertebrates.	we have mapped the cleavage sites of four restriction enzymes which recognize six-base sequences within the nuclear ribosomal (rrna) genes of twelve vertebrates, including several placental mammals (homo sapiens, man; bos taurus, cow; equus caballus, horse; sus scofra, pig; ovis aries, sheep; rattus rattus, rat), a marsupial (didelphis marsupialis, opossum), a bird (gallus domesticus, chicken), an amphibian (xenopus laevis), a reptile (alligator mississipiensis), a bony fish (cynoscion nebulosus ...	1986	3004584
gram-negative septicemia in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	six species of bacteria (family enterobacteriaceae) not commonly reported as associated with disease in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were documented, suggesting that aeromonas is not the only bacterium responsible for septicemia in crocodilians. these included citrobacter freundii, enterobacter agglomerans, proteus sp., morganella morganii, serratia marcescens, and klebsiella oxytoca. clinical signs of disease included intensive basking, anorexia, lethargy, flaccid limb paral ...	1986	3503133
identification of diverse molecular forms of gnrh in reptile brain.	gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) molecular forms in the brains of three reptiles, alligator mississippiensis (alligator), calcides ocellatus tiligugu (skink) and podarcis s. sicula (lizard) were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimmunoassay with region-specific antisera, and by assessment of luteinizing (lh)-releasing activity in chicken dispersed pituitary cells. in alligator brain two gnrhs had identical properties to the two known forms of chicken hy ...	1986	3550725
brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in the alligator. effects of temperature and hypoxia.	brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (baeps) were recorded from young alligators (alligator mississippiensis), and the effects of hypothermia, hyperthermia and hypoxia on the wave forms were determined. the wave form shape was similar to the human baep, although extra waves were routinely seen. the responses were highly repeatable and varied in a predictable manner as a function of stimulus frequency, polarity, intensity, and body temperature. rarefaction clicks produced longer wave form latenc ...	1987	2439283
identification of new c27 and c24 bile acids in the bile of alligator mississippiensis.	biliary bile acids of alligator mississippiensis were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after fractionation by silica gel column chromatography. it was shown that the alligator bile contained 12 c27 bile acids and 8 c24 bile acids. in addition to the c27 bile acids, such as 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid, 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-cholestanoic acid, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid, 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy ...	1987	3667554
structural and functional studies on insulin receptors from alligator brain and liver.	insulin receptors are present in membranes prepared from alligator mississippiensis brain and liver. the apparent molecular weight (mw) of the alpha subunits are 132 kda and 118 kda in liver and brain respectively. apparent mw of the beta subunit is 92 kda in both brain and liver receptors. despite the structural differences between brain and liver alpha subunits, brain insulin receptors demonstrate the normal coupling between alpha and beta subunits, i.e. following binding of insulin to the alp ...	1987	3829632
the ultrastructure of alligator conductive tissue: an electron microscopic study of the sino-atrial node.	a combined electrophysiological and morphological study was made to distinguish between the conductive and contractile elements of the alligator mississippiensis heart. microelectrophysiological recordings revealed a frequent occurrence of cells in the sino-atrial node that showed spontaneous diastolic depolarization, while light and electronmicroscopic studies indicated that the corresponding area is characterized by cells with a high glycogen content, poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum an ...	1987	3591356
plasma sex-steroid binding protein in a seasonally breeding reptile, alligator mississippiensis.	the properties of a sex-steroid binding protein (ssbp) in the plasma of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, were partially characterized. alligator ssbp has a sedimentation coefficient of 4s in a 5-20% sucrose gradient. it binds to estradiol-17 beta (e2) and testosterone (t) with limited capacities and moderate affinities (association constant for [3h]e2 is 4.70 +/- 0.09 x 10(8) m-1 and for [3h]t is 1.05 +/- 0.07 x 10(8) m-1, mean +/- sem of six determinations). plasma ssbp level ...	1987	3100387
glutamine synthetase in liver of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis.	glutamine synthetase was shown to be localized in liver mitochondria of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, by immunofluorescent staining of frozen liver sections and by the detection of enzymatic activity and immunoreactive protein in the mitochondrial fraction following subcellular fractionation of liver tissue by differential centrifugation. the primary translation product of alligator liver glutamine synthetase mrna was shown to have an mr = 45,000 which is similar if not ide ...	1987	2884075
egg yolk serositis in an american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	an adult female american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) had diffuse, yellow, granular serosal thickening at necropsy. light microscopic examination of affected stomach, small intestine and spleen revealed a chronic proliferative serositis associated with 3 to 15 micron eosinophilic extracellular globules identified histochemically and morphologically as egg yolk. the intracoelomic egg yolk was considered to be the cause of the serosal reaction.	1988	3193569
lipids from the paracloacal glands of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	lipids from the paracloacal glands of adult and of immature american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. acetate esters (c12-c18) were indicated in the adults' secretions. immature alligators contain c10-c18 acetates, c12-c18 dodecanoates, tetradecanoates and other high molecular weight esters, and c10-c16 3-methyl-butanoates. cholesterol, c16 and c18 free fatty acids, and α-tocopherol (vitamin e) were detected in some samples. the resul ...	1988	27520123
bone morphometrics and tetracycline marking patterns in young growing american alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	nine young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were injected at monthly intervals with tetracycline to determine the bone apposition rate and the resorption patterns over a 3-mo period. the periosteal apposition rate increased progressively over the 3-mo period from 2.99 microns/day to 5.94 microns/day. endosteal apposition rate was much slower with incomplete tetracycline lines being observed on the endosteum. this suggests that most modeling-resorptive activities occur on the endo ...	1988	3352098
[comparative studies on renaturation kinetics of alligator sinensis and alligator mississippiensis and their organization of the genomes].		1988	3273685
histological evidence of fusion between the posterior palatal shelves and the floor of the mouth in alligator mississippiensis.	unlike the anterior four-fifths of the secondary palatal shelves the posterior one-fifth grows vertically downward along the side of the tongue and unites with the floor of the mouth. this feature appears to be unique to alligators, and may be important in the development of the basihyal valve. the valve seals off the mouth from the nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx, and thus allows simultaneous breathing and capturing of prey while in the aquatic environment. this developmental feature may enh ...	1988	3252777
intestinal brush border membrane-bound disaccharidases of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis.	1. the disaccharidase activities of the small intestines of american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were studied in epithelial scrapes and brush-border membrane preparations. 2. maltase, isomaltase and trehalase activities were found. activities of these enzymes were higher in the proximal small intestine and decreased distally. 3. disaccharidase activities were enriched 12-15 times in brush-border membrane preparations, compared with mucosa/enterocyte crude homogenates and were co-enri ...	1988	3066578
development of the pulmonary vein in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	the origin of the embryonic common pulmonary vein in terrestrial vertebrates is still uncertain. most earlier studies in nonhuman embryos describe the vein as entering the sinus venosus. the currently prevailing view, however, based largely on the study of human material, is that the embryonic common pulmonary vein is associated with the left atrium from its inception. we recently observed the pulmonary vein entering the sinus venous part of the right atrium in several normal dog embryos of a st ...	1988	3213967
concentrations of contaminants in muscle of the american alligator in florida.	samples of tail muscle from 32 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida were analyzed for contaminant concentrations to provide preliminary information on the potential public health hazard of meat consumption. detectable levels were found for eight metals; copper, zinc, iron, chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic. mean residue was highest for mercury (geometric mean = 0.61 ppm). dde, ddd, ddt, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, and pcb's were found. mean residue co ...	1988	3352097
initial antibiotic therapy for alligator bites: characterization of the oral flora of alligator mississippiensis.	an open thumb fracture resulting from an alligator bite became infected with aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter agglomerans, and citrobacter diversus. the patient was treated by surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. we obtained cultures from the mouth of ten alligators to characterize their oral flora. initial empiric therapy after alligator bites should be directed at gram-negative species, in particular, aeromonas hydrophila and anaerobic species including clostridium. of the numerous f ...	1989	2783788
the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxygenase (mfo) system of alligator mississippiensis: induction by 3-methylcholanthrene (mc).	1. pretreatment of alligators i.p. with 3-methylcholanthrene (mc) resulted in a 1.6-fold increase (p less than 0.001) in cytochrome p-450 specific content and a bathochromic shift in the absorption maximum of reduced, co-liganded microsomes (448 nm). 2. control and mc microsomal cytochrome p-450 binding spectra with a number of type i and type ii ligands were similar. 3. mc treatment of alligators resulted in a 12-fold increase in benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity, which was inhibited 82% by 0 ...	1989	2815823
mobilization of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium by embryonic alligators (alligator mississippiensis).	the yolk of an alligator (alligator mississippiensis) egg contains approximately 115 mg of ca, 180 mg of p, and 17 mg of mg at oviposition. this compartment is the primary (or sole) source of p and mg for the forming embryo. both of these elements are depleted rapidly from the yolk once the embryo enters the growth phase of development. the yolk also is an important source of ca for the embryo, particularly during the first two-thirds of incubation. during the last trimester of development, howe ...	1989	2604009
differential distribution and ultrastructural staining of oxytalan and elastic fibers in the periodontal ligament of alligator mississippiensis.	we have investigated ultrastructural cytochemical properties of elastic elements in alligator periodontal ligaments decalcified with edta and stained with 1) the tannic acid-uranyl acetate (ta-ua) method for elastin in combination with elastase digestion; 2) the high iron diamine-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (hid-tch-sp) method with prior treatment of specimens with either monopersulphate or cupric-sulphite reagent for the localization of disulphide- and/or sulphydryl-containing material ...	1989	2480070
form and function of the feeding apparatus of alligator mississippiensis.	the architecture of the jaw muscles and their tendons of alligator mississippiensis is described and their function examined by electromyography. alligator grabs its prey with forward lunges or rapid lateral movements of the head. it does not engage in regular masticatory cycles. prey is manipulated by inertial movements and the tongue does not appear to play any role in transport. the mm. adductor mandibulae externus, adductor mandibulae posterior, and pterygoideus activate bilaterally and simu ...	1989	2810373
responses by canids to scent gland secretions of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox).	many snakes discharge malodorous fluids from paired scent glands in the base of the tail when they are disturbed. a number of authors suggest that these secretions repel predators. scent gland secretions of the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), or dichloromethane extracts of them, were presented to coyotes (canis latrans) in three field tests, and to domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in two kennel tests, to determine whether responses of possible benefit to snakes are elicited. fr ...	1989	24272101
patterns of metabolism in embryonic reptiles.	vo2 of eggs of the turtle emydura macquarii, the crocodilian alligator mississipiensis, and the tuatara sphenodon punctatus, were measured throughout incubation. e. macquarii and a. mississipiensis, species in which hatching synchrony may be important, show a decline in vo2 prior to hatching ('peaked' pattern). this is similar to the pattern shown by ratite birds, where the decline period may be variable and facilitates hatching synchrony. the same interpretation is used here for reptiles. hatch ...	1989	2749027
ventilation-perfusion relationships in alligators.	we measured v/q distributions with the multiple inert gas elimination technique in five anesthetized artificially ventilated american alligators at 24 degrees c. the overall v/q was relatively high (2.0 to 7.2) because of continuous artificial ventilation. the v/q distributions were usually unimodal (log standard deviation of q distribution averaged 0.47 +/- 0.09 [sd] and there was considerable shunt (28.5 +/- 10.3% of cardiac output). the data are consistent with a pulmonary, rather than centra ...	1989	2813990
protein and energy relationships in the diet of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	first-year alligators (alligator mississippiensis) averaging 377-857 g body weight were fed diets containing various levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate. in experiment 1, nine diets arranged in a centrally rotatable composite design contained 0-36% extruded corn and 4-20% total fat. response surface analysis predicted maximum responses in performance criteria at 6.3-18.8% corn and 15.8-27.4% fat. corn inclusion at up to 27-36% of diet resulted in equal or improved performance compared to car ...	1990	2366112
size-dependent pigmentation-pattern formation in embryos of alligator mississippiensis: time of initiation of pattern generation mechanism.	the pigmentation pattern of alligator mississippiensis was examined. the number of white stripes on the dorsal side of embryos (stages 21-28) and hatchlings from eggs incubated at 30 degrees c (100% females) and 33 degrees c (100% males) was recorded. total length, nape-rump length and tail length were recorded for each embryo and hatchling. the number of white stripes was affected by incubation temperature but not sex; hatchlings incubated at 33 degrees c had two more white stripes than those a ...	1990	1972793
development of the dentition in alligator mississippiensis: upper jaw dental and craniofacial development in embryos, hatchlings, and young juveniles, with a comparison to lower jaw development.	development of the upper dentition in alligator mississippiensis was investigated using a close series of accurately staged and aged embryos, hatchlings, and young juveniles up to 11 days posthatching, as well as some young and old adult specimens. studies from scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, acetate and computer reconstructions, radiography and macroscopy were combined to elucidate the details of embryonic dental development, tooth initiation pattern, dentitional growth, and eru ...	1990	2353674
the fine structure and elemental analysis of keratinized epithelium of the filiform papillae analysis on the dorsal tongue in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis).	the filiform papillae of subadult alligator (120 cm-260 cm total length) tongues are examined by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. the filiform papillae form cone-like structures and are observed over the entire dorsal surface of a relatively long tongue with a round tip. the filiform papillae are composed of four layers; outer, upper intermediate, lower intermediate, and basal layer. the keratinized epithelial cells are analysed by the sulphur (s), and nitrogen (n) ...	1990	1692402
analysis of gular and paracloacal gland secretions of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) by thin-layer chromatography gland, sex, and individual differences in lipid components.	secretions from the gular and the paracloacal glands of adult male and female american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were extracted with chloroform, weighed, and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. in both sexes, more lipoidal secretions were recovered from the paracloacal glands than from the gular glands. females produce more lipoidal secretions in both sets of glands than do males. the thin-layer chromatograms of extracts from both glands exhibit bands consistent with aliphatic a ...	1990	24264891