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molecular characterization and bioactivity evaluation of two novel bombinin peptides from the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis.following the exploration of biochemicals in amphibian defensive skin secretion, great attention has been focused on the novel bioactive peptides with unique molecular structures and complicated features and functions. in this study, the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, was acquired to search peptides with therapeutic potential. using "shotgun" cloning technique, a full-length peptide precursor co-encoding two novel bombinin peptides was cloned from the skin secr ...029098406
discovery of two bombinin peptides with antimicrobial and anticancer activities from the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis.amphibian skin secretions are known to contain numerous peptides with a large array of biological activities. bombinins are a group of amphibian-derived peptides with broad spectrum antimicrobial activities that have been only identified from the ancient toad species, bombina. in this study, we described the identification and characterization of a novel bombinin precursor which encoded a bombinin-like peptide (blp-7) and a novel bombinin h-type peptide (named as bombinin h-bo) from the skin sec ...028636781
active peptides on smooth muscle in the skin of bombina orientalis boulenger and characterization of a new bradykinin analogue. 19734732297
local autonomy of gastrulation movements after dorsal lip removal in two anuran amphibians.the time-course of the remaining gastrulation movements has been investigated after removal of the dorsal lip, the presumptive foregut endoderm and the anterior mid-dorsal mesoderm as a plug-shaped mass of cells from beginning gastrulae of xenopus laevis and bombina orientalis. this embryonic region has been previously studied in its role as an organizer, when grafted into a host gastrula marginal zone. there is usually no effect of the removal of these cells, the first morphogenetically active ...19751151264
low resistance junctions between mesoderm cells during development of trunk muscles.1. electrical connexions between mesoderm cells have been examined during the formation of somites in xenopus laevis, bombina orientalis and ambystoma mexicanum. 2. in xenopus the resting potentials of presumptive myotome cells (-65 + 2 mv, s.e. of mean) and somite muscle cells (-65 +/- 0-6 mv s.e. of mean) were 40 mv, greater than dermatome cells (-25 +/- 0-6 mv, s.e. of mean). similar differences were found in bombina and ambystoma. 3. in all three species cells of the dermatome layer of the m ...19761255515
nuclear transplantation in bombina orientalis and utilization of the pale mutation as a nuclear marker.the discoglossid frog, bombina orientalis, displays many characteristics that make it desirable as a laboratory animal. we report here the first successful transplantation of embryonic nuclei into enucleated eggs of this organism. the participation of the grafted nucleus in the development of the transplant embryos was confirmed with the use of a genetic marker, the pale mutation. frogs homozygous for this recessive gene are much lighter in appearance than the wild-type animals. the use of this ...1978702081
embryonic stages: morphology, timing, and variance in the toad bombina orientalis. 1978688111
the cell cycle and transplantation of blastula nuclei in bombina orientalis. 1978680362
ontogeny of melanophore patterns in haploid and diploid embryos of the frog, bombina orientalis.diploid tadpoles of the discoglossid frog, bombina orientalis, possess a distinctive rectangular network of epidermal melanophores. the ontogeny of this network was examined and utilized as a model for the comparison of tissue integrity and cellular interactions in diploid and haploid embryos. during the process of network formation in diploids, a variety of melano-phore-melanophore interactions was observed. these included temporary contacts between neighboring melanophore processes, deviations ...197930200695
cellular morphology in haploid amphibian embryos.external surfaces of haploid and diploid embryos of bombina orientalis were examined with the scanning electron microscope to determine the possible contribution of cellular morphology to the amphibian haploid syndrome. cellular anomalies were prevalent in all surface areas of haploid embryos. the epithelium appeared uneven due to the displacement of ciliated cells and the rounded surfaces of the non-ciliated cells. the ratio of ciliated to non-ciliated cells was altered in comparison to diploid ...19807217870
genetic and experimental studies on a pigment mutation, pale (pa), in the frog, bombina orientalis.a mutant gene, pale, (pa) has been discovered in the discoglossid frog, bombina orientalis. breeding experiments indicate that the gene is recessive to the wild-type allele (p). embryos, tadpoles and adults homozygous for the pale gene are lighter in coloration than wild-type animals. eggs produced by pale females appear normally pigmented. neural-retina defects were apparent in pale tadpoles. parabiosis experiments revealed that the pale and wild-type phenotypes were unaffected by circulating f ...19807400738
responses of amphibian embryos and blastomeres to a tumor-promoting phorbol ester.phorbol ester tumor promoters such as 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) alter the morphology and differentiated states of numerous cell types in vitro. it is likely that these molecules are teratogenic for vertebrate embryos in which cytodifferentiation, cell-tissue interactions, and cellular motility are prominent. by examining embryonic effects, i thought that insights into mechanisms might be gained that would not be apparent in adult tissues. the purpose of this study was to charact ...19827083170
amphibian cell culture: established fibroblastic line from embryos of the discoglossid frog, bombina orientalis.a new amphibian cell line, bor ii, is described. it was initiated from stage 20 embryos of the discoglossid frog, bombina orientalis. in early passages the cell line had an epithelioid morphology. beginning at or around subcultivation 16, a more fibroblastic cell type emerged and rapidly became predominant. these later passage cells were able to proliferate in low (1.0%) serum, displayed frequent overlaps, and lacked postconfluent inhibition of cell division. the cell line was unable to survive ...19836862516
developmental time of the hemoglobin transition in the anuran bombina orientalis.the electrophoretic pattern of the larval hemoglobin of the anuran bombina orientalis presents two bands. in premetamorphic period gradually appear four other bands, corresponding to those of the adult hemoglobin; they substitute, within 15-16 days after metamorphosis, the larval pattern. the percentage of larval and adult fractions during the development is shown. in bombina orientalis the change of the hemoglobinic fractions from larval to adult type is total as in most anurans. but it starts ...19836872517
[the infection status of sparganum and gnathostoma in frogs of southern part of korea]a survey on the infection status of sparganum and gnathostoma in frogs was carried out in 11 areas in gyeongsangnam-do and cheonlanam-do province, a southern part of korea. 1. among 626 frogs examined, 4 percent were infected with sparganum, but none with gnathostoma. the infection rates of sparganum were variable according to the areas. those from kimhae, sunchun, jinhae, sachun, kosung, keoje, and hadong were 16 %, 9.1 %, 9.1 %, 4.1 %, 2 %, 2 %, and 1.5 % respectively, but frogs from hapchun, ...198312902672
[isolation of a new serotype of leptospira from bombina orientalis (boulenger)]. 19836675967
metallothionein present or induced in the three species of frogs bombina orientalis, bufo bufo japonicus and hyla arborea japonica.a low molecular weight copper (cu)- and/or zinc (zn)-binding protein was present in the livers (and kidneys) of the three species of frogs bombina orientalis, bufo bufo japonicus and hyla arborea japonica. cadmium (cd) accumulated in the livers (and kidneys) after repeated i.m. injections of cd2+ was mostly bound to the same metal-binding protein as cd, zn- or cd, zn, cu-thionein. concentrations of cd and several essential elements in the livers and kidneys of the three species of frogs were det ...19846151449
peroxisomes in the liver of frog, bombina orientalis. 19846488404
variation and timing of the cranial ossification sequence of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis (amphibia, discoglossidae).the sequence of appearance of the 17 different skull bones in the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, is described. data are based primarily on samples of ten or 11 laboratory-reared specimens of each of 11 gosner developmental stages (36-46) representing middle through late metamorphosis. ossification commences as early as stage 37 (hind limb with all five toes distinct), but the full complement of adult bones is not attained until stage 46 (metamorphosis complete). number of bones ...198430049067
pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. i. structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern.wild-collected adults of bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. as a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing b. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the "normal" adult. structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) dorsal green skin contains a "typical" dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores ...198430029563
development and ciliation of the palate in two frogs, bombina and xenopus; a comparative study.the morphological changes that occur during metamorphosis in the palates of two types of anuran larvae (a discoglossid, bombina orientalis, and a pipid, xenopus laevis) are compared. in b. orientalis the structural changes are accompanied by the ciliation of the palate epithelium. ciliation begins in the anterior region of the palate and continues in a posterior direction throughout metamorphosis. by contrast, the palate of x. laevis never becomes ciliated during its development. instead, two ci ...19854089862
the role of the jelly coat in amino acid transport in embryos of bombina orientalis.the obligatory role of the jelly coat for maximal transport of all amino acids, including those found to be jelly coat-independent in xenopus laevis embryos, has been shown in bombina orientalis embryos. amino acid transport in dejellied embryos (without fertilization membrane and jelly coats) of bombina, reconstituted with either intact or homogenized jelly coats, was similar to the values in normal embryos. amino acid transport in totally dejellied embryos, and those surrounded with fertilizat ...19862871977
mauthner neurons survive metamorphosis in anurans: a comparative hrp study on the cytoarchitecture of mauthner neurons in amphibians.giant medullary neurons were revealed in adult xenopus laevis and rana esculenta following hrp injections to the spinal cord. these neurons were identified as mauthner neurons because (1) they have the same position and orientation as the larval mauthner neurons, i.e., they lie at the level of the viiith nerve root. (2) they have two large dendritic trees that for each species are similar to those of the larval mauthner neurons, (3) they are clearly distinguishable from other large reticular neu ...19863081602
[isolation and identification of c-12-h peptide from the skin of bombina orientalis in china]. 19873659969
developmental plasticity and maternal effects of reproductive characteristics in the frog, bombina orientalis.life history theory suggests that reproductive characteristics such as ovum size and clutch size should be well buffered against vararies of the environment. however, studies which demonstrate environmental sensitivity of reproductive characteristics are increasing in number, as are studies which find that maternal effects are responsible for much of the variation in developmental and growth rates in embryonic and larval fish and amphibians. the data reported here demonstrate that the environmen ...198728312256
isolation and identification of c-12-h peptide from the skin of bombina orientalis from china. 19873599136
frequency and time domain comparison of low-frequency auditory fiber responses in two anuran amphibians.a comparative study of the phase-locked response of auditory nerve fibers was performed in two frog species, eleutherodactylus coqui and bombina orientalis. from the tuning characteristics and phase response of single auditory nerve fibers to low frequency tones (0.08-1.0 khz) we attempt to deduce the mechanics of the auditory organ responsible for low-frequency hearing in the frog, the amphibian papilla (a.p.). the phase-locked responses of auditory nerve fibers in b. orientalis were essentiall ...19873558132
the effect of chemically produced shifts in developmental timing on postmetamorphic morphology in bombina orientalis.the effect of altering developmental timing on postmetamorphic morphology was examined in the frog bombina orientalis. the length of the larval period was manipulated with the use of a thyroid inhibitor. results show that differences in time to metamorphosis are correlated with shifts in postmetamorphic relative hindlimb length. furthermore, these differences in relative hindlimb length are similar to those found among closely related species. variation in the timing of development may be respon ...19873436400
skull development during anuran metamorphosis: iii. role of thyroid hormone in chondrogenesis.metamorphosis of cranial cartilages in anuran amphibians constitutes one of the most dramatic and extensive ontogenetic transformations in vertebrates. we quantitatively examined the role of thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine; t3) in mediating gross aspects of this morphological repatterning in the skull of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. t3 was administered via plastic (elvax) micropellets in three treatment dosages (2.5, 0.25, and 0.025 microgram) and one control d ...19883392514
skull development during anuran metamorphosis. ii. role of thyroid hormone in osteogenesis.we examined the role of thyroid hormone (th) in mediating cranial ossification during metamorphosis in the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. exogenous t3 (3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine) was administered in three treatment dosages (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 micrograms) plus a control dosage via plastic micropellets implanted within the dermis of tadpoles of three gosner developmental stages: 28/29, 30/31, 32/33. tadpoles were recovered after 2, 4, 6, and 8 d, and scored for the presence of ...19883414976
sex differentiation and early gonadal development in bombina orientalis (anura: discoglossidae).gonadal differentiation in premetamorphic bombina orientalis is described and staged. the pattern of events during differentiation in bombina differs in several respects from that previously described in other anurans. the bombina gonad initially develops on the ventral surface of the vena cava, where there is no pre-existent somatic genital ridge prior to the arrival of the germ cells. the sexually undifferentiated gonad does not have a distinct cortex and medulla; instead, medullary cells ingr ...198929865634
morphological integration in the cranium during anuran metamorphosis.we examined the role of thyroid hormone in mediating morphological integration between cranial cartilage and bone during anuran metamorphosis. exogenous t3 applied to premetamorphic tadpoles (bombina orientalis) via intracranial implants of plastic micropellets precociously induced typical metamorphic changes in both tissues, but also dissociated the relative timing of developmental events between them. morphological integration between the two primary cranial tissues is achieved in part by each ...19892776858
amphibian (urodele) myotomes display transitory anterior/posterior and medial/lateral differentiation patterns.myotome differentiation during mexican axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) somitogenesis was analyzed by employing anti-actin and anti-myosin monoclonal antibodies as molecular probes. myotome differentiation occurs after segmentation and proceeds in the cranial-to-caudal direction along the somite file. within individual somites myotome differentiation displays distinct polarities. examination of the somite file at the tailbud stage revealed that soon after segmentation, actin/myosin accumulate predo ...19892647546
activation and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids and bile acid intermediates in liver from bombina orientalis and from the rat.1. bombina orientalis excretes mainly c27 bile acids: trihydroxycoprostanic and varanic acids. more than 90% of the trihydroxycoprostanic acid (thca) present in the bile, was conjugated with taurine; varanic acid was present in the unconjugated form. 2. trihydroxycoprostanoyl-coa (thc-coa) synthetase activity, required for the formation of the taurine conjugate, was present in the liver of bombina orientalis. 3. peroxisomal beta-oxidation, which catalyzes the oxidation of fatty acids as well as ...19892706931
cloning of cdnas encoding amphibian bombesin: evidence for the relationship between bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide.bombesin is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from frog skin; its mammalian homologue is the 27-amino acid peptide gastrin-releasing peptide (grp). cdnas encoding grp have been cloned from diverse species, but little is yet known about the amphibian bombesin precursor. mass spectrometry of hplc-separated skin exudate from bombina orientalis was performed to demonstrate the existence of authentic bombesin in the skin of this frog. a cdna library was prepared from the skin of b. orientalis an ...19902263631
bombinin-like peptides with antimicrobial activity from skin secretions of the asian toad, bombina orientalis.the structures and hemolytic and bactericidal activities of three bombinin-like peptides, or blp-1-3, from the skin of bombina orientalis are described. the peptides were isolated from the skin of b. orientalis and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry and are amphipathic, cationic peptides of 25-27 amino acids in length. the sequence of the most abundant member (blp-1) is: gly-ile-gly-ala-ser-ile-leu-ser-ala-gly-lys-ser-ala-leu-lys-gly-leu- ala-lys-gly-leu-ala-glu-his-phe-ala-asn-nh2. all three ...19911744108
quantification of percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole in the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis).spot-on application has proved to be an effective way to reach therapeutic doses of metronidazole and levamisole in fire-bellied toads. the percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole was quantified, using an aqueous solution of 1.008 mg/ml of metronidazole and an aqueous solution of 3.767 mg/ml of levamisole. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis of the percutaneous absorption revealed that of the amount applied, 75% of metronidazole and 90% of levamisole was absorb ...19921487842
gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) is not mammalian bombesin. identification and molecular cloning of a true amphibian grp distinct from amphibian bombesin in bombina orientalis.on the basis of structural homology and similar biological activity, gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) has been considered the mammalian equivalent of amphibian bombesin. in this paper we now show this to be incorrect. chromatography of frog (bombina orientalis) gut extracts demonstrated two peaks of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (bli), one similar in size to grp and one similar in size to amphibian bombesin. these peaks were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography then subjected to mass ...19921551901
maternal effects on offspring growth and development depend on environmental quality in the frogbombina orientalis.differences in maternal investment and initial offspring size can have important consequences for offspring growth and development. to examine the effects of initial size variability in the frogbombina orientalis, we reared larvae (n=360) in one of two treatments representing different levels of environmental quality. we used snout-vent length at the feeding stage (stage 25, gosner 1960) as a measure of maternal investment. in a "low quality" treatment, larvae were reared with two conspecific ta ...199228313513
detection and partial characterization of proopiomelanocortin-related end-products from the pars intermedia of the toad, bombina orientalis.steady-state analyses were performed on the proopiomelanocortin (pomc)-related end-products present in acid extracts of the pars intermedia of the anuran amphibian, bombina orientalis. sephadex g-75 gel filtration chromatography indicated that immunoreactive alpha-msh-sized material and n-acetylated beta-endorphin-related material are the major pomc-related products present in this tissue. the alpha-msh-sized immunoreactivity was further fractionated by reversed phase hplc. the major peak of imm ...19921327951
ultrastructure of the taste disc in the red-bellied toad bombina orientalis (discoglossidae, salientia).the taste disc of the red-bellied toad bombina orientalis (discoglossidae) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy and compared with that of rana pipiens (ranidae). unlike the frog, b. orientalis possesses a disc-shaped tongue that cannot be ejected for capture of prey. the taste discs are located on the top of fungiform papillae. they are smaller than those in ranidae, and are not surrounded by a ring of ciliated cells. ultrastructurally, five types of cells can be identified (mu ...19938481957
immune-complex-trapping cells in the spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis.the spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, consists of well-developed white pulp, separated from the lymphocytic marginal zone by the connective tissue boundary layer. injection of peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-peroxidase revealed that these immune complexes were localized on the surface of acid-phosphatase-positive and non-specific-esterase-positive cells in the white pulp. the majority of immune-complex-trapping cells were present around the blood vessels. cell proce ...19938443830
audio-motor interface in anurans.like males of many anuran species, fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis) call antiphonally, which demonstrates an auditory input into the call-generating network. males produce their calls by an inspiratory airstream, which is generated exclusively by contraction of the muscles of the buccal cavity. the painted frog (discoglossus pictus) possesses a combined inspiratory and expiratory call mechanism, and also uses only buccal muscles. these muscles are controlled by branchial motoneurons, whic ...19947803157
histological examination of the effects of corticosterone in larvae of the western toad, bufo boreas (anura: bufonidae), and the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis (anura: discoglossidae).the effects of corticosterone (cort)-treatment on various tissues were examined in two species of anuran larvae, the discoglossid bombina orientalis, and the bufonid bufo boreas. corticosterone was administered directly into aquarium water for 15 days. after treatment, histological analyses were conducted on skin, gut, spleen, thymus, and neural and muscle tissue. corticosterone treatment prevented sloughing of the skin, which resulted in a build-up of stratum corneum, and inhibited the developm ...19958531204
cloning of a receptor for amphibian [phe13]bombesin distinct from the receptor for gastrin-releasing peptide: identification of a fourth bombesin receptor subtype (bb4).bombesin is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from frog skin and demonstrated to have a wide range of actions in mammals. based on structural homology and similar biological activities, gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) has been considered the mammalian equivalent of bombesin. we previously reported that frogs have both grp and bombesin, which therefore are distinct peptides. we now report the cloning of a bombesin receptor subtype (bb4) that has higher affinity for bombesin than grp. pcr was ...19957597102
embryo surface morphology during post-gastrula development of the frog, bombina orientalis, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.to further study the morphology of the developing amphibian embryo, and to provide a basis for the characterization of abnormal embryogenesis, surface features of the bombina orientalis embryo during post-gastrula development were examined with the scanning electron microscope. ciliated cells similar to those reported for rama pipiens and ambystoma mexicanum were observed in the epidermis. epidermal secretory cells displaying large numbers of exocytotis apertures become prominent at the early ta ...1996500492
spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in seven frog species.spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were screened for in five advanced frog species (hyla cinerea, n = 10 ears; hyla chrysoscelis, n = 10; hyla versicolor, n = 7; leptodactylus albilabris, n = 2; rana pipiens pipiens, n = 8), and two primitive frog species (xenopus laevis, n = 9; bombina orientalis, n = 12). emissions were found in 90% of the advanced species' ears, whereas none of the primitive species' ears had emissions. emission frequencies ranged from 645 hz to 1680 hz. the absence of emissio ...19968951437
cranial neural-crest migration and chondrogenic fate in the oriental fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis: defining the ancestral pattern of head development in anuran amphibians.we assess cranial neural-crest cell migration and contributions to the larval chondrocranium in the phylogenetically basal and morphologically generalized anuran bombina orientalis (bombinatoridae). methods used include microdissection, scanning electron microscopy, and vital dye labeling, in conjunction with confocal and fluorescence microscopy. cranial neural-crest cells begin migrating before neural-fold closure and soon form three primary streams. these streams contribute to all cranial cart ...199629852612
formation of varanic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid from 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid in bombina orientalis.varanic acid (3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid; 24-oh-thca) is almost the sole component of bile acids in the bile of bombina orientalis. to examine in the mechanism of the formation of 24-oh-thca, radiolabeled (25r)- and (25s)-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihdroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acids [(25r)- and (25s)-thca] and (24e)-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihdroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-enoic acid (delta 24-thca) were administered intraperitoneally to b. orientalis, gal ...19968916357
there are three distinct forms of bombesin. identification of [leu13]bombesin, [phe13]bombesin, and [ser3,arg10,phe13]bombesin in the frog bombina orientalis.amphibian bombesin is the prototypic peptide that defines the bombesin-like peptide family. in this paper we show that in the frog bombina orientalis, there are actually 3 distinct forms of bombesin, and each of these peptides is an agonist with differing affinities for the known bombesin receptors. oligonucleotides complementary to the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the bombesin mrna were used to amplify bombesin-related cdnas from the skin, brain, and gut of b. orientalis. three classes of ...19968631814
molecular cloning of a bombinin gene from bombina orientalis: detection of nf-kappab and nf-il6 binding sites in its promoter.the sequence of a gene from bombina orientalis was determined which codes for antibacterial peptides. the gene comprises two exons separated by a large intron. exon 1 codes for the signal peptide, while exon 2 contains the genetic information for two identical bombinins and one bombinin h. the promoter region of the bombinin gene contains putative recognition sites for nuclear factors, such as nfkappab and nf-il6. in vivo experiments on b. orientalis have shown that a short contact with bacteria ...19989684858
pharmacology and cell biology of the bombesin receptor subtype 4 (bb4-r).recently, a fourth member of the bombesin (bn) receptor family (fbb4-r) was isolated from a cdna library from the brain of the frog, bombina orientalis. its pharmacology and cell biology are largely unknown, and no known natural cell lines or tissues possess sufficient numbers of fbb4-r's to allow either of these to be determined. to address these issues, we have used three different strategies. fbb4-r expression in cells widely used for other bn receptor subtypes was unsuccessful as was express ...199910353842
sequence of a gene from bombina orientalis coding for the antimicrobial peptide blp-7.the structure of a gene coding for bombinin-like peptides (blp) in bombina orientalis was determined. it comprises two exons separated by a 1337 bp intron. exon 1 codes for the signal peptide, while exon 2 contains the genetic information for blp-7 and a bombinin h-type peptide (gh-2). the promoter region contains putative recognition sites for nuclear factors, such as nf-il6 and nf-kappab. the analysis of the structure of this gene, compared with that of the previously reported blp-3 gene seque ...200011090922
an immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the red-bellied frog, bombina orientalis.the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells was studied immunohistochemically (pap method) in the alimentary tract of the red-bellied frog, bombina orientalis, using antisera against serotonin, somatostatin, chromogranin (cg), cholecystokinin (cck)-8, bombesin, secretin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide (pp). eight kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. these immunoreactive cells were located in the gastric glands of the stomach regions and in the inte ...200010907684
ontogeny of the bizarre: an osteological description of pipa pipa (anura: pipidae), with an account of skeletal development in the species.the adult osteology of the direct-developing pipid frog, pipa pipa, is described based on cleared-and-stained and dry skeletal specimens. observations on skeletal development are based on cleared-and-stained embryos and young removed from the backs of preserved females. osteologically, p.pipa is distinguished from its congeners and other pipid anurans by its large size and peculiar skull, which is extremely depressed and hyperossified. skulls of the smallest individuals are not significantly dif ...200010629097
establishment of a phagocytic cell line from bombina orientalis.continuous serum-free culture of bok-2 cells was generated from primary culture of the tail bud stage embryos of the toad, bombina orientalis. bok-2 cells can be maintained in modified l-15 serum-free medium prepared by mixing l-15 medium, lactalbumin enzymatic hydrolysate, sucrose and sodium bicarbonate. bok-2 cells have an ameboid behavior and morphology. when bok-2 and viable candida albicans were co-cultured, bok-2 cells showed an immune response characterized by chemotaxis, phagocytosis and ...200010650327
chemoarchitecture of the anuran auditory midbrain.the anuran torus semicircularis consists of several subnuclei that are part of the ascending auditory pathway as well as audiomotor interface structures. additionally, recent anatomical studies suggest that the midbrain tegmentum is an integral part of the audiomotor network. to describe the chemoarchitecture of these nuclei, taking into account the toral subdivisions, we investigated the distribution of serotonin, leucine-enkephalin, substance p, tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine d2-receptor, parv ...200011011065
structure-function relationships in bombinins h, antimicrobial peptides from bombina skin secretions.skin secretions of amphibia of the bombina genus contain two families of antimicrobial peptides, the bombinins (bombinin-like peptides) and the bombinins h (h for hydrophobic and hemolytic). the latter family includes a number of peptides containing a d-amino acid in the second position, in addition to their corresponding all l-isomers. the antimicrobial activity of three pairs of bombinin h isomers, h2/h4, h6/h7 and gh-1d/gh-1l, has been investigated. the first two pairs of peptides were actual ...200011090921
cranial neural crest cells contribute to connective tissue in cranial muscles in the anuran amphibian, bombina orientalis.the contribution of cranial neural crest cells to the development and patterning of cranial muscles in amphibians was investigated in the phylogenetically basal and morphologically generalized frog, bombina orientalis. experimental methods included fluorescent marking of premigratory cranial neural crest and extirpation of individual migratory streams. neural crest cells contributed to the connective tissue component, but not the myofibers, of many larval muscles within the first two branchial a ...200111543620
analyzing the radiation of the proenkephalin gene in tetrapods: cloning of a bombina orientalis proenkephalin cdna.analyzing the radiation of the proenkephalin gene in tetrapods: cloning of a bombina orientalis proenkephalin cdna: a proenkephalin cdna was cloned from the brain of the anuran amphibian, bombina orientalis (family: discoglossidae). this cdna is 1358 nucleotides in length, and contains an open reading frame that codes for 251 amino acids. within the open reading frame there are seven opioid (yggf) sequences. there were five met-enkephalin (yggfm) sequences that are flanked by sets of paired basi ...200111786186
involvement of rel factors in the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in amphibia.genes coding for antimicrobial peptides in amphibia reveal a remarkably high number of structural motifs for response elements, previously identified in the genes of insect antimicrobial peptides and in those of the mammalian acute phase response. this study focuses on the functional analysis of the bombinin gene promoter in a drosophila blood cell line, and the identification of kappab-binding factors in skin secretions of the frog bombina orientalis. transfection experiments demonstrated that ...200111168381
[intestinal motility of bombina orientalis hatchlings]. 200212695586
a novel proline rich bombesin-related peptide (pr-bombesin) from toad bombina maxima.a novel bombesin-related peptide was isolated from skin secretions of chinese red belly toad bombina maxima. its primary structure was established as pglu-lys-lys-pro-pro-arg-pro-pro-gln-trp-ala-val-gly-his-phe-met-nh(2.) the amino-terminal (n-terminal) 8-residue segment comprising four prolines and three basic residues is extensively different from bombesins from other bombina species. the peptide was thus named proline rich bombesin (pr-bombesin). pr-bombesin was found to elicit concentration- ...200211835992
bradykinins and their precursor cdnas from the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis).bradykinin and (thr(6))-bradykinin have been identified in the defensive skin secretion of the fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. the homologous cdnas for both peptides were cloned from a skin library using a 3'- and 5'-race strategy. kininogen-1 (bok-1) contained an open-reading frame of 167 amino acid residues encoding four repeats of bradykinin, and kininogen-2 (bok-2) contained an open-reading frame of 161 amino acid residues encoding two repeats of (thr(6))-bradykinin. alignment of both ...200212217414
distortion product otoacoustic emissions in frogs: correlation with middle and inner ear properties.four frog species, rana pipiens, scaphiopus couchii, xenopus laevis and bombina orientalis, were examined for distortion product otoacoustic emissions (dpoae). these species were chosen for their diverse otic morphologies. rana has a well-developed caudal extension of the amphibian papilla within the inner ear; scaphiopus, xenopus and bombina do not. rana and scaphiopus have a tympanic middle ear, xenopus has a subcutaneous tympanic disk and bombina has only an operculum. dpoaes were present in ...200212372639
an immunohistochemical study of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the red-bellied frog (bombina orientalis).the regional distribution and frequency of pancreatic endocrine cells in the red-bellied frog, bombina orientalis, were studied by the immunohistochemical peroxidase anti-peroxidase (pap) method using five types of specific mammalian antisera to insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) and secretin. the frequency was calculated as the mean number of each endocrine cell type/1,000 total cells (including exocrine and endocrine cells) using an automated image analysis pro ...200312777214
morphometric relationships of take-off speed in anuran amphibians.locomotory speed correlates with muscle mass (determining force and stride rate), limb length (stride rate and distance), and laterally compressed body trunk (force and stride distance). to delineate generalization of the locomotory-morphometric relationships specifically in anuran amphibians, we investigated take-off speed and the three morphological variables from seven species, rana nigromaculata, r. rugosa, and bombina orientalis, eleuthrodectilus fitzingeri, e. diastema, bufo typhonius, col ...200312975797
identification and molecular cloning of novel trypsin inhibitor analogs from the dermal venom of the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) and the european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata).the structural diversity of polypeptides in amphibian skin secretion probably reflects different roles in dermal regulation or in defense against predators. here we report the structures of two novel trypsin inhibitor analogs, boti and bvti, from the dermal venom of the toads, bombina orientalis and bombina variegata. cloning of their respective precursors was achieved from lyophilized venom cdna libraries for the first time. amino acid alignment revealed that both deduced peptides, consisting o ...200312948839
morphology, axonal projection pattern, and responses to optic nerve stimulation of thalamic neurons in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis.intracellular recording and biocytin labeling were carried out in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis to study the morphology and axonal projections of thalamic (th) neurons and their responses to electrical optic nerve stimulation. labeled neurons (n = 142) were divided into the following groups: th1 neurons projecting to the dorsal striatum; th2 neurons projecting to the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei; th3 neurons projecting to the medial or dorsal pallium; th4 neurons wit ...200312722107
morphology and axonal projection pattern of neurons in the telencephalon of the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis: an anterograde, retrograde, and intracellular biocytin labeling study.the connectivity and cytoarchitecture of telencephalic centers except dorsal and medial pallium were studied in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis by anterograde and retrograde biocytin labeling and intracellular biocytin injection (total of 148 intracellularly labeled neurons or neuron clusters). our findings suggest the following telencephalic divisions: (1) a central amygdala-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the caudal midventral telencephalon, connected to visceral-autonomic cent ...200415334648
topographic representation of vestibular and somatosensory signals in the anuran thalamus.in the isolated brain of the fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, the spatial distribution of vestibular and somatosensory responses in thalamic nuclei was studied following electrical activation of the vth nerve, the ramus anterior of the viiith nerve and of the dorsal roots of spinal nerves 3 and 8. responses were systematically mapped in frontal planes through the diencephalon at four rostro-caudal levels. the calculated activity maps were superimposed on the outlines of diencephalic nuclei ...200414980737
phylogenetic relationships of discoglossid frogs (amphibia:anura:discoglossidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes.the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) genome was determined for three species of discoglossid frogs (amphibia:anura:discoglossidae), representing three of the four recognized genera: alytes obstetricans, bombina orientalis, and discoglossus galganoi. the organization and size of these newly determined mt genomes are similar to those previously reported for other vertebrates. phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimo ...200415588590
dorsal striatopallidal system in anurans.the dorsal striatopallidal system of tetrapods consists of the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen in mammals) and the dorsal pallidum. although the existence of striatal and pallidal structures has been well documented in anuran amphibians, the exact boundaries of these structures have so far been a matter of debate. to delineate precisely the dorsal striatopallidal system of anurans, we used quantitative analysis of leucine-enkephalin immunohistochemistry (in bombina orientalis, discoglossus pict ...200414648686
cdna cloning and expression of atp synthase subunit b from the fire-bellied frog bombina orientalis (anura: discoglossidae).we cloned the bombina orientalis adenosine triphosphate (atp) synthase subunit b gene from a b. orientalis oviduct cdna library. the transcript was 997 bp long and encoded 250 amino acid residues. it showed high similarity to amphibian (84-85%), mammalian (56-62%) and invertebrate (46-50%) sequences. in phylogenetic analyses, it clustered with other amphibian sequences. this gene was highly expressed in brain, intestine and oviduct but not in muscle and liver. in this paper, we report the basic ...200415497442
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of liver proteins following nonylphenol treatment of bombina orientalis boulenger. 200415386060
cdna cloning and expression of ferritin heavy chain 1, ferritin heavy chain 2 and hemoglobin genes from the fire-bellied frog bombina orientalis.we cloned two bombina orientalis ferritin heavy chains (ferritin heavy chains 1 and 2) and one hemoglobin beta-chain gene from a b. orientalis oviduct cdna library, and the length of transcripts was 882, 858 and 611 bp encoding 177, 177 and 148 aa, respectively. b. orientalis ferritin heavy chain genes showed high similarity to those of amphibia (88-93%), mammals (70-71%), and fishes (70-72%), and the hemoglobin beta-chain gene showed moderate similarity to amphibian (65-68%) and mammalian (54-5 ...200516329165
bisphenol a induces hepatic vitellogenin mrna in male bombina orientalis. 200516228865
effects of alachlor on survival and development of bombina orientalis (boulenger) embryos. 200516158861
connectivity and cytoarchitecture of telencephalic centers in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis.in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis, the connectivity and cytoarchitecture of telencephalic structures were studied by intracellular, anterograde and retrograde biocytin labelling in order to elucidate the neuronal basis of fear conditioning and context learning in amphibians. our findings suggest the existence of a central amygdala-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis complex in the caudal mid-ventral telencephalon, a vomeronasal amygdala in the caudolateral ventral telencephalon, an olf ...200516144601
immunohistological characterization of striatal and amygdalar structures in the telencephalon of the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis.the subpallium of the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis was studied by means of enzyme-histological detection of nadph-diaphorase and immunohistological demonstration of aspartate, gaba, calretinin, choline-acetyl transferase, leu-and met-enkephalin, neuropeptide y, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (serotonin), somatostatin, substance p and tyrosine-hydroxylase. as in other vertebrates, the striato-pallidum is characterized by gaba-, substance p- and enkephalin-immunoreactivity. neurons and fibers differ ...200515961238
molecular cloning of mrna from toad granular gland secretion and lyophilized skin: identification of bo8--a novel prokineticin from bombina orientalis.prokineticins are small (approximately 8 kda), biologically active secretory proteins whose primary structures have been highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom. representatives have been identified in the defensive skin secretions of several amphibians reflecting the immense structural/functional diversity of polypeptides in such. here we describe the identification of a prokineticin homolog (designated bo8) from the skin secretion of the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis). ...200515652643
the septal complex of the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis: chemoarchitecture.in order to investigate whether chemoarchitecture would support the subdivision of the anuran septum based on cytoarchitectonic and hodological studies, we performed enzyme-histochemical detection of nadph-diaphorase and immunohistological demonstration of choline-acetyl transferase (chat), aspartate, calretinin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide y (npy), somatostatin, leu- and leu + met-enkephalin, and substance p in the fire-bellied toad b ...200616229986
neuropeptide y suppresses glucose utilization in the dorsal optic tectum towards visual stimulation in the toad bombina orientalis: a [14c]2dg study.neuropeptide y (npy) experimentally administered to the surface of the optic tectum in visually stimulated fire bellied toads diminishes local glucose utilization in the retinorecipient tectal laminae. strong npy-induced suppression of tectal glucose utilization was found even when visual retinal input to the tectum was boosted pharmacologically under systemic apomorphine treatment. these novel results on the local cerebral energy metabolism contribute to the concept that npy controls retinotect ...200616209904
effect of nonylphenol on the expression of hepatic vitellogenin mrna in male bombina orientalis (boulenger). 200616832750
ecological and developmental context of natural selection: maternal effects and thermally induced plasticity in the frog bombina orientalis.variation in fitness generated by differences in functional performance can often be traced to morphological variation among individuals within natural populations. however, morphological variation itself is strongly influenced by environmental factors (e.g., temperature) and maternal effects (e.g., variation in egg size). understanding the full ecological context of individual variation and natural selection therefore requires an integrated view of how the interaction between the environment an ...200616568639
organization of the sensory input to the telencephalon in the fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis.the functional organization of sensory activity in the amphibian telencephalon is poorly understood. we used an in vitro brain preparation to compare the anatomy of afferent pathways with the localization of electrically evoked sensory potentials and single neuron intracellular responses in the telencephalon of the toad bombina orientalis. anatomical tracing showed that the anterior thalamic nucleus innervates the anterior parts of the medial, dorsal, and lateral pallia and the rostralmost part ...200717335050
organization of the pallium in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis. i: morphology and axonal projection pattern of neurons revealed by intracellular biocytin labeling.the cytoarchitecture and axonal projection pattern of pallial areas was studied in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis by intracellular injection of biocytin into a total of 326 neurons forming 204 clusters. five pallial regions were identified, differing in morphology and projection pattern of neurons. the rostral pallium receiving the bulk of dorsal thalamic afferents has reciprocal connections with all other pallial areas and projects to the septum, nucleus accumbens, and anterior dorsal ...200717245707
effects of meal size, meal type, and body temperature on the specific dynamic action of anurans.specific dynamic action (sda), the increase in metabolism stemming from meal digestion and assimilation, varies as a function of meal size, meal type, and body temperature. to test predictions of these three determinants of sda, we quantified and compared the sda responses of nine species of anurans, bombina orientalis, bufo cognatus, ceratophrys ornata, dyscophus antongilli, hyla cinerea, kassina maculata, kassina senegalensis, pyxicephalus adspersus, and rana catesbeiana subjected to meal size ...200717106741
chondrogenesis and ossification of the lissamphibian pectoral girdle.knowledge of amphibian shoulder development is requisite for further understanding of gnathostome pectoral girdle evolution. fish and amniotes share few pectoral girdle elements, but modern amphibians exhibit a unique combination of traits that bridge the morphological gap between these two groups. i analyzed patterns of chondrogenesis, ossification, and bone histology of the pectoral girdles of two anuran species (xenopus laevis and bombina orientalis) and two urodele species (ambystoma mexican ...200817999401
thalamo-telencephalic pathways in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis.it was suggested that among extant vertebrates, anuran amphibians display a brain organization closest to the ancestral tetrapod condition, and recent research suggests that anuran brains share important similarities with the brains of amniotes. the thalamus is the major source of sensory input to the telencephalon in both amphibians and amniote vertebrates, and this sensory input is critical for higher brain functions. the present study investigated the thalamo-telencephalic pathways in the fir ...200818395828
effects of endosulfan on survival and development of bombina orientalis (boulenger) embryos.the developmental toxicity of endosulfan was examined in the anuran bombina orientalis embryos. survival rates of embryos following 50 microm endosulfan treatment was significantly lower than vehicle control at 96 h onward. when the embryos develop to the tail fin circulation stage, embryonic survival was significantly decreased by 10 microm endosulfan treatment. surviving embryos showed various developmental abnormalities including tail dysplasia at 50 microm. by hampering the embryonic develop ...200818587519
effects of molinate on survival and development of bombina orientalis (boulenger) embryos.molinate, a thiocarbamate chemical is a slightly to moderately toxic herbicide in epa (environmental protection agency) toxicity class iii, and is a registered as a general use pesticide (gup). bombina orientalis is one of the most common amphibians in the world and comprise a large proportion of their total number in korea. b. orientalis spawns in the rice fields at spring when the massive application of agricultural chemicals occurs. in the present study, we examined the effects of molinate on ...200919002362
the bv8 gene from bombina orientalis: molecular cloning, genomic organization and functional characterization of the promoter.bv8 is a secreted peptide from bombina variegata skin glands with a molecular mass close to 8kda that is conserved in fish, amphibians and mammals. bv8 has diverse regulatory roles, including an involvement in hematopoiesis and immunomodulation. here we report the genomic organization of the gene from bombina orientalis coding for the bv8 homolog (bo8). it contains three exons separated by two large introns. several putative transcription factor binding sites have been identified in the promoter ...200919747954
peptide dv-28 amide: an inhibitor of bradykinin-induced arterial smooth muscle relaxation encoded by bombina orientalis skin kininogen-2.skin kininogens from bombinid toads encode an array of bradykinin-related peptides and one such kininogen from bombina maxima also encodes the potent bradykinin b2-receptor antagonist, kinestatin. in order to determine if the skin secretion of the closely-related toad, bombina orientalis, contained a bradykinin inhibitory peptide related to kinestatin, we screened reverse phase hplc fractions of defensive skin secretion using a rat tail artery smooth muscle preparation. a fraction was located th ...201020138946
effects of nonylphenol on early embryonic development, pigmentation and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine-induced metamorphosis in bombina orientalis (amphibia: anura).nonylphenol (np) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor in many aquatic species. in an effort to highlight the developmental toxicity of np in amphibians, we examined the effects of np on the embryonic survival, tadpole growth, melanophore development and metamorphosis of a native korean amphibian species, bombina orientalis (anura). when treated to fertilized eggs, 1 μm np significantly decreased embryonic survival at 48 h post fertilization (p.f.), suggesting that 1 μm np can exert systemic toxi ...201020870264
visual discrimination learning in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis.this study explored the visual discrimination learning ability of fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). two groups of toads were trained in a simultaneous visual discrimination task involving video footage of either black crickets on a white background (black-cricket toads) or white crickets on a black background (white-cricket toads). fifteen widely spaced acquisition trials were followed by 12 reversal trials. successful learning was observed by decreased incorrect snapping and reduced late ...201021048232
an indirect basal ganglia pathway in anuran amphibians?the mammalian subthalamic nucleus (stn) is a glutamatergic cell group within the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. it receives input from the external globus pallidus (gp) and in turn projects to the internal gp and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr). while the direct pathway from striatum to snr is well established in anurans, it is unknown whether they possess an indirect pathway including a stn homologue. the subthalamic region comprises the dorsocaudal suprachiasmatic nucleus (d ...201020206683
effect of carbaryl on survival and development in bombina orientalis (boulenger) embryos.bombina orientalis is one of the most common amphibians in the world and comprise a large proportion of their total number in korea. b. orientalis, spawns in the farming regions at spring when the massive application of agricultural chemicals occurs. carbaryl, carbamate chemical is a slightly to highly toxic insecticide inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. the embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects of carbaryl on b. orientalis embryos were investigated at 5, 10, 50 and 100 mum. the survival rates of ...201020401602
effects of endocrine disruptors on bombina orientalis p450 aromatase activity.to assess the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the expression and activity of aromatase in the gonads of bombina orientalis, a common amphibian, we intraperitoneally injected nonylphenol or bisphenol-a and then examined aromatase mrna levels by rt-pcr as well as aromatase enzymatic activity by tritiated water release assays. to design primers for the rt-pcr, we cloned the b. orientalis aromatase gene using rt-pcr and degenerate primers. the full-length cdna was obtained by 5'- and 3' ...201020377353
multisensory signals trigger approach behaviour in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis: sex differences and call specificity.animal communication often involves multimodal signals, and interactions between sensory modalities can trigger unique responses in receivers. response to social signals was investigated in fire-bellied toads by exposing them to playback of male calls (advertisement and release calls) and a video clip of a male conspecific in the laboratory. the cues were presented in isolation and as a combined bimodal stimulus, and approach frequency, latency to approach and time spent around the stimulus sour ...201121993061
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