Publications

the ecoresponsive genome of daphnia pulex.	we describe the draft genome of the microcrustacean daphnia pulex, which is only 200 megabases and contains at least 30,907 genes. the high gene count is a consequence of an elevated rate of gene duplication resulting in tandem gene clusters. more than a third of daphnia's genes have no detectable homologs in any other available proteome, and the most amplified gene families are specific to the daphnia lineage. the coexpansion of gene families interacting within metabolic pathways suggests that ...	0	21292972
interference with fasciola hepatica snail finding by various aquatic organisms.	previous studies using radioactive miracidia have shown that a number of non-host snails and bivalves, interposed as 'decoys' in linear test channels, may interfere with the capacity of fasciola hepatica miracidia to infect lymnaea truncatula. applying similar experimental principles, the role of several other potential interferents have been analysed in the present study. daphnia pulex (cladocera) and larvae of corethra sp. (diptera) exercised significant interfering effects by protecting 'targ ...	1977	876683
occurrence in monia rectirostris (cladocera: daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to pasteuria ramosa (metchnikoff, 1888).	pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans daphnia pulex and d. magna, was described by metchnikoff in 1888. because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. however, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of p. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (bspn) that was recently described in meloidogyne. as a result of these similarities, a search for p. ramosa was initiated. an organism resembling p. ramosa was found ...	1977	922608
acute toxicity studies of surfactants to daphnia magna and daphnia pulex.		1979	231941
chaoborus americanus predation on various zooplankters; functional response and behavioral observations.	predation rates for chaoborus americanus on different types of noncyclomorphic zooplankton prey were determined in the laboratory as a function of both prey species and density. the sequence of events leading to consumption of prey was also observed, and probabilities determined for the various components.predation rates generally reached an upper limit as the density of prey increased to high levels. larger prey were always less vulnerable to chaoborus predation. among the species of zooplankto ...	1980	28310942
effects of red-headed in sawfly, neodiprion lecontei, nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri, and daphnia pulex.	the effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) of the red-headed pine sawfly, neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri, were investigated. the fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill-effects were observed. similarly, no ill-effects were detected in daphnia pulex when the same npv was added to their culture medium. the materials were lyophilized, npv-infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, uninfected larvae ...	1981	7026655
effect of selenium deficiency on cuticle integrity in the cladocera (crustacea).	daphnia pulex de geer and daphnia magna straus populations cannot be maintained in defined (sensu stricto) media containing less than 0.1 part per billion (ppb) of selenium. a concentration of 1 ppb is sufficient to satisfy minimal needs in otherwise sufficient media. in the first generation with no selenium added to the medium or detected in it, media deficiency is shown by a premature cuticle deterioration visually similar to senescence, by progressive loss of distal segments of second antenna ...	1984	6587360
effects of four agricultural pesticides on daphnia pulex, lemna minor, and potamogeton pectinatus.		1985	4074929
acute toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to three cladoceran species.	the toxicity of an organotin pesticide, triphenyltin hydroxide, was assessed with several freshwater cladoceran species. daphnia pulex, daphnia magna, and ceriodaphnia dubia were exposed for 48 h to triphenyltin hydroxide in static acute toxicity tests. values of the 48-h trimmed spearman-karber ec(50)s for the three species were found to be 14.5, 16.5, and 11.3 microg litre(-1), respectively. analysis of variance performed on ec(50) values of replicates revealed no significant differences betwe ...	1989	15092487
demographic costs of chaoborus-induced phenotypic plasticity in daphnia pulex.	it has been proposed that morphological defenses against predation have demographic costs. we measured the cost of a predator-induced morphological defense, using predaceous phantom midge larvae chaoborus americanus (insecta, diptera) and the prey species daphnia pulex (crustacea, cladocera). the induced defense is a neck tooth (and other pleiotropic structures) developed in juvenile d. pulex in the presence of c. americanus. laboratory life table experiments, in the absence of predation, indica ...	1990	28313251
prey selection by mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) in california rice fields: effect of vegetation and prey species.	mosquitofish are widely used for biological control of mosquito larvae in rice fields, but the presence of different types of vegetation or alternative arthropod prey affects the performance of the fish. feeding experiments were conducted in 4 rice field vegetation zones. overall, predation was maximal in young and mature rice, moderate in the submerged naiad vegetation, and minimal in areas of open water. a preference for fourth instar culex tarsalis mosquito larvae over daphnia pulex and the a ...	1990	2324716
toxicity of microencapsulated permethrin to selected nontarget aquatic invertebrates.	microencapsulated permethrin (penncapthrin) was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its toxicity toward several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. average lc50 estimates for selected lotic invertebrates, based on a one hour dosing regime, were: 2.71 mg/l for simulium vittatum, 4.59 mg/l for hydropsyche spp., and 13.41 mg/l for isonychia bicolor. in acute static tests with daphnia magna, there was no significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.05) between the toxicity of penncapthrin at ...	1991	2014998
fate and effects of the insecticide dursban 4e in indoor elodea-dominated and macrophyte-free freshwater model ecosystems: i. fate and primary effects of the active ingredient chlorpyrifos.	the fate of the insecticide dursban 4e (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) and its effect on crustaceans and insects was studied in indoor experimental freshwater ecosystems that intended to mimick drainage ditches. a single dose (simulating aerial drift) was applied to achieve nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations of 5 or 35 micrograms/l. two experiments were performed, one in which all model ecosystems were dominated by the macrophyte elodea nuttallii, and one using systems devoid of macrophytes. i ...	1991	1379031
piperonyl butoxide as a tool in aquatic toxicological research with organophosphate insecticides.	experiments were conducted to determine the effects of piperonyl butoxide, a synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl inhibitor of cytochrome(s) p450, on the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides to three cladoceran test species: ceriodaphnia dubia. daphnia magna, and daphnia pulex. coadministration of piperonyl butoxide effectively reduced the acute toxicity of four metabolically activated organophosphates (parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, and malathion) and did not affect the toxicity of three ...	1991	1868783
the evolutionary ecology of an antipredator reaction norm: daphnia pulex and chaoborus americanus.	ponds containing the parthenogenetic zooplankter daphnia pulex with and without chaoborid predators were sampled over the course of a season. a significant (p < 0.05) spearman rank correlation was found between predator density and the expression of an antipredator defense (neckteeth) by the daphnia. the reaction norms (percent induction of a single genotype versus predator density) of clones isolated from predator-free and predator-rich habitats were determined in a laboratory setting. there wa ...	1991	28564128
chaoborus predation and life-history evolution in daphnia pulex: temporal pattern of population diversity, fitness, and mean life history.	the effect of predation by the aquatic dipteran larva chaoborus americanus on genetic diversity and life-history evolution in the cladoceran daphnia pulex was investigated in large replicate laboratory populations. instantaneous daily loss rates of clonal diversity and genetic variance for fitness indicate that 93-99% of initial genetic diversity can be removed from populations during the 8-12 generations of clonal reproduction that occur each year in natural populations. in the absence of preda ...	1991	28564082
phenotypic plasticity of daphnia pulex in the presence of invertebrate predators: morphological and life history responses.	morphological and life history traits of two clones of the cladoceran daphnia pulex were measured in the presence and absence of size-selective insect predators, the midge larva chaoborus flavicans, which preys on small daphnia, and the water bug notonecta glauca, which preys on large daphnia. the aim was to detect predator-induced phenotypic changes, particularly the effect of simultaneous exposure to both types of predators. other work has shown that in the presence of chaoborus americanus, da ...	1992	28312604
seasonal patterns of total and energy reserve lipids of dominant zooplanktonic crustaceans from a hyper-eutrophic lake.	seasonal patterns of lipid reserves and lipid classes of dominant zooplankton in a hyper-eutrophic lake were examined in relation to algal food resources. triacylglycerol was the principle lipid energy reserve in all five species examined. during the height of the yearlyaphanizomenon flos-aquae bloom, lipid levels of the principle herbivores (daphnia pulex andleptodiaptomus sicilis) and an omnivore (diacyclops bicuspidatus thomasi), were at their lowest concentration, suggesting that this cyanob ...	1992	28313577
grazing resistance in nutrient-stressed phytoplankton.	grazing experiments were performed with the zooplankters daphnia pulex and daphnia magna, feeding on phosphorus-saturated and phosphorus-limited cells of two green algae (scenedesmus subspicatus and selenastrum capricornutum). p-limited algal cells passed largely intact through the gut and were thus spared from heavy grazing pressure. p-saturated algal cells, in contrast, were efficiently assimilated. structural and morphological changes in the p-limited cells most probably reduced their digesti ...	1993	28313818
sequence of the intergenic spacer between the 28s and 18s rrna-encoding genes of the crustacean, daphnia pulex.	the intergenic spacer (igs) of the ribosomal dna of the crustacean, daphnia pulex, is 4819 bp in length, and contains two non-repetitive regions separated by two repetitive regions. the larger repetitive region contains three complete and one truncated copy of a 330-bp sub-repeat. each sub-repeat contains the sequence, 5'-tatatagggaag, which is very similar to the promoter sequences found in repeated elements in the igs of other organisms. the 3' non-repetitive region, which separates the repeat ...	1993	7916723
efficacy of clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia on target and nontarget organisms.	clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia (c.b.m.) is highly toxic to mosquito larvae. in this study, the following aquatic nontarget invertebrates were treated with high c.b.m. concentrations (up to 1,600-fold the toxic concentration for anopheles stephensi) to study their susceptibility towards the bacterial toxin: planorbis planorbis (pulmonata); asellus aquaticus (isopoda); daphnia pulex (cladocera); cloeon dipterum (ephemeroptera); plea leachi (heteroptera); and eristalis sp., chaoborus cry ...	1994	7912261
aquatic safety of lagenidium giganteum: effects on freshwater fish and invertebrates.	eleven freshwater species were exposed to a zoosporeproducing fungus, lagenidium giganteum, with the goal of determining species sensitivity with standard and new test procedures. the tests included standard, 4-day acute exposures of cladocerans (ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia pulex, and d. magna) and the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas). standard 7-day chronic exposures of c. dubia and a 7-day embryo-larval exposure of p. promelas were also conducted. new, 4-day acute, methods were developed f ...	1994	7806894
partial mitochondrial dna sequence of the crustacean daphnia pulex.	a 3667-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex has been sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for the small subunit ribosomal rna, nd2, seven trnas and the control region. this organization is identical to that found in drosophila yakuba mtdna yet d. pulex mtdna exhibits several unique features when compared to other mitochondrial sequences. the sequenced fragment is only 62.6% a + t which is much lower than that of any other arthropod mtdn ...	1994	8082168
rapid toxicity assessment using an in vivo enzyme test for brachionus plicatilis (rotifera).	a 1-hr in vivo enzyme inhibition assay based on esterase activity has good potential for marine toxicity assessment. a test was developed for the rotifer brachionus plicatilis based on the nonfluorescent substrate fluorescein diacetate (fda), which is metabolized by esterases to a fluorescent product. enzyme inhibition, as determined by reduced fluorescence, can be scored visually or quantified using a fluorometer. quantification of fluorescence permits the calculation of noec, loec, chronic val ...	1995	7540536
chaoborus crystallinus predation on daphnia pulex: can induced morphological changes balance effects of body size on vulnerability?	juvenile daphnia pulex form neckteeth in reponse to chemicals released by predatory chaoborus crystallinus larvae. formation of neckteeth is strongest in the second instar followed by the third instar, whereas only small neckteeth are found in the first and fourth instar of experimental clones. predation experiments showed that body-size-dependent vulnerability of animals without neckteeth to fourth instar c. crystallinus larvae matched the pattern of neckteeth formation over the four juvenile i ...	1995	28306785
mitochondrial dna diversity in an apomictic daphnia complex from the canadian high arctic.	cyclic parthenogenesis is the ancestral mode of reproduction in the cladoceran crustacean, daphnia pulex, but some populations have made the transition to obligate parthenogenesis and this is the only mode of reproduction known to occur in arctic populations. melanism and polyploidy are also common in arctic populations of this species. prior allozyme studies of arctic d. pulex revealed substantial levels of clonal diversity on a regional scale. clonal groupings based on cluster analysis of allo ...	1995	7735523
an aquatic toxicological evaluation of fenthion in the context of finch control in south africa.	queletox, containing fenthion as active ingredient, is the avicide formulation used in south africa to control red-billed finches (quelea quelea). control measures involve night spraying of roosting areas with a light aircraft. since roosting areas often include reedbeds along riversides and on islands, proper control is difficult without exposing the aquatic environment to some risk of contamination. this study tested the acute effects of fenthion, in association with the queletox formulation, ...	1995	8521783
partial sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex.	a 4062-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex was sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for eight trnas and five proteins (atp6, atp8, coii, coiii, nd3) and the partial sequence of coi. in combination with data described previously, approximately 50% of the d. pulex mitochondrial genome has been sequenced. the gene order in this half of the genome is identical to that of drosophila yakuba which differs from that of the other completely se ...	1997	9000380
the acute toxicity of selected alkylphenols to young and adult daphnia magna.	differences in sensitivity toward toxicants between young and adult individuals in a population are assumed to be primarily associated with their difference in body size. this assumption plays a key role in the modeling of effects of variable concentrations of toxicants on nonhomogeneous populations. the hazard-based no-effect-concentrations (necs), killing rates, and elimination rates, estimated from the survival data of a series of acute toxicity tests with young and adults of daphnia magna an ...	1998	9570914
investigating the potential impacts of chlorophenols on the lake baikal (siberia, russia) food web by employing daphnia grazing bioassays and a chlorella growth bioassay	a grazing bioassay was employed to assess the impacts of chlorophenols on daphnia magna and daphnia pulex. the effects of two chlorophenols, pentachlorophenol (pcp) and 4-chlorophenol, were investigated at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mg . l-1 over a 96-h period. all tests were conducted in water from the southern basin of lake baikal (siberia). for d. magna, grazing rates were significantly depressed after exposure to 0.001 mg . l-1 of pcp for 48 h or to 0.01 mg . l-1 of 4-chloropheno ...	1998	9504970
chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on freshwater cladocerans, amphipods, midges, minnows, worms, and snails.	the chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on survival and reproduction of daphnia pulex, and survival and growth of the amphipod hyalella azteca, the midge chironomus tentans, juvenile and embryo/larval fathead minnows, pimephales promelas, annelid worms, lumbriculus variegatus, and snails, physa gyrina, were determined in laboratory static and static-renewal tests. d. pulex 96-h and 7-day lc50 values were 17.9 and 7.1 mg/l; 7-day loael and noael values based on mortality and reproduction were ...	1998	9732475
the genetics of phenotypic plasticity. viii. the cost of plasticity in daphnia pulex.	in a heterogeneous world, the optimal strategy for an individual is to continually change its phenotype to match the optimal type. however, in the real world, organisms do not behave in this fashion. one potential reason why is that phenotypic plasticity is costly. we measured production and maintenance costs of plasticity in the freshwater crustacean daphnia pulex (cladocera: crustacea) in response to the presence of chemical signals from a predator, the insect chaoborus americanus. we looked a ...	1998	28568340
density-dependent effects of prey defences.	in this study, we show that the protective advantage of a defence depends on prey density. for our investigations, we used the predator-prey model system chaoborus-daphnia pulex. the prey, d. pulex, forms neckteeth as an inducible defence against chaoborid predators. this morphological response effectively reduces predator attack efficiency, i.e. number of successful attacks divided by total number of attacks. we found that neckteeth-defended prey suffered a distinctly lower predation rate (prey ...	2000	28308594
evaluating mosquito control pesticides for effect on target and nontarget organisms.	recent requirements for biomonitoring of urban stormwater runoff have raised the issue of toxic contributions from mosquito control products. a comparison of seven pesticides for their toxicity to target and nontarget organisms was conducted in field and laboratory trials to determine relative impacts in and around craighead county, arkansas. twenty-four and forty-eight-hour acute toxicity tests using ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia magna, daphnia pulex, and pimephales promelas were employed with u. ...	2000	10948282
morphological defenses induced in situ by the invertebrate predator chaoborus: comparison of responses between daphnia pulex and d. rosea.	the presence of plankton predators may induce altered morphology in their potential prey. to date, the mechanism of induction and adaptive value of such defensive responses have been examined in the laboratory. this study investigated the morphological defense structures induced by the invertebrate predator chaoborus in two coexisting daphnia species, d. pulex and d. rosea, in the field. in piscivore lake (gräfenhain, germany), continuous and intense biomanipulation had led to near elimination o ...	2000	28308217
acute toxicity and genotoxicity of aquatic hydrophobic pollutants sampled with semipermeable membrane devices.	triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (spmds) were deployed for 4 weeks in polluted water sources in lithuania. the mixtures of pollutants sampled by the spmds were fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography (sec). the fraction containing average molecular weight compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and organochlorine pesticides was screened by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. the whole (non-fractionated) samples and their sec fractions were tested in bi ...	2000	15092896
acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnids and three amphipods.	this study evaluated the acute toxicity of sodium selenate to two daphnid and three gammarid amphipod species. the daphnids, ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia pulex, were evaluated in 48-hour static tests and the amphipods, gammarus pseudolimnaeus, gammarus lacustris, and hyalella azteca, were evaluated in 96-hour static and flow-through tests. tests resulted in mean lc50's of 1.92, 9.12, 1.82, 3.05, and 1.95 mg/l selenium for c. dubia, d. pulex, g. pseudolimnaeus, g. lacustris, and h. azteca, resp ...	2001	11339714
the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin of vibrio cholerae promotes adherence to zooplankton.	the bacterium vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is often found attached to plankton, a property that is thought to contribute to its environmental persistence in aquatic habitats. the v. cholerae o1 el tor biotype and v. cholerae o139 strains produce a surface pilus termed the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha), whereas v. cholerae o1 classical biotype strains do not. although v. cholerae o1 classical does not elaborate msha, the gene is present and expressed at a level comp ...	2001	11425745
toxicity evaluation of natural and synthetic phenanthrenes in aquatic systems.	seven natural 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes were isolated from the common reed juncus effusus by means of chromatographic processes and identified by spectroscopic means. furthermore, mimics of natural isolated compounds were synthesized to try to evaluate the influence of functional groups on the dihydrophenanthrene skeleton. syntheses of compounds were based on the cross-coupling of 1-(2-iodo-5-methoxy)phenyl-ethanol with variously substituted iodobenzenes by zerovalent nickel. all the chemicals w ...	2001	11491568
macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the daphnia pulex group from the united states and mexico.	studies on the biogeographical patterning of reproductive systems promise to extend understanding of the factors which modulate breeding system transitions. two closely allied cladoceran crustaceans, daphnia pulex and d. pulicaria, show varied modes of reproduction, with populations reproducing by either cyclic or obligate parthenogenesis. prior studies have provided a detailed understanding of their breeding system diversity in the polar and cold temperate regions of north america. the present ...	2001	11703505
population-level effects of the neem insecticide, neemix, on daphnia pulex.	although natural insecticides from the neem tree are generally perceived as less harmful to the environment than synthetic insecticides, new evidence indicates that these products may pose a risk to certain nontarget organisms. in this paper, acute and chronic effects of commercial neem insecticides on the aquatic invertebrate, daphnia pulex were examined. the acute toxicity of two commercial neem insecticides, neemix, azatin and the experimental insecticide, rh-9999 to d. pulex was investigated ...	2001	11495023
comparative toxicity of two azadirachtin-based neem pesticides to daphnia pulex.	azadirachtin (aza)-based pesticides (neemix and bioneem) demonstrated toxicity in 48-h nonrenewal toxicity assays using daphnia pulex at levels that were comparable with several organophosphate pesticides. the median lethal concentration (lc50) values for the two neem pesticides were found to be 0.028 and 0.033 microl/ml, respectively. the lc50 value for nonformulated (95% pure) aza was determined to be 0.382 microg aza/ml. neemix and bioneem were exposed to air and northern sky daylight in a li ...	2002	11804058
derivation of a toxicity-based model to predict how water chemistry influences silver toxicity to invertebrates.	the effect of altering water chemistry on acute silver toxicity to three invertebrate species, two daphnids, daphnia magna and daphnia pulex, as well as an amphipod gammarus pulex was assessed. in addition, the physiological basis of ag(i) toxicity to g. pulex was examined. daphnia magna and d. pulex were more sensitive than g. pulex and 48 h lc(50) values in synthetic ion poor water were 0.47, 0.65 and 2.1 microg ag(i) l(-1), respectively. increasing water [cl(-)] reduced ag(i) toxicity in all ...	2002	12356532
complete mitochondrial dna sequence of a tadpole shrimp (triops cancriformis) and analysis of museum samples.	the complete mitochondrial dna (mtnda) of the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis was sequenced. the sequence consisted of 15,101 bp with an a+t content of 69%. its gene arrangement was identical with those sequences of the water flea (daphnia pulex) and giant tiger prawn (penaeus monodon), whereas it differed from that of the brine shrimp (artemia franciscana) in the arrangement of its genes for trnas. phylogenetic analysis revealed t. cancriformis to be more closely related to the water flea th ...	2002	12481263
pokey, a new dna transposon in daphnia (cladocera: crustacea).	we report the complete sequence of two representatives of the transposable element, pokey, isolated from the ribosomal dna of the cladoceran, daphnia pulicaria. we describe the general features of this element, which confirms its classification as a dna transposon. we show that pokey is similar to piggybac and, as such, is a member of the ttaa-specific family of elements. pokey is putatively autonomous, possessing an open reading frame that encodes a putative protein with similarity to piggybac' ...	2002	12486525
acute toxicity of drainage ditch water from a washington state cranberry-growing region to daphnia pulex in laboratory bioassays.	high concentrations of organophosphorous insecticides resulting from cranberry bog applications were detected in the grayland drainage ditch (gdd) system in grayland, washington state, during the 1994-1996 washington state department of ecology pesticide monitoring program. this drainage ditch system drains cranberry bogs and enters the pacific ocean via the north cove and supon inlet. concerns about the impact of these pesticides on human and environmental health led to this investigation of th ...	2002	12568464
new insights into the distribution of polyploid daphnia: the holarctic revisited and argentina explored.	it has long been known that polyploid organisms are more prevalent in arctic than in temperate environments. past explanations for this geographical trend have focused on the role of glacial cycles in generating polyploids and the influence of abiotic factors in favouring polyploidy in the north. in combination, these mechanisms probably suffice to explain the observed geographical cline in ploidy levels in members of the daphnia pulex complex in the holarctic. while only diploid members of the ...	2002	12074728
toxicity to freshwater organisms from oils and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory microcosms.	toxicity and temporal changes in toxicity of freshwater-marsh-microcosms containing south louisiana crude (slc) or diesel fuel and treated with a cleaner or dispersant, were investigated using chironomus tentans, daphnia pulex, and oryzias latipes. bioassays used microcosm water (for d. pulex and o. latipes) or soil slurry (for c. tentans) taken 1,7, 31, and 186 days after treatment. slc was less toxic than diesel, chemical additives enhanced oil toxicity, the dispersant was more toxic than the ...	2003	12531308
glacial refugia, haplotype distributions, and clonal richness of the daphnia pulex complex in arctic canada.	as part of a large international arctic biodiversity expedition (tundra northwest '99), we examined the distribution of members of the arctic daphnia pulex complex (cladocera, anomopoda) from 121 tundra ponds, spread across 16 sites spanning a large portion of arctic canada (i.e. from 62 degrees 22' n to 79 degrees 01' n; 66 degrees 45' w to 139 degrees 37' w). using allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial (mt)dna analyses, we examined the population genetic (clonal) structure of these popula ...	2003	12535096
tannery wastewater characterization and toxicity effects on daphnia spp.	tannery wastewater contains large quantities of organic and inorganic compounds, including toxic substances such as sulfides and chromium salts. the evaluation of wastewater quality in chile nowadays is based on chemical specific measurements and toxicity tests. the goal of this research was to characterize tannery wastewater and to relate its physical/chemical parameters with its acute toxicity effect on daphnia pulex. to distinguish the most important toxic compounds, physical/chemical techniq ...	2003	12539143
acute toxicity assessment of azadirachtin-based pesticides using murine hybridoma and oyster cells.	in vitro acute toxicities of azadirachtin-containing pesticides (neemix and bioneem), formulated with neem tree extracts, and pure azadirachtin (aza), the believed active ingredient, were studied using hybridoma and oyster cells and were compared to results obtained using the standard in vivo daphnia pulex toxicity assay. neem-based pesticides showed relatively high toxicity to both hybridoma and oyster cells at concentrations of 1 microg aza/ml and higher. the ic50 values for hybridoma cells we ...	2003	12617555
unhairing effluents treated by an activated sludge system.	leather tannery effluents are a source of severe environmental impacts. in particular, the unhairing stage, belonging to beamhouse processes, generates a significantly toxic, alkaline wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter, sulphides, suspended solids and salts. the objective of this work was to evaluate the biodegradability and toxicity of diluted unhairing wastewater after being treated by an activated sludge (as) system. the biomass activity of the as was also evaluated. the as ...	2004	15225940
determination of trace elements in planktonic microcrustaceans using total reflection x-ray fluorescence (txrf): first results from two chilean lakes.	first results are described from the application of a recently developed dry method for determination of elements in single specimens of freshwater microcrustaceans, using total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (txrf). this method is a powerful, non-destructive technique for quantifying the trace element content of minute biological samples with a dry weight of 3-50 microg. three different freshwater microcrustaceans were sampled, from the natural, uncontaminated lake laja and from the ...	2004	14579010
the ability of selected cladoceran species to utilize domestic wastewaters in mexico city.	the population growth patterns of four cladocerans, viz. alona rectangula, ceriodaphnia dubia, moina macrocopa and daphnia pulex on wastewaters from a treatment plant at iztacalco, mexico city were analyzed in this study. crude wastewater (tank a) did not support a. rectangula and all animals in the replicates died after 5 days. a. rectangula with partially treated wastewater (tank b) showed growth curves similar to controls where algal density was 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1). with wastewater from ta ...	2004	15084360
ecological risk assessment of neem-based pesticides.	a tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (aza) and two neem-based insecticides (neemix and bioneem) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (callinectes sapidus), water fleas (daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. the risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (q values) and relative hazard index ...	2004	15132337
comparison of 17 biotests for detection of cyanobacterial toxicity.	the aim of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of 17 acute bioassays of cyanobacterial toxicity by assessment of crude extracts of three cyanobacterial samples (all dominated by microcystis sp. but substantially differing in microcystin-lr content). toxicity of the fractions prepared by solid-phase extraction (spe) for microcystins was also determined. the most sensitive bioassay was the 24-h test with crustacean thamnocephalus platyurus, which elicited high lethality in the samples ...	2004	15269901
acute toxicity of some experimental road surfacing compounds to daphnia pulex.		2004	444759
morphological responses of daphnia pulex to chaoborus americanus kairomone in the presence and absence of metals.	daphnia pulex neonates develop neck teeth in the presence of predatory kairomone from chaoborus americanus that are fed d. pulex. these neck teeth reduce the susceptibility of the neonates to predation. evidence suggests that aqueous metals interfere with chemical communication in fish. the objective of our study was to determine if cu or ni at environmentally relevant concentrations affects predatory kairomone response in d. pulex. to test this possibility, d. pulex were placed in increasing wa ...	2004	15180385
toxicity and hazard assessment of fipronil to daphnia pulex.	hazard assessments based on two measures of toxicity were conducted for the water flea, daphnia pulex (leydig) exposed to the insecticide, fipronil. the measures of toxicity obtained were 48 h acute lethal concentration estimates, and a direct measure of population growth rate, the 10-day instantaneous rate of increase (r(i)). additionally, life tables were developed after exposure to several concentrations to tease out the apparent sublethal effects of this insecticide to d. pulex. the acute lc ...	2005	15978286
effect of combinations of the toxic cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa pcc7820 and the green alga scenedesmus on the experimental population of daphnia pulex.		2005	16158859
biotic ligand model prediction of copper toxicity to daphnids in a range of natural waters in chile.	the objective of this study was to assess the predictive capacity of the biotic ligand model (blm) for acute copper toxicity to daphnids as applied to a number of freshwaters from chile and to synthetic laboratory-prepared waters. thirty-seven freshwater bodies were sampled, chemically characterized, and used to determine the copper concentration associated with the 50% of mortality (lc50) for daphnia magna, daphnia pulex, and daphnia obtusa (native to chile). the data were then used to run thre ...	2005	16111013
comparative toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and mixtures of cadmium and zinc to daphnids.	investigations were conducted to determine acute (48-h) effects of cadmium and zinc presented individually and in combination on ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia magna, daphnia ambigua, and daphnia pulex. toxicity tests were conducted with single metals to determine lethal effects concentrations (lethal concentrations predicted for a given percent [x] of a population, lcx value). these were used to derive metal combinations that spanned a range of effects and included mixtures of lc15, lc50, and lc85 ...	2006	16494240
ecotoxicological properties of wastewater treated using tertiary methods.	the objective of this work was the examination of the efficiency of coagulation and ozonation processes for the production of reclaimed wastewater with low toxicity. municipal secondary effluents were treated by fecl3, al2(so4)3 (alum), and a commercial substance at metal ion concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mmol/l. alternatively, the effluents were treated by ozonation in a semibatch ozone reactor. the feed gas was introduced at a flowrate of 3 l/min containing ozone at various concentrations, rangi ...	2006	16841328
contrasting uptake routes and tissue distributions of inorganic and methylmercury in mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) and redear sunfish (lepomis microlophus).	high hg concentrations in freshwater fish are a concern for human health, yet we lack a clear understanding of the mechanisms that produce high hg concentrations in fish. controlled studies in natural surface waters that quantify the uptake and retention of hg in fish tissues following exposures from the aqueous phase and from invertebrate prey diets are rare. using 203hg, we contrasted the accumulation of inorganic hg (hgi) and methylmercury (mehg) from the dissolved phase and from invertebrate ...	2006	16916033
evolution of a novel subfamily of nuclear receptors with members that each contain two dna binding domains.	nuclear receptors (nrs) are important transcriptional modulators in metazoans which regulate transcription through binding to the promoter region of their target gene by the dna binding domain (dbd) and activation or repression of mrna synthesis through co-regulators bound to the ligand binding domain (lbd). nrs typically have a single dbd with a lbd.	2007	17319953
evaluation of the sensitivity of three cladoceran species widely distributed in mexico to three reference toxicants.	acute toxicity effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), sodium pentachlorophenate (spcp), and hexavalent chromium (cr(vi)) were determined in ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia pulex, and simocephalus mixtus. neonates were obtained from parthenogenetic females of different ages to establish the relative sensitivity of these species, in order to propose them as test organisms in the mexican environmental standards. for c. dubia the average lc(50) (48 h) values were 8.59 +/- 1.08, 0.92 +/- 0.16, and 0.23 ...	2007	17680480
evaluation of the biotic ligand model relative to other site-specific criteria derivation methods for copper in surface waters with elevated hardness.	the goal of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the biotic ligand model to predict cu toxicity in very hard surface water (>200 mg/l as caco(3)), relative to current copper criteria methodologies (hardness-based equation and the water-effect ratio; wer). to test these methods, we conducted acute cu toxicity tests with three aquatic test species (ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia pulex and pimephales promelas) in seven surface waters. the sites were representative of effluent-dependent or eff ...	2007	17681387
thyroid hormone receptor orthologues from invertebrate species with emphasis on schistosoma mansoni.	thyroid hormone receptors (trs) function as molecular switches in response to thyroid hormone to regulate gene transcription. trs were previously believed to be present only in chordates.	2007	17727708
profiling sex-biased gene expression during parthenogenetic reproduction in daphnia pulex.	sexual reproduction is a core biological function that is conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, yet breeding systems are extremely variable. genome-wide comparative studies can be effectively used to identify genes and regulatory patterns that are constrained to preserve core functions from those that may help to account for the diversity of animal reproductive strategies. we use a custom microarray to investigate gene expression in males and two reproductive stages of females in the crusta ...	2007	18088424
sampling daphnia's expressed genes: preservation, expansion and invention of crustacean genes with reference to insect genomes.	functional and comparative studies of insect genomes have shed light on the complement of genes, which in part, account for shared morphologies, developmental programs and life-histories. contrasting the gene inventories of insects to those of the nematodes provides insight into the genomic changes responsible for their diversification. however, nematodes have weak relationships to insects, as each belongs to separate animal phyla. a better outgroup to distinguish lineage specific novelties woul ...	2007	17612412
efficacy of lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to nontarget organisms.	lagenidium giganteum is a water mold and an effective mosquito control agent with limited use due to poor survival and contamination during storage. invert extracellular metabolites of l. giganteum is easy to produce, long shelf life, and a potential candidate in tropical climates. this fungus was grown in pyg broth in the laboratory at 25 +/- 2 degrees c, and relative humidity was maintained at 75 +/- 5% for 15 +/- 2 days. filtration process of metabolites was done using whatman filter paper, c ...	2007	17334944
gene response profiles for daphnia pulex exposed to the environmental stressor cadmium reveals novel crustacean metallothioneins.	genomic research tools such as microarrays are proving to be important resources to study the complex regulation of genes that respond to environmental perturbations. a first generation cdna microarray was developed for the environmental indicator species daphnia pulex, to identify genes whose regulation is modulated following exposure to the metal stressor cadmium. our experiments revealed interesting changes in gene transcription that suggest their biological roles and their potentially toxico ...	2007	18154678
evolution of hox3 and ftz in arthropods: insights from the crustacean daphnia pulex.	the drosophila melanogaster genes zerknüllt (zen) and fushi tarazu (ftz) are members of the hox gene family whose roles have changed significantly in the insect lineage and thus provide an opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying the functional evolution of hox proteins. we have studied the expression of orthologs of zen (dpuhox3) and ftz (dpuftz) in the crustacean daphnia pulex (branchiopoda), both of which show a dynamic expression pattern. dpuhox3 is expressed in a complex pattern in ea ...	2007	17310351
toxicity assessment of a complex industrial wastewater using aquatic and terrestrial bioassays daphnia pulex and lactuca sativa.	aquatic and terrestrial bioassays were used to assess toxicity at several stages in an industrial wastewater treatment plant that processes 400 l/s from a complex influent formed by wastewater from 135 industries. daphnia pulex and lactuca sativa were used to assess and compare toxicity between the influent wastewater and effluent wastewater from an activated sludge process, and compare their relationship with physicochemical parameters of biological oxygen demand (bod); chemical oxygen demand ( ...	2007	17680481
cuticle differentiation in the embryo of the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis.	the arthropod cuticle is a multilayered extracellular matrix produced by the epidermis during embryogenesis and moulting. molecularly and histologically, cuticle differentiation has been extensively investigated in the embryo of the insect drosophila melanogaster. to learn about the evolution of cuticle differentiation, we have studied the histology of cuticle differentiation during embryogenesis of the amphipod crustacean parhyale hawaiensis, which had a common ancestor with drosophila about 51 ...	2008	18293012
evaluating the trophic transfer of cadmium, polonium, and methylmercury in an estuarine food chain.	we examined the transfer of cd, methylmercury (mehg), and po in an estuarine food chain (from phytoplankton to zooplankton [daphnia pulex] to killifish [fundulus heteroclitus] and, finally, to juvenile striped bass [morone saxatilis]) to better understand both the extent to which these elements may biomagnify and the underlying mechanisms governing this biomagnification. among the phytoplankton examined (cyclotella meneghiniana and chlamdomonas reinhardtii), metal uptake was rapid, and volume co ...	2008	18419184
daphnia halloween genes that encode cytochrome p450s mediating the synthesis of the arthropod molting hormone: evolutionary implications.	in crustaceans and insects, development and reproduction are controlled by the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e). like other steroids, 20e, is synthesized from cholesterol through reactions involving cytochrome p450s (cyps). in insects, the cyp enzymes mediating 20e biosynthesis have been identified, but evidence of their probable presence in crustaceans is indirect, relying solely on the ability of crustaceans to synthesize 20e.	2008	18298845
intron presence-absence polymorphisms in daphnia.	here, we report 2 novel intron gains segregating in populations of daphnia pulex endemic to oregon. these novel introns do not have an obvious source and are not present in any d. pulex populations outside oregon, other species of daphnia that we examined, or any other organism for which sequence data are available. furthermore, the novel introns are both found in the same gene, a rab gtpase (rab4), and they appear to differ in their insertion site by one base pair, providing some support to the ...	2008	18667441
cloning and identification of an oxytocin/vasopressin-like receptor and its ligand from insects.	more than 20 years ago, an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide, clitncprgamide, was isolated from the locust, locusta migratoria [proux jp, et al. (1987) identification of an arginine vasopressin-like diuretic hormone from locusta migratoria. biochem biophys res commun 149:180-186]. however, no similar peptide could be identified in other insects, nor could its prohormone be cloned, or its physiological actions be established. here, we report that the recently sequenced genome from the red flour b ...	2008	18316733
the rate and spectrum of microsatellite mutation in caenorhabditis elegans and daphnia pulex.	the effective use of microsatellite loci as tools for microevolutionary analysis requires knowledge of the factors influencing the rate and pattern of mutation, much of which is derived from indirect inference from population samples. interspecific variation in microsatellite stability also provides a glimpse into aspects of phylogenetic constancy of mutational processes. using long-term series of mutation-accumulation lines, we have obtained direct estimates of the spectrum of microsatellite mu ...	2008	18430937
the association between breeding system and transposable element dynamics in daphnia pulex.	transposable elements (tes) are major sources of genetic variation, and mating systems are believed to play a significant role in their dynamics. for example, insertion number is expected to be higher in sexual than in asexual organisms due to the inability of tes to colonize new genomes in the absence of sex. the goal of this study was to determine the impact of the loss of sexual reproduction on te load. daphnia pulex has two reproductive modes, obligate and cyclical parthenogenesis, which dif ...	2008	18491025
d- and l-lactate dehydrogenases during invertebrate evolution.	the l-lactate and d-lactate dehydrogenases, which are involved in the reduction of pyruvate to l(-)-lactate and d(+)-lactate, belong to evolutionarily unrelated enzyme families. the genes encoding l-ldh have been used as a model for gene duplication due to the multiple paralogs found in eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. phylogenetic studies have suggested that several gene duplication events led to the main isozymes of this gene family in chordates, but little is known about the evolut ...	2008	18828920
effects of spinosad and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on a natural population of daphnia pulex in field microcosms.	spinosad, a candidate biological larvicide for mosquito control, was evaluated for its effects on a field population of daphnia pulex, using bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) as a reference larvicide. microcosms (125l enclosures) were placed in a shallow temporary oligohaline marsh where d. pulex was present. three concentrations of spinosad (8, 17 and 33 microg l(-1)) and two concentrations of bti (0.16 and 0.50 microl l(-1)) were applied (5 replicates per concentration, includin ...	2008	18977509
the abc transporter gene family of daphnia pulex.	the large gene superfamily of abc (atp-binding cassette) transporters encodes membrane proteins involved in trafficking processes across biological membranes and further essential cell biological functions. abc transporters are evolutionary ancient and involved in the biochemical defence against toxicants. we report here a genome-wide survey of abc proteins of daphnia pulex, providing for the first time information on abc proteins in crustacea, a primarily aquatic arthropod subphylum of high eco ...	2009	19383151
reconstructing the phylogeny of 21 completely sequenced arthropod species based on their motor proteins.	motor proteins have extensively been studied in the past and consist of large superfamilies. they are involved in diverse processes like cell division, cellular transport, neuronal transport processes, or muscle contraction, to name a few. vertebrates contain up to 60 myosins and about the same number of kinesins that are spread over more than a dozen distinct classes.	2009	19383156
annotation, phylogenetics, and expression of the nuclear receptors in daphnia pulex.	the nuclear receptor superfamily currently consists of seven gene subfamilies that encompass over 80 distinct receptor proteins. these transcription factors typically share a common five-domain structure with a highly conserved dna-binding domain. some nuclear receptors are ubiquitous among the metazoans, while others are unique to specific phylogenetic groups. crustaceans represent the second largest group of arthropods with insects being the largest. however, relative to insects, little is kno ...	2009	19863811
target gene approaches: gene expression in daphnia magna exposed to predator-borne kairomones or to microcystin-producing and microcystin-free microcystis aeruginosa.	two major biological stressors of freshwater zooplankton of the genus daphnia are predation and fluctuations in food quality. here we use kairomones released from a planktivorous fish (leucaspius delineatus) and from an invertebrate predator (larvae of chaoborus flavicans) to simulate predation pressure; a microcystin-producing culture of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa and a microcystin-deficient mutant are used to investigate effects of low food quality. real-time quantitative polyme ...	2009	19917101
the chemoreceptor genes of the waterflea daphnia pulex: many grs but no ors.	chemoreception is vitally important for all animals, yet little is known about the genetics of chemoreception in aquatic organisms. the keystone species daphnia pulex, a well known crustacean, is the first aquatic invertebrate to have its genome sequenced. this has allowed us the initial investigation of chemoreceptor genes in an aquatic invertebrate, and to begin the study of chemoreceptor evolution across the arthropod phylum.	2009	19383158
specific retention of the protostome-specific psgef may parallel with the evolution of mushroom bodies in insect and lophotrochozoan brains.	gene gain and subsequent retention or loss during evolution may be one of the underlying mechanisms involved in generating the diversity of metazoan nervous systems. however, the causal relationships acting therein have not been studied extensively.	2009	19422675
patterns of intraspecific dna variation in the daphnia nuclear genome.	understanding nucleotide variation in natural populations has been a subject of great interest for decades. however, many taxonomic groups, especially those with atypical life history attributes remain unstudied, and drosophila is the only arthropod genus for which dna polymorphism data are presently abundant. as a result of the recent release of the complete genome sequence and a wide variety of new genomic resources, the daphnia system is quickly becoming a promising new avenue for expanding o ...	2009	19304589
physiological responses of daphnia pulex to acid stress.	acidity exerts a determining influence on the composition and diversity of freshwater faunas. while the physiological implications of freshwater acidification have been intensively studied in teleost fish and crayfish, much less is known about the acid-stress physiology of ecologically important groups such as cladoceran zooplankton. this study analyzed the extracellular acid-base state and co2 partial pressure (p(co2)), circulation and ventilation, as well as the respiration rate of daphnia pul ...	2009	19383148
the genome sequence of the protostome daphnia pulex encodes respective orthologues of a neurotrophin, a trk and a p75ntr: evolution of neurotrophin signaling components and related proteins in the bilateria.	neurotrophins and their trk and p75ntr receptors play an important role in the nervous system. to date, neurotrophins, trk and p75ntr have only been found concomitantly in deuterostomes. in protostomes, homologues to either neurotrophin, trk or p75ntr are reported but their phylogenetic relationship to deuterostome neurotrophin signaling components is unclear. drosophila has neurotrophin homologues called spätzles (spz), some of which were recently renamed neurotrophins, but direct proof that th ...	2009	19807921
the components of the daphnia pulex immune system as revealed by complete genome sequencing.	branchiopod crustaceans in the genus daphnia are key model organisms for investigating interactions between genes and the environment. one major theme of research on daphnia species has been the evolution of resistance to pathogens and parasites, but lack of knowledge of the daphnia immune system has limited the study of immune responses. here we provide a survey of the immune-related genome of d. pulex, derived from the newly completed genome sequence. genes likely to be involved in innate immu ...	2009	19386092
acclimatory responses of the daphnia pulex proteome to environmental changes. ii. chronic exposure to different temperatures (10 and 20 degrees c) mainly affects protein metabolism.	temperature affects essentially every aspect of the biology of poikilothermic animals including the energy and mass budgets, activity, growth, and reproduction. while thermal effects in ecologically important groups such as daphnids have been intensively studied at the ecosystem level and at least partly at the organismic level, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the acclimation to different temperatures. by using 2d gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, the presen ...	2009	19383147
the cytochrome p450 (cyp) gene superfamily in daphnia pulex.	cytochrome p450s (cyps) in animals fall into two categories: those that synthesize or metabolize endogenous molecules and those that interact with exogenous chemicals from the diet or the environment. the latter form a critical component of detoxification systems.	2009	19383150
characterization of a membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform in crayfish testis and evidence for its release into the seminal fluid.	in the present study, an isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme was characterized from the testis of a decapod crustacean, the crayfish astacus leptodactylus. angiotensin-converting enzyme cdna, obtained by 3'- to 5' race of testis rnas, codes for a predicted one-domain protein similar to the mammalian germinal isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme. all amino acid residues involved in enzyme activity are highly conserved, and a potential c-terminus transmembrane anchor may be predicted from ...	2009	19656189
molecular connectivity indices for predicting bioactivities of substituted nitrobenzene and aniline compounds.	bioconcentration and toxicity of 22 substituted nitrobenzene and aniline compounds to aquatic organisms were assessed with quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar). acute toxicities of aquatic organisms, including daphnia (daphnia pulex) and carp (cyprinus carpio), to 22 chemicals have been determined in our previous work. in this study, the bioconcentration factors (bcfs) for carp were further investigated. by the use of multiple-regression analyses, the molecular connectivity indice ...	2009	19423164
acute toxicity and hazard assessment of spinosad and r-11 to three cladoceran species and coho salmon.	acute toxicity data and hazard assessments were developed for three cladoceran species, ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia pulex, and daphnia magna, and juvenile coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch after exposure to the insecticide, spinosad and adjuvant r-11. the effect of a mixture of these compounds was also determined with c. dubia and o. kisutch. spinosad was virtually non-toxic to o. kisutch. hazard assessments indicated that r-11 posed no hazard to any of the species tested while spinosad only pos ...	2009	19159051
the effect of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of nickel to the cladoceran daphnia pulex and the development of a biotic ligand model.	the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of water chemistry parameters on the acute toxicity of waterborne ni to daphnia pulex in soft waters and using this information to develop a biotic ligand model. the effects of ca, mg, na, k, cl, ph (two differently buffered sets) and natural organic matter (nom) from two sources were evaluated in standardized 48h acute toxicity tests. increases in ca2+ had a protective effect on ni toxicity, suggesting that this ion competes with ni at the si ...	2009	19111357
mgescan-non-ltr: computational identification and classification of autonomous non-ltr retrotransposons in eukaryotic genomes.	computational methods for genome-wide identification of mobile genetic elements (mges) have become increasingly necessary for both genome annotation and evolutionary studies. non-long terminal repeat (non-ltr) retrotransposons are a class of mges that have been found in most eukaryotic genomes, sometimes in extremely high numbers. in this article, we present a computational tool, mgescan-non-ltr, for the identification of non-ltr retrotransposons in genomic sequences, following a computational a ...	2009	19762481