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observations on the morphology of the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.scans of slash pine wood chips infested with pine wood nematodes showed coiled aggregates of 5-10 nematodes in the axial resin canals, and 1-2 nematodes folded in the radial resin canals. observations of the pine wood nematode by sem showed the head to be offset with six labial lobes. a smaller circle of six inner lobes surrounded the stoma. a single labial sensillum was observed on each of the two subventral and two subdorsal lobes. the two opposite lobes, without sensilla, bore a pore-like amp ...198119300779
on the taxonomy and morphology of the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner &buhrer 1934) nickle 1970.during the past 3 yr, nematologists in the united states have found specimens of bursaphelenchus sp. in the wood of dead and dying pine trees. this nematode-host association resembles a similar interaction reported from japan where pine trees are being killed by the pine wood nematode. this taxonomic research was conducted to determine if the japanese pine wood nematode and similar populations in the united states are of the same species. based upon typical morphological characters of original s ...198119300780
cultivation of the pine wilt nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in axenic culture media.the pine wilt nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been cultured axenically in vitro on soy peptone/yeast extract or modified caenorhabditis medium supplemented with cholesterol and hemoglobin. although growth, development and reproduction were best in soy peptone/yeast extract medium, satisfactory population size increases were observed in the chemically defined caenorhaditis medium.198219295725
decline and death of pinus spp. in delaware caused by bursaphelenchus xylophilus.etiological studies to determine the cause of decline and death of pinus spp. in delaware were initiated in 1980. the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was found to be the major canse of mortality in japanese black pine (pinus thunbergii). when inoculated into healthy 5-yr-old japanese black pines, b. xylophilus produced typical decline symptoms observed in the field. the xylophilous fungi most often associated with declining trees, rhizosphaera pini, fusarium spp., and pestalotia f ...198219295726
pathology of the pine wilt disease caused by bursaphelenchus xylophilus. 198325946434
transmission of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to slash pine trees and log bolts by a cerambycid beetle, monochamus titillator, in florida.field-collected adults of the southern pine sawyer, monochamus titillator (f.) (coleoptera: cerambycidae), naturally infested with fourth-stage juveniles (dauerlarvae) of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner and buhrer, 1934) nickle, 1970, were maturation fed on excised shoots of typical slash pine, pinus elliottii engelm. var elliottii, for 21 days. during august 1981, a male and female adult beetle were held in a sleeve cage placed on the terminal of a side branch of each ...198419295871
phytotoxin production in bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected pinus sylvestris.our findings suggest that i) phytotoxic materials can be isolated from bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected scots pine, but not from noninfected pines; ii) the phytotoxins cause wilting of 45-day-old and 2-year-old pine seedlings in a dose and species dependent manner; iii) the phytotoxins are produced early in the infection, accumulate or increase with time, and may function to suppress water transport in the tree; and iv) the phytotoxins are lipid materials of low molecular weight which are not ...198419295874
effect of phytotoxin from nematode-induced pinewilt on bursaphelenchus xylophilus and ceratocystis ips.a phytotoxic extract from pinus sylvestris infected with bursaphelenchus xylophilus inhibited growth of the blue-strain fungus ceratocystis ips and caused temporary paralysis in vitro of b. xylophilus. although the nematodes recovered from paralysis, final population size of b. xylophilus was suppressed by the toxin. extracts from noninfected p. sylvestris affected neither the fungus nor the nematode.198419294025
population development and influence of bursaphelenchus xylophilus on gliocladium virens.gliocladium virens was isolated from slash pine trees symptomatic and asymptomatic for pine wilt disease with frequencies of 24% and 10%, respectively. populations of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the nematode incitant of this disease, reproduced on this fungus and inhibited its growth. growth inhibition of the fungus was characterized by an absence of sporulation and by the formation of chains of dark, thick-walled, chlamydospore-like cells. population increase during a 12-day period following in ...198519294061
pathogenicity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus on pines in minnesota and wisconsin.the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was inoculated into established native jack and red pines (pinus banksiana and p. resinosa) and exotic austrian pine (p. nigra) in minnesota and wisconsin forests during summer 1981. the nematode isolates did not kill established nonstressed pine trees growing in the forest. however, the same nematode isolates killed pine seedlings under greenhouse conditions. girdling the main stem of some trees to induce stress resulted in the death of the maj ...198619294138
pathotypes of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.an isolate of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from pinus sylvestris in missouri infected and reproduced in 2-3-year-old seedlings of p. sylvestris and to some extent in seedlings of p. nigra. wilting, however, occurred only in p. sylvestris. b. xylophilus isolated from p. strobus in vermont infected and reproduced only in p. strobus seedlings. p. taeda seedlings were resistant to both of these isolates. phytotoxin production was seen only in susceptible seedling species-nematode combinations. signifi ...198619294172
cambium destruction in conifers caused by pinewood nematodes.percentage and rate of mortality in 2-4-year-old conifers depended upon the numbers of pinewood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus inoculated into their stems. in addition, percentage of conifer mortality was greater for spring inoculations when cambial activity was greater than for late summer and fall inoculations. gross and histological examination of stems revealed destruction of the cambial layer, including fusiform and ray intitials and their derivatives. these data suggest that cambial ...198619294198
pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, associated with red pine, pinus resinosa, in western maryland.red pines pinus resinosa in garrett and allegany counties, maryland, were examined during 1982-84 to determine distribution of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, within and among trees. approximately 25-year-old (younger) and 47-year-old (older) trees were subdivided into the following categories: 1) trees with mostly green needles; 2) trees with mostly reddish-brown needles; 3) trees lacking needles but with bark intact; 4) trees lacking both needles and bark; and 5) trees with ...198619294229
a demographic analysis of mortality caused by the pine wood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and pine sawyer beetles (monochamus alternatus) in pine forests in the seto inland sea-side, japan.demographic characteristics were examined in 51 study sites in naturally occurring pine populations in the seto inland sea-side. the pine forests consisted on average of 51.4% japanese red pine,pinus densiflora, 28.9% japanese black pine,pinus thunbergii, and 19.7% hybrids of the two species, and occurred along an elevatinal gradient from denser, younger secondary forest regrowing after disturbance, to more mature stands at higher elevations. the proportion of dead trees did not vary much among ...198628311773
relative susceptibility of four pine species to infection by pinewood nematode.mature trees of eastern white, jack, scotch, and shortleaf pines were inoculated with 25,000-34,000 pinewood nematodes, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, isolated from infected scotch pines in missouri. equal numbers of trees of each species inoculated with distilled water served as controls. nine of fifteen scotch pines died within 4 months of nematode infection or during the winter and early spring following infection. a single eastern white and shortleaf pine died. no jack pines died. a single scot ...198719290105
carbohydrate concentration in pine as affected by inoculation with bursaphelenchus xylophilus.pines responded to inoculation with bursaphelenchus xylophilus by changes in reducing and nonreducing carbohydrate concentrations dependent on the pine species and the pathotype of b. xylophilus with which the trees were inoculated. carbohydrate concentrations, in compatible pine-nematode pathotype combinations, decreased initially after inoculation and then increased slightly before decreasing to approximately 10% of the control levels as the seedlings wilted. in compatible nematode pathotype-p ...198719290106
characterization of a nonparasitic isolate of bursaphelenchus xylophilus.bursaphelenchus xylophilus isolate mpsy-1av was subcultured from pathotype mpsy-1. mpsy-1av is nonparasitic and does not establish in pinus sylvestris, p. strobus, p. nigra, or p. taeda. this isolate produces ethanol as an end product of carbohydrate metabolism, whereas its parent pathotype, mpsy-1, does not. alcohol dehydrogenase activity was easily detectable in homogenates of mpsy-1av but barely detectable in some homogenates of mpsy-1. genomic differences were seen between mpsy-1 and m psy-1 ...198719290148
jietacins a and b, new nematocidal antibiotics from a streptomyces sp. taxonomy, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological properties.jietacins a and b, new azoxy antibiotics, were isolated from the culture broth of a streptomycete. the antibiotics have the molecular formulae of c18h34n2o2 and c19h36n2o2, respectively. both possess an azoxy group. they have potent activity against the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus lignicolus, and are weakly active against some fungi.19873610821
genomic differences among pathotypes of bursaphelenchus xylophilus.total genomic dna from bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathotypes mpsy-1 and vpst-1 and from b. mucronatus was digested with restriction endonucleases. dna fragments were electrophoretically separated, southern blotted to nitrocellulose, and hybridized to genomic dna from one of the isolates. the resulting hybridization patterns indicate genomic differences in repetitive dna sequences among these populations. greatest differences were seen between b. xylophilus and b. mucronatus, but genomic differen ...198819290214
pathogenesis in pine wilt caused by pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.the progression of events in the development of pine wilt disease following the invasion by bursaphelenchus xylophilus is reviewed from early migration through pine tissues until symptom development on foliage. disease resistance in pines, especially the hypersensitive reaction that is successful in controlling many potential pests and pathogens, is explored. pathologies resulting from the activities of pinewood nematode include cortical trails and cavities; formation of cambial gaps and traumat ...198819290207
role of phytotoxins in pine wilt diseases.characteristic rapid death of pines after infection by bursaphelenchus xylophilus suggests the involvement of phytotoxins in the pine wilt disease syndrome. crude extract from diseased pine is toxic to pine seedlings, whereas an extract from healthy pine is not. the response of seedlings to the crude toxin is more prominent in susceptible pine species than in resistant ones. benzoic acid, catechol, dihydroconiferyl alcohol, 8-hydroxycarvotanacetone (carvone hydrate), and 10-hydroxyverbenone, whi ...198819290208
carbohydrate catabolism in populations of bursaphelenchus xylophilus and in b. mucronatus.genotypically different host specific pathotypes of bursaphelenchus xylophilus have been identified. these pathotypes elicit different responses in pines depending on susceptibility, tolerance, or resistance. continued passage of some of these pathotypes on fungal cultures leads to conversion to nonparasitic populations. these populations metabolize carbon substrates to ethanol by an anaerobic pathway, while operating some level of a phosphoenolpyruvate (pep)-succinate pathway to excrete succina ...198819290209
impact of pinewood nematode in north america: present and future.bursaphelenchus xylophilus, pinewood nematode (pwn), is the most serious pest of pine forests in japan, but in north america its role in pine wilt disease is still being studied. the pwn is known to infest many species of pinus, with p. nigra, p. sylvestris, and p. thunbergii the most susceptible in the eastern united states. because of its potential, several european countries (finland, norway, and sweden) and korea have established embargoes against the importation of coniferous wood from regi ...198819290210
current research on the major nematode problems in japan.among important nematode species occurring in japan, current research achievements with the following four nematodes are reviewed: 1) soybean cyst nematode (scn), heterodera glycines - breeding for resistance, race determination, association with cephalosporium gregatum in azuki bean disease, and isolation of hatching stimulant. 2) potato-cyst nematode (pcn), globodera rostochiensis - pathotype determination (ro 1), breeding for resistance, and control recommendations. 3) pinewood nematode (pwn) ...198819290201
history of pine wilt disease in japan.pine wilt disease induced by the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a great threat to pine forests in japan. the first occurrence of the disease was reported in nagasaki, kyushu. during the 1930s the disease occurrence was extended in 12 prefectures, and in the 1940s the disease was found in 34 prefectures. the annual loss of pine trees increased from 30,000 m(3) to 1.2 million m(3) during these two decades. the enormous increase in timber loss in the 1970s resulted in 2.4 million ...198819290205
nemtaode-vector relationships in the pine wilt disease system.pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease in north america and japan. dispersal stage dauer larvae are transported to new host trees on the body surface and within the tracheal system of several beetle species. worldwide, 21 species of cerambycidae, 1 genus of buprestidae, and 2 species of curculionidae are known to carry pinewood nematode dauer larvae upon emerging from nematode-infested trees. five species of cerambycids in the genus monochamus are ...198819290206
effect of simulated acid rain on bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection of pine seedlings.white, scots, and austrian 3-year-old pine seedlings were treated with conditions simulating acid rain and inoculated with the white pine specific pathotype of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, vpst-1. oleoresin concentration increased slightly and carbohydrate concentration decreased in all seedlings treated with simulated acid rain (sar). the changes were significantly increased after inoculation of sar-treated white and scots pine seedlings with vpst-1. wilting was delayed and nematode reproduction ...198819290259
screening for new nematocidal substances of microbial origin by a new method using the pine wood nematode. 19883372364
temporal pattern of pinewood nematode exit from the insect vector monochamus carolinensis.laboratory-reared monochamus carolinensis (olivier) were used to study the temporal pattern of pinewood nematode dauer larval exit from this beetle vector. exit rates of dauer larvae were determined by comparing the mean number of dauer larvae carried by adult beetles 0, 7, 14, or 21 days after emergence from the log in which they developed. density of dauer larvae was highest in beetles on the day of their emergence and dropped slowly through the subsequent age classes. the rate of nematode exi ...198919287583
effect of copper sulfate and lead acetate on infection of pines with bursaphelenchus xylophilus.treatment of 3-year-old scots, white, and austrian pine seedlings with copper sulfate or lead acetate significantly affected energy homeostasis and oleoresin production in the seedlings but did not induce wilting of the seedlings. inoculation of copper sulfate-treated or lead acetate-treated white, scots, and austrian pine seedlings with the white pine specific pathotype of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, vpst-1, caused a significant increase in oleoresin production, stressed energy homeostasis, and ...198919287570
relationship of bursaphelenchus xylophilus population density to mortality of pinus sylvestris.seven-month-old scots pine seedlings were inoculated with water or culture filtrate (controls), with 10,000, or 20,000 (experiment 1), and with 2,500 (experiment 2) bursaphelenchus xylophilus b.c. isolate nematodes and maintained under defined experimental conditions. controls did not develop pine wilt disease over a 2-month period. in experiment 1, less than 50% of the inoculum was recovered from the nematode-inoculated seedlings in the first 48 hours, after which the nematode population of bot ...199019287724
a digital image analysis system for comparing groups of small nematodes.a digital imaging system was developed for measuring various physical characteristics of individual nematodes and for comparing groups of nematodes. the equipment consists of a microscope, a video camera, a video digitizer, interactive displays, and a computer. various physical and mathematical methods were incorporated, algorithms devised, and computer software written for image acquisition, editing, and analysis. to test the system, four populations of an isolate of the pinewood nematode, burs ...199019287737
development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations in wood chips with different moisture contents.bags of pinus strobus wood chips with moisture contents of 38, 92, 164, and 217% (oven dry weight) were inoculated with bursaphelenchus xylophilus and incubated at 30 c in order to determine the effect of wood moisture on nematode population development. nematodes were extracted after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. population levels were greatest in wood chips with a moisture content of 38% and decreased successively with each higher moisture content. in chips with the three lower moisture contents, pop ...199019287697
change in water status of pinus thunbergii parl. inoculated with species of bursaphelenchus.maximum and minimum xylem pressure potentials of needles were measured to evaluate water status of pinus thunbergii parl. after inoculation with the virulent or avirulent populations of bursaphelenchus xylophilus or b. mucronatus. in virulent b. xylophilus-inoculated pines, the water status changed abruptly and needle chlorosis occurred by day 29 after inoculation. similar changes were not seen in b. mucronatus-inoculated and uninoculated control pines. oleoresin flow ceased in virulent b. xylop ...199019287700
transmission of pinewood nematode through feeding wounds of monochamus carolinensis (coleoptera: cerambycidae).transmission of pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to mature, field grown scots pines through feeding wounds of monochamus carolinensis was investigated by caging nematode-infested beetles on pine branches for 24 hours. nematodes were transmitted to 31 of 64 branches. frequency of successful transmission was independent of the sex of the beetle but dependent upon beetle age. transmission frequencies were highest for beetles 2, 3, and 4 weeks after emergence as adults. the number of n ...199019287715
effect of bursaphelenchus xylophilus on the assimilation and translocation of 14 c in pinus sylvestris.the effect of wound, wound + water, wound + bursaphelenchus xylophilus culture filtrate, or wound + lethal b. xylophilus doses on the assimilation and translocation of (1)c by 8-month-old pinus sylvestris seedlings was tested. in two separate experiments, pine seedlings were exposed to 28.35 muci of (1)co for 20 minutes below or above (to the pine shoot leader) the point of nematode inoculation. after 2 and 4 hours of dark adaptation, 80% ethanol soluble (1)c tissue extracts were determined by l ...199019287750
cryopreservation of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus spp.populations of three isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode, and one of b. mucronatus were treated with three cryoprotectants at -70 c for 24 hours followed by deep freezing at -180 c in liquid nitrogen for different periods of time. a solution of 15% glycerol, 35% buffer s, and 50% m9, or 1% aqueous solution of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso), or a mixture of 60% m9 and 40% s buffer were used as cryoprotectants. a significantly larger number of juveniles than adults survived dee ...199119283151
incubation temperature and time effects on life stages of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chips.wood chips of pinus strobus inoculated with bursaphelenchus xylophilus were incubated at 3, 12, 30, or 40 c during intervals of 47, 82, and 130 days to determine the effects of incubation temperature and time on total number of nematodes and occurrence of each life stage. nematodes did not survive at 40 c; the greatest number of nematodes was maintained at 3 c. the number and percentage of juveniles in the propagative cycle were greatest at 3 c after 47 days, but the percentage was greatest at 3 ...199119283158
influence of temperature on development of pine wilt in scots pine.the effect of temperature on pine wilt development in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) was examined in three experiments. container-grown pines (4-6 years old) inoculated with 1,500 bursaphelenchus xylophilus were incubated at constant temperatures in growth chamber for 8 weeks, then at a temperature range of 15-30 c in a greenhouse for 10-12 weeks. nematode infection was greater, tree mortality was higher, and disease incubation was shorter at 32 and 30 c than at 25, 23, 18, and 11 c. foliar sympt ...199119283111
temperature-mediated behavioral relationships in bursaphelenchus xylophilus, b. mucronatus, and their hybrids.the influence of temperature on reproduction and movement was examined for seven geographic isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, three of b. mucronatus, and two of their interspecific hybrids. all nematode isolates tended to be more active and fecund the higher the temperature, with the isolates of b. xylophilus reaching a reproductive peak at higher temperatures than isolates of b. mucronatus. most isolates of b. xylophilus and b. mucronatus did not produce significantly more progeny at high ...199219283200
within-wood spatial dispersion of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner &buhrer) nickle, spatial dispersion was determined in scots pine, pinus sylvestris l., bolts infested with the pine sawyer beetle, monochamus carolinensis (olivier) and in bolts without m. carolinensis. according to taylor's power law and green's index of dispersion, nematode dispersion was aggregated in both sets of bolts. the degree of aggregation did not differ significantly between beetle-infested and noninfested bolts, suggesting that t ...199219283026
survival and infectivity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chip-soil mixtures.to determine the effect of soil environment on the life stages and total numbers of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, nematode-infested wood chips alone and mixed with soil were incubated at 12 and 20 c. nematodes were extracted at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. numbers of nematodes and percentage of third-stage dispersal larvae were greater at 12 c and in chips without soil. percentage of juveniles of the propagative cycle was greater at 20 c and in chips with soil. although b. xylophilus survived in ...199219283027
transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus through oviposition wounds of monochamm carolinensis (coleoptera: cerambycidae).transmission of pinewood nematode through monochamus carolinensis oviposition wounds was documented. nematode transmission was measured as the average number of nematodes isolated per oviposition wound excavated and also as the percentage of oviposition wounds from which nematodes were isolated. the influence of three factors that might affect nematode transmission was investigated: age of the beetle vector, number of nematodes carried per beetle, and egg deposition in the oviposition wound. onl ...199219283214
taxonomic affinities and intra- and interspecific variation in bursaphelenchus spp. as determined by polymerase chain reaction.identification of closely related nematode species or races can be very difficult when diagnostic characters are plastic and overlapping. in this study we describe the use of polymerase chain reaction technology and direct dna sequencing on 19 populations of bursaphelenchus spp. to help understand their taxonomic relationships. the 5' end of the heat shock 70a gene from caenorhabditis elegans was used as the target dna sequence because it contains both coding and non-coding regions. the results ...199219283215
effect of monochamus carolinensis on the life history of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.the development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine wood infested with and free of monochamus carolinensis was investigated. formation of third-stage dispersal juveniles occurred in the presence and absence of pine sawyer beetles. the proportion of third-stage dispersal juveniles in the total nematode population was negatively correlated with moisture content of the wood. formation of nematode dauer juveniles was dependent on the presence of the pine sawyer beetle. dauer juveniles were present ...199319279829
cloning and characterization of a highly conserved satellite dna sequence specific for the phytoparasitic nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.the phytoparasitic nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, contains an unusually abundant satellite dna which constitutes up to 30% of its genome. it is represented as a tandemly repeated mspi-site-containing sequence with a monomeric unit of 160 bp. thirteen monomers were cloned and sequenced. the consensus sequence is 62% a+t-rich, with the presence of direct and inverted repeat clusters. monomers of the sequence are very similar, showing on average 3.9% divergence from the calculated consensus. ...19937686872
pinewood nematode species complex: interbreeding potential and chromosome number.interbreeding potential, chromosome number, and host range were compared among several isolates and species of bursaphelenchus from diverse geographic areas. some isolates from north america, japan, and france had a wide-ranging interbreeding potential, whereas others were restricted in their potential to hybridize with other isolates. although interbreeding occurred in the laboratory between some "m" and "r" forms of b. xylophilus, interbreeding of b. xylophilus and b. mucronatus was rare. the ...199319279762
detection and identification of bursaphelenchus species with dna fingerprinting and polymerase chain reaction.we have evaluated the potential of dna-based methods to identify and differentiate bursaphelenchus spp. and isolates. the isolation of a dna probe, designated x14, and development of a dna fingerprinting method for the identification and differentiation of bursaphelenchus species and strains is described. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of dna isolated from bursaphelenchus species using two primers derived from the sequence of the cloned repetitive dna fragment x14 resulted in mult ...199319279787
dna profiling of bursaphelenchus species.a 1190-bp dna fragment, designated x14, was isolated from a bursaphelenchus xylophilus (isolate j10) genomic library. used as a probe for dna profiling, this fragment identifies the pinewood nematode (bursaphelenchus spp.) at both the species and isolate level. the dna profiles of a number of different species and isolates hybridised with the x14 probe, are presented. the nucleotide sequence of the 1190-bp probe was determined. secondary structure analysis identified a large imperfect inverted r ...19948056336
a nondestructive method of determining bursaphelenchus xylophilus infestation of monochamus spp. vectors.pine wilt is caused by the nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is transported to host trees in the trachea of monochamus spp. (coleoptera: cerambycidae). the study of the relationship between the nematode and its beetle vectors has been hampered by the inability to estimate nematode presence or density within live beetles. this report describes a rapid method for estimating nematode load within live m. carolinensis and m. alternatus by visual examination of the atrium of the first abdomin ...199519277259
two new species of aphelenchoididae (nemata) from declining red pines in maryland.aphelenchoides resinosi n. sp. and ektaphelenchus joyceae n. sp. are described and illustrated from red pines of the allegheny plateau of maryland, usa. the new species were found in trees infested with bursaphelenchus xylophilus. primary diagnostic characters of a. resinosi females are constriction of the head, basal stylet knobs, tong postuterine sac, two incisures in the lateral field, and conical tail four to five anal body widths long with a simple terminal mucro. diagnostic characters of t ...199519277282
a rapid and simple method for staining lipid in fixed nematodes.a method is described for staining lipid in fourth-stage dispersal juvenile nematodes fixed with formal-acetic fixative (fa4:1). bursaphelenchus xylophilus fourth-stage dispersal juveniles were fixed with hot fa4:1 for 24 hours, excess fixative was removed, and a solution of saturated oil red o in 96% ethanol added and allowed to sit for 25 minutes at 60 c. excess oil red o was removed, nematodes were washed twice with 70% ethanol, and were processed to pure glycerin. lipid droplets within the n ...199519277286
relationship between the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and phenylacetic acid production.phenylacetic acid (pa), a toxin produced by three strains of bacteria accompanying the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was found to be formed in a culture of the nematode. an animal nutrient, nutrient broth (nb) medium, was more suitable for pa production of the accompanying bacteria than a vegetable nutrient, potato sucrose malt extract (psm) medium. it is presumed that dead nematodes in the psm medium provided the bacteria with nutrient for pa production. in the culture of viru ...19968987588
accumulation of benzoic acid in suspension cultured cells of pinus thunbergii parl. in response to phenylacetic acid administration.the generation and accumulation of both benzoic acid (ba) and its conjugates were induced in suspension cultured cells of pinus thunbergii by administering either phenylacetic acid (pa), a toxic metabolite of bacillus cereus (strain hy-3) accompanying the pine wood nematode, or a lyophilized culture supernatant of this bacterium. ba conjugates reached their maximal levels in quantity two days after the administration and then decreased gradually until the 14th day, while ba increased significant ...19968987587
dr. gotthold steiner (1886-1961): versatile nematologist.swiss-born dr. gotthold steiner was a pioneer in formulating the discipline of nematology. he worked with the american nematologist na cobb and together they were responsible for acceptance of the concept of nematode phytoparasites. steiner had special expertise in anatomy, morphology, phytonematology, marine nematodes, nutrition, mermithids, and selected invertebrate taxa. he authored 191 scientific papers, established the ubiquitous phytoparasitic genus helicotylenchus, described the pinewood ...199615012532
benzoic acid accumulation in the pinus thunbergii callus inoculated with the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.phenylacetic acid (pa), a phytotoxic product of the bacteria accompanying the virulent nematode isolate okd-3 was detected in the callus of pinus thunbergii after inoculation with the nematode. the amount of pa detected was large enough to induced the formation and accumulation of benzoic acid (ba) and its conjugates in the callus. these results further support the hypotheses that pa is the pathogenic toxin and that the pa-producing bacterial strains accompanying the pathogenic nematode are the ...19979232890
the pinewood nematode: regulation and mitigation.in north america, the native pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, kills exotic pines. when inadvertently introduced to japan and other asian countries, pwn became a destructive pest of pines. the pwn has been intercepted in pine shipments from north america to europe, where there is concern that it may also kill pines and other conifers. to protect their forests from the pwn and other pests, the european union and other countries now regulate the import of all coniferous chips, s ...199715012519
neutral storage lipid and exit behavior of bursaphelenchus xylophilus fourth- stage dispersal juveniles from their beetle vectors.the j4 dispersal juvenile is a specialized life stage of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner &buhrer) nickle, that is transported by cerambycid beeries in the genus monochamus. the nlediafion of j4 exit fronl beetle vectors is poorly understood. we hypothesized that decreasing neutral storage lipid in b. xylophilus j4 was related to behaviors leading to their exit from the beetle on which they are carried. j4 remaining within beetles and j4 exited from beetles were fixed, ...199819274219
effect of monochamus carolinensis on bursaphelenchus xylophilus dispersal stage formation.bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vector, monochamus carolinensis, both develop within rapidly degrading xylem tissue of dying or recently cut trees of pinus spp. the influence of monochamus development on b. xylophilus dispersal stage formation was investigated. nearly all nematodes extracted from wood surrounding beetle galleries were third-stage dispersal juveniles (j3). formation of fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (j4) occurred almost exclusively in the presence of m. carolinensis l ...199819274218
temperature effects on the transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nemata: aphelenchoididae) by monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae).the object of this research was to investigate the effects of ambient temperature on the transmission of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, by its vector, monochamus alternatus. ninety m. alternatus were reared individually at one of three constant temperatures (16, 20, and 25 degrees c). as the ambient temperature decreased from 25 to 16 degrees c, longevity of vectors decreased, nematode transmission efficiency decreased, and the peak period of nematode transmission was delayed ...200019270955
two antinematodal phenolics from knema hookeriana, a sumatran rainforest plant.the activity-guided chromatographic purification of the methanol extract of knema hookeriana, using pine wood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus has successfully led to the isolation and characterization of two phenolic antinematodal compounds with minimum effective dose (med) of 4.5 and 20 microg/cotton ball (microg/bl.) or 0.018 and 0.073 microm/cotton ball (microm/bl.), respectively. based on their chemical and spectral properties, these compounds were determined to be 3-undecylphenol (1) a ...200010817224
antinematodal activity of some tropical rainforest plants against the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.sixty five methanolic extracts of sumatran rainforest plants representing 63 species of 21 families were assayed in vivo for antinematodal activity against bursaphelenchus xylophilus using our cotton ball-fungal mat method. extracts of 27 plants species from 14 families exhibited antinematodal activity, while 37 species were inactive. among them, three extracts of bischofia javanica, knema hookeriana and areca catechu exhibited very strong activity at minimum effective dose (med) of 0.7 mg/cotto ...200010817223
development of a water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot-grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.water-soluble preparations have been investigated to develop a trunk injection agent based on the poorly water-soluble anti-nematode emamectin benzoate. following tests on the phytotoxicity of some solvents and solubilizers and demonstration of the ability of some solubilizers to dissolve emamectin benzoate in water, acetone + methanol was selected as the solvent and polysorbate 80 as the solubilizer. this water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate prevented the wilting of pot-grown 4-year- ...200111374165
phytoalexins from pinus strobus bark infected with pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.from the bark of pinus strobus infected with pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a stilbenoid 3-o-methyldihydropinosylvin and a flavanone (2s)-pinocembrin were isolated as active principles of inducibly produced antifungal compounds. the structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. close investigations of spectroscopic analyses led to the complete assignment of 13c nmr and 1h nmr chemical shifts for the former compound and to the determination of ...200111382237
newly discovered transmission pathway of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from males of the beetle monochamus alternatus to pinus densiflora trees via oviposition wounds.the transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from monochamus alternatus males to pinus densiflora trees via oviposition wounds has been determined. nematode-infested males, with mandibles fixed experimentally to prevent feeding, were placed for 48 hours with pine bolts containing oviposition wounds that had been made by nematode-free females. after removal of the nematode-infested males, the pine bolts were held for 1 month and then examined for the presence of nematodes. reproducing nematode ...200219265963
precision and selection of extraction methods of aphelenchid nematodes from maritime pine wood, pinus pinaster l.four extraction methods for bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other aphelenchid nematodes were compared on the number of nematodes per gram recovered, and on the precision of the mean number of nematodes per gram of pine wood. the number of nematodes per gram recovered by each method, in addition to its inherent shortcomings when the actual number of nematodes is unknown, failed to provide clear rankings among the extraction methods. the precision of the mean number of nematodes per gram did provid ...200219265909
augmentation by bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine wood nematode, of polyclonal ige production induced by lipopolysaccharide plus interleukin-4 in murine splenocytes.bursaphelenchus xylophilus (b. xylophilus) is a pine wood nematode that is known to cause pine wilt disease. we report here that b. xylophilus extracts augmented the polyclonal immunoglobulin e (ige) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps) plus interleukin-4 (il-4) both in murine splenocytes and purified b cells as determined by elisa and elispot assays, but they did not cause such a promotion in the absence of either lps or il-4. we also observed that the antigen-nonspecific ige levels w ...200312686761
horizontal transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus between sexes of monochamus alternatus.four experiments were conducted using nematode-infested and nematode-free adults of the cerambycid beetle, monochamus alternatus, to determine horizontal transmission pathways of bursaphelenchus xylophilus. when nematode-infested beetles of one sex and nematode-free beetles of the opposite sex were paired in containers for 48 or 72 hours, the number of nematodes carried by nematode-free beetles tended to increase with increased number of nematodes carried by nematode-infested beetles. the nemato ...200319265968
evolution of parasitism in insect-transmitted plant nematodes.nematode-insect associations have evolved many times in the phylum nematoda, but these lineages involve plant parasitism only in the secernentean orders aphelenchida and tylenchida. in the aphelenchida (aphelenchoidoidea), bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode), b. cocophilus (red ring or coconut palm nematode) (parasitaphelenchidae), and the many potential host-specific species of schistonchus (fig nematodes) (aphelenchoididae) nematode-insect interactions probably evolved independentl ...200319265987
development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate.injection of the poorly water-soluble emamectin benzoate (eb) into pine trunks required the development of an efficient liquid formulation. for injection into big trees in forests a good rate of injection and a high active content were required. tests on the viscosity and eb-solubilizing ability of 14 various solubilizers in diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (dgmbe) led to the selection of sorpol sm-100pm as the solubilizer of the formulation. relationships between the solubilizing ability and a ...200312639056
a family of glycosyl hydrolase family 45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.we have characterized a family of ghf45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. the absence of such genes from other nematodes and their similarity to fungal genes suggests that they may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer (hgt) from fungi. the cell wall degrading enzymes of other plant parasitic nematodes may have been acquired by hgt from bacteria. b. xylophilus is not directly related to other plant parasites and our data therefore suggest that horizontal ...200415304348
a new method for loading bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: aphelenchoididae) on adult monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae).a new method was developed for loading the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, on the beetle monochamus alternatus hope. postdiapause beetle larvae were sterilized with 70 and 99.9% aqueous ethanol and placed singly in flasks where b. xylophilus reproduced on the fungus ophiostoma minus (hedgcock) h. et p. sydow that had been grown on autoclaved barley grain and pinus densifiora sieb. et zucc. wood chips. the fungus produced a large nematode population that ...200415279275
inhibitory effect of bursaphelenchus mucronatus (nematoda: aphelenchoididae) on b. xylophilus boarding adult monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae).inhibitory effects of bursaphelenchus mucronatus on the number of b. xylophilus carried by an adult monochamus alternatus were investigated using artificial pupal chambers. when pupal chambers were infested with either b. xylophilus or b. mucronatus, the load of b. xylophilus onto the beetle was greater (p < 0.001) than that of b. mucronatus. however, within the pupal chamber there was no difference in the abundance of the third-stage dispersal juveniles, which would molt to the fourth-stage dis ...200419262792
early embryogenesis of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.the early embryogenesis and cell lineage of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus was followed from a single-cell zygote to a 46-cell embryo under nomarski optics, and elongation of the microtubules was studied by immunostaining. as a b. xylophilus oocyte matures, it passes through a passage connecting the oviduct with the quadricolumella, the distal part of the uterus, and reaches the quadricolumella where it stays for a few minutes and is fertilized. after fertilization, the germina ...200415066194
distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation.in an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre(-1) liquid formulation (shot wan liquid formulation). the injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. the present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence ...200414727740
sesquiterpenes from the mycelial cultures of dichomitus squalens.three new sesquiterpenes including a rearranged hirsutane, dichomitol (1), an aromadendrane, 2beta,13-dihydroxyledol (2), and a 1,10-seco-2,3-seco-aromadendrane, dichomitone (3), were isolated from mycelial solid cultures of dichomitus squalens. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and their nematicidal activities against bursaphelenchus xylophilus were assessed.200415620268
physiology and molecular characteristics of a pine wilt nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum.we isolated the nematode-trapping fungus monacrosporium megalosporum from nature and examined its morphology, physiology and molecular characteristics. the nematode-trapping device of this fungus is a three-dimensional network. this fungus captures the pine wilt nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus), but not a non-phytopathogenic nematode that is morphologically similar to b. xylophilus. the phylogenic relationship of the nucleotide sequence of the rdna its region was close to those of m. thauma ...200415386097
use of magnetic resonance microscopy for the nondestructive observation of xylem cavitation caused by pine wilt disease.abstract the development of xylem cavitation caused by pine wilt disease was visualized nondestructively with a compact magnetic resonance (mr) microscope system. a t(1)-weighted spin-echo sequence clearly visualized the water-filled xylem of japanese black pine (pinus thunbergii) as white zones, whereas cavitated xylem was represented as dark areas. cavitated areas in the xylem were first observed 6 to 9 days after inoculation with the pinewood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus), and enlarge ...200518943004
[construction and screening of phage display single chain antibody library against bursaphelenchus xylophilus cellulase].a phage display single-chain variable fragment (scfv) library against bursaphelenchus xylophilus cellulase (bxc) was constructed and used to screen the specific antibodies binding to bxc. the total rna was extracted from fresh spleens of balb/c mice immunized with bxc. gene fragments encoding vh and vl were amplified by rt-pcr and assembled into a single chain by overlapping pcr with a linker dna encoding the peptide (gly4ser)3. the recombinant fragments were cloned into the phagemids (pcantabse ...200516468343
nematicidal activity and chemical component of poria cocos.poria cocos, a famous traditional chinese medicine, was found to have nematicidal activity in experiments searching for nematicidal fungi. the experiment showed it could kill 94.9% of the saprophytic nematode, panagrellus redivivue, 92.6% of the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne arenaria, and 93.5% of the pine nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, on pda plate within 12 hours. according to the nematicidal activity, three new compounds, 2, 4, 6-triacetylenic octane diacid, 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyhe ...200515765052
molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria.we report the cloning and functional characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. this is the first gene of this type from any nematode species. we show that a similar cdna is also present in another closely related species b. mucronatus, but that similar sequences are not present in any other nematode studied to date. the b. xylophilus gene is expressed solely in the oesophageal gland cel ...200515727561
[effects of pine wood nematode on propagation of its carrying bacteria].in this paper, the aseptic eggs of bursaphelenchus xylophilus were obtained after treated with 30% h202, and cultured with pinus thunbergii callus. ten b. xylophilus-carrying bacterial strains directly isolated from diseased p. thugbergii and p. massoniana in six epidemic provinces i.e., gcm6-2a pseudomonas putida, gcm6-1a p. putida, zpb1-2a p. putida, hem2a pseudomonas sp., hem1a pseudomonas sp., hem142b pseudomonas sp., gcm1-3a p. cepacia and hm3 pantoeu sp., zpb4-2b staphylococcus sciuri and ...200516515211
detection of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.abstract the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has caused significant damage to pine plantations both in east asia and north america and is an important quarantine organism. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to detect b. xylophilus. a set of primers and probe specific for b. xylophilus was designed to target the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer region. optimal primer concentration, mg(2+) concentration, and extension temperature were 400 nm, 3. ...200518943323
[effects of different removal disturbance intensity on plant diversity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded masson pine community].the study on the plant diversity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded masson pine community under effects of different removal disturbance intensity showed that the species diversity indices (richness, shannon-wiener index and evenness) of arbor layer decreased in the sequence of broad-leaved stand after the removal of all infected pine trees in the pure pine stand in fuyang > lightly infected masson pine - schima superba mixed stand in fuyang > uninfected stand mixture of masson pine and casta ...200617044484
pathogenic cellulase assay of pine wilt disease and immunological localization.the pine wilt disease caused by bursaphelenchus xylophilus (bx), also known as the pine wood nematode (pwn), is the most devastating disease of pine trees. in this work, a high molecular weight b. xylophilus cellulase antigen (bxca) was purified from total homogenates of nematodes. bxca was found to be able to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc) efficiently (155.65 u/mg) and to have an approximate molecular mass of 58.9 kda. we harvested anti-bxca antibodies and performed immunocytochemical ...200617090937
comparative studies between portuguese and japanese isolates of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus.comparative studies between portuguese (t and hf) and japanese (s10, t4, c14-5 and okd-1) isolates of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus have been made in order to provide information to better understand the possible origin of the portuguese isolates, recently introduced in the european union. the main comparative aspects investigated were pathogenicity (seedling mortality ratio), sexual compatibility, and dna sequences of the rdna region. four-year-old japanese black pine (pinus ...200619259459
acanthocytes of stropharia rugosoannulata function as a nematode-attacking device.efficient killing of nematodes by stropharia rugosoannulata farlow ex murrill cultures was observed. this fungus showed the ability to immobilize the free-living nematode panagrellus redivivus goodey within minutes and to immobilize the pine wilt nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle within hours on agar plates. moreover, p. redivivus worms were completely degraded by the fungus within 24 to 48 h. the cultures of s. rugosoannulata studied shared the characteristic of abun ...200616598005
activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by water-soluble extracts of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine wood nematode.in our previous study, water-soluble extracts from bursaphelenchus xylophilus (b. xylophilus), a pine wood nematode, were shown to enhance interleukin (il)-4 plus lipopolysaccharide-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin (ig) e production in vitro in mice and to increase serum levels of an antigen-nonspecific ige in vivo. here we examined whether the nematode extracts stimulate immunofunctions of murine peritoneal macrophages. in both resident and inflammatory macrophages, fcgamma receptor-mediated p ...200616428838
new nematicidal azaphilones from the aquatic fungus pseudohalonectria adversaria ymf1.01019.two new azaphilone metabolites, named pseudohalonectrin a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the culture of the aquatic fungus pseudohalonectria adversaria ymf1.01019, originally separated from submerged wood in yunnan province, china. pseudohalonectrin a and b were assessed for their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and their structures were defined after spectral analysis. this is the first report of secondary metabolites from any member of the genu ...200617020549
reproductive traits of monochamus galloprovincialis (coleoptera: cerambycidae) under laboratory conditions.the pine sawyer monochamus galloprovincialis (olivier) is the vector of the introduced pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & bührer) nickle in portugal, and until recently was considered a secondary forest insect. under laboratory conditions, a study of biological and reproductive traits of 37 insect pairs was conducted. the longevity of both sexes was similar, being 61.2+/-6.5 days for males and 64.0+/-6.3 days for females (mean+/-se). sixteen small-sized insects (22% of the ...200616768817
seasonal changes in needle water content and needle aba concentration of japanese red pine, pinus densiflora, in declining forests on mt. gokurakuji, hiroshima prefecture, japan.to evaluate the effects of air pollution on the decline of pinus densiflora forests, various research has been conducted around mt. gokurakuji (34 degrees 23'n, 132 degrees 19'e, 693 m a.s.l.) north of the seto inland sea, west japan. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for decreases in photosynthesis (pn) and stomatal conductance (gl), delta13c of needles and seasonal changes in the water content (wc) and abscisic acid concentration (aba) of needles were measured in various stands. the de ...200616607566
cloning and characterization of pectate lyases expressed in the esophageal gland of the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.two pectate lyase genes (bx-pel-1 and bx-pel-2) were cloned from the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. the deduced amino acid sequences of these pectate lyases are most similar to polysaccharide lyase family 3 proteins. recombinant bxpel1 showed highest activity on polygalacturonic acid and lower activity on more highly methylated pectin. recombinant bxpel1 demonstrated full dependency on ca2+ for activity and optimal activity at 55 degrees c and ph 8 to 10 like other pectate lyase ...200616570658
[electroantennogram and behavioral responses of monochamus alternatus to the volatiles from pinus thunbergii with different physiological status].the volatiles from healthy and pinewood nematode-infested branches of pinus thunbergii were collected by distillation, and analyzed by using hplc and gc-ms. electroantennogram (eag) and behavioral responses of monochamus alternatus with different physiological status to the volatiles were investigated respectively. the results showed that unmated beetle had a greater eag response potential to the volatiles from healthy branch than to those from infested branch, while it was reverse for mated bee ...200616964943
cloning, expression and deletion of the cuticle-degrading protease blg4 from nematophagous bacterium brevibacillus laterosporus g4.brevibacillus laterosporus g4, which was isolated from soil sample, kills free-living nematodes (panagrellus redivius) and plant-parasite nematodes (bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and degrades their cuticle in previous bioassay. our works for b. laterosporus g4 had demonstrated that an extracellular alkaline protease blg4 played a key role as a pathogenic factor in infection against nematode. in this study, the nematicidal activity of blg4 was further verified by an in vitro assay with purified rec ...200616897037
do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?fifty-six nuclear protein coding genes from taxonomically broad est database and other databases were selected for phylogenomic-based examination of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses concerning intergroup relationship between multicellular animals (metazoa) and other representatives of opisthokonta. the results of this work support sister group relationship between metazoa and choanoflagellata. both of these groups form the taxon holozoa along with the monophyletic ichthyosporea or mesomycetoz ...200718205615
repellent from traditional chinese medicine, periploca sepium bunge.by using a new bioassay-guided method, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde isolated from the root bark of periploca sepium, a traditional chinese medicine, showed repellent activity against the olive weevil (dyscerus perforatus) at 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 microg/disc, respectively. in addition, it also exhibited antinematodal activity against bursaphelenchus xylophilus at a minimum effective dose of 200 microg/ball. the three related compounds obtained were also evaluated for the above-mentioned bioa ...200718274284
nematicidal metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus geotrichum sp. al4.from the endophytic fungal strain geotrichum sp. al4, cultivated from the leaves of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), four compounds, 1-4, were isolated from the acoet extract, including two new, chlorinated, epimeric 1,3-oxazinane derivatives. all compounds were assessed for their nematicidal activities against the nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and panagrellus redivivus, and three out of the four isolates showed noticeable bioactivities.200717638333
expressed sequence tag (est) analysis of the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. mucronatus.most bursaphelenchus species feed on fungi that colonise dead or dying trees. however, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is unique in that in addition to feeding on fungi it has the capacity to be a parasite of live pine trees. we present an analysis of over 13,000 expressed sequence tags (ests) from b. xylophilus and, by way of contrast, over 3000 ests from a closely related species that does not parasitise plants as readily; b. mucronatus. four libraries from b. xylophilus, from a variety of life sta ...200717560668
maturation feeding and transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae) by monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae) inoculated with beauveria bassiana (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes).we examined the amount of maturation feeding and transmission of pinewood nematodes, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae), to healthy pine (pinus spp.) trees by pine sawyer monochamus alternatus hope (coleoptera: cerambycidae) adults infected with beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuill. (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes). inoculated beetles fed less than noninoculated beetles, probably because feeding by inoculated beetles began to decrease at about 4 d ...200717370808
cloning and characterization of an extracellular serine protease from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys conoides.an extracellular serine protease (ac1) with a molecular mass of 35 kda was purified from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys conoides. the optimum activity of ac1 is at ph 7.0 and 53.2 degrees c (over 20 min). ac1 can degrade a broad range of substrates including casein, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, collagen, and nematode cuticles. moreover, the enzyme can immobilize the free-living nematode panagrellus redivivus and the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, indicating ac1 may b ...200717390124
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