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recent advances in the management of plasmodium knowlesi infection.plasmodium knowlesi (p. knowlesi) has been detected to be the fifth malarial parasite that can cause malaria in human beings. the parasite is known to commonly infect macaque monkeys. the infection is highly prevalent in south-east asia. it has morphologic similarities to plasmodium malariae and plasmodium falciparum. p. knowlesi is known to replicate every 24 h in the human host and hence, causes "quotidian malaria." it causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and sometimes can cause f ...024754024
association between landscape factors and spatial patterns of plasmodium knowlesi infections in sabah, malaysia.the zoonotic malaria species plasmodium knowlesi has become the main cause of human malaria in malaysian borneo. deforestation and associated environmental and population changes have been hypothesized as main drivers of this apparent emergence. we gathered village-level data for p. knowlesi incidence for the districts of kudat and kota marudu in sabah state, malaysia, for 2008-2012. we adjusted malaria records from routine reporting systems to reflect the diagnostic uncertainty of microscopy fo ...026812373
human infections and detection of plasmodium knowlesi.plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in sarawak, malaysian borneo. human infections have since been described throughout southeast asia, and p. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of plasmodium causing malaria in humans. the molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate tha ...023554413
emerging protozoal pathogens in india: how prepared are we to face the threat?emerging protozoal pathogens have become a major threat to human health. the number of protozoal pathogens causing human disease has been on the rise since the last two to three decades. significant increase in the number of immunocompromised people, increase in international travel, deforestation, and widespread urban dwellings are some of the factors contributing to this changing epidemiology of protozoal diseases. apart from naegleria and acanthamoeba, other free-living amoebae like balamuthi ...023508066
observations on infection by plasmodium knowlesi (ape malaria) in the treatment of general paralysis of the insane. 193520779410
demonstration of passive immunity in experimental monkey malaria.a plasmodium knowlesi infection in rhesus monkeys is almost invariably fatal. this infection, however, may be made chronic by the early administration of antimalarial drugs. the animals then will harbor a chronic infection for an indefinite period. the serum taken from monkeys with chronic infection and injected into those suffering from an acute attack was found to have a definite depressing effect upon the course of the experimental disease. in some instances death was prevented and the acute ...193719870655
the agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi by immune serum.a specific agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi detectable both by macroscopic and by microscopic methods is described. agglutinins for plasmodium knowlesi appear in the sera of monkeys between 15 and 45 days after the onset of the infection and become progressively stronger as the malarial infection gradually subsides. agglutinins persist in the sera of chronically infected animals for a year or longer. the sera of animals which have been repeatedly superinfected agglutinate parasites at diluti ...193819870761
the complement fixation reaction in monkey malaria.1. a specific complement fixation reaction test for plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys is reported with details involved in the preparation of the antigen and procedures employed in setting up the test. 2. it was found that specific complement-fixing antibodies appeared early in the course of the experimental disease and persisted during the course of the chronic infection. 3. the first appearance of complement-fixing antibodies was generally followed by a temporary fall in titer. dur ...193819870762
effect of repeated superinfection upon the potency of immune serum of monkeys harboring chronic infections of plasmodium knowlesi.protection tests have been utilized to determine the effect of superinfection upon the potency of immune serum of monkeys with chronic plasmodium knowlesi infections. the results of these tests showed that: 1. in 2 groups of monkeys with comparable p. knowlesi infections the immune serum of 8 monkeys which had been superinfected on 7 separate occasions over a period of 2 months was much more potent than the immune serum of a group of 7 monkeys which were allowed to continue their chronic course ...193819870772
the quantitative relationship between immune serum and infective dose of parasites as demonstrated by the protection test in monkey malaria.the minimal infective dose of plasmodium knowlesi for rhesus monkeys was found in this study to be between 1 and 10 parasites when injected intraperitoneally. as the dose of parasites is increased, the length of time prior to the appearance of circulating parasites is decreased. however, the severity of the infection once it is established is independent of the initial dose of parasites. in passive protection experiments a quantitative relationship was demonstrated between the number of parasite ...193819870773
complement fixation in human malaria with an antigen prepared from the monkey parasite plasmodium knowlesi.in the studies of complement fixation described in this paper, the antigens were prepared from (a) normal monkey red cells, (b) parasitized red cells of monkeys dying with plasmodium knowlesi infection, (c) the spleens of monkeys dying with plasmodium knowlesi infection; the sera came from (a) normal human beings, (b) patients with syphilis, (c) patients with paresis who were receiving malaria therapy with plasmodium knowlesi, plasmodium vivax, or plasmodium falciparum, and (d) patients with mal ...193919870853
the soluble malarial antigen in the serum of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi.a soluble malarial antigen which fixes complement with immune serum is found in the serum of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi. the amount of antigen in the serum is related to the parasite count during the acute phase of the infection. the antigen is not excreted in the urine. intravenous injection into normal monkeys of serum containing the antigen stimulates the production of specific complement-fixing antibodies which react with antigens extracted from parasitized cells, as well as w ...193919870861
immune response of rabbits to injection of plasmodium knowlesi.specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead plasmodium knowlesi. sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for p. knowlesi. because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. normal rabbit serum is not pa ...193919870895
production in monkeys of complement-fixing antibodies without active immunity by injection of killed plasmodium knowlesi.injection into rhesus monkeys of plasmodium knowlesi killed by heat, formalin, drying, or freezing and thawing stimulates the production of complement-fixing antibodies, but no demonstrable agglutinating or protective antibodies are formed. possible differences in the immunity mechanisms concerned in active infection and in artificial immunization are discussed.193919870896
the occurrence of malaria antibodies in human serum following induced infection with plasmodium knowlesi.evidence has been presented which indicates that antibodies appear in the serum of individuals following an induced malaria infection with plasmodium knowlesi.194019871005
the duration of immunity to plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys.rhesus monkeys with experimental plasmodium knowlesi infections of varying duration were treated with sodium sulfathiazole to sterilize the infection and after differing lengths of time were reinoculated intraperitoneally with homologous strains of the plasmodium, for the purpose of determining whether there is any acquired immunity to malaria in hosts from whom all parasites have been removed. two monkeys, one receiving sulfathiazole on the 2nd day of acute infection and the other on the 4th da ...194419871378
in vitro growth and multiplication of the malaria parasite, plasmodium knowlesi. 194517799502
knowlesi malaria in monkeys; microscopic pathological circulatory physiology of rhesus monkeys during acute plasmodium knowlesi malaria. 194521016051
chemotherapy of plasmodium knowlesi infections in macaca mulatta monkeys. 194620983207
chemotherapy of plasmodium knowlesi infections in macaca mulatta monkeys. 194620994722
studies on malarial parasites; effects of ascorbic acid on malaria (plasmodium knowlesi) in monkeys. 194620277733
studies on malarial parasites : vii. methods and techniques for cultivation.1. methods of recovering adequate amounts of plasmodium knowlesi from the monkey (macaca, mulatta) for biochemical studies and in vitro cultivation are described. concentrates of red blood cells parasitized with p. knowlesi can be obtained by differential sedimentation of parasitized blood because of physical and chemical changes produced by the parasites in the host cell and the plasma of the blood. 2. two different techniques, the rocker-dilution and the rocker-perfusion methods, are described ...194619871590
studies on malarial parasites : viii. factors affecting the growth of plasmodium knowlesi in vitro.1. methods have been described for the preparation and sterilization of a synthetic nutrient medium which supports normal growth during one 24 hour asexual cycle of the erythrocytic form of p. knowlesi. 2. successive subcultures with good multiplication can be carried out when whole blood or plasma is added to the medium. data are presented from two such experiments where the sixth and seventh generations, respectively, were injected into normal monkeys. in both cases, the injections produced cl ...194619871591
the pigment of the malarial parasites plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium gallinaceum. 194716748225
the pigment of the malarial parasites plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium gallinaceum. 194720270803
alterations in some constituents of the monkey erythrocyte infected with plasmodium knowlesi as related to pigment formation. 194818109260
effect of blood and oxygen on plasmodium knowlesi infection in monkeys. 194818885740
complement fixation with soluble antigens of plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium lophurae. 194818901426
complement fixation with soluble antigens of plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium lophurae. 194818932536
methionine in the growth of the malarial parasite, plasmodium knowlesi. 194818938425
[not available]. 194918129509
asexual reproduction of plasmodium knowlesi in rhesus monkeys. 194918137136
effect of human blood on plasmodium knowlesi infection in monkeys. 194915396800
effect of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride of plasmodium knowlesi infection in the monkey. 195014789758
acquired resistance to proguanil in plasmodium knowlesi. 195213005681
isolation of a new strain of plasmodium knowlesi. 195313072598
presumed exo-erythrocytic schizonts of plasmodium knowlesi in the liver of a malayan monkey (macaca irus). 195313102580
the relation of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium knowlesi to their respective red-cell hosts. 195613324922
the sulphur requirements of the erythrocytic from of plasmodium knowlesi. 195613328822
studies on the nature of malarial pigment (haemozion). i. the pigment of the simian species, plasmodium knowlesi and p. cynomolgi. 195613340681
the tissue stages and sporogony of plasmodium knowlesi. 195713467997
transmission of plasmodium knowlesi by anopheles stephensi. 195713467998
serum protein changes induced by plasmodium berghei infection in rats and plasmodium knowlesi infection in monkeys. 195713468001
blood sugar and tissue glycogen in infections in macaca mulatta with the nuri strain of plasmodium knowlesi. 195813595562
lysis and other circulatory phenomena in malaria (plasmodium knowlesi). 195913816272
the terminal stages of plasmodium knowlesi infection in macaca mulatta. i. the clinical state: resuscitation by l-noradrenaline. 195914419715
the terminal stages of plasmodium knowlesi infection in macaca mulatta. ii. the pharmacological action of l-noradrenaline and adrenaline. 195914419716
blood loss and replacement in plasmodial infections. iii. plasmodium cynomolgi, plasmodium gonderi and plasmodium knowlesi in macaca mulatta mulatta, the rhesus monkey. 196013847844
isolation of plasmodium knowlesi from philippine macaques. 196113758508
anopheles hackeri, a vector of plasmodium knowlesi in malaya.anopheles hackeri, a mosquito commonly found breeding in nipa palm leaf bases along the malayan coast, was demonstrated to be infected with plasmodium knowlesi by the inoculation of sporozoites into an uninfected rhesus monkey. this was the first demonstration of a natural vector of any monkey malaria.196113784726
glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities in erythrocytes of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi. 196213945524
intracellular phagotrophy by plasmodium knowlesi. 196213945525
a new sub-species of plasmodium knowlesi in the long-tailed macaque. 196313960457
the circulation in malaria. ii. portal angiography in monkeys (macaca mulatta) infected with plasmodium knowlesi and in shock following manipulation of the gut. 196414249030
studies on antibody levels during vaccination of rhesus monkeys against plasmodium knowlesi. 19654158313
immunization of rhesus monkeys against plasmodium knowlesi malaria. 19654158356
immunity to malaria: antigenic variation in chronic infections of plasmodium knowlesi. 19654958335
plasma replacement for in vitro culture of plasmodium knowlesi.of six fractions of human plasma tested, only cohn's fraction iv-4 was effective for the replacement of whole plasma from monkey (macaca mulatta) for the in vitro culture of plasmodium knowlesi. the effects observed on multiplication and morphology of parasites suggest a specific role of some substance or substances in fraction iv-4.19664958428
in vitro cultivation of erythrocytic forms of plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium berghei. 19664957806
a coagulation defect and its treatment with heparin in plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys. 19664957817
a factor associated with anemia and immunity in plasmodium knowlesi infections. 19664957826
a new method for isolation and fractionation of complement fixing antigens from plasmodium knowlesi. 19665926104
studies on the transmission of simian malarias. ii. transmission of the h strain of plasmodium knowlesi by anopheles balabacensis balabacensis. 19676035726
fluorescent antibody studies on simian malaria. i. development of antibodies to plasmodium knowlesi. 19674960484
stearic acid as plasma replacement for intracellular in vitro culture of plasmodium knowlesi.a chloroform extract of cohn's fraction iv-4 of human plasma successfully replaced whole fraction iv-4 for the intracellular in vitro culture of plasmodium knowlesi. we are now able to report the successful replacement of monkey plasma by stearic acid.19674960876
the relation of the endo-erythrocytic cycle of plasmodium knowlesi and of p. cynomolgi to body temperature. 19674963256
immunity to malaria: the antibody response to antigenic variation by plasmodium knowlesi. 19684965829
malaria: extracellular amino acid requirements for in vitro growth of erythrocytic forms of plasmodium knowlesi. 19684966979
carbon dioxide fixation in malaria. ii. plasmodium knowlesi (monkey malaria). 19684967905
dna, rna , and protein synthesis in erythrocytic forms of plasmodium knowlesi. 19684971014
chloroquine and dihydroquinine. in vitro studies by their antimalarial effect upon plasmodium knowlesi. 19684972437
the movement of radioactive albumin (i131 r.h.s.a.) from blood into c.s.f. and vice versa by dilution method in normal and plasmodium knowlesi infected macaca mulatta. 19684234388
factor affecting on the movement of protein across the blood: brain: c.s.f. barriers in plasmodium knowlesi infected macaca mulatta. 19684234389
the movement of fluorescent isothiocyanate (f.i.t.c.) labelled human albumin from blood into brain tissue examined by fluorescent technique in normal and plasmodium knowlesi infected macaca mulatta. 19684234390
experimental mosquito-transmission of plasmodium knowlesi to man and monkey. 19684385130
liver involvement in acute mammalian malaria with special reference to plasmodium knowlesi malaria. 19684978051
the influence of methylene blue on the pentose phosphate pathway in erythrocytes of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi. 19694978077
uptake of chloroquine-3-h3 by plasmodium knowlesi in vitro. 19694978324
treatment of trophozoite-induced plasmodium knowlesi infection in the rhesus monkey with trimethoprim and sulfalene. 19694978595
fine structure of the erythrocytic stages of plasmodium knowlesi. a comparison between intracellular and free forms. 19694982542
immunological studies on simian malaria parasites. iv. heterologous superinfection of monkeys with chronic plasmodium knowlesi infections. 19694983827
seroepidemiological studies by indirect haemagglutination tests for malaria. military recruit collections from argentina, brazil, colombia, and the united states of america.seroepidemiological studies of 10 956 sera of military recruits from 4 countries in the western hemisphere suggest that the indirect haemagglutination test employing an antigen prepared from plasmodium knowlesi adsorbed to human group o erythrocytes may be useful in epidemiological studies of malaria. based on a titre of 1: 8, or higher, in a micro-titration of serum, the prevalence of serological reactors in the collection of sera from usa recruits was 0.9%, in the argentina collection 4.6%, in ...19695309533
some factors affecting the cultivation in vitro of the erythrocytic stages of plasmodium knowlesi. 19695357326
the use of proprietary tissue-culture media for the cultivation in vitro of the erythrocytic stages of plasmodium knowlesi. 19695357327
cytochrome oxidase activity in platelet-free preparations of plasmodium knowlesi. 19694309811
alterations of red blood cell sodium transport during malarial infection.previous studies have suggested that malaria induces changes in erythrocytic membrane permeability and susceptibility to osmotic lysis. the present study investigated erythrocytic transport of sodium with cells from rhesus monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi. red blood cell sodium concentration was significantly elevated in 37 parasitized animals (21.8+/-1.2 mm; mean +/-sem), as compared to 23 control animals (10.0+/-0.38 mm). the cellular sodium increased with the density of parasitemia a ...19694975361
biosynthesis of ubiquinones by malarial parasites. i. isolation of [14c]ubiquinones from cultures of rhesus monkey blood infected with plasmodium knowlesi. 19694976406
some factors affecting the cultivation in vitro of the erythrocytic stages of plasmodium knowlesi. 19694986782
the use of proprietary tissue-culture media for the cultivation in vitro of the erythrocytic stages of plasmodium knowlesi. 19694986783
the isolation and fractionation of plasmodium knowlesi. 19694987063
nutritional requirements for in vitro cultivation of a simian malarial parasite, plasmodium knowlesi. 19694987068
in vitro studies on the amino acid metabolism of plasmodium knowlesi and the antiplasmodial effect of the isoleucine antagonists. 19694987069
intestinal absorption in malaria. i. the absorption of an amino acid (aib-i-14c) across the gut membrane in normal and in plasmodium knowlesi-infected monkeys. 19694988734
the influence of three analogs of isoleucine on in vitro growth and protein synthesis of erythrocytic forms of plasmodium knowlesi. 19695765302
the effects of histamine in malaria.1. extracts of the blood of monkeys (macaca mulatta) infected with plasmodium knowlesi contain histamine. a mean total concentration of 0.15 mug/ml was present in the circulating blood.2. no histamine was detected in the blood of healthy monkeys.3. vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability was observed at the site of injection of the extract into the skin and brain of guinea-pigs.4. infiltration of the dermal layer by leucocytes was observed after intradermal injection of the histamine ...19704991928
schizogony of plasmodium knowlesi in the presence of normal and immune sera. 19704991939
inflammatory changes in small blood vessels induced by kallikrein (kininogenase) in the blood of macaca mulatta infected with plasmodium knowlesi. 19704992593
pathological lesions produced in the brain by kllikrein (kininogenase) in macaca mulatta infected with plasmodium knowlesi. 19704992594
the significance of kinin-destroying enzymes activity in plasmodium knowlesi malarial infection. 19704992601
passive immunity in plasmodium knowlesi malaria. 19704993013
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