Publications

the effect of sodium hypochlorite upon the spores of american foul brood ( bacillus larvae).		1923	17753893
relation of proteolytic enzymes to phase of life cycle of bacillus larvae, and two new culture media for this organism.		1940	16560382
growth factor requirements of bacillus larvae, white.		1942	16560553
nutritional requirements of bacillus larvae.		1948	16561516
nutritional requirements of bacillus larvae.		1948	18915662
the effect of pollen on the sporulation of bacillus larvae (white).		1949	18124498
the effect of pollen on the sporulation of bacillus larvae (white).		1949	16561666
antisporulation factors in complex organic media. i. growth and sporulation studies on bacillus larvae.		1950	15436419
the influence of antibiotics and sulfa drugs on bacillus larvae, cause of american foulbrood of the honeybee, in vitro and in vivo.		1950	15436420
thermal resistance of bacillus larvae spores in honey.		1952	14946093
carbohydrate metabolism of bacillus larvae.		1957	13475223
[the effect of antibiotics on strains of bacillus larvae white originating from different geographic areas].		1959	13627579
[antibiotic action on various substances from bees & bee-hives on bacillus larvae & bacillus alvei].		1959	13629892
bacillus larvae: its cultivation in vitro and its growth in vivo.		1962	13969015
the effect of serial passage of bacillus larvae white in the honey bee.		1965	14323783
in vitro growth studies of bacillus larvae white.		1965	5848794
[the sensitivity of strains of bacillus larvae white to antibiotics].		1967	5600607
experimental infections with bacillus larvae. i. a strain with a morphological marker.		1969	5777833
fatty acids in bacillus larvae, bacillus lentimorbus, and bacillus popilliae.	the types of fatty acids produced by two strains each of bacillus larvae, b. lentimorbus, and b. popilliae, and their distribution patterns, were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. all six organisms produced eight major fatty acids: six branched (iso-c(14), -c(15), -c(16), and -c(17), and anteiso-c(15) and -c(17)), two normal (n-c(14) and -c(16)), and two minor (n-c(15) and monounsaturated n-c(16)). in addition, some other trace acids were produced. branched-chain fatty acids accounted for 54 ...	1969	5781571
bacillus larvae isolation, culturing, and vegetative thermal death point.		1969	5369203
experimental infections with bacillus larvae. ii. bacteriophage production in the host.		1969	5371084
flagellar bundles of the honeybee pathogen, bacillus larvae; their occurrence, size, and development in vivo and in vitro.		1970	5423288
some properties of a bacteriophage from bacillus larvae.		1970	5435792
synthesis of agglutinating substances in adult honeybees against bacillus larvae.		1970	5449743
resistance to american foulbrood in honey bees. xi. fate of bacillus larvae spores ingested by adults.		1971	5575743
physiology of sporeforming bacteria associated with insects. iv. glucose catabolism in bacillus larvae.	bacillus larvae appears to be unique among related bacilli in that it contains enzymes of the embden-meyerhof-parnas, pentose phosphate, and entner-doudoroff pathways. simultaneous occurrence of enzymes of all three metabolic pathways has not until now been reported in other bacillus species. radiorespirometric analyses of specifically labeled glucose catabolism reveal that vegetative cells of b. larvae dissimilate glucose predominately via a direct oxidative route and to a lesser extent by a no ...	1971	4331499
[effect of ether oils on bacillus larvae].		1971	5149327
[the fluorescent antibody test as a rapid method for the demonstration of bacillus larvae].		1974	4602335
the influence of pollen on the susceptibility of honey-bee larvae to bacillus larvae.		1974	4833177
[isolation from the soil of a bacteriophage lysing bacillus larvae].		1976	1007965
[diagnosis of bacillus larvae --the causative agent of american foulbrood].	the authoress studied the growth of bacillus larvae on different nutrient media and its ability of decomposing hydrogen peroxide and reducing nitrates. there are also instructions for rapid cultivation and biochemical diagnosis of bacillus larvae. it can be performed in any microbiological laboratory, the culture medium can be prepared from available commercially produced preparations, and b. larvae can be detected in suspected material even out of the season, if the method of selective cultivat ...	1978	96567
[study of the spiral and spindle-shaped formations in cultures of bacillus larvae (white 1906) causing foulbrood in bees].	the authors have been studying the bacterial diseases of the brood for a fairly long time. american and european foul brood has been studied with the highest attention. cultures of bacillus larvae (white, 1906) were examined both in freshly isolated strains and in collection strains of this micro-organism. in cases of foul brood, the pathological material was found to contain not only the typical rods of b. larvae but also immobile spiral forms which are usually referred to in literature as frag ...	1978	96576
medium promoting sporulation of bacillus larvae and metabolism of medium components.	a new medium, designated tmygp broth, was developed that allowed the honeybee pathogen bacillus larvae nrrl b-3650 to produce up to 5 x 10 spores per ml of culture (microscopic count). this species normally sporulates poorly, if at all, in artificial broth media. an aeration rate lower than that normally used to cultivate other bacillus species was required for sporulation. during the exponential growth phase, acids were produced by catabolism of yeast extract components, causing a decrease in p ...	1983	16346399
protection of bacillus larvae from oxygen toxicity with emphasis on the role of catalase.	sporulation of bacillus larvae nrrl b-3650 occurred only at aeration rates lower than those used for cultivation of most bacillus species. one possible explanation for the requirement for a low level of aeration in b. larvae is that toxic forms of oxygen such as h(2)o(2) and superoxide are involved. the superoxide dismutase levels of strain b-3650 were similar to those of bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation, and no nadh peroxidase was present. catalase activity was absent during exponential ...	1984	16346560
isolation of two bacteriophages from bacillus larvae, pbl1 and pbl0.5, and partial characterization of pbl1.	two temperate bacteriophages have been isolated from bacillus larvae: pbl1 and pbl0 .5. strains lysogenic for either of these phages are immune to lysis by the same phage but are sensitive to the other phage. pbl1 has an oval head, a non-contractile tail, and a base plate with a pin structure but no apparent tail fibres. the genome of pbl1 consists of double-stranded dna with a molecular weight of 24.1 (+/-0.6) x 10(6), a g + c content (derived from melting temperature) of 41.5%, and cohesive en ...	1984	6726188
[infection of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt system by bacillus circulans and bacillus larvae].	a two episodes case of csf ventriculo-atrial shunt infection due to b. circulans and b. larvae is presented. b. circulans was first isolated from 4 blood cultures and csf (shunt valve tap). the patient showed a brain damage syndrome reversible with antibiotic treatment. lethal toxin production was demonstrated for the b. circulans strain in a mouse model. this strain was found to be a variant of gordon's description as it produced urease and was tolerant to 7% nacl. the patient recovered after c ...	1985	3870747
[a simple culture method for the bacteriological identification of bacillus larvae on columbia blood-slant agar].		1985	3883984
studies on transfection and transformation of protoplasts of bacillus larvae, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus popilliae.	protoplasts of bacillus larvae nrrl b-3555 and bacillus subtilis rm125 (restrictionless, modificationless mutant) were transfected with dna from the b. larvae bacteriophage pbl1c in the presence of polyethylene glycol. b. subtilis 168 and bacillus popilliae nrrl b-2309m protoplasts could not be transfected with pbl1c dna. protoplasts of b larvae nrrl b-3555 were transformed with plasmids pc194 and phv33 in the presence of polyethylene glycol. the frequency of transformation was much higher when ...	1985	3922299
ultrastructure of sporulating bacillus larvae in a broth medium.	an electron microscopic study of sporulation of bacillus larvae, a honeybee pathogen, in tmygp broth (d. w. dingman and d. p. stahly, appl. environ. microbiol. 46:860-869, 1983) was conducted. no parasporal structures were evident in the sporangial cytoplasm. the stages of sporulation were similar to those observed in other sporeformers. a rather unusual inner coat layer consisting of seven lamellae was apparent.	1985	16346887
[staphylococcus aureus infection in apis mellifera l. (honeybees)].	the causative agent of american foulbrood is bacillus larvae, the causes of the european foulbrood diseases are streptococcus pluton and bacillus alvei and the causes of the septicemia are pseudomonas apiseptica and escherichia coli in honeybees (apis mellifera). apart from the above causative agents in this study, staphylococcus aureus has been isolated and identified from honeybees (apis mellifera).	1989	2487466
selective inhibition of cecropin-like activity of insect immune blood by protease from american foulbrood scales.	bioassays of american foulbrood larval scale filtrates have shown the presence of an immune inhibitor with a specific activity of proteases that selectively destroy cecropin-like activity in insect immune hemolymphs. it was an unexpected phenomenon to find that bacillus larvae protease(s), even at trace concentrations, totally inhibits bactericidal activity of immune blood against escherichia coli d 31. thermal inactivation of a proteolytic enzyme coincides strictly with a disappearance of the a ...	1990	2273283
bacillus thiaminolyticus sp. nov., nom. rev.	the name "bacillus thiaminolyticus" kuno 1951 was not included on the approved lists of bacterial names and has lost standing in bacteriological nomenclature. the genetic homogeneity of "bacillus thiaminolyticus" was assessed by determining guanine-plus-cytosine contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring dna relatedness by using spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. of the 26 strains which i studied, 24 had guanine-plus-cytosine contents in the range from 52 to 54 mol%. the c ...	1990	2397192
characterization of bacillus larvae white, the causative agent of american foulbrood of honey-bees. first record of its occurrence in argentina.	american foulbrood caused by bacillus larvae white is recorded for the first time on brood combs of argentinian hives. the identification of the causative agent was based on disease symptomatology, morphological characters, pathogenicity tests and physiological and biochemical reactions. studies by scanning electron microscopy showed the occurrence of large flagellar bundles of bacillus larvae strains growing in biphasic bl medium. an electron microscope survey of the surface configuration of ba ...	1992	1298015
[detection of bacillus larvae in mixed populations of bacterial spores from larval remains].	an accurate laboratory technique for the detection of bacillus larvae from larval remains of apis mellifera with mixed bacterial spore populations was developed. the incorporation of nalidixic acid to the culture medium (3 micrograms/ml) was a satisfactory procedure for the separation of bacillus larvae strains from bacillus alvei motile colonies.	1992	1492951
large-scale isolation and partial characterization of plasmid dna from b. larvae.	large-scale preparation of plasmid dna from two bacillus larvae strains 423 and 728, honey-bee pathogens, is described. the isolated plasmid dnas were analyzed by restriction enzyme mapping. no difference in the resulting maps was found for six restriction enzymes. the plasmid dnas were also compared by southern blot hybridization and by electron microscopy. the results confirmed the identity of these plasmid dnas. all these data suggest that b. larvae strains harbor the same plasmid.	1992	1505875
detection of bacillus larvae spores in argentinian honeys by using a semi-selective medium.	a semi-selective medium for the detection in argentinian honeys of spores of bacillus larvae, a pathogen of american foulbrood, was developed. the technique involves dilution of samples (1:2) in phosphate buffer, concentration of spores by centrifugation and heat treatment prior to inoculation. two media (jnxpa and jnxpb) were prepared from j-agar, to which nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid were added. both jnxp media were reliable for the isolation of b. larvae colonies and, at the same time, p ...	1995	7576350
reclassification of paenibacillus (formerly bacillus) pulvifaciens (nakamura 1984) ash et al. 1994, a later subjective synonym of paenibacillus (formerly bacillus) larvae (white 1906) ash et al. 1994, as a subspecies of p. larvae, with emended descriptions of p. larvae as p. larvae subsp. larvae and p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens.	a polyphasic taxonomic study of four strains of paenibacillus larvae and four strains of paenibacillus pulvifaciens (including duplicates of both type strains) supported the reclassification of both former bacillus species into one species, p. larvae. our conclusions were based on morphological and analytab products (api) tests, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of whole-cell proteins, gas chromatography of methylated fatty acids, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, d ...	1996	8573507
bacillus larvae carrier status of swarms and feral colonies of honeybees (apis mellifera) in australia.		1996	8660215
biological properties and antibiotic susceptibility of bacillus larvae originated from american foulbrood of honeybee in japan.	the biological properties and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of bacillus larvae were examined. twenty-nine strains, 28 isolates from each outbreak of american foulbrood in japan and a b. larvae type strain (atcc 9545t) were used. our b. larvae isolates had almost the same biological properties as the type strain. the isolates were more susceptible to penicillins, macrolides and lincomycin, a lincosamide, than other antimicrobials. microsamicin among the macrolides and ampicillin among th ...	1996	8741604
paenibacillus apiarius sp. nov.	the name "bacillus apiarius" katznelson 1955 was not included on the approved lists of bacterial names and thus lost standing in bacterial nomenclature. the genetic homogeneity of "b. apiarius" strains was assessed by determining their g+c contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring the levels of dna relatedness by spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. the g+c contents of the 15 strains examined, ranged from 52 to 54 mol%. dna reassociation revealed the presence of two cluster ...	1996	8782677
laboratory and field studies on the effects of the antibiotic tylosin on honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) development and prevention of american foulbrood disease.	laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotic tylosin in preventing and controlling infections of american foulbrood disease (afb) of honey bees. studies conducted on immature worker bees maintained in the laboratory revealed that honey bee larvae could tolerate quite a range of doses of antibiotic in their diet. intermediate doses of tylosin protected very young larvae from becoming infected by bacillus larvae at a concentration of 1.5 x 10(8) spor ...	1996	8812572
a polyphasic reassessment of the genus paenibacillus, reclassification of bacillus lautus (nakamura 1984) as paenibacillus lautus comb. nov. and of bacillus peoriae (montefusco et al. 1993) as paenibacillus peoriae comb. nov., and emended descriptions of p. lautus and of p. peoriae.	seventy-seven strains representing 10 species in the paenibacillus polymyxa 16s rrna group and 3 other species that exhibit phenetic relatedness to members of this group, bacillus lautus, "bacillus longisporus," and bacillus peoriae, were characterized genotypically and phenotypically by performing an amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis, a randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis, a fatty acid methyl ester analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-c ...	1996	8863428
[characterization of isolates of paenibacillus larvae with biochemical type and oxytetracycline resistance].	a collection of 91 isolates from different geographical origins of paenibacillus larvae, the etiologic agent of american foulbrood disease of honey bees, was characterized according to its biochemical type and susceptibility to oxytetracycline hydrochloride (otc), the most commonly used antibiotic for the control of the disease. the majority of the argentinian strains corresponded to the biochemical type ii while only one culture from río negro (argentina), one from buenos aires (argentina) and ...	1996	9102660
medical microbiology	bacillus species are aerobic, sporulating, rod-shaped bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature. bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, is the only obligate bacillus pathogen in vertebrates. bacillus larvae, b lentimorbus, b popilliae, b sphaericus, and b thuringiensis are pathogens of specific groups of insects. a number of other species, in particular b cereus, are occasional pathogens of humans and livestock, but the large majority of bacillus species are harmless saprophytes. anthrax has aff ...	1996	21413260
the proteases of american foulbrood scales	the gross protease activity of pathological samples of american foulbrood-infected cadavers from several uk sources was studied. in all cases the bulk of the activity is caused by neutral protease(s) (optimum ph ca. 6.8) that are inhibited by chelating agents such as edta and 1,10 phenanthroline (indicating metalloproteases) but not by inhibitors of other classes of proteolytic enzymes. the proteases, which derive from the infectious agent of afb, paenibacillus larvae, were unusual in being inse ...	1997	9281394
disposition of ampicillin in honeybees and hives.	disposition profile of ampicillin (abpc) among honeybees, larvae, honey and royal jelly in a hive after oral dosing to adult bees was studied. four honeybee colonies were administered the single dose of abpc at the rate of 30 mg/hive by addition to sugar syrup or pollen substitute (paste) for 1 day intake. the colonies received abpc in syrup showed high drug residue levels in honey and it lasted over 14 days beyond the detection limit of residual analysis. in the hives given abpc in paste, relat ...	1997	9342699
sporicidal activities of disinfectants on paenibacillus larvae.	sporicidal activities of glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, povidone iodine, ethylene oxide gas, chlorhexidine gluconate, and didecyl dimethylammonium chloride on wet and dry spores of paenibacillus larvae (basonym: bacillus larvae) were evaluated for control of honeybee american foulbrood. glutaraldehyde was found to have a strong and rapid effect on both the wet and the dry spores among the disinfectants tested.	1997	9362051
characterization of isolates of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae from diverse geographical origin by the polymerase chain reaction and box primers.	ninety-nine strains of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood disease (afb) of honeybees, were isolated from different regions of argentina and other countries. the isolates were characterized on the basis of dna fingerprints by a polymerase chain reaction technique (pcr) with box sequence-specific primers. isolates from argentina generated three groups of patterns (designated a, b, and c), while p. larvae subsp. larvae strains obtained from other countries yi ...	1998	9647697
disposition of mirosamicin in honeybee hives.	disposition of mirosamicin, a macrolide antibiotic, to honeybee adults, larvae, honey and royal jelly in the beehive after in-feed administration to adult bees was studied. treatment was initiated at the end of july when the availability of natural pollen and nectar was poor. the drug was mixed with pollen-substitute paste and administered to honeybee colonies continuously for a week at a dosage of 200 mg/hive/week. high distributions in adult bees, jelly, larvae and a relatively low distributio ...	1998	9731948
histopathological and histochemical changes in honeybee larvae (apis mellifera l.) after infection with bacillus larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease.	morphological, histochemical and cytochemical changes were examined in honeybee larvae after infection with the bacterium bacillus larvae. the results indicate cell necrosis in the midgut epithelium accompanied by increasing cell vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis following per os inoculation with b. larvae. many autolysosomes were positive for acid phosphatase. non-vacuolar acid phosphatase activity was also found in lysed cell compartments. no such activity was found in regenerative epithelial ...	1998	9878101
a pcr detection method for rapid identification of paenibacillus larvae.	american foulbrood is a disease of larval honeybees (apis mellifera) caused by the bacterium paenibacillus larvae. over the years attempts have been made to develop a selective medium for the detection of p. larvae spores from honey samples. the most successful of these is a semiselective medium containing nalidixic acid and pipermedic acid. although this medium allows the growth of p. larvae and prevents the growth of most other bacterial species, the false-positive colonies that grow on it pre ...	1999	10224028
ppl1c, a virulent mutant bacteriophage useful for identification of paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae		1999	10534418
in situ localization of heat-shock and histone proteins in honey-bee (apis mellifera l.) larvae infected with paenibacillus larvae.	the immunohistochemical localization of the heat shock proteins (hsp70 and hsp90) and histone protein in healthy and paenibacillus larvae infected honeybee (apis mellifera l.) larvae has been studied. hsp70 was found in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of infected midgut, salivary gland cells and haemocytes, but not in uninfected larvae. hsp90 was localized in both infected and uninfected cells. exposed histone proteins were localized in the nuclei of dying uninfected cells undergoing programmed cel ...	1999	10562442
anti-bacterial function in the sexually dimorphic pollinator rewards of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae).	many species of the dioecious, neo-tropical plant genus clusia secrete a viscous, hydrophobic resin from glandular tissues in both male and female flowers. this substance is readily gathered by meliponine and euglossine bees for whom it most often serves as the sole pollinator reward. bees use clusia resin as a nest-building material. as such, resin clearly serves an indispensable mechanical function. however, resins with antimicrobial properties may also serve to reduce the risk of pathogenesis ...	1999	28307711
verification of oxytetracycline-resistant american foulbrood pathogen paenibacillus larvae in the united states.		2000	10631065
histochemical characterization of cell death in honeybee larvae midgut after treatment with paenibacillus larvae, amitraz and oxytetracycline.	a number of techniques were employed to assess cell death induced in honeybee larvae midgut after per os inoculation of bacterium paenibacillus larvae var. larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease, and separately with acaricide amitraz and antibiotic oxytetracycline. in honeybee larvae exposed to amitraz, which demonstrates both necrosis and apoptosis, cell death was found in 82% of midgut columnar and in 50% of regenerative epithelial cells, 24 h after treatment. cell death red ...	2000	10805966
comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae), their mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascophaera apis.	laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (apis mellifera l.) pests. neem pesticides inhibited the growth of paenibacillus larvae (ash, priest & collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of ascophaera apis (olive & spiltoir). azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against p. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. neem-aza, however, ...	2000	10826163
two polyisoprenylated benzophenones from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae).	the polyisoprenylated benzophenones, chamones i and ii, were isolated from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae) growing in southeastern venezuela. a third benzophenone, nemorosone ii, was isolated from the pollinator reward resin of the female flowers of the same plant. chamone i and nemorosone ii are structurally similar, differing only in the degree of prenylation. bioassays of chamone i and nemorosone ii using the honeybee pathogens, paenibacillus larvae and paenibacillus alvei, ...	2000	11021641
adult honeybee's resistance against paenibacillus larvae larvae, the causative agent of the american foulbrood.	american foulbrood is a widespread disease of honeybee larvae caused by the spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. spores represent the infectious stage; when ingested by a larva they germinate in the midgut. the rod-shaped vegetative forms penetrate the larva's intestinal tissue and start multiplying rapidly, which finally kills the larva. spores fed to adult honeybees, however, do not harm the bees. we investigated this phenomenon. specifically, we studied the influence of ...	2001	11437525
disinfection of wooden structures contaminated with paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores.	the aim of the study is to examine the disinfection of wood contaminated with paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores, in order to find a practical decontamination method for hive materials.	2001	11473585
american foulbrood in uruguay: isolation of paenibacillus larvae larvae from larvae with clinical symptoms and adult honeybees and susceptibility to oxytetracycline.		2001	11812121
differentiation of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of american foulbrood of honeybees, by using pcr and restriction fragment analysis of genes encoding 16s rrna.	a rapid procedure for the identification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood (afb) disease of honeybees (apis mellifera l.), based on pcr and restriction fragment analysis of the 16s rrna genes (rdna) is described. eighty-six bacterial strains belonging to 39 species of the genera paenibacillus, bacillus, brevibacillus, and virgibacillus were characterized. amplified rdna was digested with seven restriction endonucleases. the combined data from restricti ...	2002	12089057
paenibacillus koleovorans sp. nov., able to grow on the sheath of sphaerotilus natans.	two bacterial strains that are able to grow specifically on the sheath of a sheathed filamentous bacterium, sphaerotilus natans, were isolated from soil samples. the sheath-degrading organisms, designated strains tb(t) and tk, are facultatively anaerobic and form endospores. the gram reaction was negative at all stages of cultivation. the optimum growth temperature and ph were 30 degrees c and ph 7. the dna g+c content was 54.0-55.8 mol%. mk-7 was the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-c15:0 wa ...	2002	12361261
method of application of tylosin, an antibiotic for american foulbrood control, with effects on small hive beetle (coleoptera: nitidulidae) populations.	the method of application of the antibiotic tylosin (tylan) for control of oxytetracycline-resistant american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae white) was tested in honeybee (apis mellifera l.) colonies. a powdered sugar mixture with tylosin, applied as a dust, was efficacious in eliminating american foulbrood symptoms at a rate of 200-mg tylan per 20 g of powdered sugar, applied at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. a second method of treatment consisting of tylan mixed with granulated sugar and veget ...	2002	12539820
the possible role of varroa destructor in the spreading of american foulbrood among apiaries.	the aim of this investigation was to establish whether varroa destructor can play a role in the transmission of paenibacillus larvae larvae spores from infected to healthy bee colonies. mites, collected from an apis mellifera carnica colony heavily infected with american foulbrood and treated with apistan, were suspended in distilled water and treated in three different ways:homogenizing, shaking and stirring, or sonication. the resulting fluid samples were transferred onto selective agar medium ...	2002	12797406
evidence for intra-colonial genetic variance in resistance to american foulbrood of honey bees ( apis mellifera): further support for the parasite/pathogen hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry.	explanations for the evolution of multiple mating by social insect (particularly honey bee) queens have been frequently sought. an important hypothesis is that multiple mating is adaptive because it increases intracolonial genetic diversity and thereby reduces the likelihood that parasites or pathogens will catastrophically infect a colony. we tested one assumption of this model: that honey bee worker patrilines should differ in disease resistance. we used american foulbrood (caused by the bacte ...	2003	12835837
development and evaluation of pcr assays for the detection of paenibacillus larvae in honey samples: comparison with isolation and biochemical characterization.	pcr assays were developed for the direct detection of paenibacillus larvae in honey samples and compared with isolation and biochemical characterization procedures. different primer pairs, designed from the 16s rrna and the metalloproteinase precursor gene regions, and different dna extraction methods were tested and compared. the sensitivity of the reactions was evaluated by serial dilutions of dna extracts obtained from p. larvae cultures. the specificity of the primers was assessed by analyzi ...	2003	12620836
diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae.	paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the important honey bee larval disease american foulbrood (afb). this pathogen has been treated in bee colonies by a single registered antibiotic, oxytetracycline (otc), for fifty years. recently, widespread resistance to otc has been reported. in this study, the degree of antibiotic resistance was contrasted with dna sequence variation for 125 p. larvae isolates collected in north america. resistance was uncorrelated with bacterial haplotype, sugge ...	2003	12725811
american foulbrood and african honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae).	we have taken samples of honey from individual beekeepers (n = 64), and of domestic (n = 35) and imported honey (n = 15) retailed in supermarkets in several sub-saharan countries and cultivated these samples for paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae heyndrickx et al. causing american foulbrood in honey bee colonies. the results are compared with samples of similar backgrounds and treated the same way but collected in sweden (n = 35). no p. larvae subsp. larvae spores were found in any honey produce ...	2003	14977098
rapid detection of paenibacillus larvae from honey and hive samples with a novel nested pcr protocol.	the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of american foulbrood disease in honeybees (apis mellifera). a touchdown nested pcr protocol was developed to detect the presence of p. larvae spores directly in honey and hive samples. this approach allows early discovery of the bacteria even at concentrations below pathogenic levels, opening the door to new prophylactic approaches against american foulbrood and real-time epidemiological studies.	2003	12485745
transcriptional immune responses by honey bee larvae during invasion by the bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae.	honey bee larvae are highly susceptible to the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae only during the first instar of larval development. transcript levels were measured for genes encoding two antimicrobial peptides, abaecin and defensin, as well as for two candidates in the immune response cascade (pgrp-ld and masquerade) in control larvae and larvae exposed to the pathogen. transcripts for all four are present throughout development. this suggests that other physiological or dietary factors m ...	2004	15050840
paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey samples from uruguay: a nationwide survey.	american foulbrood is a severe bacterial disease affecting larvae of the honeybee apis mellifera and it is caused by paenibacillus larvae larvae. the disease is present worldwide and cases have been reported in almost all the beekeeping regions of the five continents. during 2001 and 2002 we carried out a nationwide study to assess the presence and amount of p. l. larvae spores in honey samples from uruguay, combining classic bacteriological, and molecular approaches. the distribution of p. l. l ...	2004	15145253
a pcr-based method that permits specific detection of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of american foulbrood of honey bees, at the subspecies level.	a reliable procedure for the identification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood disease of honey bees (apis mellifera l.) based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subspecies - specific primers is described.	2004	15189284
biochemical characterization of different genotypes of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, a honey bee bacterial pathogen.	paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (p. l. larvae) is the aetiological agent of american foulbrood (afb), the most virulent bacterial disease of honey bee brood worldwide. in many countries afb is a notifiable disease since it is highly contagious, in most cases incurable and able to kill affected colonies. genotyping of field isolates of p. l. larvae revealed at least four genotypes (ab, ab, ab and alpha b) present in germany which are genotypically different from the reference strain dsm 7030. ...	2004	15256579
bacterial probiotics induce an immune response in the honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae).	to explore immune system activation in the honey bee, apis mellifera l., larvae of four ages were exposed through feeding to spores of a natural pathogen, paenibacillus larvae larvae, to cells of a diverse set of related nonpathogenic bacteria, and to bacterial coat components. these larvae were then assayed for rna levels of genes encoding two antibacterial peptides, abaecin and defensin. larvae exposed to either p. l. larvae or a mix of nonpathogenic bacteria showed high rna levels for the aba ...	2004	15279248
proposal to reclassify paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens dsm 3615 (atcc 49843) as paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. results of a comparative biochemical and genetic study.	the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (p. l. larvae), is the etiological agent of american foulbrood, an extremely contagious and disastrous disease of honeybee brood. in case of american foulbrood the destruction of infected colonies is often considered the only workable control measure. therefore, the ability to diagnose this disease properly is important to prevent unnecessary economic loss to beekeepers. the development of suitable methods for the early and reliable detec ...	2004	15530737
antibacterial properties of grapefruit seed extract against paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae.	twenty-one samples of grapefruit seed extract (gse) either from marketed products or provided by an apiculturist were analysed to verify their inhibition activity, in particular against paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, responsible for american foulbrood. the bactericide capacity of gse has been measured in bacillus subtilis bga, bacillus cereus 11778, bacillus cereus k250 and micrococcus luteus 9341a; these bacteria are normally used in the laboratory to study inhibitors. the results showed t ...	2004	20437392
in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of the honeybee bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae to the antibiotic tylosin.	the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tylosin were determined to 67 strains of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood (afb) disease, from different geographical origins. mic values obtained ranged from 0.0078 to 0.5 microg/ml. these very low values imply that no resistance to tylosin was found in any isolate of the foulbrood pathogen. the measurement of diseased larvae with afb-clinical symptoms in three different field studies demonstrated that tylo ...	2005	15951140
regional distribution of paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, the causative organism of american foulbrood, in honey bee colonies of the western united states.	we examined honey bee, apis mellifera l., colonies pollinating almonds in california during february 2003 for paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causative organism of the virulent brood disease american foulbrood. colonies originating from the rocky mountain area and california had significantly higher numbers (p < 0.05) of bacterial colony-forming units (cfus) (408 and 324 per 30 adult bees, respectively) than colonies from the upper midwest (1.28). colonies from the northwestern, central, ...	2005	16156557
the determination of sulfonamides in honey by high performance liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry method (lc/ms).	the sulfonamides (sas) are stable chemotherapeutics used against the bacterial disease affecting bees, known as american foulbrood (bacillus larvae), so their residues could appear in the honey of treated bees. their presence at a concentration above the limit value could be a potential danger to human health. therefore, a simple, rapid, and reliable method for determination of 11 available sas in honey was optimized. the samples were homogenized and cleaned with extraction on solid phase by mea ...	2005	16158984
characterization of microorganisms in argentinean honeys from different sources.	seventy polyfloral honeys including commercial samples obtained from supermarkets, harvested from apiaries and purchased in bulk were initially examined for total antibacterial activity. from each sample, numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, moulds and yeasts were determined and the presence of salmonella spp., shigella spp., clostridium sulfite-reducers, paenibacillus larvae and bacillus spp. was investigated. moisture content, ph and total acidity were also determined for a ...	2005	16169624
strain- and genotype-specific differences in virulence of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, a bacterial pathogen causing american foulbrood disease in honeybees.	virulence variations of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease of honeybees, were investigated by analysis of 16 field isolates of this pathogen, belonging to three previously characterized genotypes, as well as the type strain (atcc 9545) of p. larvae subsp. larvae, with exposure bioassays. we demonstrated that the strain-specific 50% lethal concentrations varied within an order of magnitude and that differences in amount of time for the pathogen t ...	2005	16269801
colony-level impacts of immune responsiveness in honey bees, apis mellifera.	social insects have evolved both communal and individual traits that reduce the impacts of their numerous parasites and pathogens. among the individual traits, innate-immune responses have the potential to reduce both individual mortality and the spread of pathogens among colony members. an understanding of the costs and benefits of such responses can provide a more complete understanding of a primary risk of social life, horizontal disease transmission among colony members. here we assess the i ...	2005	16405170
vertical transmission of american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae) in honey bees (apis mellifera).	the mode of transmission between hosts (horizontal versus vertical) of disease agents is important for determination of the evolution of virulence in pathogens. for disease management, it is imperative that the epidemiology of the disease is understood and pathogen transmission rates between hosts is a key factor for this understanding. surprisingly little is known about transmission rates in honey bee pathology. we have studied the rate of vertical transmission of paenibacillus larvae, the caus ...	2006	16420974
inhibition of the growth of paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood of honeybees, by selected strains of aerobic spore-forming bacteria isolated from apiarian sources.	the bacterium paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease of honeybee larvae, occurs throughout the world and is found in many beekeeping areas of argentina. the potential as biocontrol agents of antagonic aerobic spore-forming bacteria isolated from honey samples and other apiarian sources were evaluated. each isolate was screened against one strain of paenibacillus larvae (atcc 9545) by using a perpendicular streak technique. ten randomly selected bacterial strains ...	2006	16458322
reclassification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation.	a polyphasic taxonomic study of the two subspecies of paenibacillus larvae, paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens, supported the reclassification of the subspecies into one species, paenibacillus larvae, without subspecies separation. our conclusions are based on the analysis of six reference strains of p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and three reference strains and 44 field isolates of p. larvae. subsp. larvae. the latter originated from brood or honey of ...	2006	16514018
antagonistic interactions between honey bee bacterial symbionts and implications for disease.	honey bees, apis mellifera, face many parasites and pathogens and consequently rely on a diverse set of individual and group-level defenses to prevent disease. one route by which honey bees and other insects might combat disease is through the shielding effects of their microbial symbionts. bees carry a diverse assemblage of bacteria, very few of which appear to be pathogenic. here we explore the inhibitory effects of these resident bacteria against the primary bacterial pathogen of honey bees, ...	2006	16551367
identification of paenibacillus larvae to the subspecies level: an obstacle for afb diagnosis.	this study was initially aimed at developing a pcr-test to differentiate between the pathogenic agent of american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae) and powdery-scale disease (p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens) of the honeybee. the test was based on the "insert of clone 9" (ic9), referring to a cloned 1.9 kb haeiii fragment that occurs only in the p. larvae subsp. larvae reference strains and possibly correlates with american foulbrood virulence. it was shown that an ic9-based pcr-test d ...	2006	16375916
american foulbrood of the honey bee: occurrence and distribution of different genotypes of paenibacillus larvae in the administrative district of arnsberg (north rhine-westphalia).	between march 2003 and october 2004, paenibacillus larvae, the aetiological agent of american foulbrood disease of the honey bee, was isolated from broodcombs and honey samples of 54 apiaries in the administrative district of arnsberg (north rhine-westphalia, germany). genotyping of 176 p. larvae isolates with repetitive element polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting (rep-pcr) using box a1r and mbo rep1 primers revealed five different genotypes (ab, ab, ab, ass, acapital be, cyrillic). in samp ...	2006	16626408
[optimization of the growth of paenibacillus larvae in semi-selective media].	the sensitivity of media mypgp, mypgp(nalpia) a (6 microg/ml nalidixic acid and 10 microg/ml pipemidic acid) and mypgp(nalpia) b (9 microg/ml nalidixic acid and 20 microg/ml pipemidic acid) for the recovery of viable spores of paenibacillus larvae from honey, was evaluated by using different incubation times and different spore concentrations. no significant differences between incubation times, spore concentration or culture media were found. in the case of the recovery of vegetative cells from ...	2006	17037251