Publications

the pathology of the legionella pneumonias. a review of 74 cases and the literature.	following the discovery of legionella pneumophila as the cause of an epidemic of pneumonia at an american legion convention in philadelphia, a group of related bacteria were recognized as additional human pathogens. this newly established bacterial genus, legionella, includes the agents of legionnaires' disease, pittsburgh pneumonia, and several related infections. there are many similarities in the pathology of human infection caused by all the legionella species. all produce a severe confluent ...	1981	6166529
community-acquired legionella micdadei pneumonia.		1981	6109886
dye-containing buffered charcoal-yeast extract medium for differentiation of members of the family legionellaceae.	the addition of 0.001% bromocresol purple and 0.001% bromothymol blue to buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar allowed differentiation between members of the family legionellaceae. on this medium, legionella pneumophila grew as relatively flat, pale green colonies, whereas tatlockia micdadei (gen. nov., comb. nov., pittsburgh pneumonia agent) produced blue-gray colonies. fluoribacter spp. (gen. nov., atypical legionella-like organisms) developed glistening colonies which were brighter green than ...	1981	7009642
legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent): direct fluoresent-antibody examination of infected human lung tissue and characterization of clinical isolates.	legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) was identified by direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) examination of lung tissue in six of seven persons diagnosed previously as having l. micdadei pneumonia only by histopathology and in four persons who also had positive cultures of the organism. no cross-reactions occurred with monospecific dfa conjugates prepared against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffii, and legionella gormanii. one person had l ...	1981	7014621
primary isolation of a new strain of the tatlock/pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei).	pneumonia, empyema and lung abscesses developed in a patient following a neurosurgical procedure and associated short-term corticosteroid therapy. an organism identical to the tatlock/pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei) was the only organism isolated from multiple specimens from lung aspirates and chest tube drainage. the organism was isolated directly on charcoal yeast extract (cye) agar and classified as identical to the tatlock bacterium by direct immunofluorescent staining and b ...	1981	7020252
legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia.		1981	7212505
growth of the pittsburgh pneumonia agent in animal cell cultures.	pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei) grew in monkey, chicken, and human cell cultures. pittsburgh pneumonia agent grew predominantly in the cytoplasm, resulting in a nonfocal, mild cytopathic effect.	1981	7287191
detection of cell-associated or soluble antigens of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffii, legionella gormanii, and legionella micdadei by staphylococcal coagglutination tests.	current methods used for the detection of whole-cell isolates of legionella or for the detection of legionella soluble antigens are technically impractical for many clinical laboratories. the purpose of this study was to explore practical alternatives. the results showed that whole cell isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffii, legionella gormanii, and legionella micdadei were identified specifically by a simple slide agglutination test or s ...	1981	7287888
successful treatment of legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) pneumonia with erythromycin.	optimal treatment of legionella micdadei pneumonia has not been established, although in vitro studies have shown the pathogen to be sensitive to erythromycin. at our institution, l. micdadei pneumonia was diagnosed in six patients over a one and one-half year period. all patients were immunocompromised and had a typical clinical syndrome; in four of six, diagnosis was made by isolation of the pathogen. all patients received erythromycin (2 to 4 g daily) for 12 to 27 days, and five of six recove ...	1981	7304656
susceptibility of pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei) and other newly recognized members of the genus legionella to nineteen antimicrobial agents.	the susceptibilities of 11 strains representing the five recognized species of legionella were determined by agar dilution testing on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. all of the legionellae tested were susceptible to rifampin, erythromycin, rosaramycin, chloramphenicol, and the aminoglycosides and were resistant to clindamycin and vancomycin. susceptibilities to penicillins and cephalosporins were variable. legionella micdadei, legionella bozemanii, and legionella gormanii were susceptible ...	1981	7325645
pittsburgh pneumonia agent: chest film manifestations.	pittsburgh pneumonia agent, legionella micdadei, is a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacillus, recently recognized as a cause of pulmonary infection in the immunocompromised host. the chest radiographic findings in seven patients with this disease are reported. these consist of single or multiple nodules and segmental infiltrates involving part of all of one or more lobes. a striking feature in this series was the rapid growth of the pulmonary densities.	1982	7034507
isolation of pittsburgh pneumonia agent from a hospital shower.	tatlockia (legionella) micdadei, the pittsburgh pneumonia agent, was isolated from a hospital shower. although it was not possible, at the current time, to establish an epidemiological link to disease acquisition, this information may be significant because it provides further evidence that a water-associated reservoir of this organism exists within the hospital.	1982	7073279
hot water systems as sources of legionella pneumophila in hospital and nonhospital plumbing fixtures.	samples obtained from plumbing systems of hospitals, nonhospital institutions and homes were cultured for legionella spp. by plating the samples directly on a selective medium. swab samples were taken from the inner surfaces of faucet assemblies (aerators, spouts, and valve seats), showerheads, and shower pipes. water and sediment were collected from the bottom of hot-water tanks. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 6 were recovered from plumbing fixtures of the hospitals and nonhospital ...	1982	7103477
acanthamoebiasis and immunosuppression. case report.	immunosuppression and debilitating illnesses are occasionally associated with multifocal brain lesions of acanthamoebiasis, an encephalitis distinct from the acute, water-sport related meningoencephalitis caused by naegleria fowler. a 38-year-old man with a renal transplant two and one-half years before his final illness developed pneumonia due to legionella micdadei. candida albicans was isolated from sputum and cytomegalovirus was found in lung and liver biopsies. he had continuous corticoster ...	1982	7108568
lytic activity of bdellovibrio bacteriovorus against bacteria of the family legionellaceae.	a lytic activity of bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains 6-5-s and 12 was found to be present, against representatives of three legionella species: legionella pneumophila-strains knoxville 1 (serogroup 1), togus 1 (serogroup 2), bloomington 2 (serogroup 3) and los angeles 1 (serogroup 4); legionella micdadei-strain tatlock; legionella bozemanii-strain wiga, as well as against strains of legionella pneumophila isolated in bulgaria-draginovo 1, 2, 3-belonging to serogroup 1. it is suggested that b. ...	1982	7124158
legionella micdadei pneumonia. historical perspective of a new pneumonia.		1982	7140393
the use of tracheal and pulmonary aspiration to diagnose legionella micdadei pneumonia.	legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) pneumonia was diagnosed in three patients by transtracheal aspiration and in a fourth patient by percutaneous lung aspiration on two occasions. the organism was identified by direct fluorescent antibody staining and by culture in each case. diagnosis by aspiration of the respiratory tract was rapid, specific, and safe. this allowed early institution of specific antimicrobial therapy in a group of severely ill, immunocompromised patients. these tec ...	1982	6754273
bactericidal activity of antibiotics against legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent).	the bactericidal activity of five antibiotics for legionella micdadei was determined by the construction of time-kill curves. erythromycin, rifampin, penicillin g, cephalothin, and gentamicin were bactericidal for l. micdadei at readily achievable concentrations. the minimal bactericidal concentrations, defined as those producing 99.9% killing within 24 h, were: erythromycin, 4.6; rifampin, 0.13; penicillin g, 0.25; cephalothin, 2.5; and gentamicin, 0.25 micrograms/ml. the ratios of the minimal ...	1982	6927637
antigenic analysis of legionella pneumophila and tatlockia micdadei (legionella micdadei) by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis.	the antigens of the six serogroups of legionella pneumophila were compared by two-dimensional (crossed) immunoelectrophoresis by using rabbit antisera to serogroups 1, 2, 3 and 4. the close relationship among the serogroups was shown by the fact that 27 of the 31 antigens demonstrated so far were common. however, distinctive group-specific antigens with slow electrophoretic mobility were observed for serogroups 1, 2, 3, and 4. when intact serogroup 1 organisms were extracted with edta, the group ...	1982	6173328
occurrence and immunogenicity of proteinases from legionella species.	proteinases produced by various legionella species were studied by means of caseinate precipitation. proteinase production was particularly high in strains of legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1-6), much lower in other legionella species, and absent in legionella micdadei strain tatlock. immunoglobulins against proteinases of legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1, strain philadelphia 1) inhibited the proteinase activity of all strains of legionella pneumophila, legionella bozemanii, legionella du ...	1982	6184221
legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) may cause non-pneumonic legionellosis.		1983	6132064
production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in medium used to culture legionella pneumophila: catalytic decomposition by charcoal.	the difficulties associated with the growth of legionella species in common laboratory media may be due to the sensitivity of these organisms to low levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. exposure of yeast extract (ye) broth to fluorescent light generated superoxide radicals (3 microm/h) and hydrogen peroxide (16 microm/h). autoclaved ye medium was more prone to photochemical oxidation than ye medium sterilized by filtration. activated charcoals and, to a lesser extent, graphite, b ...	1983	6303219
legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent). two infections with unusual clinical features.	we describe herein the clinical features, diagnosis, and successful treatment of two patients with legionella micdadei pneumonia, the pittsburgh pneumonia agent. the rapid pulmonary cavitation and relapse of symptoms after a course of therapy in a renal transplant recipient, and the prolonged illness with hemorrhagic pleural fluid, splenomegaly, and multiple-organ dysfunction in a nonimmunocompromised host, illustrate the clinical spectrum of infections with this organism.	1983	6338266
prevalence of pneumonias caused by legionella species among patients on whom autopsies were performed.	we wanted to determine the prevalence of pneumonias caused by legionella species among patients on whom autopsies were performed in two medical centers in st louis from january 1976 to june 1981. we screened formaldehyde-fixed deparaffinized lung tissue sections with microscopic evidence of pneumonia from 97 patients with use of the direct immunofluorescence antibody technique with a multivalent antilegionella conjugate containing antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 4 plus ...	1983	6344838
pittsburgh pneumonia agent in a cadaveric renal transplant recipient.	pittsburgh pneumonia agent, legionella micdadei, is a recently recognized source of pulmonary infection in immunocompromised hosts. a literature review suggests a typical pattern of clinical and radiologic presentation, of which the following case is representative. eighteen of twenty-one infections have occurred in recipients of cadaveric renal transplants, defining a population at risk. the onset often occurred within days to weeks of bolus doses of corticosteroids. fever, often accompanied by ...	1983	6360453
[incidence of legionnaires' disease].	titre levels against legionella pneumophila, serotype 1-4, and against legionella micdadei were measured in 2290 sera. about 1% contained specific antibodies indicating previous contact with the causative organisms within a year, suggesting a high incidence. on the other hand, the contagion index at 10% was relatively low. it relates to mild influenza-like and severe pneumonitic forms of the infection. in the federal republic of germany it is likely that there are 6000-7000 cases of legionella-c ...	1983	6617506
the contribution of human neutrophils and serum to host defense against legionella micdadei.	the interaction of legionella micdadei with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) and serum was investigated to determine their roles in host defense against this organism. serum and pmns from normal donors having no antibody to l micadei were used. pmns phagocytized once-agar-passaged (74.6% +/- 6.5%) and twice-agar-passaged (87.3% +/- 1.0%) l micdadei less (p less than 0.05) than l micdadei passaged multiple times on agar (97.5% +/- 1.0%) or staphylococcus aureus (98.3% +/- 0.5%). under t ...	1983	6619577
species specific membrane proteins of legionellaceae.	the protein composition of the outer membrane and the whole cell wall of 21 strains representing 14 different serotypes of seven different legionella species has been determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the insoluble residue after extraction of cell envelopes with sodium laurylsarcosinate was considered to represent the outer membrane. alternatively isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation could be used; this approach gave similar results to the deter ...	1983	6637232
community-acquired legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in sweden.	the first case of legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in sweden is presented. a previously healthy 68-yr-old man fell ill with diarrhoea, fever, and mental confusion. subsequently chest roentgenography revealed pneumonic infiltrates and a seroconversion to l. micdadei was shown. no source or transmission of infection was established. the only notable event was that the patient had been drinking rain-water from a barrel 1 day prior to his illness. an alimentary route of inf ...	1983	6648375
pneumonia and multiple lung abscesses caused by dual infection with legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila.	an immunocompromised patient developed pneumonia in which both legionella micdadei and l. pneumophila, serogroup 6, were isolated from transtracheal aspirates in the absence of any other bacteria. unusual features included the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple pulmonary abscesses during treatment with erythromycin, and relapse of the legionellosis after extended therapy with both erythromycin and rifampin, which was heralded by septic shock. because simultaneous ...	1983	6849535
electrophoretic characterization of soluble protein extracts of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae.	the soluble peptides of strains of legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter dumoffii, and fluoribacter gormanii were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. characteristic patterns were seen for legionella and tatlockia strains, whereas the patterns for the fluoribacter strains were variable as would be expected for this genetically heterogeneous group. grouping by peptide pattern was consistent with proposed taxons based on dna-dna homology. by usi ...	1983	6874904
diagnosis of legionella micdadei pneumonia from cytologic specimens.	legionella micdadei is a recently described opportunistic pulmonary pathogen that produces an acute, suppurative pneumonia in patients receiving steroid therapy. most prospective diagnoses have been made by open lung biopsy. we present a case in which the diagnosis was made from cytologic material. the clinicopathologic features of l. micdadei pneumonia are discussed, and criteria for diagnosis from cytologic specimens are presented.	1983	6575538
cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) and twenty-eight other bacterial species, including other members of the family legionellaceae.	cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and 28 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques. a sonicated l. pneumophila antigen and purified homologous rabbit antibody were used as a reference system. few antigens (0 to 6) cross-reacted with non-legionellaceae, but two were found in nearly all gram-negative bacteria tested (antigens no. 1 and 66). antigen no. 66 of the l. pneumophila reference system was shown to be antigenicall ...	1983	6404825
simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. a case report.	the authors reported a case of dual infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. the bacteriological and serological data are compatible with a simultaneous recent infection.	1984	6466457
interaction of legionella micdadei with human monocytes.	we have recently shown that legionella micdadei is ingested, but not killed, by human neutrophils. herein we investigate the role of human monocytes in defense against this organism. serum and monocytes from normal donors having no detectable antibody to l. micdadei were used. egg-passaged l. micdadei organisms multiplied inside these monocytes with a peak growth of 2 log units within 12 h. no growth occurred when monocytes were omitted or when sonicated monocytes were used. electron microscopy ...	1984	6480116
determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus legionella.	we examined 40 strains of legionella for reduced-oxygen scavenging enzymes. using a simple reaction chamber with a swinney filter for the beers and sizer assay, we determined the catalase activity of live cells grown on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. for 29 strains of legionella pneumophila, the apparent first-order rate constants for catalase ranged from 0.000 to 0.005. similarly, low values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005 were observed for legionella wadsworthii, legionella oakridgensis, an ...	1984	6490828
plasmid transfer into members of the family legionellaceae.	the plasmids rp4 and pph1ji::mu::tn5 were transferred with moderate frequency from escherichia coli to legionella pneumophila (strain bloomington 2) and fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae (strain wiga). the frequency of transfer to tatlockia (legionella) micdadei (strain tatlock) was much lower. in these transconjugant strains the plasmids were maintained following at least 10 nonselective passages. however, the introduced plasmids could not be transferred from these strains to several other st ...	1984	6491366
clinical laboratory differentiation of legionellaceae family members with pigment production and fluorescence on media supplemented with aromatic substrates.	a systematic study of pigment production (browning) and fluorescence (extracellular yellow-green and intracellular blue-white) by nine legionellaceae species was performed. a total of 56 strains representing tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent), legionella pneumophila, legionella jordanis, legionella longbeachae, legionella oakridgensis, legionella wadsworthii, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter gormanii, and fluoribacter dumoffii could be separated on media supplemented with tyrosi ...	1984	6547453
disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae including erythromycin-resistant variants of legionella micdadei.	disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of members of the family legionellaceae was accomplished on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar by allowing the bacteria to grow for 6 h before placement of the disks, followed by an additional 42-h incubation period before the inhibitory zones were measured. this system was standardized by comparing the zone sizes with the mics for 20 antimicrobial agents of nine bacterial strains in five legionella species and of 19 laboratory-derived, eryth ...	1984	6565706
legionellosis in children with leukemia in relapse.	two children with legionellosis complicating a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. a 5-year-old boy with pneumonia had legionella pneumophila cultured from a tracheal aspirate following a rapid deterioration in his respiratory status and intubation. this child had severe and irreversible granulocytopenia and died in spite of therapy with erythromycin and rifampin added five days later. combination antimicrobial therapy is suggested for immunosuppressed children with legionellos ...	1984	6587311
failure of erythromycin in treatment of legionella micdadei pneumonia.	a 59-year-old immunocompromised woman had nosocomial legionella micdadei infection that failed to respond to two weeks of erythromycin in high intravenous doses and oral rifampin. treatment with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and oral rifampin, which previously has not been used in this infection, resulted in cure.	1984	6607673
pneumonia caused by pittsburgh pneumonia agent: radiologic manifestations.	using an objective scoring system, chest radiographs were reviewed in 23 cases of pneumonia due to the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa, tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei), including six cases of pneumonia with simultaneous isolation of ppa and l pneumophila (legionnaires' disease). infiltrates were typically segmental to lobar; nodular infiltrates were noted in three cases. spread to additional lobes after presentation occurred in four of 17 ppa infections. pneumonia caused by both ppa and ...	1984	6695060
ecological distribution of legionellaceae in the quebec city area.	one hundred environmental water samples, which were collected in the quebec city area and cultured on buffered charcoal yeast extract medium and three selective media, were inoculated to guinea pigs and were screened by direct immunofluorescent staining (dfa) for the presence of legionellaceae. six isolates were made (four legionella pneumophila and two tatlockia (legionella) micdadei: three by animal inoculation and three by culture). no samples were simultaneously positive by both methods. aft ...	1984	6713304
capillary gas chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires disease, and related organisms have previously been characterized primarily by conventional bacteriological methods, dna-dna hybridization, antigenic analysis, and fatty acid analysis. by capillary gas chromatographic analysis for carbohydrates, we have shown that muramic acid and glucosamine, characteristic markers of bacterial cell walls, were present in samples of l. pneumophila and a group of legionella-like organisms. some bacteria ...	1984	6715510
a note on the temperature tolerance of legionella.	a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from the environment had a decimal reduction time in water at 50 degrees c (d50) of 111 min, a d54 of 27 min and a d58 of 6 min. there was little loss of viability at 46 degrees c. other environmental organisms, a pseudomonas sp., a micrococcus sp. and a coliform survived less well at these temperatures. a species of sarcina had a survival time greater than the l. pneumophila at all the temperatures tested. other strains of legionellas were ...	1984	6725165
in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of legionellaceae: search for alternative antimicrobial drugs.	reference strains of legionella pneumophila (serotypes 1-4, and 6), legionella micdadei , and legionella bozemanii proved susceptible (agar dilution test, buffered charcoal yeast extract agar) to erythromycin, rifampin, augmentin (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid), cefotaxime, cefoxitin, enoxacin , fusidic acid, and norfloxacin; cefamandole was less active. the strains varied in susceptibility to fosfomycin.	1984	6734305
infections caused by legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila among renal transplant recipients.	in an analysis of legionellosis at presbyterian-university hospital in pittsburgh during the 28 months after the original outbreak of pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei , 101 consecutive renal-allograft recipients were studied. the prevalence of elevated titers of antibody to legionella pneumophila or l. micdadei among the patients at the time of transplantation (21.6%) was not significantly different from that among kidney donors (13.4%; p greater than .25). seroconversion occurred in 21 ( ...	1984	6373965
a comparative study of legionella micdadei and other nosocomial acquired pneumonia.	the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 27 patients during an outbreak of pneumonia due to legionella micdadei were reviewed. these patients were compared with a group of 46 patients who had other causes of nosocomial acquired pneumonia. patients with pneumonia due to l micdadei typically had nosocomial acquisition of the disease and were immunosuppressed. symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory tests were nonspecific; however, patients with pneumonia due to l micdadei had an increase ...	1984	6333321
substrate utilization by legionella cells after cryopreservation in phosphate buffer.	the objective of this study was to evaluate by relatively simple metabolic tests the usefulness of buffers and energy sources commonly used in legionella growth media. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella micdadei, and legionella bozemanii were grown in an enriched charcoal-yeast extract diphasic medium. the cells were washed thrice, suspended in various buffers (ph 6.9) with 1 or 5 mm mgso4, and used immediately or after controlled-rate cryopreservation. co2 produced and c incor ...	1984	6148914
agglutinating antibody titers to members of the family legionellaceae in cystic fibrosis patients as a result of cross-reacting antibodies to pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and significance of antibody titers to organisms in the family legionellaceae in 128 serum samples collected from cystic fibrosis patients at routine examinations. antibody titers were determined for 10 antigenic types of legionellaceae; legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae, fluoribacter (legionella) dumoffii, fluoribacter (legionella) gormanii, and tatlockia (legionella) micdadei. the method of a ...	1984	6206086
properties of an acid phosphatase from legionella micdadei which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils.	the high-speed supernatant (100,000 g, 1 h) obtained after centrifuging a suspension of legionella micdadei that had been freeze-thawed and sonicated contained (i) considerable acid phosphatase activity when assayed using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (mup) as the substrate, and a factor that blocked superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with f-met-leu-phe. chromatography of the extract on a hydroxylapatite column resolved two acids phosphatases (designated acp1 and acp2). ...	1985	2998281
prevalence of legionella-specific igg and igm antibody in a dental clinic population.	this study was undertaken to determine the frequency of legionella infection in a dental clinic setting. serum samples from 270 dental clinic personnel were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect legionella-specific igm and igg antibodies. the pooled-species whole-cell-antigen preparation used in these assays was derived from six legionella pneumophila strains and one strain each from legionella bozemanii and legionella micdadei. significant levels of igg and igm antibodi ...	1985	3865949
antimicrobial therapy of experimental legionella micdadei pneumonia in guinea pigs.	several antimicrobial agents were evaluated for activity against experimental legionella micdadei pneumonia in guinea pigs. erythromycin, rifampin, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim produced significant reductions in mortality. penicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were not efficacious even though, at the doses administered, the peak concentrations of these agents in serum substantially exceeded their mics for the test strain. it is suggested that the poo ...	1985	3878688
conjugation-mediated genetic exchange in legionella pneumophila.	genetic exchange mechanisms, to our knowledge, have not been reported for legionella pneumophila, and consequently, studies on the genetic organization of l. pneumophila have not appeared in the literature. here, we describe gene transfer mediated by broad host range conjugative plasmids in legionella spp. escherichia coli strains carrying plasmids rp1 and r68.45 (incp1), s-a (incw), and r40a (incc), but not plasmids of incompatibility groups fi, fii, and fv, served as donors in matings with l. ...	1985	3881400
cutaneous abscess caused by legionella micdadei in an immunosuppressed patient.		1985	3885816
serological studies on patients with suspected legionellosis in new zealand.	specimens from 490 patients with suspected legionellosis from many parts of new zealand were studied. most of these were sera, but 36 specimens including material from lungs, pleural fluid and sputa were also examined. the sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 and legionella micdadei. serological evidence of legionellosis was found in 49 patients. antibodies to l. pneumophila serogroup 6 predominated, while those to l. micdadei and l. pneumop ...	1985	3899943
isolation and preliminary characterization of erythromycin-resistant variants of legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila.	erythromycin-resistant legionella spp. variants were obtained by a single passage of the naturally occurring bacteria on medium containing various concentrations of erythromycin. by disk diffusion susceptibility testing, at least three different phenotypic patterns of cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b antibiotics were observed among the 26 erythromycin-resistant strains examined.	1985	3985605
tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) growth kinetics may explain its infrequent isolation from water and the low prevalence of pittsburgh pneumonia.	sediment and indigenous microflora taken from water distribution systems has been shown to promote the survival of legionella pneumophila. the effect of sediment and indigenous microflora on tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent, ppa) was evaluated by growth curve experiments. symbiosis between ppa and environmental bacteria was demonstrated by satellitism experiments. unlike l. pneumophila, the concentration of ppa remained stationary in test tube suspensions containing both microflora ...	1985	4015089
acute pancreatitis possibly caused by legionella micdadei.	a case of acute haemorrhagic, ultimately fatal, pancreatitis in a 72-year-old man is presented. no pneumonia was found. high igm-titres to legionella micdadei were demonstrated. in addition 11 patients treated for pancreatitis were studied retrospectively. none had elevated titres to l. micdadei or l. pneumophila.	1985	4023637
opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of legionella micdadei by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.	the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation and of antibody in the phagocytosis of legionella micdadei by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied. normal serum was treated with the appropriate chelators or with heat to inactivate the classical, alternate, or both pathways of complement activation. normal and complement-depleted sera with or without antibody were employed as opsonins for l. micdadei in phagocytosis assays. there was no difference in the phagocyt ...	1985	4030099
massive diarrhea in legionella micdadei pneumonitis.	mild diarrhea of poorly documented volume is common early in the course of legionella infection. we report massive diarrhea of 1.8 to 3 liters per day in a patient with pneumonia in whom legionella micdadei was isolated from pleural fluid and infection was confirmed serologically. the large volume of diarrhea, not previously associated with legionella infection, remained unexplained despite clinical evaluation and postmortem study of the gastrointestinal tract. this case expands the clinical spe ...	1985	4086749
a note on symbiosis of legionella pneumophila and tatlockia micdadei with human respiratory flora.	sixteen micro-organisms, representing clinically important respiratory microflora, were tested for their ability to stimulate the growth of legionella pneumophila and tatlockia micdadei in nutritionally-deficient agar media. nutritional symbiosis, indicated by the appearance of satellite colonies of l. pneumophila or t. micdadei, was observed for h. influenzae and n. meningitidis. this interaction between normal flora and pathogens of the respiratory tract may have clinical relevance in the path ...	1986	3087929
prevalence of legionnaires' disease in pneumonia patients admitted to a danish department of infectious diseases.	during a 14-month study period, 92 patients admitted to the university clinic for infectious diseases with pneumonia were investigated to determine the prevalence and severity of legionnaires' disease (ld). the diagnosis of ld was based on positive serology. antibodies to 10 different legionella antigens--legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6, fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae, f. dumoffii, f. gormanii, and tatlockia (legionella) micdadei--were measured by the microagglutination (ma) and indir ...	1986	3532303
interferon inhibits the growth of legionella micdadei in mouse l cells.	the intracellular growth of legionella micdadei was inhibited in mouse l cells treated with interferon (ifn). this ifn-mediated restriction was dose-dependent and required preincubation of the l cells with high doses of ifn (1,000 u/ml) for maximal inhibition. incubation of l. micdadei with ifn alone had no detectable effect on growth of the bacteria. the ifn-mediated growth restriction was not dependent upon tryptophan concentration in the culture medium.	1986	2425011
acid-fast bacilli in sputum: a case of legionella micdadei pneumonia.	legionella micdadei has been implicated as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia. there are no reports of l. micdadei pneumonia diagnosed by acid-fast stain of expectorated sputum. we report a case of l. micdadei pneumonia in which expectorated sputum harbored acid-fast bacteria that reacted specifically with fluorescent antiserum to l. micdadei, confirmed by culture. in a patient at risk for nosocomial infection, the differential diagnosis of a positive sputum stain for acid-fast bacilli should inclu ...	1986	2430995
legionella micdadei pneumonia in normal hosts.		1986	2877142
molecular epidemiology of legionella species by restriction endonuclease and alloenzyme analysis.	as part of an ongoing investigation into nosocomial legionella infections at stanford university medical center (sumc), we applied the technique of restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to determine strain differences among three species, including legionella pneumophila, legionella dumoffii, and legionella micdadei. a total of 26 human and environmental water isolates from sumc were selected for rea and compared with control strains that were not epidemiologically linked to sumc. rea results ...	1987	2822760
legionella micdadei and legionella dumoffii monoclonal antibodies for laboratory diagnosis of legionella infections.	two different monoclonal antibodies directed against legionella micdadei and l. dumoffii (genetic systems corp., seattle, wash.) were evaluated for their specificity and ability to detect l. micdadei and l. dumoffii in human and animal clinical samples and bacterial isolates in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. all three frozen sputum samples and all three formalin-fixed sputum and liver samples from patients with culture-documented l. micdadei pneumonia were positive when tested with the l. ...	1987	3320084
legionella species as hospital-acquired respiratory pathogens.	nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella is an increasingly recognized entity. legionella sp responsible for documented nosocomial disease include legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffi and legionella oakridgensis. the clinical presentation is nonspecific although diarrhea occurs frequently. hyponatremia occurs significantly more frequently in legionnaires' disease than pneumonias caused by other agents. chest roentgenographic findings are nonspecif ...	1987	3321265
the radiologic manifestations of legionella pneumonia.	a number of radiologic features on chest x-ray may aid in diagnosis and management of the patient with legionella infection. the infiltrates in legionnaires' disease frequently progress despite initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. pleural effusion is common and occasionally seen even in the absence of lung field infiltrates. pleural-based infiltrates associated with pleuritic pain may mimic pulmonary embolism. circumscribed peripheral densities are commonly seen in immunosuppressed pati ...	1987	3328894
infections caused by the pittsburgh pneumonia agent.	of the legionellaceae family, pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei) is second only to legionella pneumophila in causing human pneumonia. in nosocomial infection, the patients tend to be immunosuppressed. the clinical presentation is nonspecific, although in immunosuppressed hosts the presentation may mimic that of pulmonary embolus (pleuritic chest pain, nonproductive cough, pleural-based densities on chest rontgenogram). the reservoir for the organism is water, an ...	1987	3328896
an in-vitro comparison of the intraphagocytic bioactivity of erythromycin and roxithromycin.	the binding to human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the intracellular bioactivity of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and roxithromycin on legionella micdadei, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus were investigated in vitro by the combination of a fluorochrome microassay and a radioassay. polymorphs with intact or absent membrane-associated oxidative metabolism were used to investigate the interactions which may occur between the intrinsic oxygen-dependent antimicrobial syste ...	1987	3429387
role of the alveolar macrophage in host defense and immunity to legionella micdadei pneumonia in the guinea pig.	guinea pigs develop a lethal pneumonia after intratracheal infection with legionella micdadei, and the lung displays pathological changes similar to those observed in humans. to investigate the role of the resident alveolar macrophage in the pathogenesis of l. micdadei pneumonia, guinea pig alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage were cultured in vitro and infected with l. micdadei. in the absence of opsonins l. micdadei was phagocytized by, and multiplied within, alveolar macrop ...	1987	3507555
[nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei].		1987	3613753
legionella micdadei pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.		1987	3661596
[pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei in a fatal case and its bacteriological characteristics].		1988	3137278
legionella micdadei phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in human neutrophils.	the legionellae are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens which multiply in host phagocytes. legionella micdadei cells contain an acid phosphatase (acp2) which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with formyl-met-leu-phe (fmlp) [a. k. saha, et al. (1985) arch. biochem. biophys. 243, 150-160]. in the present study, we have purified the legionella phosphatase to homogeneity as indicated by the finding of a single 68,000-da band following sodium dodecyl sulfate ...	1988	2843104
demonstration of two protein kinases in extracts of legionella micdadei.	protein kinases i (pk i) and ii (pk ii) were purified 253- and 13.5-fold, respectively, from an extract of sonically disrupted cells of legionella micdadei by ion-exchange chromatography on qae-sephadex, by histone affinity chromatography, and by hplc-gel filtration chromatography. both enzymes catalysed the phosphorylation of calf thymus histones, with a km of 2.7 mg ml-1 for pk i and 2.9 mg ml-1 for pk ii. histone h2b was the best protein kinase substrate for both pk i and pk ii. the ph optima ...	1988	2848925
evaluation of ultraviolet light for disinfection of hospital water contaminated with legionella.	an epidemic of nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia occurred among renal transplant patients in the university of virginia hospital between 1978 and 1982. although no further cases were diagnosed after 1982, filters and ultraviolet light (uvl) fittings were installed in 1985 as an attempt to disinfect water piped to rooms of transplant patients, because of concern about persistence of l micdadei in hospital water. water samples were obtained from eight uvl-treated rooms and eight control roo ...	1988	2901526
an in-vitro evaluation of the cellular uptake and intraphagocytic bioactivity of clarithromycin (a-56268, te-031), a new macrolide antimicrobial agent.	erythromycin base and its 6-0-methyl derivative clarithromycin were actively accumulated 7.3 +/- 1.2-fold and 9.2 +/- 2-fold respectively by human neutrophils in vitro. the intraphagocytic bioactivities of the antimicrobial agents were investigated using the combination of a radioassay, colony counting method and a fluorescence microassay which facilitates the distinction between intracellular bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionell ...	1988	2977384
common epitope on the lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila recognized by a monoclonal antibody.	serogroup-specificity of legionella pneumophila is related to lipopolysaccharide (lps), and few cross-reactions between serogroups have been observed with rabbit or monkey antisera. c57bl/6 mice were sequentially immunized with crude outer membrane fractions of l. pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 7, legionella bozemanii, and legionella micdadei. spleen cells from these mice were then fused with the sp2-0/ag14 mouse myeloma cell line. outer membrane-rich fractions and lps were prepared from l. pn ...	1988	2454935
legionella micdadei protein kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of tubulin and phosphatidylinositol.	legionella micdadei, a pathogen which enters into host phagocyte phagolysosomal structures, contains at least two protein kinases. we have purified to homogeneity the predominant, nucleotide-independent protein kinase and examined its ability to catalyze the transfer of phosphate from atp to acceptors in human neutrophils. the l. micdadei protein kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of proteins of 11.5, 14, 19, 23, 28, 34, and 38 kilodaltons (kda) present in a triton x-100 extract of neutrophil ...	1989	2549013
application of numerical systematics to the phenotypic differentiation of legionellae.	a total of 163 strains, including 106 strains of legionella pneumophila, 28 strains of tatlockia micdadei, and 29 strains of other legionellae (including members of the proposed genus fluoribacter), were studied. ten tests which together could distinguish the genera previously proposed were identified. these tests included catalase-peroxidase, gelatinase, hippurate hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, medium browning, acetoin production, oxidase, medium fluorescence, colony fluorescence, and the bromc ...	1989	2550514
lochgoilhead fever: outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis due to legionella micdadei.	analysis of case histories from 187 people who had visited a hotel and leisure complex in lochgoilhead, a village on the west coast of scotland, indicated that 170 had had an acute illness characterised by headache, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, cough, and breathlessness. these symptoms were consistent with pontiac fever-like illness. legionella micdadei was isolated from the leisure complex whirlpool spa at the time that 60 of 72 individuals with symptoms seroconverted to l micdadei antigen. th ...	1989	2563467
nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years experience and a case-control study.	sixteen patients with nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia, diagnosed between 1977 and 1988, were studied retrospectively to define clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease. also, a case-control study was performed comparing the five patients with l. micdadei pneumonia during a cluster of cases in 1982, with uninfected patients with the same underlying diagnoses. no significant differences were noted in the case-control study with regard to age, presence of leucopenia, int ...	1989	2567759
[a strain of pseudomonas vesicularis isolated from shower hose which supports the multiplication of legionella].	in japan, a fatal case due to legionella micdadei was first recognized in our laboratory in 1986. on the epidemiological study just after the case, no legionella was detected from the environmental samples of the patient's residence, such as shower water, tank water and so on. in the course of prospective investigations, no legionella was isolated, but many organisms were grown on bcye alpha and mwy agar plates. in the retrospective study, one of these organisms was found to support satellite gr ...	1989	2614089
an unusual strain of legionella micdadei.	a microorganism antigenically identified as legionella micdadei but showing a cellular fatty acid profile distinct from that described previously for this species and more similar to that of l. bozemanii has been studied by phenotypic characterization, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. although the phenotypic characters, the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and the ultrastructural features were similar to those of l. micdadei, the fatty ...	1989	2643618
cloning and expression of the legionella micdadei "common antigen" in escherichia coli.	to study individual legionella antigens, a legionella micdadei genomic library in escherichia coli sc181 was established. partially sau3a digested l. micdadei dna fragments (15-25 kilobase pairs (kb] were cloned into the tetracycline resistance gene of the cosmid vector phc79. four thousand ampicillin resistant recombinants were obtained; seven hundred were screened for expression of legionella antigens in western blot analysis with a polyspecific e. coli-absorbed anti-l. micdadei rabbit antibod ...	1989	2643977
disease due to the legionellaceae (other than legionella pneumophila). historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological review.	more than 20 species of the legionellaceae family of bacteria have been discovered since the discovery of legionella pneumophila. thirteen have been implicated as causative agents of pneumonia including the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei). although outbreaks of nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed hosts have been well-described, most cases have occurred sporadically in the community. the spectrum of disease ranges from severe life-threatening pneumonia to ...	1989	2646508
lack of antibodies to legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in hemodialysis patients.	in 231 adult hemodialysis patients and 134 healthy adults, we measured antibodies to legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1-6) and legionella micdadei by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests to assess the risk of legionnaires' disease. one of the patients had a titer of 1:512 to legionella pneumophila but he had no history of legionnaires' disease. two had a titer of 1:64 to legionella pneumophila, and none had a titer of greater than or equal to 1:64 to legionella micdadei. by contrast, none ...	1989	2667115
laboratory and clinical evaluation of a commercial dna probe for the detection of legionella spp.	we prospectively compared a commercially available legionella dna probe with culture and direct immunofluorescence. the analytical sensitivities of the dna probe and direct immunofluorescence were equal. both tests detected 4 x 10(3) cfu of legionella pneumophila or legionella micdadei per ml in the pulmonary secretions of experimentally infected guinea pigs. the diagnostic sensitivity of the reagent was evaluated by using 809 samples of respiratory secretions. of 51 dna probe-positive specimens ...	1989	2685031
ingestion of legionella micdadei inhibits human neutrophil function.	legionella micdadei is a human pathogen which survives within leukocytes. to determine how this organism escapes intracellular destruction, we examined its effect on human neutrophil activity. neutrophils were allowed to ingest l. micdadei prior to evaluation of functional activity. compared with control cells which did not ingest organisms, cells ingesting l. micdadei showed significantly depressed production of superoxide anion (24.5 +/- 9.0 nmol/10(6) cells per 15 min versus 6.9 +/- 3.2 nmol/ ...	1990	2169462
microbiological investigations into an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella micdadei associated with use of a whirlpool.	in the investigation of a large outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis at a leisure complex in lochgoilhead, scotland all direct cultures of environmental samples were initially negative for legionellae. legionellae readily infect appropriate protozoa under suitable conditions, and following immunofluorescence to select specimens for special study, legionella micdadei was isolated from whirlpool water via co-cultivation with acanthamoeba polyphaga. l micdadei was also isolated, along with host ...	1990	2199533
pneumonia due to legionella micdadei in bone marrow transplant recipients.	legionella micdadei has previously been described as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia, particularly in kidney transplant recipients. cell-mediated immunity is the principal host defense against this pathogen. a common clinical scenario in the immunocompromised host is that of septic pulmonary embolus, but asymptomatic infections have also been reported. the organism is weakly acid-fast in clinical specimens but loses this property when grown on solid media. we report two cases of l. micdadei pneu ...	1990	2237125
[a preliminary investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei at a building-site in the rural area of beijing].	during the period from december 1989 to january 1990, an outbreak of upper respiratory infection (influenza-like syndrome) took place in the workers of a building-site in a rural area of beijing. an epidemiological investigation and bacteriological examination were carried out in this area. the results showed that it was an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei (lm). the incidence was 26.67% (24/90). this was the first report on lm infection in china.	1990	2261615
reevaluation of the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158.	the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158 was reevaluated because of its purported differences from other l. micdadei strains and its similarity to l. bozemanii. we found the fatty acid content of this strain to be consistent with that of 11 other strains of l. micdadei, including the presence of an anteiso branched-chain, monounsaturated, 17-carbon acid (ca17:1) which is characteristic of this species. the double-bond position of ca17:1 was established at the omega 7 ...	1990	2312686
chemotaxonomic differentiation of legionellae by detection and characterization of aminodideoxyhexoses and other unique sugars using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.	legionellae have been differentiated previously by analyzing their carbohydrate contents by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. in the present study, total ion mode gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) was used to detect a number of unusual sugars, including one that is structurally related to o-methyldideoxyheptoses. increased sensitivity and selectivity for carbohydrate detection was achieved by selected ion-monitoring gc-ms. two of the uncommon sugars previously discov ...	1990	2324276
increased recovery of legionella micdadei and legionella bozemanii on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with albumin.	the recovery of legionella micdadei and l. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2 from infected guinea pig spleens was evaluated by using two culture media: buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate (bcye alpha) and the same medium supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (abcye alpha). at the lowest dilution of spleen tissue (10(-1)), recovery of all strains of l. micdadei and l. bozemanii was more efficient on abcye alpha than on bcye alpha. l. micdadei strains had higher recov ...	1990	2324282
identification of mip-like genes in the genus legionella.	the mip gene of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strain aa100 encodes a 24-kilodalton surface protein (mip) and enhances the abilities of l. pneumophila to parasitize human macrophages and to cause pneumonia in experimental animals. to determine whether this virulence factor is conserved in the genus legionella, a large panel of legionella strains was examined by southern hybridization and immunoblot analyses for the presence and expression of mip-related sequences. strains representing all 14 ...	1990	2387627
sequence analysis of the legionella micdadei groels operon.	a 2.7 kb dna fragment encoding the 60 kda common antigen (ca) and a 13 kda protein of legionella micdadei was sequenced. two open reading frames of 57,677 and 10,456 da were identified, corresponding to the heat shock proteins groel and groes, respectively. typical -35, -10, and shine-dalgarno heat shock expression signals were identified upstream of the l. micdadei groel gene. further upstream, a poly-t region, also a feature of the sigma 32-regulated escherichia coli groels heat shock operon, ...	1991	1672279