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legionella longbeachae species nova, another etiologic agent of human pneumonia.a new species of bacteria that is an etiologic agent of human pneumonia has been isolated and characterized. clinical symptoms of infection with this organism are not readily distinguishable from those caused by legionella pneumophila infection. the organism was isolated from respiratory tract specimens from four patients. two cases of infection apparently originated in california and one in georgia, and a fourth was of unknown geographic origin. the name legionella longbeachae species nova is p ...19817235414
cellular fatty acid composition of legionella longbeachae sp. nov.the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella longbeachae was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. as in other legionella species, the fatty acids of this new species are characterized by relatively large amounts of branched-chain acids.19817334078
recognition of a second serogroup of legionella longbeachae.a strain of legionella longbeachae (tucker 1) that was isolated from the postmortem lung tissue of a pneumonia patient was serologically distinct from four other strains of l. longbeachae. the recognition of a second serogroup of l. longbeachae represents the first reported instance of serogroup diversity within a species of legionella other than l. pneumophila. the disease caused by the tucker 1 strain does not seem to be readily distinguishable from that of pneumonia caused by other legionella ...19817037837
legionella longbeachae pneumonia diagnosed by bronchial brushing. 19827104903
legionella longbeachae serogroup 2 in europe. 19826129487
experience with heat-killed antigens of l. longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2, and l. jordanis in the indirect fluorescence antibody test.sera from 1384 individuals were examined with a trivalent antigen composed of legionella longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2 and l. jordanis. one hundred and twenty nine (9.3%) showed a reaction on screening. thirty-six (2.6%) had a titre of greater than or equal to 64 with monovalent antigens. ten (0.7%) had a high (greater than or equal to 256) or greater than or equal to fourfold rising titre of antibody to one or more antigens and six of these patients had a severe chest infection. no correlation ...19836356712
species specific membrane proteins of legionellaceae.the protein composition of the outer membrane and the whole cell wall of 21 strains representing 14 different serotypes of seven different legionella species has been determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the insoluble residue after extraction of cell envelopes with sodium laurylsarcosinate was considered to represent the outer membrane. alternatively isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation could be used; this approach gave similar results to the deter ...19836637232
legionella longbeachae and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 19836831321
biological profile of legionella longbeachae and legionella jordanis. 19836862636
legionella sainthelensi: a new species of legionella isolated from water near mt. st. helens.six strains of a new species, legionella sainthelensi, were isolated from freshwater in areas affected by the volcanic eruptions of mt. st. helens in the state of washington. strains of l. sainthelensi are culturally and biochemically similar to other legionellae. they grow on buffered charcoal yeast agar but not on media that lack cysteine. they are gram-negative, nonsporeforming, motile rods that are positive in reactions for catalase, oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, and beta-lactamase. they ar ...19846712210
determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus legionella.we examined 40 strains of legionella for reduced-oxygen scavenging enzymes. using a simple reaction chamber with a swinney filter for the beers and sizer assay, we determined the catalase activity of live cells grown on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. for 29 strains of legionella pneumophila, the apparent first-order rate constants for catalase ranged from 0.000 to 0.005. similarly, low values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005 were observed for legionella wadsworthii, legionella oakridgensis, an ...19846490828
[the first case of legionella longbeachae pneumonia in japan]. 19846503062
clinical laboratory differentiation of legionellaceae family members with pigment production and fluorescence on media supplemented with aromatic substrates.a systematic study of pigment production (browning) and fluorescence (extracellular yellow-green and intracellular blue-white) by nine legionellaceae species was performed. a total of 56 strains representing tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent), legionella pneumophila, legionella jordanis, legionella longbeachae, legionella oakridgensis, legionella wadsworthii, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter gormanii, and fluoribacter dumoffii could be separated on media supplemented with tyrosi ...19846547453
combined pericarditis and pneumonia caused by legionella infection.during a one year period acute pericarditis was diagnosed in 16 consecutive patients without acute infarction or malignancy. in two of these patients with both pericarditis and pneumonia legionella infection was present. one case was caused by legionella longbeachae and the other by both legionella longbeachae and legionella jordanis. when pericarditis is associated with pneumonia legionella infection should be sought so that effective treatment with erythromycin may be started early.19873426902
pneumonia and acute pancreatitis most probably caused by a legionella longbeachae infection.legionella longbeachae was first described and characterized in 1981. we report the first probable case of l. longbeachae infection in sweden. a previously healthy, 50-year-old greenhouse repairman fell ill with severe pneumonia and acute pancreatitis. the l. longbeachae type 1 igg titer (indirect immunofluorescence) was 256 and decreased significantly with erythromycin treatment. attempts to isolate the microorganism from the environment failed. sera from the patient's colleagues and from blood ...19873616499
legionella cincinnatiensis sp. nov. isolated from a patient with pneumonia.a legionella-like organism (strain 72-oh-h [= atcc 43753]) was isolated from an open-lung biopsy specimen from a hemodialysis patient with end-stage renal disease and bronchopneumonia. growth characteristics and gas-liquid chromatographic profiles of the isolate were consistent with those for legionella spp. the isolate was presumptively identified as a legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 strain by direct immunofluorescence staining. however, the organism was serologically distinct in the slide a ...19883281971
legionella longbeachae pneumonia: report of two cases.legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 was isolated from the respiratory secretions of two patients with community-acquired pneumonia. one patient had a mild infection without evidence of the involvement of other organs and recovered, in spite of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. the other patient was severely-ill on presentation with multisystem failure and died soon after admission to hospital. the organisms were identified by the immunofluorescence technique and by quantitative dna-hybridization ...19892654579
legionnaires' disease in south australia, 1979-1988.laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis of legionella pneumonia in 108 patients in south australia over the past 10 years. legionella pneumophila was responsible for 91 infections: the serogroup-1 strain caused 81 of these. l. pneumophila serogroup 2 was the only other strain of l. pneumophila that was isolated from patients; it caused infection in eight patients. in two patients, the serological results did not distinguish between infection with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogrou ...19892687665
isolation of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 from potting mixes.following a statewide outbreak of legionellosis due to legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 in south australia in 1988 and 1989, studies were performed to find a source of the organism. a number of water and soil samples with and without acid decontamination were examined for l. longbeachae by using a selective medium containing vancomycin, aztreonam, and pimafucin. there were no isolations of l. longbeachae from water samples. organisms resembling l. longbeachae were isolated from a number of sam ...19901968736
genetic relatedness of legionella longbeachae isolates from human and environmental sources in australia.the genetic relatedness of legionella longbeachae isolated in australia since 1987 was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and allozyme electrophoresis. three radiolabeled probes were used in southern hybridizations for the rflp studies. they were escherichia coli 16s and 23s rrna and cloned fragments of l. longbeachae selected empirically from genomal banks in lambda and a cosmid. the legionellae included in the study comprised 11 legionella longbeachae sero ...19901980403
distribution of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionellae in potting soils in australia.legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionella spp. were isolated from 73% of 45 potting soils made in australia by 13 manufacturers but were not detected in 19 potting soils made in greece, switzerland, and the united kingdom examined between march 1989 and may 1990. several legionella species were isolated from a small number of samples of uncomposted pine sawdusts, but it is not known whether sawdust was the source of some of the legionellae found in potting soils. legionella spp. pe ...19902285311
legionella longbeachae pneumonia in a patient splenectomized for hairy-cell leukemia.a 63-year-old man was admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit for pneumonia. fifteen years earlier, hairy cell leukemia had been diagnosed and the patient underwent splenectomy. a clinical suspicion of legionellosis, later confirmed by both serology and isolation of the microorganism, prompted initiation of high dose erythromycin intravenously. the patient steadily deteriorated and passed away eight days later. this is the first reported case of hairy cell leukemia in which the diagnosis ...19902312174
legionella longbeachae. 19902316439
[the detection of legionellae in a water pipe system using gene probe technics and culture methods].in a new hospital building, cold and warm water systems were examined for microbiological parameters before opening. all of the 35 sampling sites showed elevated colony counts, i.e. greater than 100 cfu/ml. 11 of these contained legionella species at various times. while escherichia coli, coliform bacteria and pseudomonas aeruginosa could not be found, legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 + 2 was identified in 13 samples. only one sample contained legionella pneumophila serogroup 3. legionella spe ...19902393493
chemical composition of lipopolysaccharides from legionella bozemanii and legionella longbeachae.lipopolysaccharides (lps) from legionella bozemanii serogroup 1 and legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 were subjected to chemical analyses. the lipid a part of both lpss contained 2,3-dideoxy-2,3-diamino-d-glucose as major constituents and d-glucosamine and glycerol as minor constituents of the sugar backbone structure. both lpss exhibited a very complex fatty acid composition. twenty amide-linked 3-hydroxy fatty acids were detected in lps of l. longbeachae, whereas seventeen were encountered in ...19947802541
legionella longbeachae pneumonia associated with potting mix. 19947935133
pulmonary infection due to legionella cincinnatiensis in renal transplant recipients: two cases and implications for laboratory diagnosis.we report two cases of pneumonia caused by legionella cincinnatiensis, a species previously identified as a pathogen in only one other instance. both infections occurred in renal transplant recipients who were receiving only moderate doses of immunosuppressive drugs several years after transplantation; both patients had no recent episodes of rejection. their clinical courses varied from mild symptoms to multisystem organ failure and death. species identification by direct fluorescent antibody te ...19948011820
occurrence and distribution of legionella species in composted plant materials.legionellae were found in many samples of composted plant matter obtained from home gardeners and from facilities which undertook bulk composting. the predominant species isolated from these composts was legionella pneumophila, the strains of which belonged to serogroups other than serogroup 1. other legionella species were present in many samples. legionella longbeachae serogroup 1, which is implicated in human infections in south australia, was present in samples obtained from two of six facil ...199411001749
comparative susceptibility of legionella pneumophila and legionella longbeachae to 12 antimicrobial agents.the in-vitro susceptibilities of 28 strains each of legionella pneumophila and legionella longbeachae to 12 antibiotics were compared by an agar dilution technique. a limited comparison with disc testing was also performed. most antibiotics were less active against l. longbeachae, although mics of erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin suggest potential clinical utility.19958537269
panic in the potting shed. the association between legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and potting soils in australia.is gardening a health hazard? legionella longbeachae, a potential cause of pneumonia, has been found in australian potting media. however, further research is needed to determine its clinical relevance in this situation. this did not stop the popular media linking two deaths from legionella infection in queensland to potting mix exposure.19968559094
the ecology of legionella longbeachae in australia. 19968657044
legionella longbeachae in western australia: a 12-month retrospective review. 19968657045
legionella longbeachae pneumonia and henoch-schönlein purpura. 19968744628
positive serology to legionella longbeachae in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome.in an observational study we measured the legionella longbeachae antibody titre rise in patients mechanically ventilated for more than eight days during a two-month period. the patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards). in nine patients with ards all showed an antibody rise consistent with recent infection with legionella longbeachae with a rise in titre (six patients) or a high titre after eight to ten days of ...19968971316
relapse of legionella longbeachae infection in an immunocompromised patient.we describe the first known case of legionella longbeachae infection in the netherlands in a patient with myasthenia gravis. infection with l. longbeachae relapsed after prolonged therapy with erythromycin. no environmental source of l. longbeachae could be traced.19968973096
infection of tetrahymena pyriformis by legionella longbeachae and other legionella species found in potting mixes.all legionella longbeachae strains, both serogroups of l. bozemanii, and three strains of l. anisa reproducibly infected washed tetrahymena pyriformis at 30 degrees c. l. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains infected t. pyriformis less reproducibly than did l. longbeachae. low-level concentrations of nutrients in cocultures inhibited infection. four l. micdadei strains and l. anisa atcc 35292 failed to infect t. pyriformis.19968975599
recurrent legionella longbeachae pneumonia associated with re-exposure to potting soil? 19969028527
legionella longbeachae in western australian potting mix. 19979137288
cloning and characterization of two immunophilin-like genes, ilpa and fkpa, on a single 3.9-kilobase fragment of aeromonas hydrophila genomic dna.antiserum to aeromonas hydrophila a6 cell envelopes was shown in a previous study (c. y. f. wong, g. mayrhofer, m. w. heuzenroeder, h. m. atkinson, d. m. quinn, and r. l. p. flower, fems immunol. med. microbiol. 15:233-241, 1996) to protect mice against lethal infection by this organism. in this study, colony blot analysis of an a. hydrophila genomic library using antiserum to a. hydrophila a6 cell envelopes revealed a cosmid clone expressing a 30-kda protein which has not been described previou ...19979171380
legionella longbeachae isolated from water. 19989469199
fatal legionella longbeachae infection following heart transplantation.a case of fatal legionella longbeachae infection following heart transplantation is described. gram stains of respiratory secretions on day 17 posttransplant revealed leucocytes and gram-negative bacilli, but there was no growth on routine bacterial culture. legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 was isolated from respiratory specimens, blood, and postmortem lung tissue. legionella longbeachae is a common cause of legionellosis in australia, and infection has been associated with exposure to potting ...19989512185
sequence analysis of the mip gene of the soilborne pathogen legionella longbeachae.to understand the basis of pathogenesis by legionella longbeachae serogroup 1, the importance of the mip protein in this species was examined. amino-terminal analysis of the purified, cloned l. longbeachae serogroup 1 atcc 33462 mip protein confirmed that the cloned gene protein was expressed and processed in an escherichia coli background. dna sequence analysis of plasmid pimvs27, containing the entire l. longbeachae serogroup 1 mip gene, revealed a high degree of homology to the mip gene of le ...19989529072
sequence-based classification scheme for the genus legionella targeting the mip gene.the identification and speciation of strains of legionella is often difficult, and even the more successful chromatographic classification techniques have struggled to discriminate newly described species. a sequence-based genotypic classification scheme is reported, targeting approximately 700 nucleotide bases of the mip gene and utilizing gene amplification and direct amplicon sequencing. with the exception of legionella geestiana, for which an amplicon was not produced, the scheme clearly and ...19989620377
specific detection of legionella pneumophila: construction of a new 16s rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probe.based on comparative sequence analysis, we have designed an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a region of 16s rrna of legionella pneumophila which allows the differentiation of l. pneumophila from other legionella species without cultivation. the specificity of the new probe, legpne1, was tested by in situ hybridization to a total of four serogroups of six strains of l. pneumophila, five different legionella spp. and three nonlegionella species as reference strains. furthermore, l. pneumoph ...19989647849
comparison of the binax legionella urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay (eia) with the biotest legionella urin antigen eia for detection of legionella antigen in both concentrated and nonconcentrated urine samples.we evaluated a newly commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) (biotest legionella urin antigen eia; biotest ag, dreieich, germany) for detection of antigens of all legionella pneumophila serogroups with a relatively wide spectrum of cross-reactivity as well as antigens of other legionella spp. by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with those of an eia for detection of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen (legionella urinary antigen eia; binax, portland, maine). both tests were performed with bot ...19989705420
low endotoxic potential of legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide due to failure of interaction with the monocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor cd14.legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative bacterium causing legionnaires' disease and pontiac fever, was shown to be highly reactive in in vitro gelation of limulus lysate but not able to induce fever and the local shwartzman reaction in rabbits and mice. we analyzed the capacity of purified l. pneumophila lipopolysaccharide (lps-lp) to induce activation of the human monocytic cell line mono mac 6, as revealed by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and desensitization to subsequent lps stimulat ...19989712761
[usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage in the renal transplant patient with suspected respiratory infection].in this retrospective study we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in kidney transplant patients who were suspected of having severe respiratory infection or in whom empirical antibiotic treatment had failed. all bal procedures performed on kidney transplanted patients suspected of having respiratory infections between january 1, 1988 and july 31, 1996 were analyzed. bal was carried out in the standard way and samples were sent for cytologic and bacteriologic stu ...19989803276
[legionella longbeachae pneumonia in a gardener].a 52-year-old male gardener, who traveled to guam island several days ago, was admitted to our hospital with fever, cough and dyspnea. his chest x-ray showed bilateral infiltration and he was severely hypoxic and hypotensive on admission. he died of multiple organ failure in spite of intensive treatment with mechanical ventilation antibiotics including erythromycin. legionella longbeachae serotype 1 was isolated from his sputum and was regarded as the etiologic agent. legionella longbeachae was ...19989847527
fulminant psittacosis requiring mechanical ventilation and demonstrating serological cross-reactivity between legionella longbeachae and chlamydia psittaci.chlamydia psittaci infection typically causes a mild respiratory illness in humans. severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation or intensive care therapy is an uncommon development. the aetiological agents causing severe community acquired pneumonia often remain undetermined. serological tests may aid in diagnosis. we present two cases of fulminant psittacosis, one demonstrating early cross-reactivity with legionella longbeachae.199910382241
a pcr test for the identification and discrimination of legionella longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2.a pcr test has been developed for the specific identification of legionella longbeachae. the test targeted sequence unique to both l. longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2 within the mip gene and permitted both species and serogroup identification. the test was trialed on a range of closely related species and 20 clinical isolates originating from australia, the usa and israel. results were consistent with previous identification analyses. from 20 water samples known to contain legionella spp. one samp ...199910480268
australian isolates of legionella longbeachae are not a clonal population.legionella longbeachae is almost as frequent a cause of legionellosis in australia as legionella pneumophila, but epidemiological investigation of possible environmental sources and clinical cases has been limited by the lack of a discriminatory subtyping method. the purpose of this study was to examine the genetic variability among australian isolates of l. longbeachae serogroup 1. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of sfii fragments revealed three distinct pulsotypes among 57 clinical and ...199910488187
isolation of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 from potting soils in japan. 199910589922
legionnaires' disease associated with potting soil--california, oregon, and washington, may-june 2000.since legionnaires' disease (ld) was first reported in 1976, outbreaks have been associated with airborne transmission of legionella bacteria through cooling towers, showers, and other aerosolizing devices (1). however, most ld cases are sporadic, and the source and mode of infection in many cases are unknown. infections with one species, legionella longbeachae, have been associated with gardening and use of potting soil in australia and japan (2,3). this report summarizes the findings of ld inv ...200010987244
[pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae serogroup 1]. 200011153212
localization of legionella bacteria within ribosome-studded phagosomes is not restricted to legionella pneumophila.in this report, we investigate the intracellular fate of selected members of the genus legionella within the monocytic cell line mono mac 6 cells. by means of electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we could show that legionella pneumophila as well as legionella longbeachae are able to induce ribosome-studded phagosomes which associate with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), whereas legionella micdadei remains to be located within smooth phagosomes but also shows signs of rer associatio ...200011040443
rapid identification of clinically relevant legionella spp. by analysis of transfer dna intergenic spacer length polymorphism.analysis of pcr-amplified transfer dna (tdna) intergenic spacers was evaluated as a rapid method for identification to the species level of 18 species of legionella known as human pathogens. type strains (n = 19), reference strains (n = 16), environmental strains (n = 31), and clinical strains (n = 32) were tested. pcr products using outwardly directed tdna consensus primers were separated on polyacrylamide gels and analyzed with automated laser fluorescence. test results were obtained in 8 h st ...200111136765
[a survival case of severe legionella longbeachae pneumonia].a 56-year-old japanese male was admitted to toyohashi municipal hospital because of fever, cough, and dyspnea. chest x-ray film showed bilateral alveolar infiltrates. he suffered from severe hypoxemia and was given a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. he was also complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation and pseudomembranous colitis. he fully recovered by intensive treatment with antibiotics, mechanical ventilation and endotoxin eliminating therapy. legionella longbe ...200111321782
identification of legionella pneumophila rcp, a pagp-like gene that confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and promotes intracellular infection.in the course of characterizing a locus involved in heme utilization, we identified a legionella pneumophila gene predicted to encode a protein with homology to the product of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pagp gene. in salmonella, pagp increases resistance to the bactericidal effects of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps). mutants with insertions in the l. pneumophila pagp-like gene were generated and showed decreased resistance to different structural classes of camps compare ...200111401964
comparison of virulence of legionella longbeachae strains in guinea pigs and u937 macrophage-like cells.a guinea pig model of experimental legionellosis was established for assessment of virulence of isolates of legionella longbeachae. the results showed that there were distinct virulence groupings of l. longbeachae serogroup 1 strains based on the severity of disease produced in this model. statistical analysis of the animal model data suggests that australian isolates of l. longbeachae may be inherently more virulent than non-australian strains. infection studies performed with u937 cells were c ...200111500403
in vitro activity of abt-773 against legionella pneumophila, its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and its use to treat guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia.the activity of abt-773 was studied against extracellular and intracellular legionella pneumophila and for the treatment of guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia. the abt-773 mic at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic(50)) for 20 different legionella sp. strains was 0.016 microg/ml, whereas the mic(50)s of clarithromycin and erythromycin were 0.032 and 0.125 microg/ml, respectively. abt-773 (1 microg/ml) was bactericidal for two l. pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrop ...200111557455
distribution of legionella longbeachae and other legionellae in japanese potting soils.the distribution of legionella longbeachae and legionella spp. in japanese potting soils was examined. thirty samples were collected: 13 were composted wood products, 11 were potting mixes (containing composted wood products, sand, mineral fertilizer, and manure), 2 were peatmoss, 3 were peatmoss-sand mixes (containing peatmoss and sand), and 1 was a sample of hydroponic clay balls. a suspension of each sample was made in sterile distilled water and acidified, and 100 microl was plated on buffer ...200111810588
induction of apoptosis of human macrophages in vitro by legionella longbeachae through activation of the caspase pathway.the cytotoxicity of the facultative intracellular bacterium, legionella longbeachae, an important cause of legionellosis, was characterised. apoptosis was induced in hl-60 cells, a human macrophage-like cell line, during the early stages of infection and induction of apoptosis correlated with cytotoxicity. apoptosis was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis of fragmented dna, surface exposure of phosphatidylserine and propidium iodide labelling of host cell nuclei. the involvement of macropha ...200211863267
prospective case-control study of chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma infections in patients with pityriasis rosea.a double-blind placebo-controlled trial reported the benefit of erythromycin in treating pityriasis rosea (pr), a postulated mechanism being the eradication of bacteria susceptible to erythromycin. the aim of this study was to investigate the association between pr and chlamydia pneumoniae, c. trachomatis, legionella longbeachae, l. micdadei, l. pneumophila, and mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. we recruited 13 patients aged seven to 46 years (mean: 26.8 years) diagnosed to have pr in a primary ...200211872416
legionella and legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation.there is still a low level of clinical awareness regarding legionnaires' disease 25 years after it was first detected. the causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria with a fascinating ecology. these bacteria are intracellular pathogens of freshwater protozoa and utilize a similar mechanism to infect human phagocytic cells. there have been major advances in delineating the pathogenesis of legionellae through the identification of genes which allow the organism to bypass the endocytic ...200212097254
class 1 integron containing a new gene cassette, aada10, associated with tn1404 from r151.the carbenicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamide, and tobramycin resistance determinants found on pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid r151 have previously been shown to translocate to another plasmid, r388, and it was inferred that a transposon, tn1404, carried the resistance determinants. sequencing of the cassette array from the plasmid known as r388::tn1404 revealed two known gene cassettes, oxa10 and aadb, and a previously unidentified cassette determining resist ...200212121911
direct detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila in clinical specimens by dual-color real-time pcr and melting curve analysis.a dual-color lightcycler pcr assay targeting the 16s rdna gene of legionella spp. was established. by using two pairs of hybridization probes, legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila could be detected and differentiated simultaneously. with 26 culture-positive and 42 culture-negative respiratory specimens from patients with atypical pneumonia, 100% sensitivity and specificity was observed for l. pneumophila.200212354888
a mutation in an ompr-like gene on a legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 plasmid attenuates virulence.examination of a panel of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 strains using a guinea pig model of virulence determined that this clonal species of legionella shows a remarkable variation in symptoms and disease outcome (doyle et al., infect. immun. 69, 5335-5344, 2001). the presence of plasmids was investigated, as plasmid encoded functions may contribute to the virulence of genetically similar strains. partial sequence analysis of a large native plasmid (approximately 120 kb), designated pa5h5, ...200212398213
an outbreak of legionella longbeachae infection in an intensive care unit?during a nine-day period, five patients in a 14-bed intensive care unit (icu) were shown to have seroconverted with a four-fold or greater rise in serum antibody titre to legionella longbeachae serogroup 1. a further two patients were observed to have high titres consistent with previous exposure but earlier serum samples were not available for comparison. no patients had antibody responses to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 2. l. longbeachae was not cultured from respiratory secretions ...200212473468
comparative assessment of virulence traits in legionella spp.legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen that accounts for the majority of cases of legionnaires' disease in the usa and europe, but other legionella spp. have been shown to cause disease. in contrast, legionella longbeachae is the leading cause of legionnaires' disease in australia. the hallmark of legionnaires' disease caused by l. pneumophila is the intracellular replication within phagocytes in the alveolar spaces, and the dot/icm type iv secretion system is essential f ...200312634332
detection of legionella dna by pcr of whole-blood samples in a mouse model.a detection system for legionella dna in blood samples based on the pcr was developed and evaluated in a/j mice with experimentally induced legionella pneumonia. primers were designed to amplify a 106 bp dna fragment of the 16s rrna gene specific to legionella species. the pcr system could detect clinically relevant legionella species including legionella pneumophila, legionella micdadei, legionella bozemanae, legionella dumoffii, legionella longbeachae, legionella gormanii and legionella jordan ...200312676871
characterization of a tandem repeat polymorphism in legionella pneumophila and its use for genotyping.we have analyzed the variability of minisatellite sequences (also called variable-number tandem repeats [vntrs]) in the genome of legionella pneumophila. based upon the genome sequence of the philadelphia-1 strain (serogroup 1), 25 minisatellites were selected and their polymorphisms were analyzed by pcr with the dna of serogroup 1 to 14 reference strains. for 22 markers, a pcr product of the expected size was found with the dna of the philadelphia-1 strain. most of these markers did not amplify ...200312734211
[rapid and simple detection of legionella species by lamp, a mew dna amplification method].legionella is a common cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and occasionally causes nosocomial pneumonia. rapid and accurate detection of legionellae is important for diagnosis and treatment of patients. in order to detect legionellae, a new dna amplification method was designed and evaluated. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method amplifies dna with high specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity under isothermal conditions at 65 degrees c. this method employs a dn ...200314984304
legionnaires' disease - results of a multicentre canadian study.there has never been a cross-canada surveillance project to determine the rate of legionella species as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization and to determine whether there are any regional differences in the rates of legionnaires' disease in canada. anecdotally, legionnaires' disease is thought to be uncommon in western canada.200318159449
characterization of the alternative sigma factor sigma54 and the transcriptional regulator fleq of legionella pneumophila, which are both involved in the regulation cascade of flagellar gene expression.we cloned and analyzed legionella pneumophila corby homologs of rpon (encoding sigma(54)) and fleq (encoding sigma(54) activator protein). two other genes (fler and pilr) whose products have a sigma(54) interaction domain were identified in the genome sequence of l. pneumophila. an rpon mutant strain was nonflagellated and expressed very small amounts of the flaa (flagellin) protein. like the rpon mutant, the fleq mutant strain of l. pneumophila was also nonflagellated and expressed only small a ...200415090493
pneumonia and osteomyelitis due to legionella longbeachae in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus.a patient with risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus, corticosteroid use, and malignancy received a diagnosis of concomitant pneumonia and osteomyelitis caused by legionella longbeachae. in this report, the first description of legionella osteomyelitis, previous cases of extrapulmonary legionella infection are detailed.200415156502
legionella in two splenectomized patients. coincidence or causal relationship?we describe two splenectomized patients admitted with pneumonia. the course in one was complicated by overwhelming multiorgan failure when the only indicative laboratory result was seropositivity for legionella hackeliae and legionella longbeachae. he was initially treated with ceftriaxone and roxithromycin, followed by levofloxacin as well as intensive supportive treatment, and survived. the second patient was seroreactive for legionella micdadei. in some cases of pneumonia in splenectomized pa ...200415188080
fatal case of community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.reported here is a rare case of atypical pneumonia due to a non- pneumophila legionella sp. that occurred in a young patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. in spite of aggressive treatment, the patient died 24 h following admission to the intensive care unit. legionella longbeachae was cultured from respiratory tract specimens and identified to the genus level by pcr and to the species level by an immunofluorescence test. since most current laboratory tests for legionella spp., including uri ...200414712368
the pneumoplex assays, a multiplex pcr-enzyme hybridization assay that allows simultaneous detection of five organisms, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia (chlamydophila) pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, legionella micdadei, and bordetella pertussis, and its real-time counterpart.respiratory disease caused by atypical bacteria remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality for adults and children, despite the widespread use of effective antimicrobials agents. culture remains the "gold standard" for the detection of these agents. however, culture is labor-intensive, takes several days to weeks for growth, and can be very insensitive for the detection of some of these organisms. newer singleplex pcr diagnostic tests are sensitive and specific, but multiple assays wo ...200515695646
chlamydia pneumoniae augments the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced death of mouse macrophages by a caspase-independent pathway.chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. however, the mechanisms by which c. pneumoniae contributes to cardiovascular disease have not been determined yet. c. pneumoniae infection may accelerate the death of cells within atherosclerotic lesions and contribute to the formation of unstable lesions. to test this hypothesis, the impact of c. pneumoniae infection on the death of lipid-loaded mouse macrophages was invest ...200515972525
novel spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene, aada14, from pasteurella multocida.a novel spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene, designated aada14, was detected on the mobilizable 5,198-bp plasmid pcck647 from pasteurella multocida. the aada14 gene encodes an aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase of 261 amino acids. sequence comparisons revealed that the aada14 protein showed less than 60% identity to the aada proteins known so far.200515980396
development and evaluation of chlamylege, a new commercial test allowing simultaneous detection and identification of legionella, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical respiratory specimens by multiplex pcr.this study describes the development and evaluation of a new commercial test, chlamylege (argene inc.), which allows the simultaneous detection in respiratory samples of chlamydophila pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and most legionella species, as well as pcr inhibitors, by using a multiplex pcr and microplate hybridization. the sensitivities of chlamylege were 1 x 10(-3) ifu, 5 x 10(-2) color-changing units, and 1 cfu per reaction tube for c. pneumoniae, m. pneumoniae, and legionella pneumop ...200516000443
rapid method for enumeration of viable legionella pneumophila and other legionella spp. in water.a sensitive and specific method has been developed to enumerate viable l. pneumophila and other legionella spp. in water by epifluorescence microscopy in a short period of time (a few hours). this method allows the quantification of l. pneumophila or other legionella spp. as well as the discrimination between viable and nonviable legionella. it simultaneously combines the specific detection of legionella cells using antibodies and a bacterial viability marker (chemchrome v6), the enumeration bei ...200516000824
coevolution between nonhomologous but functionally similar proteins and their conserved partners in the legionella pathogenesis system.legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, and other pathogenic legionella species multiply inside protozoa and human macrophages by using the intracellular multiplication (icm)/defect in organelle trafficking (dot) type-iv secretion system. the icmq protein, which possesses pore-forming activity, and icmr, which regulates the icmq activity, are two essential components of this system. analysis of the region expected to contain these two genes from 29 legionella specie ...200516091472
community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae in an immunocompetent patient.reported here is the case of a previously healthy 67-year-old man who was admitted to the intensive care unit with pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae. the organism was identified in sputum and serum by 16s rrna-based pcr assay and sequence-based typing. one acute serum sample produced a single elevated igm antibody titer of 1:512 against non-pneumophila legionella spp. the patient fully recovered following the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment. since most current laboratory ...200516133414
use of a nested pcr-enzyme immunoassay with an internal control to detect chlamydophila psittaci in turkeys.laboratory diagnosis of chlamydophila psittaci, an important turkey respiratory pathogen, is difficult. to facilitate the diagnosis, a nested pcr-enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) was developed to detect the cp. psittaci outer membrane protein a (ompa) gene in pharyngeal swabs.200516185353
in vitro activity of pazufloxacin, tosufloxacin and other quinolones against legionella species.the activities of pazufloxacin and tosufloxacin against legionella spp. were evaluated in vitro and compared with those of other quinolones, macrolides and azithromycin.200516260445
legionella confirmation using real-time pcr and syto9 is an alternative to current methodology.the currently accepted culture techniques for the detection of legionella spp. in water samples (as/nzs 3896:1998 and iso 11731 standard methods) are slow and laborious, requiring from 7 to 14 days for a result. we describe a fully validated rapid confirmation technique that uses real-time pcr incorporating the intercalating dye syto9 for the direct identification of primary cultures, significantly decreasing turnaround time and allowing faster remedial action to be taken by the industry.200516332896
effects of japan sea proper water on the growth oflegionella pneumophila, escherichia coli, andstaphylococcus aureus.to assess whetherlegionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogroup 6,escherichia coli, andstaphylococcus aureus can survive in japan sea proper water (jspw).200521432125
targeting species-specific low-affinity 16s rrna binding sites by using peptide nucleic acids for detection of legionellae in biofilms.using fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect bacterial groups has several inherent limitations. dna probes are generally used, targeting sites on the 16s rrna. however, much of the 16s rrna is highly conserved, with variable regions often located in inaccessible areas where secondary structures can restrict probe access. here, we describe the use of peptide nucleic acid (pna) probes as a superior alternative to dna probes, especially when used for environmental samples. a complex bacterial ...200616885298
identification of legionella pneumophila-specific genes by genomic subtractive hybridization with legionella micdadei and identification of lpne, a gene required for efficient host cell entry.legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous environmental organism and a facultative intracellular pathogen of humans. to identify genes that may contribute to the virulence of l. pneumophila, we performed genomic subtractive hybridization between l. pneumophila serogroup 1 strain 02/41 and l. micdadei strain 02/42. a total of 144 l. pneumophila-specific clones were sequenced, revealing 151 genes that were absent in l. micdadei strain 02/42. low-stringency southern hybridization was used to determine ...200616495539
detection of coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time pcr.coccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens endemic to the semiarid regions of north, central, and south america. currently, direct smear and culture are the most common means of identifying coccidioides spp. while these methods offer relatively sensitive and specific means of detecting coccidioides spp., growth in culture may take up to 3 weeks, potentially delaying the diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. in addition, growth of the organism represents a significant ...200617108077
detection of coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time pcr.coccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens endemic to the semiarid regions of north, central, and south america. currently, direct smear and culture are the most common means of identifying coccidioides spp. while these methods offer relatively sensitive and specific means of detecting coccidioides spp., growth in culture may take up to 3 weeks, potentially delaying the diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. in addition, growth of the organism represents a significant ...200617108077
does using potting mix make you sick? results from a legionella longbeachae case-control study in south australia.a case-control study was performed in south australia to determine if l. longbeachae infection was associated with recent handling of commercial potting mix and to examine possible modes of transmission. twenty-five laboratory-confirmed cases and 75 matched controls were enrolled between april 1997 and march 1999. information on underlying illness, smoking, gardening exposures and behaviours was obtained by telephone interviews. recent use of potting mix was associated with illness (or 4.74, 95% ...200716780608
legionnaires' disease and gardening.legionella longbeachae was cultured from the sputum of a patient suffering from legionnaires' disease. source identification efforts included analysis of samples of potting soil from the patient's garden, and a genotypically indistinguishable strain of l. longbeachae was cultured from this material. following examination of a national collection of legionella isolates, two more patients with indistinguishable genotypes were identified. one of these patients had visited a garden centre in the sam ...200717184293
legionella impletisoli sp. nov. and legionella yabuuchiae sp. nov., isolated from soils contaminated with industrial wastes in japan.in this study, we tried to isolate legionellae from nine legionella dna-positive soil samples collected from four different sites contaminated with industrial wastes in japan. using culture methods with or without acanthamoeba culbertsoni, a total of 22 isolates of legionellae were obtained from five of the nine samples. identification of species and/or serogroups (sgs), performed by dna-dna hybridization and agglutination tests, revealed that the 22 isolates consisted of ten isolates of legione ...200717197147
genetic susceptibility and caspase activation in mouse and human macrophages are distinct for legionella longbeachae and l. pneumophila.legionella pneumophila is the predominant cause of legionnaires' disease in the united states and europe, while legionella longbeachae is the common cause of the disease in western australia. although clinical manifestations by both intracellular pathogens are very similar, recent studies have shown that phagosome biogeneses of both species within human macrophages are distinct (r. asare and y. abu kwaik, cell. microbiol., in press). most inbred mouse strains are resistant to infection by l. pne ...200717261610
host-dependent trigger of caspases and apoptosis by legionella pneumophila.the dot/icm system of legionella pneumophila triggers activation of caspase-3 during early stages of infection of human macrophages, but apoptosis is delayed until late stages of infection. during early stages of infection of mouse macrophages, the organism triggers rapid caspase-1-mediated cytotoxicity, which is mediated by bacterial flagellin. however, it is not known whether caspase-1 is triggered by l. pneumophila in human macrophages or whether caspase-3 is activated in permissive or nonper ...200717420236
multicenter comparison of molecular methods for detection of legionella spp. in sputum samples.legionellosis can be diagnosed by pcr using sputum samples. in this report, the methods of nine laboratories for 12 sputum samples with legionella pneumophila and legionella longbeachae are compared. we conclude that (i) liquefaction prevents pcr inhibition, (ii) the employed mip gene pcrs detected l. pneumophila only, and (iii) the 16s rrna gene pcr detected both legionella species and is preferred for the diagnosis of legionellosis.200717670926
[legionella longbeachae pneumonia infection from home garden soil].a 72-year-old critically ill and intubated man was transferred to our hospital, because of worsening pneumonia unresponsive to cefazolin and meropenem, from the hospital where he had been admitted 8 days before to start maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal failure but had fever from admission. in a few days his critical condition rapidly subsided with the initiation of ciprofloxacin and his sputum culture on gvpc medium indicated legionellosis, which was afterwards identified as l. longbea ...200717929472
epidemiology of severe pneumonia caused by legionella longbeachae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia pneumoniae: 1-year, population-based surveillance for severe pneumonia in thailand.legionella species, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia pneumoniae are recognized as important causes of pneumonia in high-income countries, but their significance in middle-income countries, such as thailand, is unknown.200718190309
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