Publications

the pure cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae (inada).	pure cultures of the spirochaetal causative agent of the disease known as weil's disease, or febrile icterus, in japan, have been obtained by us in a solid, a semisolid, and a fluid medium. the spirochaeta thus isolated remains pathogenic for guinea pigs for many generations. up to the present time we have succeeded through the courtesy of professor nagayo, dr. konuma, and dr. ishihara, in cultivating three different strains. the spirochaeta is a facultative anaerobe. the solid and semisolid cul ...	1916	19868006
the prophylaxis of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	we have already described briefly the portals of entry and of excretion of the pathogenic spirochetes. we may mention here that we have twice prevented epidemics by disinfection of the ground and the removal of the inundated water in certain places in coal mines. in one mine 19 out of 50 workmen, and in another 9 out of 30 workmen came down with weil's disease in about 2 weeks. we have already pointed out that the period during which the pathogenic spirochetes are excreted in the urine continues ...	1916	19868055
the serum treatment of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	horses immunized with cultures of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae yield an immune serum having therapeutic properties. with rare exceptions the serum destroys completely the spirochetes contained in the circulating blood. the development of antibodies is promoted by the serum injections. the number of spirochetes in the organs is reduced by the treatment. secondary manifestations due to the serum are slight and disappear promptly. the ultimate effects of the serum treatment on the symptoms and f ...	1916	19868056
spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in american wild rats and its relation to the japanese and european strains : first paper.	the principal points brought out in the present article are the following. 1. wild rats captured in this country carry in their kidneys a spirochete which possesses the morphological and pathogenic properties characteristic of spirochata icterohamorrhagia discovered by inada in the japanese form of infectious jaundice. 2. cultures of the american, belgian, and japanese strains of the spirochete were obtained by a special technique described, the first two strains having been cultivated artificia ...	1917	19868121
the distribution in the human body of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae.		1917	19868152
the rat as a carrier of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae, the causative agent of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica).	1. on the basis of these findings, we conclude that the extermination of rats and field mice is a highly important prophylactic measure against weil's disease. 2. the chemical composition of soil and water plays animportant part in the development of spirochoeta icterohoemorrhagioe, and consequently in the spread of the disease of which it is the causative agent.	1917	19868153
distribution of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae in the organs after intravenous serum treatment.	on the basis of these findings we believe that we are justified in saying that the immune serum of weil's disease is capable of destroying the spirochetes found within the organs in man, with the exception of the kidneys, and that the action of the serum upon the spirochetes is spirochetolytic and spirocheticidal. the scattered spirochetes in the kidney, on the other hand, are resistant to the action of the immune serum. the spirochetes disappear almost completely from the organs during the conv ...	1918	19868206
morphological characteristics and nomenclature of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae (inada and ido).	the present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. there are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of spirochaetoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. the absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella, and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of ...	1918	19868227
further study on the cultural conditions of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae.	1. the presence of suitable animal or human serum is essential for the cultivation of leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. 2. the nutrient value of serum is considerably reduced by heating to 60 degrees c. for 30 minutes and is destroyed by boiling (100 degrees c). filtration through a berkefeld filter does not diminish the nutrient value of the serum. 3. the cultural value of different animal sera varies considerably. it is entirely absent from the sera of the rat and the pig. the sera of the rabbit ...	1918	19868228
the survival of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae in nature; observations concerning microchemical reactions and intermediary hosts.	1. leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is unable to grow in the urine, either with or without the addition of suitable culture ingredients, the acidity of the urine being detrimental to the growth. it survives less than 24 hours, unless the urine is neutralized or slightly alkalized, when the period of survival is somewhat longer. if suitable nutrient ingredients are added to the neutralized or slightly alkalized urine, the organism is able to grow for about 10 days, after which multiplication ceases ...	1918	19868229
spirochaeta hebdomadis, the causative agent of seven day fever (nanukayami) : first paper.	a new species of spirochete which we have called spirochaeta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in fukuoka and other parts of japan. this spirochete is distinguishable from spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae to which it presents certain similarities. young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symp ...	1918	19868269
etiology of yellow fever : ii. transmission experiments on yellow fever.	by injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, parti ...	1919	19868337
etiology of yellow fever : iii. symptomatology and pathological findings in animals experimentally infected.	studies are reported on the type of disease induced in guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys by inoculating them (1) with the blood or organ emulsions of guinea pigs or other susceptible animals experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides, and (2) with a pure culture of the organism. particular attention has been given in these experiments to the clinical features of the experimental infection in the various animals and to the pathological changes resulting from the infection. the symptoms and p ...	1919	19868338
etiology of yellow fever : iv. the acquired immunity of guinea pigs against leptospira icteroides after the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients.	the majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. there were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. on the other hand, ...	1919	19868341
etiology of yellow fever : vi. cultivation, morphology, virulence, and biological properties of leptospira icteroides.	by the employment of methods designed to promote the growth both of aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularly those belonging to the class of spirochetes, it was possible to obtain a pure culture of a delicate organism, the morphological features of which place it in the genus leptospira. on three occasions, that is, from three out of eleven cases of yellow fever, the organism was directly cultivated. these three strains were found to induce the characteristic symptoms and lesions when teste ...	1919	19868342
etiology of yellow fever : v. properties of blood serum of yellow fever patients in relation to leptospira icteroides.	the serum from a number of persons recovering from yellow fever in guayaquil was studied with a view to establishing its possible immunological relationship with a strain of leptospira icteroides derived from one of the yellow fever patients. for this purpose the serum of convalescents was mixed either with an organ emulsion of a passage strain, or with a culture of the organism, and inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. the pfeiffer reaction was first studied, and then the animals were ...	1919	19868347
etiology of yellow fever : vii. demonstration of leptospira icteroides in the blood, tissues, and urine of yellow fever patients and of animals experimentally infected with the organism.	examinations of fresh blood from yellow fever patients by means of the dark-field microscope, made in more than twenty-seven cases, revealed in three cases the presence of leptospira icteroides. in no instance was a large number of organisms found, a long search being required before one was encountered. the injection of the blood into guinea pigs from two of the three positive cases induced in the animals a fatal infection, while the blood from the third positive case failed to infect the guine ...	1919	19868352
etiology of yellow fever : viii. presence of a leptospira in wild animals in guayaquil and its relation to leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and leptospira icteroides.	by the inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with the emulsions of kidneys from wild rats and mice captured in guayaquil, it was found that 67 per cent of the wild rats tested harbored in their kidneys a leptospira which produced in guinea pigs symptoms and lesions identical with those produced by leptospira icterohamorrhagia derived either from patients suffering from infectious jaundice in japan or europe, or from wild rats caught in new york. immune sera were prepared in rabbits by inj ...	1919	19868353
etiology of yellow fever : ix. mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever.	the foregoing experiments show that symptoms and lesions closely resembling those of yellow fever in man may be induced in guinea pigs by the bite of female stegomyias that have previously sucked the blood of a yellow fever patient or of an animal experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides. with mosquitoes infected directly from a yellow fever patient the infectivity seems to become manifest after a longer period of incubation than with those infected with the animal blood. in the former ...	1919	19868367
the cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae and the production of a therapeutic anti-spirochaetal serum.		1919	20474680
etiology of yellow fever : x. comparative immunological studies on leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemoorrhagiae.	it has been previously reported that a filterable microorganism belonging to the genus leptospira has been recovered from the blood or organs of human beings suffering from the disease known as yellow fever in guayaquil, and that the organism, which has been termed leptospira icteroides, induces in certain experimental animals the characteristic symptoms and lesions observed in the patients from whom it was isolated. it has also been previously shown that the serum from patients recovering from ...	1920	19868393
etiology of yellow fever : xi. serum treatment of animals infected with leptospira icteroides.	the use ot a polyvalent immune serum ot nign potency in tne treatment of an experimental infection of guinea pigs with leptospira icteroides was found to be of definite advantage in checking the progress of the infection. when administered during the period of incubation the serum was found capable of completely preventing the development of the disease, although on subsequent examination hemorrhagic lesions of greater or less number and extent were found in the lungs of the guinea pigs which su ...	1920	19868394
etiology of yellow fever : xii. chemotherapy versus serotherapy in experimental infection with leptospira icteroides.	in several series of experiments guinea pigs were variously infected with different amounts of leptospira icteroides, either in the form of culture, organ emulsion from infected guinea pigs, or a mixture of both. the infecting materials were of different grades of virulence; in some series the amount given was near a single lethal dose, in others a subminimum lethal dose was given, i.e. causing mild infection with recovery in the majority of animals, and in still others the animals were injected ...	1920	19868452
immunological studies with a strain of leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in merida, yucatan.	identification of the leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in merida was accomplished by means of an anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in a horse with several guayaquil strains of leptospira icteroides. the immune serum showed a protective action of high titer against the merida strain, thus establishing its efficacy as a therapeutic agent against this strain. polyvalent anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in the horse or monovalent anti-icteroides immune serums prepared in the ...	1920	19868465
leptospira icteroides and yellow fever.		1920	16576471
experimental studies on yellow fever in northern peru.	fourteen typical cases of yellow fever were studied in northern peru during an epidemic occurring in 1920, nine in payta in march and april, and five in morropon and piura in april and may. the method of investigation was similar to that previously employed, but as the laboratory facilities were very meager certain changes were required. although in payta the work was handicapped by the lack of electric light, the scarcity of water and animal food, the unsuitability of the guinea pigs for inocul ...	1921	19868492
immunology of the peruvian strains of leptospira icteroides.	serum from yellow fever convalescents from payta, piura, and morropon gave a positive pfeiffer reaction with the strains of leptospira icteroides isolated in guayaquil and merida. the serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. the pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. the virulence ...	1921	19868493
etiology of yellow fever : xiii. behavior of the heart in the experimental infection of guinea pigs and monkeys with leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.	1. slowing of the heart occurred in monkeys and guinea pigs during the febrile period of the experimental infection due to leptospira icteroides. a similar reaction took place in animals inoculated with leptospira icterohoemorrhagioe. 2. the mechanism of slowing was usually due to slowing of the whole heart. 3. once incomplete heart block was seen. changes in the ventricular complex occurred four times.	1921	19868529
etiology of yellow fever : xiv. duration of the protective effect of anti-icteroides immune serum after subcutaneous inoculation into animals.	analysis of the records of instances in which non-immune persons contracted yellow fever notwithstanding vaccination shows that the onset of disease occurs soon after vaccination, the longest period being 13 days. since the average incubation period in yellow fever is 6 days, it seems that infection must have taken place in some instances during the period while protection was developing. these instances led to a study of the possibility of immediate protection by means of the anti-icteroides se ...	1922	19868677
a comparison of the spirochete of yellow fever (leptospira icteroides noguchi) with the leptospira of weil's disease.	the most noteworthy point observed in our studies is the extraordinary duration of life and the relatively meagre requirements for sustenance of leptospira icteroides. it is conceivable that under natural conditions opportunities might arise for the prolonged existence of leptospira icteroides, so that possibly after a lapse of years, the disease might reappear without introduction from outside. at any rate, the great viability of leptospira icteroides must be considered in this connection. a de ...	1928	19869411
measurement of aerobic respiration in leptospira icterohaemorhagiae.		1949	18113779
effect of isomeric cis-octadecenoic acids on the growth of leptospira interrogans serotype patoc.	leptospira interrogans serotype patoc exhibited an increasing growth response when cultivated in media containing from 50 to 250 mug of sodium oleate per ml. leptospiral growth in the presence of 250 mug of sodium oleate per ml was as good as that in the basal medium which contained 700 mug of oleic acid (in tween 80) per ml. when positional isomers of oleic acid (9-octadecenoic acid) were present at a concentration of 200 mug/ml, the 2- and 8-isomers were not readily utilized, whereas the 3-, 4 ...	1969	5788693
benign leptospirosis: first reported outbreak in british isles due to strains belonging to the hebdomadis serogroup of leptospira interrogans.	the clinical and epidemiological features associated with the first reported outbreak in the british isles of benign anicteric leptospirosis, due to strains belonging to the hebdomadis subgroup, are described. four cowherdsmen working in two dairy farms in surrey developed a febrile illness which was not associated with jaundice, but aseptic meningitis was a feature. microscopic agglutination tests with formolized antigen suspensions revealed a significant rise in the agglutinin titres against v ...	1969	5812536
leptospiral antibodies in white-tailed deer of the southeastern united states.	serum samples from 1,544 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected in nine southeastern states were examined for leptospiral antibodies. significant titers of 1:100 or greater were found in 292 deer. the highest prevalence of leptospiral antibodies was in virginia, where 108 of 351 deer had significant titers. the most frequently encountered serotypes of leptospira interrogans were: grippotyphosa (210 positive), pomona (81), and canicola (26). other serotypes disclosed were australis ...	1970	16512130
viable, avirulent leptospira interrogans serotype pomona vaccine: preservation in liquid nitrogen.	by the addition of glycerol (10%, v/v), viability titers of serotype pomona vaccine were maintained within 1 to 2 logs (base 10) during controlled-rate freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen.	1971	5130436
effect of pharmacologically active drugs on the motility of leptospira interrogans (biflexa).		1971	5138348
leptospira interrogans serotypes ballum and grippotyphosa isolated from the muskrat.		1972	5007902
observations of the carrier state in hamsters infected with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona.		1972	5070918
isolation of the outer sheath of leptospira and its immunogenic properties in hamsters.	spherical forms of leptospira interrogans serotype canicola hond utrecht iv were induced with 1 m nacl. electron micrographs of these salt-altered cells (sac) revealed that the outer envelope or sheath had pulled away from the protoplasmic cylinder. treatment of sac with 0.02% sodium lauryl sulfate solubilized the sheath and released the protoplasmic cylinder. further processing of the solubilized sheath yielded a pellet which displayed a membrane structure in electron micrographs. the released ...	1972	4635506
virulence, nutrition and antigenicity of leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in supplemented and nutrient deleted bovine albumin medium.		1973	4599959
subsurface location of non-agglutinating antigens of leptospira interrogans (serotype biflexa).		1974	4614775
amino acid biosynthesis in the spirochete leptospira: evidence for a novel pathway of isoleucine biosynthesis.	radioactive carbon dioxide was incubated with growing cells of leptospira interrogans serotypes semaranga and tarassovi, and the specific activities and distribution of the label within the cellular amino acids were determined. the origins of the carbon skeletons of all the acid-stable amino acids except isoleucine were found to be consistent with known biosynthetic pathways for these amino acids. experiments using radioactive carbon dioxide and other tracers indicated that most of the isoleucin ...	1974	4808901
ultrastructural changes in renal tubules of sheep following experimental infection with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona.		1974	4141375
trypsin extractable precipitating antigens of leptospira interrogans (serotype biflexa).		1974	4217167
leptospira interrogans in the ballum serogroup from a vole, microtus oeconomus (pallas) in alaska.		1974	4436918
cultural and serologic evidence of leptospira interrogans serotype tarassovi infection in turtles.		1974	4436929
immunity to leptospirosis: antiserums in dogs and hamsters.	resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs injected with antiserum to leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. the relationship between resistance induced in serum-injected hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.	1975	234703
immunity to leptospirosis: bacterins in dogs and hamsters.	resistance to clinical and renal leptospirosis in dogs vaccinated with a bacterin containing leptospira interrogans serotype canicola and leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated. the relationship between resistance induced in vaccinated dogs and that induced in vaccinated hamsters was also demonstrated, using criteria of leptospiremia, renal infection, leptospiruria, and clinical signs of disease in dogs and death in hamsters.	1975	234704
letter: serological evidence for infection of sheep with leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.		1975	1058382
immunity to leptospirosis: leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterins in cattle.	immunity to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. vaccinated cattle, challenge inoculated with virulent l interrogans serotype pomona organisms 12 months after vaccination, were resistant to renal infection; similarly inoculated, but nonvaccinated, cattle were susceptible to renal infection. relationship was demonstrated between immunity induced in vaccinated cattle and that induced in hamsters vaccinated with a dilution of the sam ...	1975	1115419
isolation and chemical characterization of outer envelope of leptospira pomona.	cells of leptospira interrogans serotype pomona harvested from a chemically defined medium were resuspended in 0.01 m phosphate buffer of ph 7.3. electron microscopy showed that 90 min of exposure effectively ruptured the outer envelope, freeing it from the cells as small flakes. both zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients and centrifugation in isopycnic kbr and cscl gradients could be used to separate the outer envelope from the axial filaments and protoplasmic cylinders. the latter metho ...	1975	1148944
leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the florida panhandle and southwestern georgia.	a group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. serotypes isolated were leptospira interrogans ...	1975	1176352
immunoglobulins in cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins.	the growth-inhibition test was used to detect specific antibodies against leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo in isolated immunoglobulin (igg and igm) fractions of serums from cattle vaccinated with leptospiral bacterins. the growth-inhibiting antibodies were detected mainly in the igg class. agglutinated clumps also occurred with the igm fraction. the serums collected from cattle 4 months after vaccination were negative in the microscopic agglutination test.	1975	1200444
immunity to leptospirosis: renal changes in vaccinated cattle given challenge inoculum.	resistance to renal leptospirosis was demonstrated in cattle vaccinated with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona bacterin. fewer vaccinated cattle given challenge inoculum of virulent serotype pomona leptospires 12 months after vaccination had kidneys with gross focal lesions in the cortex than did nonvaccinated controls. histopathologic changes characteristically associated with renal leptospirosis occurred less frequently and renal tissue damage was less severe in vaccinated cattle than in ...	1976	1247204
growth, survival, antigenic stability, and virulence of leptospira interrogans serotype canicola.	leptospira interrogans serotype canicola (strain nadl a-13) grew from inocula as small as two cells in liquid polysorbate 80 medium (p-80 medium, in p-60, p-40 and p-20 media, and in p-80 medium from which polysorbate, nh4c1 or thiamine had been omitted. it grew well initially in vitamin b12-deleted p-80 medium, but only with inocula as large as 26 x 10(4) cells per ml. p-80 medium lacking both polysorbate and nh4cl supported light growth from small inocula, but the omission of thiamine and vita ...	1976	1263246
leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection and leptospiruria in vaccinated pigs.		1976	1063950
leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica from a possum.		1976	1068389
leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi in new zealand.		1976	1069932
the route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule.	to study the migration of leptospira interrogans serotype pomona through the kidney, conventionally-reared mice aged 2 or 3 weeks were infected intraperitoneally with this organism. within the first 4 days, the organisms migrated from the capillary lumina to the interstitial tissue and provoked an interstitial oedema. by the 10th day they were seen between the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and by the 14th day many were located within tubular lumina. there was no evidence of ...	1976	933147
susceptibility of mice treated with cyclophosphamide to lethal infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.	mice not normally susceptible to infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona were rendered susceptible to lethal infections by treatment with a single dose of 300 mg of cyclophosphamide (cy) per kg administered optimally from 4 days before to 1 day after infection. cy-treated mice with either passively or actively acquired antibody were protected from death. blood levels of leptospires in infected untreated and in cy-treated mice remained similar until 2 days after infection, when untre ...	1976	965093
[review of the incidence of antibodies to various serological groups of the species leptospira interrogans in a number of farm animals in the netherlands (author's transl)].	report on the results of serological studies on the species leptospira interrogans in cattle (19,607), swine (6,348), dogs (182) and horses (88) from the netherlands during the period from 1969 to 1974. living cultures of the serotypes of pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, guidae (tarassovi serological group), grippotyphosa and sejroe were used as antigen in the micro-agglutination test. the numerical findings showed that antibodies to serotypes of the species leptospira interrogans were pre ...	1976	986091
some leptospira agglutinins detected in domestic animals in british columbia.	during a period of six years 7,555 bovine sera, 421 canine sera, 251 porcine sera and 135 equine sera were tested for agglutinins to leptospira interrogans serotypes canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona and sejroe. the bovine sera reacted predominantly with hardjo and/or sejroe at a rate of 15% compared to 3.5% with pomona. breeding or abortion problems were associated with pomona but not with sejroe/hardjo agglutinins. the canine sera reacted to canicola (9.9%y and ictero ...	1976	1000389
immunising potency of leptospira interrogans serotype canicola after heat inactivation at different temperatures.	the immunogenicity of leptospira interrogans serotype canicola suspensions inactivated by various degrees of heat exposure was examined in hamsters. no differences between leptospires killed at 50 degrees c and at 98 degrees c were shown. after exposure to 121 degrees c, suspensions retained their ability to protect against lethal infections but lost their ability to prevent leptospiruria. tests with vaccines inactivated at or below 98 degrees c showed that the doses required for complete protec ...	1976	1003455
immunological and morphological analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of leptospira.	sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) extract of leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae strain shibaura was fractionated by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analysed immunologically and morphologically. two main peaks of antigenic activities were obtained. the first peak showed activities of strong indirect hemagglutination (iha), weak complement fixation (cf), and low production of agglutinin in mice, and produced 5 precipitin lines in immunodiff ...	1976	1015021
serological studies and isolations of serotype hardjo and leptospira biflexa strains from horses of argentina.	three pathogenic leptosipras and 12 saprophytic leptospira biflexa strains were isolated from 72 apparently normal horse kidneys collected at an abattoir in argentina. cross-agglutination reaction patterns of the pathogens showed that they were antigenically homologous with members of the hebdomadis group. when one of the strains was compared to hebdomadis serotypes in reciprocal agglutination-absorption tests, it was found to be serologically homologous to serotype hardjo. this is the first kno ...	1976	59735
the effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the morphology and motility of leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain b16.	effects of alkalinity and hypertonicity on the motile behaviour of leptospira interrogans (biflexa) b16 were observed, quantified, and compared with effects previously shown by similar factors on the motility of eubacteria. leptospira interrogans tolerated relatively high concentrations of hydroxide ions. motility similar to that in controls was observed at ph values up to 9-8; but at ph 10-0 motility declined sharply with time of exposure, and there was structural alteration, visible as a blebb ...	1976	10348
relationship between cell coiling and motility of spirochetes in viscous environments.	the lowest viscosity that stops translational motility of cells (minimum immobilizing viscosity [miv] was determined for various spirochetes. the viscous agent used was polyvinylpyrrolidone, the miv for either spirochaeta halophila p1 or spirochaeta aurantia j4t was approximately 1,000 centipoise (cp), and for leptospira interrogans (biflexa) b16 the miv was greater than 500 cp. in comparison, the miv for the flagellated bacteria escherichia coli and spirillum serpens was 60 cp. miv values for t ...	1977	330506
[in vitro and in vivo activity of tiamulin against leptospires (author's transl)].	the minimal growth inhibiting concentration of tiamulin, a derivative of the diterpen antibiotic pleuromutilin, was evaluated in vitro against 11 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans by twofold serial dilution technique, in comparison to tetracyclin, dihydrostreptomycin and tylosin. the range of the mic values of tiamulin is between 0.07 and 2.5 microgram/ml and thus comparable to the activities of the standard antibiotics tested (see table 1). the chemotherapeutic efficacy (ed50) of t ...	1977	74926
the serology of calves vaccinated and challenged with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona. i. agglutination and complement fixation reactions.		1977	275672
leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection in pigs: prevention of leptospiruria by immunisation before exposure to a natural infection.		1977	275680
the effect of leptospira interrogans serotype pomona infection on some characteristics of pig urine.		1977	275705
clinical and biochemical changes in sheep inoculated with leptospira interrogans serotype pomona.		1977	275721
leptospirosis in new england.	although rarely reported in humans in new england, leptospirosis is enzootic in western and central massachusetts. recently there were three cases of leptospira interrogans, serotype var pomona, in easthampton, mass. our study and others indicate a potential for waterborne epidemics in humans.	1977	578899
leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in saskatchewan: isolation from a naturally infected striped skunk.	leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was isolated from the kidneys of a normal striped skunk (mephitis mephitis hudsonicus) collected near kindersley, saskatchewan. although there were no gross lesions, small foci of chronic interstitial nephritis were observed microscopically. this is the first reported isolation of serotype pomona for the prairie provinces.	1977	597790
isolation of leptospira interrogans, serotype balcanica from a brush-tailed opossum (trichosurus vulpecula)		1977	612328
immunochemistry of extracts from leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo.	antigens from leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo grown in modified korthof's medium were obtained by ethanol and alkaline extraction procedures and their chemical and serological properties were compared. the protein to polysaccharide ratio in the ethanol extract was 1:1-8 and in the alkali extract was 1-7:1. the lipid content of the latter was twice that of the former (8-5%, w/w). there was an inverse relationship of the protein and carbohydrate contents of the two preparations, the total r ...	1977	894262
leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man.	leptospirosis associated with probable l. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of western victoria. thirty-six of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. one of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. microscopic agglutination titres to l. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. there was an associated human infection.	1977	901323
growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak.	leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak was characterized by (1) its growth in polysorbate 80-bovine albumin medium, (2) its virulence and course of infection in laboratory animals, and (3) its immunogenicity. growth of this organism was continuous and vigorous at 29 c and 37 c in liquid medium for 10 serial subcultures. some specific lots of agar were superior to other agars if tested for the ability to support the growth of small inoculums. individual colonies resulted from growth of small i ...	1977	921038
leptospirosis in zoo workers associated with bears.	leptospirosis due to leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae was diagnosed in two zoo animal keepers. the implicated source of infection was bear cubs that had microscopic agglutination antibody titers to leptospires of the icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup.	1978	626276
pathogenesis of experimental leptospira interrogans, serovar bataviae, infection in the dog: microbiological, clinical, hematologic, and biochemical studies.		1978	637394
experimental infection of calves with leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak.	this is a report on the experimental infection of cattle with leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak. the principal clinical features in three 4-week-old holstein-friesian heifers intravenously inoculated were fever, listlessness, anorexia, weakness, and diarrhea. szwajizak was isolated from the blood for the first 5 to 8 days after inoculation. leptospires were recovered from kidneys, but not from liver, spleen, brain, or urine. two of the 3 calves produced homologous agglutinins, with maxim ...	1978	637400
leptospirosis in colombia: isolation of leptospira spp. from the kidneys of brown rats (rattus norvegicus) trapped on infected piggeries.	leptospira interrogans serotypes pomona and icterohaemorrhagiae were isolated from the kidneys of rattus norvegicus trapped on pomona infected piggeries. the isolation of pomona from one of 111 cultured kidneys, although of interest, strongly suggests that this rat does not play an important part in the epidemiology of infection by this serotype. kidney tubular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltrations and fibroplasia are morphological traces which remain after an attack of leptospirosis. th ...	1978	664013
studies of antigenic variants of leptospira isolated from experimentally infected mice.	antigenic variants were isolated from mice inoculated with a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serotype copenhageni by cultivating the kidney cortex in the liquid or the solidified serum media containing the immune serum against the parent strain. the variants, which were isolated from the mice from 7 to 113 days after infection, were found to be antigenically different from the parent by the agglutinin-absorption test, precipitin-absorption test in gel and guinea pig protection test. th ...	1978	664984
the serologic and cultural prevalence of leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in possums (trichosurus vulpecula) in new zealand.	in a serologic and cultural survey of 127 brush-tailed possums (trichosurus vulpecula) occupying pasture land in new zealand, leptospires of the hebdomadis serogroup were obtained from 48 (38%) of the animals sampled. eight isolates were identified by cross-absorption agglutin ation studies as being leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica. there was a marked age difference in prevalence with 41 positive cultures from 64 mature adults (64%) and no recoveries being made from juveniles. isolation ...	1978	691129
enzymatic degradation of h2o2 by leptospira.	the enzymes responsible for reducing h2o2 were surveyed in 49 strains of leptospira by using semiquantitative assays for catalase and peroxidase. the survey revealed a differential distribution of catalase and peroxidase activities between the two leptospiral complexes. the pathogenic leptospira interrogans strains gave strong catalase and weak or negative peroxidase reactions. conversely, the nonpathogenic leptospira biflexa strains gave strong peroxidase and negative or weak catalase reactions ...	1978	730380
'viscotaxis', a new behavioural response of leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain b16.	when in a non-viscous environment and confronted with a viscous one, leptospira interrogans (biflexa) strain b16 preferentially selected the latter. we have designated this positive response to a viscosity gradient as 'viscotaxis'. using an originally designed experimental chamber, a pool of leptospires were faced with capillary tubes containing either polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) or n-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-n'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (hepes). leptospires suspended in hepes responded positively t ...	1978	731206
hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: review and recent findings.	in a 5-year study (1972-1977) of microbial agents isolated from both clinically normal and diseased marine mammals, it was shown that certain disease agents are widespread in a diversity of ocean populations and that some are also transmissible to a number of terrestrial mammal species. leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been isolated repeatedly from 2 species of pinnipeds (zalophus californianus califonianus and callorhinus ursinus). some of the more important bacterial pathogens for lan ...	1978	738931
broadly reacting precipitating and agglutinating antigen of leptospirae.	a saprophytic leptospira biflexa strain of equine origin was found which cross-reacts with immune rabbit antisera to 14 pathogenic leptospira interrogans serotypes. sera from goats experimentally inoculated with the saprophyte showed multiple low-level cross-agglutination reactions against a battery of live l. interrogans serotypes. sonically treated and saline-extracted suspensions of the l. biflexa strain and serotypes canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona yielded a common precipitating pr ...	1978	83327
nature of antigenic determinant of serovar-specific antigen of leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis.	the nondialyzable delipidized serovar-specific main antigen (ndtm antigen) of leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis strain hebdomadis (a variant which can grow in a synthetic medium) showed a strong inhibition of the complement fixation between the serovar-specific main (tm) antigen of this strain and the homologous antiserum. the inhibitory effect of the ndtm antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, and the fractions of tm antigen containing amino sugar, ...	1978	83525
survival of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in an acidic soil under simulated new zealand field conditions.	leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was found to survive for at least 42 days in a typical new zealand soil under simulated winter field conditions. the soil was markedly acidic with a ph of 5.5 and survival times were not reduced even when its water content was only 23%. the values of both these parameters are considerably less than previously recorded for the survival of leptospires in soil. two methods were used to recover leptospires from the soil microflora. one was the culture of a membr ...	1978	30123
viability of leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa in swine urine and blood.	normal swine urine, devoid of its microbial flora, diminished the viability and virulence of leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa. bovine serum albumin diluent effectively offset the urine's deleterious effects. membrane filtration (0.45 micrometer) rendered urine free of bacteria, but permitted passage of limited numbers of leptospires. most of the commonly used anticoagulants did not alter viability of grippotyphosa in whole blood. however, edta significantly reduced the number of via ...	1978	412643
use of hamster antisera in the preliminary differentiation of leptospira interrogans servars hardjo and balcanica.	preliminary differentiation of leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and balcanica can be made with antisera that are collected from hamsters after experimental infection with serovar hardjo and selected for high homologous and low or nil heterologous titres, as measured by the microscopic agglutination test. rabbit antisera against serovars hardjo and balcanica, cattle antisera against hardjo and sheep antisera against the serogroup hebdomadis each agglutinated hardjo and balcanica to a simila ...	1978	567250
leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection of cattle.	a survey of normal cattle in the southern victorian statistical divisions revealed that microscopic agglutination titres to l. hardjo occur at high frequency and are distributed throughout the cattle population. these titres are difficult to interpret as they may represent recent or old exposure, with or without disease. l. hardjo infection of dairy cattle was studied in 4 herds using the microscopic agglutination and complement-fixation tests. statistical comparisons of individual titres obtain ...	1979	435201
axial filament involvement in the motility of leptospira interrogans.	motility mutants of leptospira interrogans serovar illini were isolated and analyzed by dark-field and electron microscopy. mutants were obtained by screening for small colonies after nitrosoguanidine treatment. one class of mutants did not have hook- or spiral-shaped ends. in addition, the axial filaments from these mutants were not coiled. an analysis of revertants of two of the mutants in this class indicated that the mutations were pleiotropic with respect to motility, hook- and spiral-shape ...	1979	438121
helix handedness of leptospira interrogans as determined by scanning electron microscopy.	representative serovars and strains of the seven genetic groups of leptospira interrogans, and two previously studied serovars, were all found to form exclusively right-handed helices as determined by scanning electron microscopy. no change in handedness occurred in cells grown in a minimal medium (tween-80 albumin) compared to cells grown in a rich medium (rabbit serum). the right-handedness of the organisms was related to the evolution, cell wall structure, and the mechanism of motility of l. ...	1979	438122
chronic active hepatitis in dogs associated with leptospires.	chronic active hepatitis was diagnosed in five american foxhounds from one kennel. spirochetes were demonstrated in the liver in four of the dogs. a rising titer to leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa was found in the fifth dog, although spirochetes were not demonstrated in tissues. a serologic survey at the kennel revealed evidence of exposure of 6 of 13 dogs to grippotyphosa. this is the first report of an association between chronic active hepatitis leptospiral infection in any speci ...	1979	475136
a sero-epidemiological study of leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in four brush-tailed possum populations in victoria, australia.	the microscopic agglutination (ma) test was utilised to study the prevalence of antibodies to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in 4 populations of brush-tailed possums (trichosurus vulpecula). the overall antibody prevalence varied from 14% to 66%; however, the age distribution of ma test titres was remarkably similar in all 4 populations. antibody prevalence was similar in both males and females and demonstrable antibodies were limited to sexually mature animals. the greater prevalence of ...	1979	485985
a serological survey of leptospira interrogans serotype pomona in saskatchewan horses.	leptospira interrogans serotype pomona antibody titres of 1:100 or greater were detected in 12.8% of 408 adult horses from seven of eight sampled herds in saskatchewan. the geographical distribution of the seropositive horses was widespread throughout the agricultural area of the province. the geographical distribution and the cumulative increase in prevalence with age suggested that serotype pomona is enzootic in the equine population of saskatchewan.	1979	487358
immunity induced in hamsters vaccinated with a ribosome extract of leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae.		1979	489623
survey of leptospiral agglutinins in the sera of swine of southeastern alabama.	the occurrence of leptospirosis in swine of southeastern alabama was determined. a total of 627 sera were tested, using the microscopic agglutination method, with live antigens of 12 serovars. of the sera tested, 121 (19.3%) had a titer of 1:100 or greater to the serovars employed. the percentage distribution of sera with titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 among serovars most commonly reported was as follows: leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, 3.8%; icterohaemorrhagiae, 3.3%; canicola ...	1979	507487