Publications

the spirocheta pallida (treponema pallida).		1906	18733788
technic and staining of treponema pallidum.		1906	18733946
the distribution of treponema pallidum, schaudinn (spirochaeta pallida), in the tissues in congenital syphilis.		1906	19971740
spirochaeta (treponema) pallida and syphilis.		1907	19867104
demonstration by the ultra-microscope of living treponema pallidum and various spirochaetes.		1910	19974144
demonstration by the ultra-microscope of living treponema pallidum and various spirochætes.		1910	20898541
further observations on certain features of experimental syphilis and yaws in the rabbit.	1. lesions of the testicle and scrotum of the rabbit produced by the treponema of syphilis and of yaws afford material for the study of chemotherapy, of serum reactions, and of immunity. 2. on experimental and clinical grounds, it appears that yaws can be cured with a smaller dose of salvarsan than is necessary to cure syphilis. 3. the spirochaetae of syphilis do not become resistant after repeated treatments with salvarsan. 4. sodium cacodylate has little effect on the treponema of either disea ...	1911	19867464
method for the pure cultivation of pathogenic treponema pallidum (spirochaeta pallida).	in conclusion, it may be pointed out that this is the first time that treponema pallidum of schaudinn has been proven beyond all doubt to have been obtained in pure culture. the method of cultivation described would appear also to be suitable for obtaining indefinite generations of the microorganism. doubtless slight modifications will adapt it to a larger number of strains and possibly to the cultivation of all strains and to still other species of treponema. finally, it may now be accepted as ...	1911	19867465
a cutaneous reaction in syphilis.	1. i have proposed the name luetin for an emulsion or extract of pure cultures of treponema pallidum which is designed to be employed for obtaining, in suitable cases, a specific cutaneous reaction that may become a valuable diagnostic sign in certain stages or forms of syphilitic infection. 2. the repeated inoculation of either living or killed pallida into the testicles of rabbits leads to a condition in which an intradermic injection of luetin is followed by a well marked inflammatory reactio ...	1911	19867497
cultural studies on mouth spirochaetae (treponema microdentium and macrodentium).	i have described the successful cultivation of two distinct species of treponema from the oral cavity of man. the species differ from one another morphologically and in respect to their cultural properties. as the two species have now been clearly separated and cultivated for the first time, i propose for them the names treponema microdentium and macrodentium, respectively. division along the longitudinal axis has been demonstrated for both treponema macrodentium and microdentium. when the micro ...	1912	19867507
the direct cultivation of treponema pallidum pathogenic for the monkey.	a method for the direct cultivation of treponema pallidum from human syphilitic lesions, by the employment of a solid medium, has been described. by means of it, three of the four strains worked with were successfully cultivated. the several pure cultures agree in morphological and cultural characters, grow only in the presence of sterile tissue under anaerobic conditions, and do not produce putrefactive odors. the morphology is typical under optimum cultural conditions; it becomes atypical when ...	1912	19867508
morphological and pathogenic variations in treponema pallidum.	when many cultures of treponema pallidum, whether obtained from the testicular lesions produced in rabbits or directly from human cases of syphilis, are compared, certain definite differences in morphological character become apparent. the different specimens can be divided into thicker and thinner forms or types, and an average or normal form or type. the last is the common or most frequent variety, but the other two occur with sufficient frequency and retain their characters with such constanc ...	1912	19867516
pure cultivation of spirochaeta refringens.	a strain of spirochoeta refringens has been obtained in pure culture, and its morphological and cultural characteristics have been studied. the strain possessed no pathogenicity for rabbits or monkeys. it probably belongs to the genus treponema, but it is easily differentiated from treponema pallidum, treponema microdentium, and treponema macrodentium. its relation to spirochoeta balanitidis and spirochoeta buccalis is still undetermined.	1912	19867539
treponema mucosum (new species), a mucin-producing spirochaeta from pyorrhea alveolaris, grown in pure culture.	1. a mucin-producing spirochoeta has been obtained in pure culture from a case of pyorrhea alveolaris. this organism is an independent species of the genus treponema and, as it is recognized for the first time, i propose for it the name treponema mucosum. 2. morphologically the mucosum is difficult to separate from the pallidum and microdentium, but, through its biological properties and animal reactions it is easily differentiated from all the rest of the spirochoetae. 3. the mucosum is not par ...	1912	19867565
a method for cultivating treponema pallidum in fluid media.	1. a method is described for obtaining pure cultures of treponema pallidum and allied species of spirochaetae in fluid media. 2. the principle of the method is based upon the superposition of a favorable culture medium upon a less favorable one. 3. the method here described is not suited to the growth of spirochaetae when they are admixed with contaminating bacteria.	1912	19867567
the establishment of treponema pallidum as the causative agent of syphilis, and the cultural differentiation between this organism and certain morphologically allied spirochaetae.		1912	20310271
the negri bodies in rabies.	1. the negri bodies, as the etiological agent in rabies, present two general types or phases in morphology, in growth, and in reproduction. 2. these two phases are constantly cyclic in their development and correspond (1) to a multiplicative, or schizogonous, and (2) to a reproductive, or sporogonous, life cycle. 3. by the detailed study of these forms and their succeeding stages we are inclined to believe that the negri bodies are definite protozoan parasites, and from a study of their life his ...	1913	19867623
cultivation of treponema calligyrum (new species) from condylomata of man.	1. on the surface of genital or anal lesions, either syphilitic or non-syphilitic, there may be found occasionally a spirochaeta resembling treponema pallidum, but somewhat thicker than the latter. in general characteristics, this organism occupies an intermediary position between treponema pallidum and spirochaeta refringens. 2. the treponema was obtained in pure culture from two cases. for the organism the name of treponema calligyrum is proposed. 3. treponema calligyrum is non-pathogenic for ...	1913	19867628
a demonstration of treponema pallidum in the brain in cases of general paralysis.		1913	19867640
concerning agglutinins for treponema pallidum.	1. there is no demonstrable amount of agglutinin for treponema pallidum (noguchi) in normal human and normal rabbit serum in dilutions as low as 1:20. 2. agglutinins for treponema pallidum are readily produced in young rabbits by the administration of pure cultures of living spirochetes. 3. there is no appreciable amount of agglutinin for treponema pallidum culture used in the sera of secondary and tertiary syphilis or in the cerebrospinal fluid of tertiary syphilis in dilutions of 1:20 to 1:640 ...	1913	19867681
a study of complement fixation in syphilis with treponema antigens.		1913	19972116
on some of the recent advances in the field of microbiology; with demonstrations of the pure cultures of various spirochaetes, of the viruses of rabies and poliomyelitis, and of treponema pallidum in the brains of general paralytics.		1914	19977777
on some of the recent advances in the field of microbiology; with demonstrations of the pure cultures of various spirochætes, of the viruses of rabies and poliomyelitis, and of treponema pallidum in the brains of general paralytics.		1914	20902174
notes on the cultivation of treponema pallidum.	we consider themost importantcontribution reported in this paper the fact that treponema pallidum can be cultivated in fluid media, without the addition of agar, together with tissues sterilized by heat. this forms an excellent method of obtaining mass cultures for luetin preparation and immunological experimentation. we may add that while the tissue varieties employed have all stongly favored the growth of the treponemata, we have noticed especially active and motile cultures when lung and supr ...	1915	19867864
antibody formation against treponema pallidum-agglutination.	it has been shown by our experiments that the serum of rabbits treated with emulsions of treponema pallidum contains agglutinating substances. normal rabbit serum also possesses agglutinating power for this organism, but, as in the case of normal bacterial agglutinins, to an extent very much inferior to that possessed by the sera of immunized animals. normal human sera will agglutinate similar pallidum emulsions, as will the sera of certain syphilitic patients with positive wassermann reactions. ...	1915	19867892
on a species of treponema found in rabbits.		1916	16558710
studies on treponema pallidum and syphilis : ii. spirochaeticidal antibodies against treponema pallidum.	we believe that our experiments have shown that the serum of rabbits and sheep immunized with cultures of treponema pallidum acquires spirochaeticidal properties for these culture spirochaetes. the normal serum of these animals also possesses spirochaeticidal action if used in sufficient quantities, and the action of the immune serum represents probably an increase of the antibodies normally present. both normal and immune spirochaeticidal properties are destroyed by heating to 56 degrees c. the ...	1916	19867990
studies on treponema pallidum and syphilis : iii. the individual fluctuations in virulence and comparative virulence of treponema pallidum strains passed through rabbits.	1. as regards these strains, at least, there is no consistent change, either increase or decrease, of rabbit pathogenicity during progressive rabbit passage. 2. there is no difference in pathogenicity between these different strains, although some of them were isolated from condylomata, some from chancres, one from a mucous patch, and one by nichols from the nervous system. 3. we do not believe that there is any consistency of difference in speed of incubation between these various strains. 4. w ...	1916	19867991
studies on treponema pallidum and syphilis : iv. the difference in behavior in immune serum between cultivated non-virulent treponema pallidum and virulent treponemata from lesions.	although antibodies can be produced by the immunization of animals with cultivated treponema pallidum, and although these antibodies exert specific agglutinative and treponemicidal action upon the culture organisms, they possess, at least in the concentration so far obtained by us in rabbits and sheep, practically no action for virulent treponemata obtained directly from lesions. there seems to be in the infected body an inability to exert a purely serum action upon the virulent treponemata, a c ...	1916	19867992
agglutination of treponema pallidum in human syphilis.	the results observed with this strain of treponema pallidum may be stated as follows: 1. normal human serum did not agglutinate this culture of treponema pallidum in dilutions of 1:5 or higher; equal parts of treponema culture and normal serum (dilution 1:2) resulted in agglutination in about 50 per cent of the sera. with the strain of treponema pallidum used in this study specific agglutination was not considered as having occurred unless observed in dilutions of 1:5 or higher. 2. the agglutina ...	1916	19868045
studies on treponema pallidum and syphilis : v. further studies on the relation of culture pallida to virulent pallida and on reinfection phenomena.	1. immune sera produced in rabbits by treatment with our culture strain a of treponema pallidum agglutinated not only the homologous strain, but also the noguchi strains, and indicate a close group relationship of other non-pathogenic treponemata. absorption experiments confirmed this, indicating a close relationship between the pallidum and the calligyrum. 2. culture treponemata are not agglutinated to a much greater extent by the sera of syphilitic rabbits than they are by those of normal rabb ...	1916	19868060
spirochaeta morsus muris, n.sp., the cause of rat-bite fever : second paper.	1. since our first report on the discovery of the cause of rat-bite fever, we have been able to prove the existence of the same spirochete in five out of six more cases which have come under our observation. 2. the clinical symptoms of rat-bite fever are inflammation of the bitten parts, paroxysms of fever of the relapsing type, swelling of the lymph glands, and eruption of the skin, all occurring after an incubation period usually of from 10 to 22 days, or longer. 3. our spirochete is present i ...	1917	19868077
the drug-fastness of spirochetes to arsenic, mercurial, and iodide compounds in vitro.	in the foregoing experiments we attempted to determine whether or not, by subjecting several varieties of spirochetes to increasing doses of certain chemotherapeutic agents, a gradual increase of resistance to the latter could be shown. for this purpose, pure cultures of treponema pallidum, treponema microdentium, and spirochoeta refringens were used against the action of salvarsan, neosalvarsan, bichloride of mercury, and iodine-iodide potassium solution in vitro. for culture media, the usual a ...	1917	19868093
the influence of carbohydrates on the cultivation of spirochetes.	various carbohydrates have been added to the fluid cultures of different strains of spirochetes in order to determine the behavior of the latter toward the carbohydrates. in the present experiment, amygdalin, arabinose, beerwort, dextrin, galactose, glycogen, glucose, inulin, lactose, levulose, maltose, mannite, raffinose, saccharose, and starch were tested with seven strains of treponema pallidum and one strain each of treponema calligyrum, treponema microdentium, treponema mucosum, and spiroch ...	1917	19868095
the cultivation and immunological reactions of the globoid bodies in poliomyelitis.	two additional cultures of globoid bodies, obtained from the nervous tissues of monkeys in which experimental poliomyelitis was produced, and identical with the original cultures described by flexner and noguchi, are reported in this paper. the highly parasitic cultures, like treponema pallidum, are refractory to artificial cultivation. after long cultivation outside the body, the globoid bodies acquire saprophytic properties and then grow more readily and in a considerable variety of media, pro ...	1917	19868108
immunological studies on pure cultures of various spirochetes.	experiments were carried out for the study of culture spirochetes in their relation to various immunity reactions in vitro. several strains of treponema pallidum and one each of treponema calligyrum, spirochata refringens, treponema microdentium, and treponema mucosum were used. tests were made of immune substances responsible for agglutination, complement fixation, spirocheticidosis, and opsonization. in cases of agglutination and complement fixation, cross titrations were made. 1. in the sera ...	1917	19868122
morphological characteristics and nomenclature of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae (inada and ido).	the present study deals with the morphology and systematic position of the causative agent of infectious jaundice. there are several features which are not found in any of the hitherto known genera of spirochaetoidea which led me to give this organism an independent generic name, leptospira, denoting the peculiar minute elementary spirals running throughout the body. the absence of a definite terminal flagellum or any flagella, and the remarkable flexibility of the terminal or caudal portion of ...	1918	19868227
the spirochetal flora of the normal male genitalia.	the varieties of spirochetes enumerated and photomicrographed from the male smegma flora represent practically every form hitherto described by nankivell and sundell and by patterson in the specimens of urine from trench fever cases (figs. 32 and 33). the urethral flora, as studied by stoddard, seem to contain more varieties, but, except those of his more detailed morphological descriptions, every form observed by him is among those found in the smegma. stoddard saw certain forms with hooked end ...	1918	19868233
the spirochetal flora of the normal female genitalia.	the spirochetal flora of normal female genitalia is similar to that of the male and consists of treponema calligyrum, treponema minutum, and spironema refringens. the types are present in varying proportions, but the calligyrum usually predominates, and the refringens is the least frequent. the female genitalia are much richer generally in the number of spirochetes than the male.	1918	19868277
chemotherapy of trypanosome and spirochete infections : biological series. iv. the action of n-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid upon spirochete infections.	to summarize the results obtained from these experiments, one may say that n-phenylglycineamide-p-arsonic acid is capable of exercising a very definite effect upon the course of infections produced by spirochetes of the recurrens group and by treponema pallidum. it is more difficult to say, however, just how these effects should be interpreted. in the case of the blood spirochetes, the infection is ameliorated, and even though the spirochetes are not immediately destroyed, the infection is frequ ...	1919	19868372
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : i. primary infection in the testicle.	a study was made of the infections produced in rabbits inoculated in the testicles with two strains of treponema pallidum which had been carried in rabbits for several years. infection resulted in all instances; the incubation period varied as a rule between 2 and 6 weeks and under properly chosen conditions could be reduced to approximately 3 weeks or less. the resulting infection pursued a typically cyclic or relapsing course which affected both the spirochetes and the associated lesions in th ...	1920	19868411
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : ii. primary infection in the scrotum. part 2. scrotal lesions and the character of the scrotal infection.	from a study of the reaction to scrotal inoculation with treponema pallidum in alarge series of rabbits, it was found that the specific reaction presented the following characteristics. in general, the reaction in the scrotum became apparent within 7 to 14 days after inoculation but was subject to considerable variation. the early reaction took the form of an edematous swelling and congestion associated with a new growth of vessels or of an infiltration with more or less proliferation of fixed t ...	1920	19868423
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : iii. local dissemination, local recurrence, and involvement of regional lymphatics.	from a study of the phenomena of the primary infection on the one hand, and the phenomena of local spread, or dissemination, on the other, it is seen that a multiplicity of lesions develops in the testicle and scrotum of the rabbit which have much the same characteristics irrespective of their origin. some of these lesions are clearly recognizable as primary lesions or parts of a primary reaction to infection, while others are just as clearly the results of dissemination of the virus from a prim ...	1920	19868424
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : iv. cutaneous syphilis. part 1. affections of the skin and appendages.	from the study of a large series of rabbits with outspoken manifestations of generalized syphilis, lesions of the skin and appendages were found to constitute one of the largest and most varied groups of such affections. the conditions noted consisted of alopecias, onychia and paronychia, and lesions of the skin proper. it was found to be a matter of some difficulty to make a positive diagnosis of syphilitic alopecia, but there were three and possibly four conditions which appeared to be attribu ...	1920	19868455
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : iv. cutaneous syphilis. part 2. clinical aspects of cutaneous syphilis.	from the study of a large number of rabbits with generalized cutaneous syphilis following local inoculation with treponema pallidum, lesions were found most often about the hind feet and legs, the head, the front feet and legs, and the tail. there was further evidence of a selective distribution of cutaneous lesions in the fact that, on a given part of the body, the lesions were usually confined to a few restricted areas. about the head, they occurred almost exclusively on the sides and bridge o ...	1920	19868456
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : v. syphilitic affections of the mucous membranes and mucocutaneous borders.	in a series of more than 200 rabbits in which generalized lesions were observed following local inoculation with treponema pallidum, there were a number of animals in which characteristic lesions were noted upon mucous membranes or along mucocutaneous borders. these lesions were distributed with about equal frequency between the nose or nasolacrimal system and the eyelids on the one hand, and the genital and anal regions on the other. the lips and buccal mucosa appeared to be less subject to loc ...	1920	19868457
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : vi. affections of bone, cartilage, tendons, and synovial membranes. part 1. lesions of the skeletal system.	from a study of a series of rabbits inoculated with two old strains of treponema pallidum, it was found that localized infection of bones and tendons was of frequent occurrence and led to the formation of a variety of lesions. the bones usually involved were those of the face and the feet and legs. most often the lesions arose from the periosteum but developed also within the bone or marrow cavities and at lines of epiphyseal union. grossly, the periosteal lesions were of two types-one being a c ...	1921	19868512
superinfection in experimental syphilis following the administration of subcurative doses of arsphenamine or neoarsphenamine.	experiments were carried out on rabbits for the purpose of determining the effects of subcurative doses of arsphenamine and of neo-arsphenamine upon the resistance of infected animals to reinoculation with treponema pallidum and hence the possibilities of the occurrence of a second infection in treated but uncured cases of infection. all the animals used were inoculated with the same virus, and the experimental tests were carried out when the first cycle of testicular reaction was nearing its he ...	1921	19868516
experimental syphilis in the rabbit : vii. affections of the eyes.	from the study of a number of instances of eye infection in the rabbit, it was found that a variety of affections might occur following scrotal or testicular inoculations of treponema pallidum. those observed included ciliary injection, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and iritis which might occur separately or in combination with one another, except that keratitis and iritis were always accompanied by a reaction in the ciliary vessels and usually by a conjunctivitis. several forms of each of these af ...	1921	19868546
note on the preservation of stock strains of treponema pallidum and on the demonstration of infection in rabbits.	experiments carried out on rabbits infected with treponema pallidum showed that there was a constant invasion and localization of the organisms in the superficial lymph nodes, that the infection persisted indefinitely, and that organisms could be recovered at any time from such nodes as the popliteals. based upon these observations, a method is proposed for the preservation or recovery of stock strains of treponema pallidum and for the demonstration of infection in rabbits.	1921	19868547
a study of the relation of treponema pallidum to lymphoid tissues in experimental syphilis.	a widespread dissemination of treponema pallidum from a local focus of inoculation in the rabbit constantly occurs by way of the lymphatics. spirochetes were regularly recovered from the satellite lymph nodes by animal inoculation after scrotal inoculation; they were present as early as 2 days, when no specific primary reaction was detected, and at later periods of from 5 to 61 days after inoculation. other superficial nodes at remote sites such as the popliteals and with no syphilitic lesions i ...	1922	19868586
venereal spirochetosis in american rabbits.	of 50 rabbits, otherwise regarded as normal, three adult females and two adult males (10 per cent) have been found to have in their genitoperineal region certain papulosquamous, often ulcerating, lesions. a recently purchased group of twenty rabbits contained six females (30 per cent) with similar lesions. this condition runs a chronic course and is characterized by the presence of a spiral organism closely resembling treponema pallidum. the rabbit spirochete has the same morphological features ...	1922	19868615
the cultivation of anaerobic treponemata on the surface of blood agar plates.	by a method of cultivation that proved successful with bacterium pneumosintes, characteristic surface colonies of old saprophytic strains of treponema pallidum and treponema calligyrum have been obtained. the presence of two types of colony in the pallidum cultures requires explanation, but the fact of colony formation may point the way to new methods of isolation and identification and to the utilization of suspensions of treponemata, free from foreign proteins, for serological and immunologica ...	1923	19868728
experimental observations on the prophylaxis and treatment of syphilis.	1. by inoculating the scarified surface of both sides of the scrotum of rabbits with suspensions of treponema pallidum, 100 per cent of infections were obtained on one side or the other. infection through the unbroken skin could not be produced. 2. by gland transfers from animals with positive local inoculations, 87.5 per cent of takes were produced. 3. these two methods were used to test the prophylactic value of 30 per cent calomel ointment, (a) calomel ointment proved efficacious up to 8 hour ...	1923	19868743
brain lesions of the domestic rabbit.	lesions of meningoencephalitis were found in 55 per cent of 372 rabbits comprising the laboratory stock regarded as healthy, others with snuffles or dying from different affections while being kept under observation, and still others which were employed for experimental purposes, such as tumor transplantation and treponema pallidum inoculation. none was injected intracerebrally. the lesions consist in the main of infiltration with mononuclear cells occurring around the blood vessels, in the meni ...	1924	19868834
penetration of normal mucous membranes of the rabbit by treponema pallidum and the influence of this mode of infection upon the course of the disease.	experiments were carried out with three strains of treponema pallidum to determine whether infection could be produced by applying an emulsion, rich in spirochetes, to normal mucous membranes of rabbits and whether an infection produced in this manner differed in any respect from one produced by other methods of inoculation. it was found that a simple instillation of a spirochete emulsion into the conjunctival sac or the sheath was all that was necessary to obtain an infection. still, the infect ...	1924	19868875
studies in experimental syphilis : ii. the influence of a non-specific inflammatory reaction upon the development of the chancre.	rabbits can be successfully infected with syphilis by the inoculation of surface wounds with virulent strains of treponema pallidum. old granulating wounds in these animals constitute a particularly favorable terrain for syphilis inoculation, the chancre developing relatively soon and attaining a greater size than the lesion occurring on the basis of a fresh wound. coal tar dermatitis renders the skin susceptible to infection with treponema pallidum. the possible reasons for these phenomena are ...	1925	19869004
distinctive characteristics of infections produced by treponema pertenue in the rabbit.	from a study of rabbits inoculated intratesticularly with two strains of treponemata derived from patients suffering from clinical yaws, it was found that a characteristic feature of the reaction to the infection was a well marked periorchitis of a granular or finely nodular type with or without a diffuse involvement of the tunic. while lesions of the testicular parenchyma also occurred they were relatively inconspicuous and consisted either of a minor diffuse orchitis which was usually followed ...	1925	19869019
studies in experimental syphilis : iv. the survival of treponema pallidum in the internal organs of treated and untreated rabbits.	simultaneous transfers to the testes of normal rabbits of circulating blood, heart muscle, liver, brain, spleen and bone marrow (mixed), inoculated testicle, and popliteal lymph nodes from a series of untreated syphilitic rabbits, demonstrated the persistence of the original infection unifomnly in the lymph nodes and less regularly in the liver, mixed spleen and bone marrow, and testis originally inoculated. in one instance the circulating blood was found to be infectious. transfer of similar ti ...	1925	19869032
experimental studies with a spiral organism found in a wild rat and identical with the organism causing rat-bite fever : second paper.	1. the spiral organism isolated from a wild rat has proved identical with that from a human case of rat-bite fever in mexico city. 2. rabbits can easily be infected with these organisms. 3. the subcutaneous inoculation of them is followed after 3 to 5 days by a local edema, induration, and inflammation: primary lesion. 4. about 8 days after the appearance of the primary lesion, edematous swellings and inflammation appear on the head and genitals: secondary lesions. 5. the organism can be transmi ...	1925	19869073
syphilitic myocarditis in the rabbit.	in the course of routine postmortem examinations of rabbits infected with treponema pallidum, six cases of pronounced granulomatous myocarditis were encountered. treponemata were not demonstrated in the lesions, but the clinical history, and the gross and microscopic appearance of the lesions seemed to warrant a diagnosis of syphilitic myocarditis. the lesions measured 1.0 cm. or more in diameter and histologically were practically identical with those described by warthin in cases of syphilitic ...	1926	19869141
melanoma (sarcoma) of the eye in a syphilitic rabbit.	a melanotic tumor developed in a defective eye of a syphilitic rabbit following repeated genital inoculations with treponema pallidum. the appearance of the tumor coincided with the development of a syphilitic lesion in the same eye, suggesting a relation between the occurrence of the two lesions.	1926	19869162
the influence of light on the reaction to infection in experimental syphilis.	a series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether the reaction of rabbits inoculated with treponema pallidum might be influenced by their light environment. the conditions compared were (1) diffuse sunlight filtered through window glass and subject to variations due to natural causes, (2) constant and continuous exposure to artificial light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 angström units (cooper hewitt), and (3) complete exclusion of light. the results showed ...	1927	19869268
studies in experimental syphilis : vii. reinoculation of treated and untreated syphilitic rabbits with heterologous strains of treponema pallidum.	syphilitic rabbits, whether untreated or treated after the 90th day of infection, were found to be more refractory to subsequent inoculation with the homologous strain of treponema pallidum than to inoculation with heterologous strains of the same organism, when clinical criteria alone were employed in judging the outcome of reinoculation. the incidence of second infection with homologous strains was 5.4 per cent, as against 50 per cent with heterologous strains.(2) the resistance which develops ...	1927	19869335
reciprocal effects of concomitant infections : i. the influence of vaccinia on the reaction to infection with experimental syphilis.	experiments are reported in which was studied the effect of a concomitant infection, vaccinia, upon the syphilitic reaction of rabbits. vaccine virus was inoculated intracutaneously on the side of the body at the time of intratesticular inoculation with treponema pallidum. the results showed clearly that the vaccination caused a profound disturbance in the syphilitic reaction, the ensuing syphilis being extremely severe. from an analysis of various features of the reaction, it appeared that the ...	1928	19869434
reciprocal effects of concomitant infections : ii. the influence of vaccinal immunity on the reaction to experimental syphilis.	experiments are reported in which it was shown, first, that the effectiveness of the reaction to experimental syphilis was increased in rabbits immune to vaccine virus, the ensuing disease being less severe than in control animals. it was further shown that a comparable modification of the syphilitic reaction occurred in rabbits inoculated intratesticularly with a mixture of treponema pallidum and vaccine virus, and it was suggested that this result was due to the influence of a vaccinal immunit ...	1928	19869466
additional experiments verifying the presence of treponema pallidum in the cornea in experimental interstitial keratitis.		1932	16692928
studies on the physiological effects of fever temperatures : iii. the thermal death time of treponema pallidum in vitro with special reference to fever temperatures.	1. the thermal death time of trefonema pallidumin extracts from lesions in rabbits' testes was determined in vitro at fever temperatures using the zinsser-hopkins and nichols strains. 2. the criteria to determine the persistence of infectivity of the heated extract were the following: the development of lesions on inoculation into rabbits, dark-field examination of tissue from the lesions, the outcome of blood wassermann tests, and of reinoculation tests. 3. the thermal death time of the two str ...	1932	19870098
single cell inoculations with treponema pallidum.	the injection of one or several treponema pallidum into the testicles of rabbits does not induce syphilitic infection. a negative tissue transfer experiment does not preclude the presence of treponema pallidum in the inoculum nor does it indicate the absence of syphilis in the source animal.	1934	19870247
use of nigrosine to demonstrate treponema pallidum in syphilitic lesions.		1936	18014501
treponema pallidum in syphilitic aortic valvulitis of a congenitally bicuspid valve with subaortic stenosis: report of a case.		1936	19970250
filtration of treponema pallidum and treponema novyi through collodion membranes.		1937	16559997
the preservation of virulent treponema pallidum and treponema pertenue in the frozen state; with a note on the preservation of filtrable viruses.	1. a simple method for freezing and maintaining tissue specimens in a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and 95 per cent ethyl alcohol at a temperature approximating -78 degrees c. is described. 2. when frozen and maintained at this temperature treponema pallidum and treponema pertenue, upon thawing, exhibited normal morphology and motility and their virulence for rabbits was not appreciably altered after periods of at least 1 year. this applied to a number of different strains of each organism. th ...	1938	19870710
protective antibodies in the serum of syphilitic rabbits.	1. when an emulsion containing virulent treponema pallidum is added to serum from normal rabbits and from untreated immune syphilitic rabbits that have been infected with a homologous strain of t. pallidum the mixture incubated at 37 degrees c., and injected intracutaneously into normal rabbits, typical syphilitic lesions commonly develop at the sites of inoculation of the normal serum-spirochete mixture, while at the sites of inoculation of immune serum-spirochete mixtures usually either no les ...	1939	19870883
prolonged maintenance of spirochetes and filtrable viruses in the frozen state.	1. observations are reported on the virulence of various types of spirochetes and filtrable viruses after storage at - 787deg;c. for periods up to 3 years. 2. five specimens of treponema pallidum belonging to 4 different strains, and 7 specimens of t. pertenue belonging to 5 different strains were tested after storage for approximately 3 years. with one exception each specimen contained actively motile treponemes, and all specimens were highly pathogenic for rabbits. many other specimens of thes ...	1939	19870935
remarks on "a method for the quantitative estimation of inocula in experimental syphilis" and on the virulence variation of treponema in general paralysis.		1939	21773287
bacterial morphology as shown by the electron microscope: v. treponema pallidum, t. macrodentium and t. microdentium.		1943	16560674
tooth buds and jaws in patients with congenital syphilis: correlation between distribution of treponema pallidum and tissue reaction.		1944	19970756
the experimental transmission of pinta, mal del pinto or carate to the rabbit.	in this preliminary note we describe the results obtained by inoculation of the skin of the scrotum of four black rabbits with serous fluid expressed from an initial pinta lesion. the inoculation was made intradermally, as superficially as possible, with serous fluid rich in treponemata and diluted with normal salt solution. a papule appeared at the point of inoculation in one of the four rabbits on the 105th day. one hundred and fifteen days after inoculation the papule presented a circular ero ...	1945	17830538
the protection of pancreatic lipase by acacia gum.	in this preliminary note we describe the results obtained by inoculation of the skin of the scrotum of four black rabbits with serous fluid expressed from an initial pinta lesion. the inoculation was made intradermally, as superficially as possible, with serous fluid rich in treponemata and diluted with normal salt solution. a papule appeared at the point of inoculation in one of the four rabbits on the 105th day. one hundred and fifteen days after inoculation the papule presented a circular ero ...	1945	17830539
acquired resistance of treponema pallidum to penicillin.		1946	20277710
penicillin sensitivity and morphology of the reiter strain of treponema pallidum after cultivation in media containing penicillin.		1946	20984454
agglutination studies of the smaller oral treponemata, borrelia vincentii and cultured strains of treponema pallidum.		1946	20988357
what rôle do treponema vincenti play in certain diseases of the gingiva?		1946	20989512
preservation of virulence of treponema pallidum; some additional laboratory methods.		1946	20992502
isolation of virulent treponema pallidum from human aorta thirty-two hours after death from cardiovascular syphilis.		1946	20996102
action of penicillin, especially on treponema pallidum.		1946	21016274
studies on the biologic relationship between the causative agents of syphilis, yaws, and venereal spirochetosis of rabbits; observations on treponema cun iculi infection in rabbits.		1946	21065218
[not available].		1947	18903799
a search for treponema pallidum in the lymph nodes of the syphilitic mouse.		1947	18921772
viability of treponema pallidum.		1947	18935610
preservation of borrelia vincenti and cultured strains of treponema pallidum by the lyophil process.		1947	20285099
disappearance time of treponema pallidum from lesions of early syphilis following administration of crystalline penicillin g.		1947	20291305
agglutination studies of the smaller oral treponemes, borrelia vincenti and cultured strains of treponema pallidum.		1947	20292512
a new quick method for staining treponema pallidum.		1947	20244557
polymorphism in treponema recurrentis and spirochaeta vincenti.		1947	20249283
[not available].		1947	20251894
the action of penicillin on treponema pallidum.		1947	20266944
[not available].		1947	20269381
attempted immunization of rabbits against syphilis with killed treponema pallidum and adjuvants.		1947	20270537