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2019 novel coronavirus. 201932669985
the molecular virology of coronaviruses.few human pathogens have been the focus of as much concentrated worldwide attention as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of covid-19. its emergence into the human population and ensuing pandemic came on the heels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), two other highly pathogenic coronavirus spillovers, which collectively have reshaped our view of a virus family previously assoc ...202032661197
impact of thiol-disulfide balance on the binding of covid-19 spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has led to an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19), which started in 2019. this is a member of coronaviridae family in the genus betacoronavirus, which also includes sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the functional receptor for sars-cov and sars-cov-2 to enter the host cells. in particular, the interaction of viral sp ...202032656452
assessment of proton-coupled conformational dynamics of sars and mers coronavirus papain-like proteases: implication for designing broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitors.broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are urgently needed to stop the covid-19 pandemic and prevent future ones. the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is related to sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which have caused the previous outbreaks. the papain-like protease (plpro) is an attractive drug target due to its essential roles in the viral life cycle. as a cysteine protease, plpro is rich in cysteines and histidines and their protona ...202032637952
novel coronavirus pandemic: a clinical overview.the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is an emergent public health crisis threatening the current world health establishment. the sars-co-2 was first identified in wuhan, hubei province, china, in december 2019. there have been about 6.5 million reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and about 350 000 reported deaths throughout the world within the last 6 months from the onset of the epidemic. the virus is primarily transmitted by inhalation ...202032633997
rna-dependent rna polymerase of sars-cov-2 as a therapeutic target.the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), named coronavirus disease 2019, has infected more than 8.9 million people worldwide. this calls for urgent effective therapeutic measures. rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) activity in viral transcription and replication has been recognized as an attractive target to design novel antiviral strategies. although sars-cov-2 shares less genetic similarity with sars-cov (~79%) and middle east respiratory syn ...202032633831
sars, mers and covid-19: clinical manifestations and organ-system complications: a mini review.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are caused by three distinct coronaviruses belonging to the same genus. covid-19 and its two predecessors share many important features in their clinical presentations, and in their propensity for progression to severe disease which is marked by high rates of morbidity and mortality. however, comparison of the three viral illnesses also reveals a number of specific difference ...202032633327
comparing sars-cov-2 with sars-cov and influenza pandemics.the objective of this personal view is to compare transmissibility, hospitalisation, and mortality rates for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) with those of other epidemic coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and pandemic influenza viruses. the basic reproductive rate (r0) for sars-cov-2 is estimated to be 2·5 (range 1·8-3·6) compared with 2·0-3·0 for sars-cov and th ...202032628905
covid-19: are we dealing with a multisystem vasculopathy in disguise of a viral infection?after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic with unprecedented global response. with the expanding domain of presentations in covid-19 patients, the full range of manifestations is yet to unfold. the classical clinical symptoms for sars-cov-2 affected patients are dry ...202032627126
lessons learned so far from the pandemic: a review on pregnants and neonates with covid-19.there are concerns regarding the risk and the course of covid-19 in pregnancy and in the neonates. in this review, we aimed to present the current understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection during pregnancy and neonatal periods considering diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. few studies on pregnant women with covid-19 have been conducted between december 2019 and april 2020. the majority of patients applied in the third trimester and pres ...202032612432
a comprehensive review of animal models for coronaviruses: sars-cov-2, sars-cov, and mers-cov.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (covid-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has already affected a large population of the world. sars-cov-2 belongs to the same family of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). covid-19 has a complex pathology involving severe acute respiratory infection, hyper-immune response, and coagulopathy. at present, there is no therapeu ...202032607866
a close look at the biology of sars-cov-2, and the potential influence of weather conditions and seasons on covid-19 case spread.there is sufficient epidemiological and biological evidence of increased human susceptibility to viral pathogens such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and influenza virus, in cold weather. the pattern of outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in china during the flu season is further proof that meteorological conditions may potentially influence the susceptibility of human populations to coronaviruses, a situation th ...202032586369
masks for prevention of respiratory virus infections, including sars-cov-2, in health care and community settings : a living rapid review.recommendations on masks for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vary.202032579379
autophagy/virophagy: a "disposal strategy" to combat covid-19.given the devastating consequences of the current covid-19 pandemic and its impact on all of us, the question arises as to whether manipulating the cellular degradation (recycling, waste disposal) mechanism known as macroautophagy/autophagy (in particular, the selective degradation of virus particles, termed virophagy) might be a beneficial approach to fight the novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2. knowing that "autophagy can reprocess everything", it seems almost inevitable that, sooner rather than l ...202032578486
persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in aerosol suspensions.we aerosolized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and determined that its dynamic aerosol efficiency surpassed those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome. although we performed experiment only once across several laboratories, our findings suggest retained infectivity and virion integrity for up to 16 hours in respirable-sized aerosols.202032568661
household secondary attack rate of covid-19 and associated determinants in guangzhou, china: a retrospective cohort study.as of june 8, 2020, the global reported number of covid-19 cases had reached more than 7 million with over 400 000 deaths. the household transmissibility of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), remains unclear. we aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of sars-cov-2 among household and non-household close contacts in guangzhou, china, using a statistical transmission model.202032562601
[importance of corneal organ culture in donors with possible sars-cov-2 infections].the appearance of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov‑2) poses challenges in ophthalmology particularly for eye banks. a valid risk assessment for the removal and processing of donor corneas is difficult due to the lack of data. the risk to infect transplant recipients with sars-cov‑2 still appears very unlikely due to the experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus(‑1) (sars-cov(‑1)) and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov); ...202032556552
insights into sars-cov-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach.the sudden emergence of severe respiratory disease, caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has recently become a public health emergency. genome sequence analysis of sars-cov-2 revealed its close resemblance to the earlier reported sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). however, initial testing of the drugs used against sars-cov and mers-cov has been ineffective in controlling sars-cov-2. the present study highlights the gen ...202032544429
severe coronavirus infections in pregnancy: a systematic review.to inform the current coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak, we conducted a systematic literature review of case reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus that causes covid-19, during pregnancy and summarized clinical presentation, course of illness, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.202032544146
short report on implications of covid-19 and emerging zoonotic infectious diseases for pastoralists and africa.many emerging and re-emerging zoonotic infectious diseases occur in africa. these are projected to increase as human-animal host contact increases owing to increasing environmental degradation that shrinks nature habitats for wildlife over the continent. the current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (covid-19) has reinvigorated discourse on the disruptiveness of the zoonotic emerging infectious diseases, o ...202032537120
potential of coronavirus 3c-like protease inhibitors for the development of new anti-sars-cov-2 drugs: insights from structures of protease and inhibitors.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), similar to sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which belong to the same betacoronavirus genus, induces severe acute respiratory disease that is a threat to human health. since the outbreak of infection by sars-cov-2 began, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the disease has rapidly spread worldwide. thus, a search for effective drugs able to inhibit sars-cov-2 has become a global pursuit ...202032534187
the anticoagulant nafamostat potently inhibits sars-cov-2 s protein-mediated fusion in a cell fusion assay system and viral infection in vitro in a cell-type-dependent manner.although infection by sars-cov-2, the causative agent of coronavirus pneumonia disease (covid-19), is spreading rapidly worldwide, no drug has been shown to be sufficiently effective for treating covid-19. we previously found that nafamostat mesylate, an existing drug used for disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), effectively blocked middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) s protein-mediated cell fusion by targeting transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2), and inhibited ...202032532094
passive immunity for coronavirus disease 2019: a commentary on therapeutic aspects including convalescent plasma.in the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the novel virus sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is infecting a naïve population. the innate immunity of the infected patient is unable to mount an effective defense, resulting in a severe illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. as most treatment modalities including antivirals and anti-inflammatory agents are mostly ineffective, an immunological approach is needed. the mechanism of innate immun ...202032526774
autophagy as an emerging target for covid-19: lessons from an old friend, chloroquine.during the last week of december 2019, wuhan (china) was confronted with the first case of respiratory tract disease 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). due to the rapid outbreak of the transmission (~3.64 million positive cases and high mortality as of 5 may 2020), the world is looking for immediate and better therapeutic options. still, much information is not known, including origin of the disease, complete genomic ...202032522067
ly6e impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease.zoonotic coronaviruses (covs) are significant threats to global health, as exemplified by the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) 1 . host immune responses to cov are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. however, the interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit cov are not well characterized 2 . here, we show that interferon-inducible lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus e (ly6e) potently restricts cellular infection by mult ...202032511345
single-cell rna analysis on ace2 expression provides insights into sars-cov-2 potential entry into the bloodstream and heart injury.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) is a global pandemic with high infectivity and pathogenicity, accounting for tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. recent studies have found that the pathogen of covid-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), shares the same cell receptor angiotensin converting enzyme ii (ace2) as sars-cov. the pathological investigation of covid-19 deaths showed that the lungs had characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis. however, how sars-cov-2 spreads ...202032510598
covid-19: a conundrum to decipher.recent worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is a current, ongoing life-threatening crisis, and international public health emergency. the early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. in this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus sar ...202032495923
preparedness and response to covid-19 in saudi arabia: building on mers experience.nearly four months have passed since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), which caused the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to date, there have been more than 2.3 million confirmed cases and more than 160,000 deaths globally caused by covid-19. chinese health authorities, where the virus emerged, have taken prompt strict public health measures to control and prevent the spread of the outbreak. in saudi arabia, unprecede ...202032451260
the hallmarks of covid-19 disease.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic of the human respiratory illness covid-19, resulting in a severe threat to public health and safety. analysis of the genetic tree suggests that sars-cov-2 belongs to the same betacoronavirus group as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). although the route for viral transmission remains a mystery, ...202032442210
prevention and treatment of covid-19 disease by controlled modulation of innate immunity.the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an enormous threat to global public health and economies. human coronaviruses normally cause no or mild respiratory disease but in the past two decades, potentially fatal coronavirus infections have emerged, causing respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), follow ...202032438473
the role of human coronavirus infection in pediatric acute gastroenteritis.since human coronavirus (hcov)-like particles were detected in the stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis and necrotizing enterocolitis children with electron microscopy, the relationship between hcov and the pediatric gastrointestinal illness had been recognized. in recent years, the overall detection rates have been low and have varied by region. hcovs have not been considered as the major pathogens in pediatric acute gastroenteritis. hcovs detected in children with acute gastroenteritis hav ...202032433226
advances in the relationship between coronavirus infection and cardiovascular diseases.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has once again aroused people's concern about coronavirus. seven human coronaviruses (hcovs) have been discovered so far, including hcov-229e, hcov-nl63, hcov-oc43, hcov-hku115, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. existing studies show that the cardiovascular disease increased the incidence and severity of coronavirus infection. at the s ...202032428835
remdesivir in adults with severe covid-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.no specific antiviral drug has been proven effective for treatment of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). remdesivir (gs-5734), a nucleoside analogue prodrug, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in vitro, and inhibits middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, sars-cov-1, and sars-cov-2 replication in animal models.202032423584
a quality evaluation of guidelines on five different viruses causing public health emergencies of international concern.this project aims to evaluate the methods and reporting quality of practice guidelines of five different viruses that have caused public health emergencies of international concern (pheic) over 20 past years: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), zika virus and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). we systematically searched databases, guideline websites and government health ...202032395544
improving detection and response to respiratory events - kenya, april 2016-april 2020.respiratory pathogens, such as novel influenza a viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), are of particular concern because of their high transmissibility and history of global spread (1). clusters of severe respiratory disease are challenging to investigate, especially in resource-limited settings, and disease etiology often is not well understood. in 2014, endorsed by the group of seven (g7),* the g ...202032379727
application of nanomaterials in treatment, anti-infection and detection of coronaviruses.nanotechnology and nanomedicine have excellent potential in dealing with a range of different health problems, including viruses, which are considered to be a serious challenge in the medical field. application of nanobiotechnology could represent a new avenue for the treatment or disinfection of viruses. there is increasing concern regarding the control of coronaviruses, among these, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute res ...202032378459
multicenter evaluation of the cepheid xpert xpress sars-cov-2 test.nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are the primary means of identifying acute infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). accurate and fast test results may permit more efficient use of protective and isolation resources and allow rapid therapeutic interventions. we evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of the xpert xpress sars-cov-2 (xpert) test, a rapid, automated molecular test for sars-cov-2. analytical sensitivity and ...202032366669
postmortem lung findings in a patient with asthma and coronavirus disease 2019.asthma is increasingly recognized as an underlying risk factor for severe respiratory disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), particularly in the united states. here, we report the postmortem lung findings from a 37-year-old man with asthma, who met the clinical criteria for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and died of covid-19 less than 2 weeks after presentation to the hospital. his lungs showed mucus plugging and other histologic changes attributable to asthma, ...202032360729
myocardial injury and covid-19: possible mechanisms.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has quickly progressed to a global health emergency. respiratory illness is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients with the disease spectrum ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infection, to severe pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome. there is growing evidence describing pathophysiological resemblance of sars-cov-2 infection with other coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ...202032360126
the trinity of covid-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. alongside investigations into the virology of sars-cov-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of covid-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of sars-cov-2 infection. we describe the inter ...202032346093
the coronavirus pandemic: what does the evidence show?coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a newly emerged disease that has become a global public health concern as it rapidly spread around the world. the etiologic agent responsible for this disease has been named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses as it shows similar genomic features to that of sars-cov which caused a pandemic in 2002. this disease first appeared in hubei province of china and it follows human-to- ...202032335585
coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: covid-19, sars-cov-1, mers-cov and lessons from the past.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus strain disease, has recently emerged in china and rapidly spread worldwide. this novel strain is highly transmittable and severe disease has been reported in up to 16% of hospitalized cases. more than 600,000 cases have been confirmed and the number of deaths is constantly increasing. covid-19 hospitalized patients, especially those suffering from severe respiratory or systemi ...202032305883
crystal structure of nsp15 endoribonuclease nendou from sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is rapidly spreading around the world. there is no existing vaccine or proven drug to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation. although this virus is similar to human and animal sars-covs and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-covs), the detailed information about sars-cov-2 proteins structures and functions is urgently needed to rapidly develop effective vaccines, antibodies, and antivirals. we applied high-thr ...202032304108
remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency.effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed to control this current pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). replication of sars-cov-2 depends on the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), which is the likely target of the investigational nucleotide analogue remdesivir (rdv). rdv shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against rna viruses, and previous studies with rdrps from ebola virus and middle east respiratory ...202032284326
molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the emergence of sars-cov-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the twenty-first century. in this minireview, we provide a brief introduction of the gene ...202032282863
cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with covid-19.in december 2019, the world started to face a new pandemic situation, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). although coronavirus disease (covid-19) clinical manifestations are mainly respiratory, major cardiac complications are being reported. cardiac manifestations etiology seems to be multifactorial, comprising direct viral myocardial damage, hypoxia, hypotension, enhanced inflammatory status, ace2-receptors downregulation, drug toxicity, endogenous catecholamine ad ...202032270559
[epidemiology, treatment, and epidemic prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019: a review].this review summarizes the ongoing researches regarding etiology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, treatment, and prevention and control strategies of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), with comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and pandemic h1n1 virus. sars-cov-2 may be originated from bats, and the patients and asymptomatic c ...202032220177
covid-19 and the digestive system.the novel coronavirus disease is currently causing a major pandemic. it is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a member of the betacoronavirus genus that also includes the sars-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. while patients typically present with fever and a respiratory illness, some patients also report gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. studies have identified the sars-cov-2 rna in stool specim ...202032215956
teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of covid-19?in december 2019, a novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), emerged from china causing pneumonia outbreaks, first in the wuhan region of china and then spread worldwide because of its probable high transmission efficiency. owing to the lack of efficient and specific treatments and the need to contain the epidemic, drug repurposing appears to be the best tool to find a therapeutic solution. chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, ribavirin and ritonavir ...202032179150
early estimation of the case fatality rate of covid-19 in mainland china: a data-driven analysis.an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov)-2], named covid-19, hit a major city of china, wuhan in december 2019 and subsequently spread to other provinces/regions of china and overseas. several studies have been done to estimate the basic reproduction number in the early phase of this outbreak, yet there are no reliable estimates of case fatality rate (cfr) for covid-19 to date.202032175421
liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), has posed a serious threat to global public health. the who has declared the outbreak of sars-cov-2 infection an international public health emergency. lung lesions have been considered as the major damage caused by sars-cov-2 infection. however, liver injury has also been reported to occur during the course of the disease in severe cases. similarly, previous studies have ...202032170806
compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus.currently, the expansion of the novel human respiratory coronavirus (known as sars-cov-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2], covid-2019 [coronavirus disease 2019], or 2019-ncov [2019 novel coronavirus]) has stressed the need for therapeutic alternatives to alleviate and stop this new epidemic. the previous epidemics of infections by high-morbidity human coronaviruses, such as sars-cov in 2003 and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, prompted the cha ...202032152082
the antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits rna-dependent rna polymerase from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.antiviral drugs for managing infections with human coronaviruses are not yet approved, posing a serious challenge to current global efforts aimed at containing the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (cov-2). remdesivir (rdv) is an investigational compound with a broad spectrum of antiviral activities against rna viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers-cov). rdv is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of rna-dependent r ...202032094225
knowledge, (mis-)conceptions, risk perception, and behavior change during pandemics: a scoping review of 149 studies.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 pandemic has spread rapidly and has a growing impact on individuals, communities, and healthcare systems worldwide. at the core of any pandemic response is the ability of authorities and other stakeholders to react appropriately by promoting hygiene and social distancing behaviors. successfully reaching this goal requires both individual and collective efforts to drastically modify daily routines and activities. there is a need to clarify how k ...202033073717
antiviral activity of type i, ii, and iii interferons counterbalances ace2 inducibility and restricts sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is a recently emerged respiratory coronavirus that has infected >23 million people worldwide with >800,000 deaths. few covid-19 therapeutics are available, and the basis for severe infections is poorly understood. here, we investigated properties of type i (β), ii (γ), and iii (λ1) interferons (ifns), potent immune cytokines that are normally produced during infection and that upregula ...202032913009
mhc class ii transactivator ciita induces cell resistance to ebola virus and sars-like coronaviruses.recent outbreaks of ebola virus (ebov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) have exposed our limited therapeutic options for such diseases and our poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms that block viral infections. using a transposon-mediated gene-activation screen in human cells, we identify that the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii transactivator (ciita) has antiviral activity against ebov. ciita induces resistance by activating expression of t ...202032855215
recent progress in plasmonic biosensing schemes for virus detection.the global burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) to public health and global economy has stressed the need for rapid and simple diagnostic methods. from this perspective, plasmonic-based biosensing can manage the threat of infectious diseases by providing timely virus monitoring. in recent years, many plasmonics' platforms have embraced the challenge of offering on-site strategies to complement traditional diagnostic methods relying on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and enzyme-linke ...202032842601
automated and partly automated contact tracing: a systematic review to inform the control of covid-19.evidence for the use of automated or partly automated contact-tracing tools to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is scarce. we did a systematic review of automated or partly automated contact tracing. we searched pubmed, embase, ovid global health, ebsco medical covid information portal, cochrane library, medrxiv, biorxiv, arxiv, and google advanced for articles relevant to covid-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome, middle east respiratory syndrome, influenza, or ebola vi ...202032839755
a review on remdesivir: a possible promising agent for the treatment of covid-19.the novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-ncov), formally named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a novel human infectious coronavirus. the disease caused by sars-cov-2 is named covid-19. development and manufacturing of specific therapeutics and vaccines to treat covid-19 are time-consuming processes. at this time, using available conventional therapeutics along with other treatment options may be useful to fight covid-19. in different clinical trials, efficacy of remdesiv ...202032821086
persistent minimal sequences of sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused more than 14 million cases and more than half million deaths. given the absence of implemented therapies, new analysis, diagnosis, and therapeutics are of great importance.202032730589
use of remdesivir for patients with covid-19: a review article.the etiological agent of covid-19, which causes severe respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and pulmonary insufficiency, has been confirmed as a new coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). there is currently no authorized medication for the treatment of covid-19. no vaccines have been authorized. thus, this study aimed at conducting a review of the use of remdesivir in patients with covid-19. the following electronic databases were used medline, ...202032696862
flavaglines as natural products targeting eif4a and prohibitins: from traditional chinese medicine to antiviral activity against coronaviruses.flavaglines are cyclopenta[b]benzofurans found in plants of the genus aglaia, several species of which are used in traditional chinese medicine. these compounds target the initiation factor of translation eif4a and the scaffold proteins prohibitins-1 and 2 (phb1/2) to exert various pharmacological activities, including antiviral effects against several types of viruses, including coronaviruses. this review is focused on the antiviral effects of flavaglines and their therapeutic potential against ...202032693294
applying lessons from the ebola vaccine experience for sars-cov-2 and other epidemic pathogens.the world is experiencing an unprecedented global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). development of new vaccines and therapeutics are important to achieve long-term prevention and control of the virus. experience gained in the development of vaccines for ebola virus disease provide important lessons in the regulatory, clinical, and manufacturing process that can be applied to sars-cov-2 and ...202032566261
the journey of remdesivir: from ebola to covid-19.countries around the world are currently fighting the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 is a betacoronavirus, belonging to the same genus as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov. currently, there are no proven antiviral therapies for covid-19. numerous clinical trials have been initiated to identify an effective treatment. one leading can ...202032547625
déjà vu: stimulating open drug discovery for sars-cov-2.in the past decade we have seen two major ebola virus outbreaks in africa, the zika virus in brazil and the americas and the current pandemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). there is a strong sense of déjà vu because there are still no effective treatments. in the covid-19 pandemic, despite being a new virus, there are already drugs suggested as active in in vitro assays that are being repurposed in clinical trials. promi ...202032320852
sequence analysis and structure prediction of sars-cov-2 accessory proteins 9b and orf14: evolutionary analysis indicates close relatedness to bat coronavirus.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has a single-stranded rna genome that encodes 14 open reading frames (orfs), eight of which encode accessory proteins that allow the virus to infect the host and promote virulence. the genome expresses around 29 structural and nonstructural protein products. the accessory proteins of sars-cov-2 are not essential for virus replication but do affect viral release, stability, and pathogenesis and finally contribute to virulence. this pape ...202033102591
sars-cov-2: zoonotic origin of pandemic coronavirus.a novel disease, of unknown origin, causing a deadly pneumonia of human patients was reported in december 2019 in wuhan, hubei province of china. later called coronavirus disease (covid-19), it rapidly spread across china and worldwide. intensive research revealed that the etiological agent of the global covid-19 pandemic was a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the sars-cov-2 genome contains typical coronavirus genes but the receptor binding do ...202032985202
mapping genome variation of sars-cov-2 worldwide highlights the impact of covid-19 super-spreaders.the human pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the major pandemic of the twenty-first century. we analyzed more than 4700 sars-cov-2 genomes and associated metadata retrieved from public repositories. sars-cov-2 sequences have a high sequence identity (>99.9%), which drops to >96% when compared to bat coronavirus genome. we built a mutation-annotated reference sars-cov-2 phylogeny with two main macro-haplogroups, a and b, both of asian origin, ...202032878977
coronavirus in continuous flux: from sars-cov to sars-cov-2.the world is currently experiencing a global pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which causes severe respiratory disease similar to sars. previous studies have suggested that sars-cov-2 shares 79% and 96% sequence identity to sars-cov and to bat coronavirus ratg13, respectively at the whole-genome level. furthermore, a series of studies have shown that sars-cov-2 induces clusters of severe respiratory illnesses (i.e., pneumonia, a ...202032837848
proteolytic cleavage of the sars-cov-2 spike protein and the role of the novel s1/s2 site.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) has rapidly spread from an initial outbreak in wuhan, china in december 2019 to the rest of the world within a few months. on march 11th 2020, the rapidly evolving covid-19 situation was characterized as a pandemic by the who. much attention has been drawn to the origin of sars-cov-2, a virus which is related to the lineage b betacoronavirus sars-cov and sars-related coronavirus ...202032714113
in silico studies on the comparative characterization of the interactions of sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein with ace-2 receptor homologs and human tlrs.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) outbreak due to novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection has come out as a major threat for mankind in recent times. it is continually taking an enormous toll on mankind by means of increasing number of deaths, associated comorbidities, and socioeconomic loss around the globe. unavailability of chemotherapeutics/vaccine has posed tremendous challenges to scientists and doctors for developing an urgent therapeu ...202032383269
the first 75 days of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) outbreak: recent advances, prevention, and treatment.the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, previously known as 2019-ncov) outbreak has engulfed an unprepared world amidst a festive season. the zoonotic sars-cov-2, believed to have originated from infected bats, is the seventh member of enveloped rna coronavirus. specifically, the overall genome sequence of the sars-cov-2 is 96.2% identical to that of bat coronavirus termed batcov ratg13. although the current mortality rate of 2% is significantly lower than that of ...202032235575
development of a taqman-probe-based multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses.with the outbreak of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in 2019, coronaviruses have become a global research hotspot in the field of virology. coronaviruses mainly cause respiratory and digestive tract diseases, several coronaviruses are responsible for porcine diarrhea, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and emerging swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov). those viruses have caused huge economic lo ...202032490723
racial and workplace disparities in seroprevalence of sars-cov-2, baton rouge, louisiana, usa.by using paired molecular and antibody testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, we determined point prevalence and seroprevalence in louisiana, usa, during the second phase of reopening. infections were highly variable by race and ethnicity, work environment, and zip code. census-weighted seroprevalence was 3.6%, and point prevalence was 3.0%.202033171096
clinical experience with sars cov-2 related illness in children - hospital experience in cape town, south africa.children seem relatively protected from serious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) related disease, but little is known about children living in settings with high tuberculosis and hiv burden. this study reflects clinical data on south african children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).202033170927
a peer-to-peer covid-19 contact tracing mobile app in japan: design and implementation evaluation.we evaluate a bluetooth-based mobile contact-confirming app (cocoa) in japan to contain the spread of coronavirus disease (covid-19) resulting from a novel virus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the approach prioritizes the privacy protection of users from a variety of responders (e.g., the infected, the exposed, the potential attackers, and the public authorities), enhances the capacity of load balancing of excessive pressure on the healthcare systems (e.g., ...202033170801
etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a prospective multicenter study.metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mngs) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) has the potential to improve the pathogen identification in severe community-acquired pneumonia (scap).202033170499
a prognostic model to predict recovery of covid-19 patients based on longitudinal laboratory findings.the temporal change patterns of laboratory data may provide insightful clues into the whole course of covid-19. this study aimed to evaluate longitudinal change patterns of key laboratory tests in patients with covid-19, and identify independent prognostic factors by examining the associations between laboratory findings and outcomes of patients. this multicenter study included 56 patients with covid-19 treated in jilin province, china, from january 21, 2020 to march 5, 2020. the laboratory find ...202033170450
trace element zinc, a nature's gift to fight unprecedented global pandemic covid-19.with the advent of twenty-first century, we are in cruel grip of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), the associated illness being called as covid-19. since its outbreak in december 2019 in wuhan, china, there are no medicines to cure the disease till date. based on their experience, scientists say that developing a coronavirus vaccine could take at least a year. there are many steps in place before the vaccine comes for the distribution like its saf ...202033170448
a pilot study on the preventative potential of alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol against sars-cov-2 transmission.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the current pandemics. this virus attacks the cells by binding to the transmembrane angiotensin i converting enzyme 2. in this study, we experimented a food supplement containing alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol for the improvement of the defenses against the sars-cov-2. hydroxytyrosol has anti-viral properties and is able to reduce the serum lipids in mice. α-cyclodextrin has the ability to deplete sphingolipid ...202033170176
pilot study for the evaluation of safety profile of a potential inhibitor of sars-cov-2 endocytosis.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the current pandemics of coronavirus disease. this virus is able to attack the cells of the airway epithelium by binding to the transmembrane angiotensin i converting enzyme 2 (ace2). we developed an oral spray that could inhibit the sars-cov-2 endocytosis. the spray contains hydroxytyrosol for its anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and α-cyclodextrin for its ability to deplete sphingolipids, ...202033170175
quantifying and reporting cardiac findings in imaging of covid-19 patients.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection continues to be a public health emergency and a pandemic of international concern. as of april 31st,  the reported cases of covid-19 are three million in 186 countries. reported case fatality has crossed 200 thousand among which more than fifty thousand has been in the usa. most patients present with symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath following exposure to other covid-19 patients. respiratory manifestations pre ...202033169595
multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to covid-19: the first case in korea.since mid-april 2020, cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (mis-c) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 that mimics kawasaki disease (kd) have been reported in europe and north america. however, no cases have been reported in korea. we describe an 11-year old boy with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea who developed hypotension requiring inotropes in intensive care unit. his blood test revealed elevated inflammatory markers, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and coagulopa ...202033169560
deep learning and its role in covid-19 medical imaging.covid-19 is one of the greatest global public health challenges in history. covid-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and is estimated to have an cumulative global case-fatality rate as high as 7.2%[1]. as the sars-cov-2 spread across the globe it catalyzed new urgency in building systems to allow rapid sharing and dissemination of data between international healthcare infrastructures and governments in a worldwide effort focused on case tracking/trac ...202033169117
a suspected case of covid-19 turned into a confirmed case: a case report.covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and discovered in 2019. the clinical manifestations include fever, coughing, difficulty in breathing and even death from multiple organ failure. nucleic acid test is the golden standard method for confirmation of infection. according to the chinese 'seventh edition of the covid-19 diagnosis and treatment protocol', suspected patients with negative nucleic acid tests ...202033169084
sars-cov-2 associated covid-19 in geriatric population: a brief narrative review.coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has emerged as a fatal pandemic and has crushed even the world's best healthcare systems. globally, it has affected 40,373,228 individuals and resulted in 1,119,568 deaths as of october 19, 2020. research studies have demonstrated that geriatric population is vastly vulnerable to covid-19 morbidity and mortality given their age and preexisting chronic comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hyp ...202033169063
clinical features of critically ill patients infected with sars-cov-2 outside wuhan with and without diabetes.some patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection rapidly develop to critical condition. here, we investigated the clinical features of critically ill sars-cov-2 patients with and without diabetes and identified risk factors for death of these patients.202033169053
the covid-19 psychological wellbeing study: understanding the longitudinal psychosocial impact of the covid-19 pandemic in the uk; a methodological overview paper.the covid-19 psychological wellbeing study was designed and implemented as a rapid survey of the psychosocial impacts of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), known as covid-19 in residents across the united kingdom. this study utilised a longitudinal design to collect online survey based data. the aim of this paper was to describe (1) the rationale behind the study and the corresponding selection of constructs to be assessed; (2) the study design and methodolog ...202033169046
proinflammatory igg fc structures in patients with severe covid-19.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which manifests with a range of severities from mild illness to life-threatening pneumonia and multi-organ failure. severe covid-19 is characterized by an inflammatory signature, including high levels of inflammatory cytokines, alveolar inflammatory infiltrates and vascular microthrombi. here we show that patients with severe covid-19 produced a unique serologic signature, including an incre ...202033169014
real-time, interactive website for us-county-level covid-19 event risk assessment.large events and gatherings, particularly those taking place indoors, have been linked to multitransmission events that have accelerated the pandemic spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). to provide real-time, geolocalized risk information, we developed an interactive online dashboard that estimates the risk that at least one individual with sars-cov-2 is present in gatherings of different sizes in the united states. the website combines documented case reports ...202033168955
age-related gene expression alterations by sars-cov-2 infection contribute to poor prognosis in elderly.the ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people worldwide and with notable heterogeneity in its clinical presentation. probability of contracting this highly contagious infection is similar across age groups but disease severity and fatality among aged patients with or without comorbidities are reportedly higher. previous studies suggest that age associated transcriptional changes in lung and immune system results in a p ...202033168795
the impact of covid-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections.nonpharmaceutical interventions (npis) have been employed to reduce the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), yet these measures are already having similar effects on other directly transmitted, endemic diseases. disruptions to the seasonal transmission patterns of these diseases may have consequences for the timing and severity of future outbreaks. here we consider the implications of sars-cov-2 npis for two endemic infections circulating in the united st ...202033168723
lack of association of antihypertensive drugs with the risk and severity of covid-19: a meta-analysis.the association of antihypertensive drugs with the risk and severity of covid-19 remains unknown.202033168337
an itchy erythematous papular skin rash as a possible early sign of covid-19: a case report.several recent studies suggest the possibility of a skin rash being a clinical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). the purpose of this case report is to bring attention to skin manifestations in the early stage of covid-19 in order to support frontline physicians in their crucial activity of case identification.202033168054
the use of nebulized pharmacotherapies during the covid-19 pandemic.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the highly contagious novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has resulted in a worldwide pandemic and currently represents a major public health issue. covid-19 has highlighted the need for clear and accurate guidance on the use of aerosol-generating procedures, such as nebulization, for the treatment of patients with respiratory diseases with or without covid-19. despite the lack of evidence, there is heightened concern ...202033167796
impact of hydroxychloroquine on mortality in hospitalized patients with covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused significant health and economic havoc around the globe. one of the early agents targeted for repurposing to treat and prevent covid-19 was hydroxychloroquine (hcq). in this systematic review and meta-analysis, hcq is evaluated for its potential role in decreasing mortality in hospitalized patients with covid-19. we searched pubmed, web of science, and medrxiv databases using comb ...202033167571
coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19): a modeling study of factors driving variation in case fatality rate by country.background: the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has led to a global pandemic in which case fatality rate (cfr) has varied from country to country. this study aims to identify factors that may explain the variation in cfr across countries. methods: we identified 24 potential risk factors affecting cfr. for all countries with over 5000 reported covid-19 cases, we used country-specific datasets from the who, the oecd, and the united nations to quantify each of these factors. w ...202033167564
seroprevalence of sars-cov-2 igg antibodies in corsica (france), april and june 2020.our aim was to assess the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection after the lockdown in a sample of the corsican population. between 16 april and 15 june 2020, 2312 residual sera were collected from patients with a blood analysis conducted in one of the participating laboratories. residual sera obtained from persons of all ages were tested for the presence of anti-sars-cov-2 immunoglobulin g (igg) using the euroimmun enzyme immunoassay kit for sem ...202033167563
development of diagnostic tests for detection of sars-cov-2.one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is to develop accurate and rapid diagnostic tests. there are a number of molecular, serological, and imaging methods that are used to diagnose this infection in hospitals and clinical settings. the purpose of this review paper is to present the available approaches for detecting sars-cov-2 and address the advantages and limitations of each detection method. this work includes ...202033167445
convalescent plasma against covid-19: a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach for emerging infectious diseases.in the lack of an effective vaccine and antiviral treatment, convalescent plasma (cp) has been a promising therapeutic approach in past pandemics. accumulating evidence in the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic corroborates the safety of cp therapy and preliminary data underline the potential efficacy. recently, the food and drug administration (fda) permitted cp therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) patients under the emergency use authorizat ...202033167389
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