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full-length genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain usa/ia/2014/8734.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected in feces from diarrheic sows during an epidemic of acute and transmissible diarrhea. no transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was detected. the pdcov usa/ia/2014/8734 from the herd was sequenced for full-length genomic rna to further characterize pdcov in u.s. swine.201424723718
detection and genetic characterization of deltacoronavirus in pigs, ohio, usa, 2014.in ohio, united states, in early 2014, a deltacoronavirus was detected in feces and intestine samples from pigs with diarrheal disease. the complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the virus confirmed that the virus is closely related to a porcine deltacoronavirus (porcine coronavirus hku15) reported in hong kong in 2012.201424964136
complete genome characterization of korean porcine deltacoronavirus strain kor/knu14-04/2014.in april 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in feces from diarrheic piglets in south korea and found to be closely related to other pdcov strains. the complete genome of the korean pdcov strain, kor/knu14-04/2014, was sequenced and analyzed to characterize pdcov circulating in south korea.201425428966
rapid detection, complete genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus.in february 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was identified in the united states. we developed a pdcov real-time reverse transcription pcr that identified pdcov in 30% of samples tested. four additional pdcov genomes from the united states were sequenced; these had ≈99%-100% nt similarity to the other us pdcov strains.201425075556
complete genome sequence of strain sdcv/usa/illinois121/2014, a porcine deltacoronavirus from the united states.to investigate the causative agent of swine diarrhea, next-generation sequencing (ngs) was performed on a porcine fecal sample. the ngs reads were assembled, which generated a complete swine deltacoronavirus genome sequence, that of strain sdcv/usa/illinois121/2014.201424723704
scientific opinion on porcine epidemic diarrhoea and emerging porcine deltacoronavirus.in the last decade, many porcine epidemic diarrhoea (ped) outbreaks have been reported by several countries in asia whereas only a few member states of the european union (eu) have reported ped clinical cases and/or ped virus (pedv)-seropositive animals. this alphacoronavirus was first reported in the usa in may 2013, followed by rapid spread throughout the country and outbreaks reported by several countries in the americas. the recent pedv-eu isolates have high level of sequence identity to ped ...201432313570
porcine deltacoronavirus in mainland china. 201526584185
full-length genome characterization of chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain ch/sxd1/2015.a porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was identified in the chinese mainland and found to be closely related to hong kong strain hku15-155 but differed from pdcov strains in the united states and south korea. the complete genome of pdcov strain ch/sxd1/201 was sequenced and analyzed to further characterize pdcov in chinese swine.201526514769
complete genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain ch/sichuan/s27/2012 from mainland china.we report the first complete genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain ch/sichuan/s27/2012 identified in feces of diarrheic piglets from mainland china in 2012. this strain has two unique in-frame deletions within the orf1a gene and is phylogenetically between the prototype pdcov (hku15) and the 2014 u.s. strains.201526337879
pcr-based retrospective evaluation of diagnostic samples for emergence of porcine deltacoronavirus in us swine.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in hong kong in a regional surveillance study for coronaviruses in 2012 and was detected for the first time in united states (us) swine in february 2014. however, it remains unknown if pdcov had been introduced into the us prior to that time period. in the present study, 1734 clinical samples (903 cases) submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory (isu vdl) for enteric disease diagnosis between october 2012 and dec ...201526119039
functional characterization and proteomic analysis of the nucleocapsid protein of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly discovered enterotropic swine coronavirus that causes enteritis and diarrhea in piglets. like other coronaviruses, pdcov commonly contains 4 major structural proteins: spike (s), envelope (e), membrane (m), and nucleocapsid (n) proteins. among these, the n protein is known to be the most abundant and multifunctional viral component. therefore, as the first step toward understanding the biology of pdcov, the present study investigated functional charact ...201526103099
pathogenicity and pathogenesis of a united states porcine deltacoronavirus cell culture isolate in 5-day-old neonatal piglets.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in hong kong in 2009-2010 and reported in united states swine for the first time in february 2014. however, diagnostic tools other than polymerase chain reaction for pdcov detection were lacking and koch's postulates had not been fulfilled to confirm the pathogenic potential of pdcov. in the present study, pdcov peptide-specific rabbit antisera were developed and used in immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays to assist pdcov diagn ...201525817405
pathogenicity of 2 porcine deltacoronavirus strains in gnotobiotic pigs.to verify whether porcine deltacoronavirus infection induces disease, we inoculated gnotobiotic pigs with 2 virus strains (oh-fd22 and oh-fd100) identified by 2 specific reverse transcription pcrs. at 21-120 h postinoculation, pigs exhibited severe diarrhea, vomiting, fecal shedding of virus, and severe atrophic enteritis. these findings confirm that these 2 strains are enteropathogenic in pigs.201525811229
isolation and characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhea in the united states.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that causes diarrhea in nursing piglets. following its first detection in the united states in february 2014, additional pdcov strains have been identified in the united states and canada. currently, no treatments or vaccines for pdcov are available. in this study, u.s. pdcov strain oh-fd22 from intestinal contents of a diarrheic pig from ohio was isolated in swine testicular (st) and llc porcine kidney (llc-pk) cell cultures by using vario ...201525740769
newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus associated with diarrhoea in swine in china: identification, prevalence and full-length genome sequence analysis.to identify and characterize aetiologic agent(s) associated with an outbreak of a severe diarrhoea in piglets in jiangxi, china, in march 2015, a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was developed. a survey based on the nested rt-pcr established indicated that the monoinfection of pdcov (33.71%) and coinfection of pdcov (19.66%) with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) were common in diarrhoeal pigs in jiangxi, ...201526250097
development and application of an elisa for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus igg antibodies.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), also known as porcine coronavirus hku15, was first detected in north america in early 2014 and associated with enteric disease in pigs, resulting in an urgent need to further investigate the ecology of this virus. while assays detecting nucleic acids were implemented quickly, assays to detect anti-pdcov antibodies have not been available. in this study, an indirect anti-pdcov igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the putative s1 portion of the s ...201525881086
origin, evolution, and virulence of porcine deltacoronaviruses in the united states.a novel porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcv) was first discovered in ohio and indiana in february 2014, rapidly spread to other states in the united states and canada, and caused significant economic loss in the swine industry. the origin and virulence of this novel porcine coronavirus are not known. here, we characterized u.s. pdcv isolates and determined their virulence in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets. genome analyses revealed that u.s. pdcv isolates possess unique genetic characteristics a ...201525759498
porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection suppresses rig-i-mediated interferon-β production.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), an emerging animal coronavirus causing enteric disease in pigs, belongs to the newly identified deltacoronavirus genus in the coronaviridae family. although extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the regulation of interferon (ifn) responses by alphacoronaviruses, betacoronaviruses, and gammacoronaviruses, little is known about this process during deltacoronavirus infection. in this study, we found that pdcov infection fails to induce, and even re ...201627152478
a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against porcine deltacoronavirus.recently, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been proven to be associated with enteric disease in piglets. diagnostic tools for serological surveys of pdcov remain in the developmental stage when compared with those for other porcine coronaviruses. in our study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (rpdcov-n-elisa) was developed to detect antibodies against pdcov using a histidine-tagged recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein as an antigen. the rpdcov-n-elisa did not cross-react ...201626668175
identification and subcellular localization of porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns6.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus. accessory proteins are genus-specific for coronavirus, and two putative accessory proteins, ns6 and ns7, are predicted to be encoded by pdcov; however, this remains to be confirmed experimentally. here, we identified the leader-body junction sites of ns6 subgenomic rna (sgrna) and found that the actual transcription regulatory sequence (trs) utilized by ns6 is non-canonical and is located upstream of the predicted trs. us ...201627661736
occurrence and sequence analysis of porcine deltacoronaviruses in southern china.following the initial isolation of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) from pigs with diarrheal disease in the united states in 2014, the virus has been detected on swine farms in some provinces of china. to date, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of pdcov in southern china where major swine production is operated.201627496131
the first detection and full-length genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus isolated in lao pdr.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been reported in many countries, including hong kong, the united states, south korea, china and thailand. in january 2016, clinical diarrhea similar to that of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) with a lower mortality rate was reported on a swine farm in lao pdr. intestine samples were collected from 3-day-old pigs with clinical diarrhea and assayed for the presence of swine enteric coronaviruses. the pcr results were positive for pdcov but negative for p ...201627424024
development of one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr-based assays for the rapid and simultaneous detection of four viruses causing porcine diarrhea.porcine diarrhea caused by viruses is a major problem of the pig farming industry and can result in substantial losses of revenue. thus, diagnosing the infectious agents is important to prevent and control diseases in pigs. we developed novel one-step real-time quantitative rt-pcr (qpcr) assays that can detect four porcine diarrheal viruses simultaneously: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and porcine group a rot ...201627348884
porcine deltacoronavirus: overview of infection dynamics, diagnostic methods, prevalence and genetic evolution.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first reported in hong kong, china in 2012 and reported in united states swine in february 2014. pdcov has subsequently been detected in south korea, mainland china, and thailand. pdcov has been experimentally confirmed to cause diarrhea in inoculated pigs and need to be differentially diagnosed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in the field. rapid diagnosis is critical for the implementation of efficient control str ...201627270129
immune evasion of porcine enteric coronaviruses and viral modulation of antiviral innate signaling.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are emerged and reemerging viruses in pigs, and together with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), pose significant economic concerns to the swine industry. these viruses infect epithelial cells of the small intestine and cause watery diarrhea, dehydration, and a high mortality in neonatal piglets. type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are major antiviral cytokines forming host innate immunity, and in turn, these enteric c ...201627212682
reverse transcription-pcr assays for the differentiation of various us porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains.concurrently, several porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variants are circulating in us swine farms, including the original us and the spike insertion-deletion (s-indel) strains. in this study, reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays for the detection and differentiation of different us pedv variants were developed based on the differences in the s1 domain of the spike (s) gene. this assay successfully differentiated three pedv strains: pc22a (the original us virulent), iowa106 (s-indel), and ...201627134071
porcine deltacoronavirus infection: etiology, cell culture for virus isolation and propagation, molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) (family coronaviridae, genus deltacoronavirus) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. pdcov diarrhea was first reported in the us in early 2014, concurrently with co-circulation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) (family coronaviridae, genus alphacoronavirus). the origin of pdcov in pigs and also its sudden emergence or route of introduction into the us ...201627086031
evaluation of two singleplex reverse transcription-insulated isothermal pcr tests and a duplex real-time rt-pcr test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus.recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in multiple countries have caused significant economic losses and remain a serious challenge to the swine industry. rapid diagnosis is critical for the implementation of efficient control strategies before and during pedv and pdcov outbreaks. insulated isothermal pcr (iipcr) on the portable pockit™ device is user friendly for on-site pathogen detection. in the present study, a singleplex pedv rt-iipcr ...201627060624
two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcv) cause indistinguishable clinical signs and pathological changes in swine. here we investigated the antigenic relationship between pedv and pdcv. we provide the first evidence that conserved epitope(s) on the respective viral nucleocapsid proteins cross-react with each other although virus neutralization cross-reactivity was not observed. as a practical matter, prevention of these two very similar diseases of swine will re ...201627016762
retrospective testing and case series study of porcine delta coronavirus in u.s. swine herds.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first reported in the united states (us) in february 2014. this was the second novel swine enteric coronavirus detected in the us since may 2013. in this study, we conducted retrospective testing of samples submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories where qualifying biological samples were derived from previously submitted diagnostic case submissions from us commercial swine farms with a clinical history of enteric disease or from cases that had be ...201626603048
porcine deltacoronavirus: histological lesions and genetic characterization.first identified in 2012 in a surveillance study in hong kong, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a proposed member of the genus deltacoronavirus of the family coronaviridae. in february of 2014, pdcov was detected in pigs with clinical diarrheal symptoms for the first time in the usa. since then, it has been detected in more than 20 states in the usa and in other countries, including canada, south korea, and mainland china. so far, histological lesions in the intestines of pigs naturally infec ...201626475155
isolation, genomic characterization, and pathogenicity of a chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain chn-hn-2014.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine coronavirus that causes diarrhea in piglets. since the first outbreak of pdcov in the united states in 2014, this novel porcine coronavirus has been detected in south korea, canada, mexico, thailand, and china. in this study, a chinese pdcov strain, designated chn-hn-2014, was isolated from piglets with severe diarrhea on a pig farm in henan province, china, and examined with a specific immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. genomi ...201627939164
[research advances in the porcine deltacoronavirus].the deltacoronavirus is a new member of the subfamily coronaviridae of the family coronaviridae. deltacoronaviruses can infect birds and mammals. deltacoronaviruses were detected in early 2007 in asian leopard cats and chinese ferret badgers. in 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection spread rapidly in the usa. moreover, cell culture-adapted pdcov has been obtained from infected piglets. animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated pdcov is highly pathogenic and causes severe dia ...201627396171
experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with the cell-culture-adapted porcine deltacoronavirus strain oh-fd22.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs. we have isolated and passaged the pdcov strain oh-fd22 in an llc porcine kidney (llc-pk) cell line. our study investigated the pathogenicity of the tissue-culture-grown pdcov (tc-pdcov) oh-fd22 at cell passages 5, 20 and 40 in llc-pk cells, in eight 14-day-old gnotobiotic (gn) pigs. pigs (n = 3) were euthanized for pathologic examination at post-inoculation day (pid) 3, and the remainder were monitored for clinical ...201627619798
experimental infection of conventional nursing pigs and their dams with porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified virus that has been detected in swine herds of north america associated with enteric disease. the aim of this study was to demonstrate the pathogenicity, course of infection, virus kinetics, and aerosol transmission of pdcov using 87 conventional piglets and their 9 dams, including aerosol and contact controls to emulate field conditions. piglets 2-4 days of age and their dams were administered an oronasal pdcov inoculum with a quantitative ...201627578872
complete genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus isolated in thailand in 2015.in thailand, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in november 2015. the virus was isolated from piglets experiencing diarrhea outbreak. herein, the full-length genome sequence of the thai pdcov isolate p23_15_tt_1115 is reported. the results provide a clearer understanding of the molecular characteristics of pdcov in thailand.201627231358
porcine deltacoronavirus, thailand, 2015. 201626982324
detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in korean swine farms, 2015.this study applied molecular-based method to investigate the presence of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in 59 commercial pig farms in south korea. the results of rt-pcr screening on a relatively large collection of faeces samples (n = 681) from january 2013 to march 2015 did not reveal the presence of pdcov until the end of 2014. however, on march 2015, pdcov-positive samples (sl2, sl5) were detected from sl swine farm in gyeongbuk province. the phylogenetic trees based on the complete spike- ...201626968326
porcine deltacoronavirus induces apoptosis in swine testicular and llc porcine kidney cell lines in vitro but not in infected intestinal enterocytes in vivo.we compared the mechanisms of porcine delatacoronavirus (pdcov) induced death of infected enterocytes in vivo and infected llc porcine kidney (llc-pk) and swine testicular (st) cells in vitro. we conducted histologic analysis and immunofluorescence (if) staining for the detection of pdcov antigens, and tunel assay in singly or serially cut tissue sections from the small and large intestines of four, 11- to 14-day-old gnotobiotic pigs, inoculated orally with 8.8-11.0log10 genomic equivalents (ge) ...201626711029
characterization and evolution of porcine deltacoronavirus in the united states.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was identified in multiple states across the united states (us) in 2014. in this study, we investigate the presence of pdcov in diagnostic samples, which were further categorized by case identification (id), and the association between occurrence, age, specimen and location between march and september 2014. approximately, 7% of the case ids submitted from the us were positive for pdcov. specimens were categorized into eight groups, and the univariate analysis ind ...201626611652
development of monoclonal antibodies and serological assays including indirect elisa and fluorescent microsphere immunoassays for diagnosis of porcine deltacoronavirus.a novel porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), also known as porcine coronavirus hku15, was reported in china in 2012 and identified in the u.s. in early 2014. since then, pdcov has been identified in a number of u.s. states and linked with clinical disease including acute diarrhea and vomiting in the absence of other identifiable pathogens. since pdcov was just recently linked with clinical disease, few specific antibody-based reagents were available to assist in diagnosis of pdcov and limited serol ...201627277214
discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (seacov) in southern china.outbreaks of diarrhea in newborn piglets without detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), have been recorded in a pig farm in southern china since february 2017. isolation and propagation of the pathogen in cell culture resulted in discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named seacov) related to the bat coronavirus hku2 identified in the same region a decade ago. specific fluores ...201729102111
a simple and rapid identification method for newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus with loop-mediated isothermal amplification.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes diarrhea and mortality in neonatal piglets. pdcov has spread to many countries around the world, leading to significant economic losses in the pork industry. therefore, a rapid and sensitive method for detection of pdcov in clinical samples is urgently needed.201728934984
glycan shield and fusion activation of a deltacoronavirus spike glycoprotein fine-tuned for enteric infections.coronaviruses recently emerged as major human pathogens causing outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle-east respiratory syndrome. they utilize the spike (s) glycoprotein anchored in the viral envelope to mediate host attachment and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes to initiate infection. the s protein is a major determinant of the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and is also the main target of the host humoral immune response. we report here the 3.5 å resolution cr ...201729093093
different lineage of porcine deltacoronavirus in thailand, vietnam and lao pdr in 2015.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected by rt-pcr in 12 of 97 (12.4%) intestinal samples collected during 2015 from piglets with diarrhoea in thailand, vietnam and lao pdr. spike, membrane and nucleocapsid genes were characterized, and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that pdcov isolates from thai and lao pdr form a novel cluster, separated from us and china isolates, but relatively were more closely related to china pdcov than us isolates. vietnam pdcovs, however, were grouped together ...201727718337
cryo-em structure of porcine delta coronavirus spike protein in the pre-fusion state.coronavirus spike proteins from different genera are divergent, although they all mediate coronavirus entry into cells by binding to host receptors and fusing viral and cell membranes. here we determined the cryo-em structure of porcine delta coronavirus (pdcov) spike protein at 3.3-angstrom resolution. the trimeric protein contains three receptor-binding s1 subunits that tightly pack into a crown-like structure and three membrane-fusion s2 subunits that form a stalk. each s1 subunit contains tw ...201729070693
calves are susceptible to infection with the newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus, but not with the swine enteric alphacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.fecal virus shedding, seroconversion and histopathology were evaluated in 3-7-year-old gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) (9.0-9.6 log10 genomic equivalents [ge] of oh-fd22-p5; n=4) or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) (10.2-12.5 log10 ge of pc21a; n=3). in pdcov-inoculated calves, an acute but persisting fecal viral rna shedding and pdcov-specific serum igg antibody responses were observed, but without lesions or clinical disease. however, no fecal s ...201728374120
the detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus from guangdong province in southern china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly discovered coronavirus that causes diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in sucking and nursing piglets. it was first reported in hong kong in 2012 and has since been discovered in the united states, canada, south korea, mainland china, thailand and laos. pdcov has been experimentally proved to lead to diarrhoea in swine and it was detected positive in pigs in guangdong, southern china. in our study, 252 faecal and intestinal samples from sucking piglets ...201728345292
porcine deltacoronavirus nsp5 antagonizes type i interferon signaling by cleaving stat2.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. the first outbreak of pdcov was announced from the united states in 2014, followed by reports in asia. the nonstructural protein nsp5 is a 3c-like protease of coronavirus and our previous study showed that pdcov nsp5 inhibits type i interferon (ifn) production. in this study, we found that pdcov nsp5 significantly inhibited ifn-stimulated response element (isre) promoter activity and transcription of ifn-stimulat ...201728250121
reactivity of anti-pedv structural protein antibodies to porcine enteric coronaviruses: diagnostic implications.the development of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) antibody-based assays is important for detecting infected animals, confirming previous virus exposure, and monitoring sow herd immunity. however, the potential cross-reactivity among porcine coronaviruses is a major concern for the development of pathogen-specific assays. in this study, we used serum samples (n = 792) from pigs of precisely known infection status and a multiplex fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay and/or enzyme-linked ...201728202790
nursery pig growth performance and tissue accretion modulation due to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus or porcine deltacoronavirus challenge.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are both members of the family which induce clinical signs of diarrhea, dehydration, and in some circumstances, mortality. most research has been focused on isolation, genome sequencing, pathogenicity, and virulence of these viruses, but there is little information on long-term growth performance and tissue accretion of pigs inoculated with pedv or pdcov. therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of pedv or pd ...201728177368
porcine deltacoronavirus nsp5 inhibits interferon-β production through the cleavage of nemo.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causes acute enteric disease and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. previously we have demonstrated that pdcov infection suppresses the production of interferon-beta (ifn-β), while the detailed mechanisms are poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) of pdcov, the 3c-like protease, significantly inhibits sendai virus (sev)-induced ifn-β production by targeting the nf-κb essential modulator (nemo), confirmed by the dimini ...201727984784
development and application of a recombinant m protein-based indirect elisa for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus igg antibodies.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently identified coronavirus in the genus deltacoronavirus that can cause enteric disease including diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets. serological assays to detect anti-pdcov antibodies are presently limited to certain laboratories and geographic regions. in this study, a recombinant m protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pdcov-rm elisa) was developed and utilized to determine the prevalence of anti-pdc ...201728860101
detection and phylogenetic analyses of spike genes in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in china in 2016-2017.large-scale outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) have re-emerged in china in recent years. however, little is known about the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of field strains of ped virus (pedv) in china in 2016-2017. to address this issue, in this study, 116 diarrhea samples were collected from pig farms in 6 chinese provinces in 2016-2017 and were detected using pcr for main porcine enteric pathogens, including pedv, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), porcine transmissible ...201729017599
complete genome characterization of novel chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain sd.a porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was isolated and identified from feces of diarrheic piglets in shandong province of the chinese mainland, and the complete genome of the chinese pdcov strain, sd, was sequenced and analyzed to further characterize pdcov circulating in china.201728982988
correction for zhang et al., "complete genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain ch/jxjgs01/2016, isolated in jiangxi province, china, 2016". 201728963225
[development and application of real-time rt-pcr and s1 protein-based indirect elisa for porcine deltacoronavirus].porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been recently recognized as an emerging viral pathogen that causes diarrhea in newborn piglets. a total of 254 small intestinal or fecal samples collected from 10 provinces including henan, hunan, zhejiang, jiangxi, anhui, hebei, heilongjiang, jiangsu, shandong and shanghai between 2014 and 2015, were screened by quantitative rt-pcr targeting the viral m gene. eleven pdcov positive samples were identified with a total positive rate of 4.33%. an indirect enzym ...201728853254
complete genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain ch/jxjgs01/2016, isolated in jiangxi province, china, 2016.the complete genome sequence of a variant of porcine deltacoronavirus, isolated from a diarrheal piglet and designated ch/jxjgs01/2016, was sequenced and analyzed. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that ch/jxjgs01/2016 shares the highest nucleotide and amino acid identities with the chinese strain nh (genbank accession number ku981059).201728839024
complete genome characterization of the porcine deltacoronavirus hkd/jpn/2016, isolated in japan, 2016.in 2016, an outbreak of diarrhea with high mortality in piglets occurred on a swine farm in hokkaido prefecture, japan. the causative porcine deltacoronavirus hdk/jpn/2016 was isolated from intestinal samples of the dead piglets on llc-pk1 cells. the complete genome of hkd/jpn/2016 was sequenced and analyzed by next-generation sequencing technology.201728839018
prevalence, complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in south korea, 2014-2016.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged enterotropic swine coronavirus that causes enteritis and diarrhoea in piglets. here, a nested reverse transcription (rt)-pcr approach for the detection of pdcov was developed to identify and characterize aetiologic agent(s) associated with diarrhoeal diseases in piglets in south korea. a pcr-based method was applied to investigate the presence of pdcov in 683 diarrhoeic samples collected from 449 commercial pig farms in south korea from january ...201728758347
complete genome sequences of porcine deltacoronavirus strains dh1/2016 and dh2/2016 isolated in south korea.two porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strains, named dh1/2016 and dh2/2016, were isolated from feces of piglets which had severe watery diarrhea symptoms. a comparison of the complete genome sequences suggested that the dh1/2016 and dh2/2016 strains are highly homologous to each other and to pdcovs isolated in early 2014 from the united states.201728473399
complete genome characterization of chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain chn/tianjin/2016.as we all know, porcine deltacoronavirus was first detected in hong kong, china. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain chn/tianjin/2016, which was collected and amplified from clinical fecal samples in march of 2016.201728428311
retrospective investigation and evolutionary analysis of a novel porcine deltacoronavirus strain detected in thailand from 2008 to 2015.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in thailand was first detected in 2015. we performed a retrospective investigation of the presence of pdcov in intestinal samples collected from piglets with diarrhea in thailand from 2008 to 2015 using rt-pcr. pdcov was found to be present as early as february 2013. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all pdcov variants from thailand differ from those from other countries and belong to a novel group of pdcov that is separate from the us and chinese pdcov var ...201728337545
the genetic diversity and complete genome analysis of two novel porcine deltacoronavirus isolates in thailand in 2015.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was identified in intestinal samples collected from piglets with diarrhea in thailand in 2015. two thai pdcov isolates, p23_15_tt_1115 and p24_15_nt1_1215, were isolated and identified. the full-length genome sequences of the p23_15_tt_1115 and p24_15_nt1_1215 isolates were 25,404 and 25,407 nucleotides in length, respectively, which were relatively shorter than that of us and china pdcov. the phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genome demonstrated tha ...201728005234
discovery of a novel accessory protein ns7a encoded by porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus. bioinformatics predicts that pdcov encodes two accessory proteins (ns6 and ns7), the species-specific proteins for coronavirus. in this study, four mabs against the predicted ns7 were prepared by using the purified recombinant ns7 protein. indirect immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that all mabs recognized cells transfected with an ns7 expression construct or infected with pdcov. western blot showed that ns7-specific ...201727995863
swine enteric coronavirus disease: a review of 4 years with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus in the united states and canada.swine enteric coronaviruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), have emerged and spread throughout the north american swine industry over the last four years. these diseases cause significant losses within the pork industry and within the first year after pedv introduction, approximately 10% of the us herd died due to the disease. similar to other enteric coronaviruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), these emerging swine e ...201829392870
complete genome sequences of two porcine deltacoronavirus strains, chn-gd16-03 and chn-gd16-05, isolated in southern china, 2016.we report here the amplification and sequence analysis of two complete genomes of newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strains, isolated from diarrhea samples from piglets in guangdong province in southern china. these genomes provide further sequence data for evaluating the relationships among pdcovs from different countries.201829371364
isolation and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhoea in hebei province, china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently identified coronavirus in the genus deltacoronavirus that can cause enteric disease with clinical signs including diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets. although evidence of the prevalence of pdcov in china is accumulating, little published information about chinese pdcov isolates is available. in this study, we investigated the presence of pdcov in 49 faecal/intestinal samples from piglets with diarrhoea on different fa ...201829363288
detection and genetic characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus in tibetan pigs surrounding the qinghai-tibet plateau of china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently discovered rna virus that belongs to the family coronaviridae and genus deltacoronavirus. this virus causes enteric disease in piglets that is characterized by enteritis and diarrhoea. in our present investigation, 189 diarrhoeic samples were collected between july 2016 and may 2017 from tibetan pigs inhabiting in three different provinces surrounding the qinghai-tibet plateau of china. we then applied the molecular-based method of reverse transcrip ...201829363281
herd-level prevalence and incidence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in swine herds in ontario, canada.porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) were first identified in canada in 2014. surveillance efforts have been instrumental in controlling both diseases. in this study, we provide an overview of surveillance components for the two diseases in ontario (canada), as well as pedv and pdcov incidence and prevalence measures. swine herds located in the province of ontario, of any type, whose owners agreed to participate in a voluntary industry-led disease control ...201829607611
a highly pathogenic strain of porcine deltacoronavirus caused watery diarrhea in newborn piglets.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified virus that causes watery diarrhea in newborn piglets and results in significant economic losses to the pig industry. since first reported in hong kong in 2012, pdcov has been subsequently detected in usa, south korea, thailand, and mainland china. here we isolated a strain of pdcov, named chn-gd-2016, from the intestinal content of a diseased newborn piglet with severe diarrhea in a pig farm in guangdong, china. pdcov chn-gd-2016 could be id ...201829569144
development of a one-step rt-pcr assay for detection of pancoronaviruses (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-coronaviruses) using newly designed degenerate primers for porcine and avian `fecal samples.coronaviruses (covs) are critical human and animal pathogens because of their potential to cause severe epidemics of respiratory or enteric diseases. in pigs, the newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) and re-emerged porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) reported in the us and asia, as well as the discovery of novel covs in wild bats or birds, has necessitated development of improved detection and control measures for these covs. because the previous pancoronavirus (pancov) rt-pcr estab ...201829499225
broad receptor engagement of an emerging global coronavirus may potentiate its diverse cross-species transmissibility.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), identified in 2012, is a common enteropathogen of swine with worldwide distribution. the source and evolutionary history of this virus is, however, unknown. pdcov belongs to the deltacoronavirus genus that comprises predominantly avian cov. phylogenetic analysis suggests that pdcov originated relatively recently from a host-switching event between birds and mammals. insight into receptor engagement by pdcov may shed light into such an exceptional phenomenon. her ...201829760102
a novel strain of porcine deltacoronavirus in vietnam.two porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strains (binh21 and hanoi6) were isolated from two pig farms in north vietnam. phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes and the spike and membrane genes revealed that the two vietnam pdcovs belong to the same lineage as pdcovs from thailand and laos; however, the n genes belonged to the same lineage as pdcovs from the usa, korea, china, and hong kong. the recombination detection program subsequently identified the major parent (s5011 strain) and minor pa ...201829022111
porcine deltacoronavirus induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through activation of the cytochrome c-mediated intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), a newly discovered enteric coronavirus, is a causative agent of severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets. as a first step toward understanding the effect of pdcov on host cells, we elucidated mechanisms underlying the process of apoptotic cell death after pdcov infection. the use of a pan-caspase inhibitor resulted in the inhibition of pdcov-induced apoptosis and reduction of pdcov replication, suggestive of the association of a cas ...201829940190
development of a conventional rt-pcr assay for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus with the same detection limit as a sybr green-based real-time rt-pcr assay.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly discovered coronavirus, which belongs to the family coronaviridae. it causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in newborn piglets. a sensitive rt-pcr method is urgently required to detect pdcov infection. in this study, we developed and evaluated a conventional rt-pcr assay and a sybr green-based real-time rt-pcr assay that targeted the pdcov n gene. both assays are specific and have the same limit of detection at 2 × 101 copies of rna molecul ...201830533434
molecular evolution of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus strains in central china.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are epizootic swine viruses. to detect and study the evolution of pedv and pdcov in central china (shanxi, henan, hubei province), 70 clinical intestinal and fecal samples from piglets with severe watery diarrhea during august 2015 and june 2016 were collected, tested and analyzed. pedv was more frequently detected by pcr than pdcov. phylogenetic analysis of s genes showed that the 10 pedv strains from this study cluster ...201830265872
cholesterol is important for the entry process of porcine deltacoronavirus.the present study was conducted to examine whether cellular and/or viral cholesterol levels play a role in porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) replication. our results showed that depletion of cholesterol from cells or virions by treating them with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd) diminished pdcov infection in a dose-dependent manner. the addition of exogenous cholesterol to mβcd-treated cells or virions moderately restored pdcov infectivity. furthermore, the pharmacological sequestration of cellular o ...201830051343
detection, sequence analysis, and antibody prevalence of porcine deltacoronavirus in taiwan.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was initially documented in hong kong and later in the united states, south korea, and thailand. to investigate if pdcov is also present in taiwan, three swine coronaviruses-pdcov, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev)-were tested using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) in 172 rectal swab samples from piglets exhibiting diarrhea between january 2016 and may 2017 on 68 pig far ...201830051342
susceptibility of porcine ipec-j2 intestinal epithelial cells to infection with porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) and serum cytokine responses of gnotobiotic pigs to acute infection with ipec-j2 cell culture-passaged pdcov.the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line, ipec-j2, is useful to characterize the interactions of enterocytes with enteric viruses in vitro. we investigated whether ipec-j2 cells are susceptible to porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection. we conducted quantification of infectious virus or viral rna, immunofluorescent (if) staining for the detection of pdcov antigens, and tunel assay in ipec-j2 cells inoculated with the strain oh-fd22-p8 grown in llc-pk cells, and supplemented with 10  ...201829981708
development of a real time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (rt-lamp) for detection of a novel swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov).a novel swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov) that causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets was identified in southern china in 2017. a simple and rapid detection test was developed for this virus using real-time rt-lamp based on the conserved n gene of the virus. the method had a detection limit of 1.0 × 101 copies/μl with no cross-reactions with classical swine fever virus, porcine and respiratory syndrome virus na, porcine and respiratory syndrome virus eu, transmissible gast ...201829936095
insight into the evolution of nidovirus endoribonuclease based on the finding that nsp15 from porcine deltacoronavirus functions as a dimer.nidovirus endoribonucleases (nendous) include nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) from coronaviruses and nsp11 from arteriviruses, both of which have been reported to participate in the viral replication process and in the evasion of the host immune system. results from a previous study of coronaviruses sars-cov, hcov-229e, and mhv nsp15 indicate that it mainly forms a functional hexamer, whereas nsp11 from the arterivirus prrsv is a dimer. here, we found that porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) nsp15 ...201829887523
porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns6 antagonizes interferon beta production by interfering with the binding of rig-i/mda5 to double-stranded rna.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has recently emerged as an enteric pathogen that can cause serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. the first outbreak of pdcov occurred in the united states in 2014 and was followed by reports of pdcov in south korea, china, thailand, lao people's democratic republic, and vietnam, leading to economic losses for pig farms and posing a considerable threat to the swine industry worldwide. our previous studies have shown that pdcov encodes three accessory ...201829769346
isolation and characterization of korean porcine deltacoronavirus strain knu16-07.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has emerged in several pig-raising countries and has been a causative pathogen associated with diarrheal diseases in south korea since 2014. in the present study, we were able to isolate and cultivate a korean pdcov strain (knu16-07) in cell culture and investigate its pathogenicity. pdcov-inoculated piglets showed watery diarrhea accompanied by acute enteritis in the natural host. sequencing analysis demonstrated the genetic stability of knu16-07 for at least th ...201829695146
contribution of porcine aminopeptidase n to porcine deltacoronavirus infection.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), a member of genus deltacoronavirus, is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (cov). although outstanding efforts have led to the identification of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus receptors, the receptor for deltacoronavirus is unclear. here, we compared the amino acid sequences of several representative covs. phylogenetic analysis showed that pdcov spike (s) protein was close to the cluster containing transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), whi ...201829636467
genetic characterization and pathogenicity of japanese porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) have recently emerged in several swine producing countries. our survey found that in addition to porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), pdcov has also been a causative enteric pathogen of diarrhoeic outbreaks occurring at swine farms around japan since late 2013. phylogenetic analysis using the complete genomes of pdcovs detected in japan in 2014 demonstrated that the pdcovs from japan may be closely related to the pdcovs from the u.s. and korea during 2013 to ...201829621617
porcine deltacoronavirus engages the transmissible gastroenteritis virus functional receptor porcine aminopeptidase n for infectious cellular entry.identification of cellular receptors used by coronavirus (cov) entry into the host cells is critical to an understanding of pathogenesis and to development of intervention strategies. the fourth cov genus, deltacoronavirus, evolutionarily related to the gammacoronavirus, has just been defined recently. in the current study, we demonstrate that porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) acts as a cross-genus cov functional receptor for both enteropathogenic porcine deltacoronovirus (pdcov) and alphacoronovi ...201829618640
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus not detected in waterfowl in the north american mississippi migratory bird flyway in 2013.cloacal swab samples collected from 538 migratory waterfowl along the mississippi migratory bird flyway in 2013 were tested for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus. neither virus was detected in any of the samples, indicating that waterfowl likely did not contribute to the rapid spread of these viruses within central us.201929953312
genomic characterization and pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus strain chn-hg-2017 from china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first detected in hong kong and has recently spread to many countries around the world. pdcov causes acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses in the global pork industry. in this study, a chinese pdcov strain, designated chn-hg-2017, was isolated from feces of a suckling piglet with severe watery diarrhea on a farm located in central china. subsequently, the virus was identified by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and ...201930377826
transcriptome analysis of pk-15 cells in innate immune response to porcine deltacoronavirus infection.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged swine enteropathogenic coronavirus affecting pigs of all ages and causing diarrhea problems. research findings indicate that pdcov has evolved strategies to escape innate immune response in host cells, but mechanism of pdcov in innate immune modulation is not well understood. in this study, we report our findings on identifying the alterations of host cell innate immune response affected by pdcov infection and exploring the gene expression prof ...201931574122
epidemiology of deltacoronaviruses (δ-cov) and gammacoronaviruses (γ-cov) in wild birds in the united states.porcine deltacoronavirus (δ-cov) is the object of extensive research in several countries including the united states. in contrast, the epidemiology of δ-covs in wild birds in the us is largely unknown. our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of δ- and γ-covs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in arkansas, illinois, indiana, maryland, mississippi, missouri, ohio, tennessee and wisconsin. a total of 1236 cloacal/fecal swabs collected during the period 2015-2018 were tested ...201931561462
comprehensive codon usage analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified coronavirus of pigs that was first reported in hong kong in 2012. since then, many pdcov isolates have been identified worldwide. in this study, we analyzed the codon usage pattern of the s gene using complete coding sequences and complete pdcov genomes to gain a deeper understanding of their genetic relationships and evolutionary history. we found that during evolution three groups evolved with a relatively low codon usage bias (effective n ...201931536759
antiviral effect of lithium chloride and diammonium glycyrrhizinate on porcine deltacoronavirus in vitro.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging global swine virus that has a propensity for interspecies transmission. it was identified in hong kong in 2012. given that neither specific antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for newly emerging porcine deltacoronavirus, searching for effective antiviral drugs is a high priority. in this study, lithium chloride (licl) and diammonium glycyrrhizinate (dg), which are host-acting antivirals (haas), were tested against pdcov. we found that licl a ...201931505777
porcine deltacoronavirus causes diarrhea in various ages of field-infected pigs in china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea in suckling piglets. in henan province of china, three swine farms broke out diarrhea in different ages of pigs during june of 2017, march of 2018 and january of 2019, respectively. pcr method, taqman real-time rt-pcr method, sequencing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (ihc) were conducted with the collected samples, and the results showed that pdcov was detected among the suckling piglets, commercial fatt ...201931488617
short hairpin rnas targeting m and n genes reduce replication of porcine deltacoronavirus in st cells.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a recently identified coronavirus that causes intestinal diseases in neonatal piglets with diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and post-infection mortality of 50-100%. currently, there are no effective treatments or vaccines available to control pdcov. to study the potential of rna interference (rnai) as a strategy against pdcov infection, two short hairpin rna (shrna)-expressing plasmids (pgenesil-m and pgenesil-n) that targeted the m and n genes of pdcov were c ...201931463771
dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo)-based real-time rt-pcr assay for accurate differentiation of four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea.currently in china, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine rotavirus (porv), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are the major causes of porcine viral diarrhea, and mixed infections in clinics are common, resulting in significant economic losses in pig industry. here, a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo)-based multiplex real-time sybr green rt-pcr assay were developed for accurately differentiating pedv, tgev, porv, and pdcov in clinical spec ...201931415867
porcine deltacoronavirus nsp15 antagonizes interferon-β production independently of its endoribonuclease activity.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine coronavirus causing diarrhea and intestinal damage in nursing piglets. previous work showed that pdcov infection inhibits type i interferon (ifn) production. to further identify and characterize the pdcov-encoded ifn antagonists will broaden our understanding of its pathogenesis. nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) encodes an endoribonuclease that is highly conserved among vertebrate nidoviruses (coronaviruses and arteriviruses) and plays a crit ...201931351410
[porcine deltacoronavirus induces mitochondrial apoptosis in st cells].porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging enteropathogenic swine coronavirus causing acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs. the apoptosis of st cells induced by pdcov infection was studied in this research. in st cells, caspase activity assay showed that the activity of caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 increased significantly with the infection of pdcov, but not observed in uv irradiated pdcov-infected cells, indicating that pdcov infection activated both endogenous and exogenous apop ...201931232001
porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein suppressed ifn-β production by interfering porcine rig-i dsrna-binding and k63-linked polyubiquitination.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly detected porcine coronavirus causing serious vomiting and diarrhea in piglets, especially newborn piglets. there has been an outbreak of pdcov in worldwide since 2014, causing significant economic losses in the pig industry. the interferon (ifn)-mediated antiviral response is an important component of virus-host interactions and plays an essential role in inhibiting virus infection. however, the mechanism of pdcov escaping the porcine immune surveillan ...201931143181
porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein antagonizes ifn-β production by impairing dsrna and pact binding to rig-i.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting and mortality in newborn piglets. previous studies have suggested that pdcov infection antagonizes rig-i-like receptor (rlr)-mediated ifn-β production to evade host innate immune defense, and pdcov-encoded nonstructural protein nsp5 and accessory protein ns6 are associated with this process. however, whether the structural protein(s) of pdcov also antagonize ifn-β production r ...201931129785
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