Publications

personal observation in the care and management of an elk (wapiti) herd at elk island park, alberta, canada.		1955	17648823
the return of the wapiti to arizona. a salute to robert n. looney, pioneer arizona physician.		1962	14036524
behavior of elk (cervus canadensis) during the rut.		1967	5627213
molar duplication in red deer and wapiti.		1968	5691426
etorphine hydrochloride: anesthetic for surgery on an elk (cervus canadensis canadensis).		1970	5465569
composition of adipose tissue triglycerides of the elk (cervus canadensis), caribou (rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), moose (alces alces), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).		1971	5113546
mammalian cytogenetics. vii. the chromosomes of cervus canadensis, elaphurus davidianus, cervus nippon (temminck) and pudu pudu.		1972	4668511
blood chemistry of roosevelt elk (cervus canadensis roosevelti).		1972	4144139
sickling phenomenon in the erythrocytes of wapiti (cervus canadensis).		1972	4654245
neurologic disease in wapiti naturally infected with meningeal worms.		1973	4701182
trypanosomes from elk (cervus canadensis) in wyoming.		1973	4760644
listeria monocytogenes isolated from wapiti (cervus canadensis roosevelti).	serotypes 1 and 4 listeria monocytogenes were isolated from 14 of 72 wapiti among four of five herds studied in northwestern california. more isolations of listeria were made during the summer months than during the other months of the study from one of the herds. the pathogenicity of the strains varied with their ability to ferment xylose and rhamnose.	1975	807750
prevalence of dictyocaulus viviparus infection in rocky mountain elk in teton county, wyoming.	dictyocaulus viviparus infections in rocky mountain elk (cervus canadensis of teton countywere surveyed by fecal analyses during spring, summer and winter and by fecal analyses and necropsies during fall hunting seasons, 1968-1973. prevalance of the lungworms was relatively high: 32-70% during the spring; slightly lower, 30-47%, during the summer; 21-39% in the fall; and declined to the annual low of 8-19% during the winter. conversely, elk summering on big game ridge showed an increase in prev ...	1975	123012
morphology of typanosomes from white-tailed deer and wapiti in michigan.	trypanosomes were isolated from a wapiti (cervus canadensis) and 72 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from several locations in michigan. although significantly fewer fawns were infected, there were no significant differences in rate of infection between sexes or among geographic areas. from appearance of the trypomastigote, the trypanosome from white-tailed deer belongs in the genus trypanosoma and the subgenus megatrypanum. it was morphometrically similar to the common trypanosome of ...	1975	1142559
trypanosoma cervi sp. n. from elk (cervus canadensis) in wyoming.	trypanosoma cervi sp. n. is described from 22 trypomastigote syntypes from the blood of elk, cervus canadensis, in north america (type locality: wyoming). the blood trypomatigotes of t. cervi are compared with various culture forms: epimastigotes in 22 to 25 c nnn cultures; trypomastigotes in 37 c nnn cultures; and trypomastigotes from cam chick embryo (10-day) cultures. trypanosoma cervi is differentiated on morphological grounds from the cosmopolitan bovine species, t. theileri, and from t. in ...	1975	1117365
psoroptic mange in a wapiti.	in northern idaho, a 10-year old wapiti(cervus canadensis nelsoni) died showing signs of ataxia and alopecia. examination of dermis revealed infestation with psoroptes equi var. cervinus.	1975	1113442
letter: dictyocaulis viviparus and elaphostrongylus cervi in wapiti.		1976	131918
survey of anaplasmosis in elk of the clearwater national forest (idaho).	samples of blood from 27 free-roaming elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) from the clearwater national forest in north central idaho were tested by the rapid card agglutination test and complement-fixation test for the presence of antibodies against anaplasma marginale. the serum card test and complement-fixation test gave incomplete and false-positive reactions; the plasma card test did not give any reactions. anaplasma bodies or other blood parasites were not observed in stained smears of elk b ...	1976	1275349
further studies on trypanosomers in game animals in wyoming.	blood samples were collected from captive and free-ranging elk (cervus canadensis), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer, (odocoileus virginianus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana), moose (alces alces), and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) for cultural evidence of trypanosoma sp. infection. eleven of 188 (12%) hunter-killed elk, 22 of 37 (59%) free-ranging elk, and 79 of 119 (66%) captive elk were culture positive in 1973-74. par ...	1976	933315
yersinae isolated from wapiti (cervus canadensis roosevelti).	yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria were isolated from 22 of 90 fecal samples taken from five herds of wapiti studied in northwestern california. the serotypes included: (5), (6), (11), (16), (2,19), (4,16) and (6,15). in one herd, all of the organisms were isolated from within a one hectare area. a significantly higher (p < .02) prevalence of isolations was obtained during april and may.	1976	16498883
survey of colorado's wild ruminants for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis.	a 10-year survey for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis in mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ), elk ( cervus canadensis ), and antelope ( antilocapra americana ) in colorado is summarized. over 10,000 blood samples were tested against brucella abortus and 4,747 samples were tested against leptospira pomona . a total of 1,761 blood samples were tested against l. canicola , l. grippotyphosa , l. hardjo , l. icterohemorrhagiae . all results were considered negative.	1977	24228967
selected oxygen transport parameters in captive elk.	five captive elk (cervus canadensis) were immobilized with a mixture of etorphine hc1-acepromazine maleate, and measurements were taken of selected oxygen transport paraments. heart mass/body mass, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood volume, mean corpuscular volume and airway resistance were measured and the values compared to other ungulates. it was concluded that the o2 transport system of elk is not as well developed as that in pronghorn but is superior to that found in the goat or ox.	1977	866816
capture myopathy in elk in alberta, canada: a report of three cases.	acute capture myopathy was diagnosed in 3 elk (cervus canadensis). in 2 of the elk, hindlimb lameness developed within 10 days of capture. clinical signs were not observed in the third elk, which was found dead 7 days after its capture. elks 1 and 2 were euthanatized and all 3 animals were necropsied. in elks 1 and 2, rupture of the semi-membranosus muscle was associated with massive hemorrhage and swelling. microscopic findings included hemorrhage, edema, myofibril fragmentation, and evidence o ...	1977	924867
the immobilization of wapiti with etorphine hydrochloride.	data and observations on the use of etorphine hydrochloride (m99) (in combination with acepromazine) and its antagonist m50-50 for immobilization of captive elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) are presented. the study period covers 3 years during which 8 adult elk were immobilized 52 times with m99. the average dose of m99 administered for each immobilization was 2.2 mg per 100 kg body weight. reversal with m50-50 was effected by an average dose of 4.4 mg per 100 body weight. induction averaged 5.9 ...	1977	916137
prevalence and effects of parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a captive wapiti population.	prevalence of neurologic disease attributed to parelaphostrongylus tenuis was investigated in a population of wapii (cervus elaphus canadensis) enclosed in a 2080 ha. preserve. brains of 44 animals harvested in 1973, 1974 and 1975 were examined grossly and microscopically. prevalence of infection increased each year from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975. these data suggest that wapiti living close to white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) may have a high prevalence of infection, ...	1977	864848
heterozygosity in yellowstone park elk, cervus canadensis.	protein products of 24 loci from the genomes of yellowstone park elk were analyzed by electrophoresis. heterozygosity was detected in only one system, making elk much less polymorphic than eastern whitetailed deer. data for several other large mammals are compared with those for elk and reveal similarly low levels of isozymic variation. the data are consistent with the fine-grained niche theory but difficult to reconcile with bottlenecks and genetic drift.	1978	728058
brucellosis in elk i. serologic and bacteriologic survey in wyoming.	incidence of brucellosis in elk (cervus canadensis) on two winter feedgrounds in wyoming was examined over a 5-year period by testing serum samples using the standard plate agglutination (spt) buffered brucella antigen (bba), rivanol (riv) and complement fixation (cft) tests. thirty-one percent of 1,165 elk were positive by defined criteria. considering each test individually, only 29% (106) of 370 positive sera would have been classified as reactors by the spt, 83% (307) by the bba test and 86% ...	1978	416232
the development of clinical signs and the population significance of neurologic disease in a captive wapiti herd.	clinical signs attributable to meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recorded in three male and three female wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) ranging in age from 5 - 29 months. the study was conducted from september, 1976 to may, 1977 in a 2104-ha preserve. some differences were noted in occurrence, time schedule and sequence of signs but the basic pattern was similar. the mean time between initial sign observed and death was 100 days. the effect of neurologic disease on population ...	1978	650796
a serologic survey of mule deer and elk in utah.	sera from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus canadensis) in central and northern utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. antibodies to francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. a screening slide agglutination test for titers to brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. no positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, co ...	1978	105153
experimental infection of dogs with sarcocystis from wapiti.	ten domestic dogs became infected with sarcocystis when fed simple portions of heart, esophagus and diaphragm from a two-year-old female wapiti (cervus canadensis). the prepatent period was 14 days in all exposed dogs; the patent period ranged from 8 to 20 days. neither the 10 control dogs, nor two dogs fed sporocysts collected from the infected dogs passed sporocysts within the study period. sporocysts averaged 16.5 by 11.1 micron in size.	1979	113562
a summary of the prevalence of parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a captive wapiti population.	a total of 87 brains from harvested and collected wapiti and red deer (cervus spp.) were examined grossly and microscopically between 1973 and 1977 in a 2104 ha. preserve. prevalence of infection significantly increased from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975 (p less than .05). a decline to 47.7% in 1977 (p greater than .05) was not significant. however, the number of clinical cases was significantly higher in 1976-1977 (p less than .02) than previously reported in 1973-1975.	1979	459045
yersiniae in the soil of an infected wapiti range.	yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 10 of 121 soil samples from an area inhabitated by infected wapiti (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwest california. significantly (p less than 0.05) more soil samples from a forest habitat were infected, compared to soil samples from prairie habitats. soil was found infected with yersiniae only on dates for which rainfall in excess of 17 mm had occurred during the previous 7 days.	1979	522222
evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally infected elk.	anaplasmosis was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. six non-splenectomized adult elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) that were inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with anaplasma marginale became asymptomatic carriers. although the exposed elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection they become seropositive by the serum and plasma rapid card agglutination (rca) tests. blood from the experimentally infected ...	1979	527345
evaluation of the anaplasmosis rapid card agglutination test for detecting experimentally-infected elk.	anaplasma marginale was experimentally transmitted from cattle to elk to cattle. six intact adult elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) inoculated with freshly collected heparinized blood from cattle chronically infected with a. marginale became asymptomatic carriers. although the elk did not develop clinical or hematologic evidence of infection, they became seropositive by the serum(srca) and plasma rapid card agglutination (prca) tests. blood from the experimentally-infected elk produced disease ...	1979	501840
myxosarcoma in a wapiti.	myxosarcoma was diagnosed in an adult male wapiti (cervus canadensis) from western colorado. the neoplasm was located on the medial aspect of the right thigh and had extensively infiltrated adjacent soft tissue.	1979	480522
embryonal nephroma in a wapiti.	ebryonal nephroma was diagnosed in a young, free-ranging female wapiti (cervus canadensis) from the san juan national forest in southwestern colorado. metastases were found in the lung.	1979	225574
sarcocystis in wild ungulates in alberta.	muscle samples from 557 wild ungulates in alberta, comprising seven species, were examined grossly and/or histologically for cysts of sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 100, 96, 94, 75, 75, 73, and 49% of the wapiti (cervus canadensis), moose (alces alces), bison (bison bison), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), respectively.	1980	6780701
seminoma in an elk (cervus canadensis).		1980	7361384
experimental toxoplasmosis in elk (cervus canadensis).	one cow elk (approx 4 months pregnant) and one calf elk were each inoculated intraruminally with 10(5) infective oocysts of toxoplasma gondii. both animals were seronegative when inoculated, but became seropositive to t gondii. sabin-feldman dye test antibody titers in relation to day postinoculation were as follows: 1:1024, 1:1024, and 1:2048 (days 28, 69, and 73) for the calf; 1:2048, 1:128, and 1:128 (days 34, 69, and 73) for the cow; and 1:2546 (73 days after inoculation of the cow) for the ...	1980	7406299
liver copper concentrations in red deer (cervus elaphus) and wapiti (c canadensis) in new zealand.	concentrations of copper in livers from red deer (cervus elaphus) or wapiti (c canadensis) were measured and classified according to the age and species of the animals whether farmed or feral, the area from which they came and their sex. significant variations occurred with age, species, environment (farmed or feral) and area. mean liver copper concentrations (after logarithmic transformation) ranged from 356 mg/kg of fresh matter in fetus/neonate to 10.5 mg/kg in mature animals.	1980	7414075
morphological and histochemical observations on the duodenal glands of eight wild ungulate species native to north america.	the duodenal glands of the species examined (alces alces, ovis canadensis, cervus canadensis, oreamnos americanus, bison bison, antilocapra americana, odocoileus virginianas, odocoileus heminous) are confined primarily to the submucosa of the small intestine. in one species, the moose, a significant population of secretory tubules also is observed in the mucosa. the ducts of the duodenal glands pierce the overlying muscularis mucosae to empty most often independently into the intestinal lumen. t ...	1981	6171158
bluetongue virus in pregnant elk and their calves.	two pregnant north american elk (cervus canadensis), in the 3rd and 4th months of gestation, were inoculated with bluetongue (bt) virus (btv) serotype 11. the virus was not isolated from the blood of the cows beyond postinoculation day (pid) 8, but was isolated from bone marrow and spleen samples obtained at necropsy on pid 190. although neither cow had overt clinical signs of bt infection, fluctuations in specific neutralizing btv antibody titers indicated viral replication. however, in 2 attem ...	1982	6280527
infectivity of sarcocystis spp. from bison, elk, moose, and cattle for cattle via sporocysts from coyotes.	bison bison (bison), cervus canadensis (elk), alces alces (moose), and bos taurus (cattle) musculature containing sarcocystis spp. cysts was fed to laboratory raised canis latrans (coyotes), sporocysts collected from the feces of coyotes fed musculature of each of the ruminant species were fed to four groups of three laboratory-raised domestic calves, respectively, to determine if sarcocystis spp. was transmissible from wild to domestic ruminants and if so, to compare clinical signs of infection ...	1982	6811717
ryegrass staggers in canadian wapiti deer.		1982	16030885
survey of internal parasitism and anthelmintic use in farmed deer.	faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. the survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (dama dama). gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with c. elaphus. faeca ...	1983	16030938
[on the genus nematodirus ransom 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea)].	n. roscidus railliet, 1911, from dama dama (italy); n. abnormalis may, 1920, from ovis aries, capra hircus and rupicapra rupicapra (france, italy, australia); n. lanceolatus ault, 1944, from ovis aries (iran); n. europaeus jansen, 1972, from capreolus caperolus and ovis musimon (first record) (france); n. davtiani alpinus biocca, balbo & costantini, 1974, from rupicapra rupicapra (italy); n. rupicaprae biocca, balbo & costantini, 1983, from rupicapra rupicapra (france); n. ibicis biocca, balbo & ...	1983	6673643
experimental contagious ecthyma in mule deer, white-tailed deer, pronghorn and wapiti.	hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus), pronghorn fawns (antilocapra americana) and wapiti calves (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were exposed to contagious ecthyma lesion material obtained from rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis canadensis) to determine the susceptibility and pathogenesis in these species. all four species developed mucocutaneous proliferative lesions of the oral cavity, grossly and histologically compatible with ...	1983	6685778
relationships between seasonal changes in serum testosterone concentrations, scrotal circumference and sperm morphology of male wapiti (cervus elaphus).	one 2-year-old and 4 adult (greater than 3 years old) wapiti were studied throughout 1 year. serum testosterone concentrations, scrotal circumference and % normal spermatozoa in the ejaculate peaked around september. testosterone levels fell sharply by november, but scrotal circumference declined less sharply and normal sperm production occurred until march. there were indications of a secondary peak in these values around february-march.	1984	6699808
the isolation of yersinia sp. from feral and farmed deer faeces.	faecal samples from clinically normal farmed red deer, wapiti, fallow deer; and feral red deer and white tail deer were examined for members of the genus yersinia. from 922 samples 176 strains of y.enterocolitica, 56 strains of y.frederiksenii, 29 strains of y.kristensenii, eight strains of y.intermedia, and seven strains of y.pseudotuberculosis were isolated. high isolation rates of yersinia sp. were recorded from some farms. two herds had isolation rates of 33.3% and 36.8%. sixteen strains of ...	1984	16031058
fascioloides magna: occurrence in saskatchewan and distribution in canada.	infection with fascioloides magna, the large american liver fluke, was diagnosed in two moose (alces alces) and six wapiti (cervus elaphus) from central saskatchewan. this is believed to be the first record of the parasite in the province. fecal samples collected from wild wapiti at five sites in the commercial forest zone in saskatchewan contained eggs believed to be those of f. magna. trematode eggs were not found in feces from five captive herds of wapiti in the province, nor in samples from ...	1985	17422561
the susceptibility of canadian wapiti to ryegrass staggers.		1985	16031187
the existing and potential importance of brucellosis and tuberculosis in canadian wildlife: a review.	as the campaign to eradicate bovine brucellosis (brucella abortus) and tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in canadian livestock nears completion, the importance of extraneous sources of these diseases increases. this review summarizes the literature on brucellosis and tuberculosis in canadian wildlife species to determine existing and potential hosts. canadian caribou (rangifer tarandus) are reservoirs of brucella suis biotype 4 which is pathogenic in caribou, humans and muskoxen but reportedly ...	1986	17422637
failure of famphur treatment of wapiti (cervus canadiensis) to affect egg laying and embryogenesis in the winter tick, dermacentor albipictus.		1986	16031227
antagonism of xylazine hydrochloride with yohimbine hydrochloride and 4-aminopyridine in captive wapiti.	eight captive wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were injected with xylazine hydrochloride on two occasions during march and april 1984. animals were grouped into a modified latin square design and were given either successive injections of yohimbine hydrochloride and 4-aminopyridine (4-ap) to antagonize the sedative effects of xylazine hydrochloride or permitted an unantagonized recovery. induction times ranged from 3 to 26 min with excited and wild animals requiring a supplementary dose. time unt ...	1986	3005668
diseases of wapiti utilizing cattle range in southwestern alberta.	specimens from 28 wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) were collected by hunters in southwestern alberta in 1984. various tests were performed to detect infections and conditions that could affect cattle sharing the range or cause disease in wapiti. serum antibodies were present against leptospiral serovars autumnalis (25%), bratislava (4%), and icterohaemorrhagiae (8%), and the viruses of bovine virus diarrhea (52%), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (45%), and parainfluenza type 3 (13%). no sero ...	1987	3029443
identification of dorsal-spined larvae from free-ranging wapiti (cervus elaphus) in southwestern manitoba, canada.	dorsal-spined first-stage larvae recovered from feces of free-ranging wapiti (cervus elaphus) were passaged through snails (triodopsis multilineata) and two hand-raised white-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus virginianus). a total of 74 adult parelaphostrongylus tenuis were recovered from the fawns; no other protostrongylid nematodes were recovered. the study indicates that wapiti may be infected with natural infections of meningeal worm and pass larvae suitable for transmission to gastropod interme ...	1989	2716114
bodyweight and serum copper concentrations of farmed red deer stags following oral copper oxide wire administration.	a diagnosis of secondary copper deficiency was established on a deer farm with a peat soil type, on the basis of confirmed enzootic ataxia in hinds, liver and serum copper concentrations and pasture and soil element analyses. seventy-four weaner stags were selected for a trial to investigate a growth response to copper supplementation. thirty-seven red and red x wapiti type stags were treated with 4g copper oxide wire particles at four months of age (april). a further 8g copper oxide wire was gi ...	1989	16031533
parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in white-tailed deer from michigan.	dorsal-spined larvae in fecal samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan and pennsylvania were used as a source of larvae to infect a hand-raised white-tailed deer fawn. the fawn receive 200 third-stage larvae and passed dorsal-spined larvae in feces 66 days later. muscleworm (parelaphostrongylus andersoni), and meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recovered at necropsy. two white-tailed deer and seven wapiti (cervus elaphus) exposed to larvae of ...	1990	2250330
comparative studies on megatrypanum trypanosomes from cervids.	trypanosomes were isolated by culture from 2 out of 50 blood samples collected from reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) in northern sweden and from a blood sample from a moose (alces alces) from southern sweden. the parasites were indistinguishable morphologically from other trypanosomes reported from cervids, both as epimastigotes in axenic culture at 27 degrees c and as bloodstream-like trypomastigotes cultured on mammalian fibroblasts at 37 degrees c. surface carbohydrate and isoenzyme comparison ...	1990	2382100
survey of hepatic and pulmonary helminths of wild cervids in alberta, canada.	during the 1988 hunting season, livers and lungs from 263 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 198 moose (alces alces), 147 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and 94 wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) from alberta (canada) were collected for parasitological examination. most of the samples (89%) were submitted by big game hunters throughout the province. giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) was found in 9% of 22 yearling and 29% of 65 adult wapiti; 4% of 161 adult moose; and 2% of 9 ...	1990	2250321
the purification and characterisation of cervine igm and igg.	a procedure is described for the isolation of immunoglobulin g (igg) and immunoglobulin m (igm) from hyperimmune cervine serum. hybrids of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wapiti (cervus canadensis) were immunised with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). an immunoglobulin-containing fraction was precipitated from the hyperimmune serum using ammonium sulphate. the antigen-specific immunoglobulins were purified by klh-conjugated sepharose affinity chromatography and further separated into igm and igg by ...	1990	2075697
gastropod availability and habitat utilization by wapiti and white-tailed deer sympatric on range enzootic for meningeal worm.	gastropod occurrence and the utilization of habitat by sympatric populations of wapiti (cervus elephus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on range enzootic for meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were studied on cookson hills wildlife management area (wma) in eastern oklahoma. visual observations and fecal pellet group transect data indicated that wapiti spent the majority of their time in open fields and meadows where we recovered the least numbers of gastropods. although d ...	1991	2023333
artificial insemination of red deer (cervus elaphus) with frozen-thawed wapiti semen.	semen collected from wapiti (cervus elaphus) in canada in 1983 was frozen in two extenders. in 1988, the semen was used to inseminate 200 red deer hinds on 2 farms in new zealand. oestrus was synchronized in the hinds with progesterone-impregnated intravaginal devices (cidr); 200 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin was given to each hind on day 11. the cidrs were removed on day 12 at 20/h, as the numbers of the hinds were recorded. on day 14, 54-56 h after cidr removal, the hinds were brought ...	1991	1920280
efficacy of triclabendazole against natural infections of fascioloides magna in wapiti.	fourteen free-ranging adult wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were captured in banff national park, alberta (canada) and held in captivity near edmonton. a 24% suspension of triclabendazole at doses of 30 to 100 mg/kg body weight was drenched into the rumen of eight females and four males. two male wapiti were used as untreated controls. animals were killed and examined at 4 (n = 3), 6 (n = 4), or 8 (n = 4) wk after treatment. efficacy was 90% against immature fascioloides magna collected 4 wk aft ...	1991	1758025
the biochemical systematics of red and sika deer (genus cervus) in ireland.	twenty enzyme loci were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis in managed populations of red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (c. nippon) from ireland. the red deer, which originated from several european countries, were polymorphic (%p) at 25% of the loci examined and exhibited a mean heterozygosity (h) of 0.025. the sika, originally from japan, were introduced to ireland in very limited numbers. here, %p was 5% and h was 0.006. mean genetic distance (d) between these taxa was 0.160. ...	1991	1816170
a brief review of infectious and parasitic diseases of wapiti, with emphasis on western canada and the northwestern united states.	in this paper i review diseases reported in both captive and free-ranging wapiti in western north america, with some reference to diseases in captive red deer in great britain, europe, new zealand, and eastern north america.with the exception of coronavirus in neonates, few viral agents are reported to cause serious disease losses in wapiti in north america at this time. bacterial diseases of current significance include brucellosis (focus in wyoming), clostridial diseases, coliform enteritis of ...	1991	17423839
further information on diseases of wapiti.		1991	17423910
concentrations of copper in tissues of wapiti raised in saskatchewan.		1992	17424065
occurrence of fumonisin in forage grass in new zealand.	fumonisin b(1) (fb(1)) was isolated from samples of forage grass originating in paddocks associated with an idiopathic disease of canadian wapiti and wapiti-red deer hybrids characterized by "ill thrift" and liver dysfunction. four of 40 samples contained 1, 3, 6, and 9 ppm (micrograms per gram) of fb(1) and 4, 0.5, 2, and 0.5 ppm, respectively, of the methyl ester of fb(1). analyses were done by ion spray mass spectrometry and confirmed by both fast atom bombardment (solids probe) and mass spec ...	1992	16348778
r51163 as a sedative for handling and transporting plains bison and wapiti.	forty captive wapiti (cervus elaphus) and thirty-two bison (bison bison bison) were tested in april and october 1988, respectively, for their response to the sedative r51163. treatment animals were injected with either 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg of r51163/kg and then observed for 72 hr. behavior was significantly altered by the drug. hyperactive, aggressive, and milling behavior was characteristic of treated wapiti and they were extremely dangerous and reared when hind quarters were touched. although t ...	1992	1602574
genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte diaphorase in red deer, cervus elaphus l.	nadh diaphorase polymorphism was identified in red deer erythrocyte lysates using starch gel electrophoresis and activity staining. the inheritance of the polymorphism was consistent with predictions of autosomal codominant inheritance of two alleles dia1f and dias. in new zealand's four main feral red deer populations (n = 188) the dia1f allele frequency ranged from 0.491 to 0.985. a sample of north american wapiti (n = 42) was monomorphic for the dia1f allele.	1992	1416251
mycobacterium bovis infection in north american elk (cervus elaphus).	a naturally occurring outbreak of mycobacterium bovis infection in captive wild elk (wapiti) in montana was confirmed by mycobacteriologic examination. twenty-eight of 143 elk responded to m. bovis purified protein derivative (ppd) tuberculin injected intradermally in the cervical region (sct). the results of comparative cervical tuberculin skin tests conducted within 9 days of sct revealed greater responses to m. bovis ppd tuberculin than to m. avium ppd tuberculin in 23 of 28 elk responding. a ...	1992	1457545
gross and microscopic lesions of naturally occurring tuberculosis in a captive herd of wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in colorado.	a mycobacterium bovis-infected herd of captive wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in colorado was depopulated after lesions of bovine tuberculosis were confirmed in 8 of 10 tuberculin skin test reactors. of the 43 animals > 1 year of age, 26 had gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, 24 had microscopic lesions of tuberculosis, and 23 had acid-fast bacilli associated with the lesions. lungs and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were the most frequently affected sites. most lesions grossly and microscop ...	1992	1457546
genetic analysis of evolutionary relationships among deer (subfamily cervinae).	the evolutionary relationships among 10 taxa of deer from the four genera of the subfamily cervinae (cervus, elaphurus, axis, and dama) were examined by a comparison of their electrophoretic types for 22 proteins. we analyzed the data using both phenetic and cladistic methods and found that the genera of the cervinae were not monophyletic. the genus cervus was split into two distinct groups with red deer, wapiti (c. elaphus ssp.), and sika (c. nippon) in one clade and sambar (c. unicolor) and ru ...	1993	8340615
a difference in abomasal ph between canadian wapiti affected with chronic illthrift and unaffected deer.	the ph of abomasal fluid from five purebred canadian wapiti which were diagnosed with chronic illthrift ("fading") was found to be elevated compared to ten clinically normal red and hybrid (wapiti x red) deer. the average abomasal ph of the affected elk was 6.3, compared to 2.5 for the unaffected red and hybrid deer.	1993	16031714
osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in young farmed red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids.	osteochondrosis is reported in association with copper deficiency in young red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids on eight deer farms throughout new zealand. on two farms, more than 30% of fawns were affected. affected animals were lame, often had one or more swollen joints, and in some cases had an abnormal "bunny-hopping" gait or "cow-hocked" stance. lesions were most common in the carpal, tarsal, stifle and hip joints, and were usually bilateral. defects in articular cartilage ranged from loo ...	1994	16031764
a comparison of lungworm faecal larval counts and trichostrongyloid faecal egg counts between red deer (cervus elaphus) and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids.	to determine if breed differences in susceptibility to trichostrongyloid and lungworm infection exist, two groups of weaner deer containing seven red deer and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids were compared using faecal egg counts and faecal larval counts. all animals were run on the same pasture at the same time and treated with the same anthelmintics at the same time. results indicated that there were significant differences between red deer and red deer x wapiti hybrids, with red deer having highe ...	1994	16031758
vaccination guidelines for small ruminants (sheep, goats, llamas, domestic deer, and wapiti). council on biologic and therapeutic agents and the american association of small ruminant practitioners.		1994	7730120
experimental infections of eimeria wapiti and e. zuernii-like oocysts in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves.	four rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) 10 to 14 wk of age each were inoculated orally with a mixture of 50,000 sporulated oocysts of an eimeria zuernii-like apicomplexan (70%) and e. wapiti (30%). maximum numbers of oocysts per gram of feces (opg) in each elk ranged from 985 to 15,517, but all calves remained healthy and clinical signs of coccidiosis were not observed. the prepatent period for e. zuernii was 8 days and the patent period approximately 37 days, with a maximum mean (+/- se) recov ...	1994	7933299
reduction and repair of colonic intussusception in a wapiti/red hybrid hind (cervus elaphus).		1995	8825316
gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog-induced patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy.	we conducted two studies to determine the pattern of gnrh analog-induced lh secretion in adult female wapiti during the breeding season, anestrus, and pregnancy. in the first study, we measured lh secretion during the breeding season and anestrus in five females challenged with each of five doses of gnrh analog (0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 micrograms/50 kg bw). in the second study, lh response was determined in six pregnant females treated with six doses of gnrh analog (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 microgr ...	1995	7626720
one known sarcocystis species and two found for the first time in red deer and wapiti (cervus elaphus) in europe.	three species of sarcocysts from indigenous red deer and captive wapiti (cervus elaphus, cervidae) were characterized by means of light and electron microscopy. two of them were found in this intermediate host species for the first time. comparison of the literature and our results led to the conclusion that the three sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) should be provisionally designated as s. cf. grueneri, s. cf. capreolicanis and s. cf. hofmanni.	1995	8528304
experimental infections of sarcocystis spp. in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves.	four 4-mo-old elk calves (cervus elaphus) obtained from northeastern oregon (usa) each were inoculated orally with 250,000 sporocysts of sarcocystis spp., including s. sybillensis and s. wapiti. three similar elk calves of comparable ages and weights served as uninoculated controls maintained with the inoculated elk during the experimental period between september and december 1993. body weights were evaluated at 0 and 90 days postinoculation (pi); packed cell volumes of whole blood were evaluat ...	1995	8592375
one known sarcocystis species and one found for the first time in fallow deer (dama dama).	sarcocysts of free-ranging indigenous fallow deer (dama d. dama) from northeast germany and captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) from the zoo berlin-friedrichsfelde were described using the transmission electron microscope. two sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) were found in d. d. dama, one of them already known, the other new for this host. the known species was also found in d. dama mesopotamica. comparing the literature, former own findings in roe deer, red deer or ...	1995	8528305
innervation and anesthesia of the antler pedicle in wapiti and fallow deer.	the heads from 6 mature male wapiti and 8 mature male fallow deer were dissected to provide a description of the nerves supplying the antler pedicles. innervation in both species was found to resemble that of the red deer, with major contributions coming from the infratrochlear and zygomaticotemporal nerves. all heads displayed a dorsal branch from the auriculopalpebral nerve, but in only 2 wapiti and 3 fallow deer heads was this branch observed travelling to the pedicle. the dorsal branches of ...	1996	8853883
a parentage evaluation test in north american elk (wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin.	dna microsatellites originally detected in sheep and cattle are also detectable in north american elk (wapiti) using polymerase chain reactions. we have developed a parentage test in elk using eleven microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and informative.	1996	8856904
xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. ii: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations.	three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. in the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. ...	1996	16031902
effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis).	we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ...	1996	24227589
characterization of the erythrocyte superoxide dismutase allozymes in the deer cervus elaphus.	the cdna sequences for cu,zn superoxide dismutase from two cervus elaphus subspecies, north american wapiti and european red deer, were determined. the derived amino acid sequences showed two differences: residue 8 was leu in wapiti and met in red deer and residue 25 was his in wapiti and asn in red deer. the extra positive charge at position 25 in the wapiti isoform accounted for its greater mobility towards the cathode during non-denaturing electrophoresis, a procedure widely used in the genet ...	1997	9345726
genetic analysis of farmed deer hybrids.	molecular methods which identify species-specific genetic markers are valuable for identification and genetic analysis of hybrid deer. we have used a variety of molecular techniques to compare père david's deer elaphurus davidianus, red deer cervus elaphus scotticus and north american wapiti c. e. manatobensis. in total, these analyses have identifed over 300 markers in which père david's deer sires are distinct from farmed red deer and over 100 markers in which wapiti sires differ from red deer ...	1998	9704532
a diet supplement for captive wild ruminants.	nutritional husbandry of captive wild ruminants often requires feeding these animals a supplemental diet to enhance their health, reproductive performance, and productivity. although supplemental diets for wild ruminants are commercially available, few have been evaluated in controlled intake and digestion trials. voluntary intake, digestive efficiency, nitrogen retention, and gross energy utilization of pronghorn (antilocapra americana), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mountain sheep (ovis can ...	1998	9732028
isolation, characterization and localization of glycosaminoglycans in growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus).	glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the four sections (tip, upper, middle and base) of the main beam of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus) by papain digestion and deae-sephacel chromatography. chondroitin sulfate was the major glycosaminoglycan in each section of antler accounting for, on average, 88% of the total uronic acid. the yield of chondroitin sulfate liberated from the tissue was approximately 6-fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middl ...	1998	9787796
hybridization between wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) and sika deer (cervus nippon): a comparison of two artificial insemination techniques.	the present study compared pregnancy rates of sika deer (cervus nippon) hinds artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed wapiti (cervus elephus manitobensis) semen by laparoscopic intrauterine or transvaginal/cervical artificial insemination (ai) techniques. estrous cycles of 59 sika hinds were synchronized with one-half of a norgestomet ear implant. fourteen days after implant insertion, norgestomet ear implants were removed and hinds received 50 iu of pg-600 intramuscularly, a combination of ...	1998	9809601
the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin in young red and wapiti-hybrid deer.	to measure the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin against lungworm and abomasal parasites in weaner wapiti x red deer and to compare this with its efficacy in weaner red deer.	1998	16032046
phylogeny of wapiti, red deer, sika deer, and other north american cervids as determined from mitochondrial dna.	red deer (cervus elaphus) are divided into three subspecific groups; the first group includes seven subspecies from europe and northern africa, the second group includes seven subspecies from central asia, and the third group includes nine subspecies from eastern asia, siberia, and north america. recognition of the north american wapiti as a species has been denied on the basis of morphological similarity with red deer and the circumpolar distribution of c. elaphus. sika deer (c. nippon), which ...	1998	9878235
isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus).	proteoglycans were extracted with 4 m guanidine-hcl from the zone of maturing chondrocytes, the site of endochondral ossification of growing antlers of wapiti (cervus elaphus). proteoglycans were isolated by deae-sephacel chromatography and separated by sepharose cl-4b chromatography into three fractions. fraction i contained a high molecular mass (> 1000 kda) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan capable of interacting with hyaluronic acid. its amino acid composition resembled that of the cartilage ...	1998	9972315
observations of leptospirosis in farmed deer.	slaughterhouse and on-farm surveys were undertaken to investigate some aspects of leptospirosis (leptospira interrogans) in farmed deer in the lower north island of new zealand.	1998	16032037
external skeletal fixation for treatment of comminuted fractures in wapiti: 5 cases.	external skeletal fixators were used successfully to treat severely comminuted fractures in 5 wapiti.	1998	9635171
routes and doses of lignocaine hydrochloride for analgesia of the velvet antler of stags.	to evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of young stags.	1999	16032097
[the allergenic and immunotropic properties of the preparation pantohematogen].	experiments on cba/ca lac mice showed that pantohematogen, a drug prepared from whole blood of siberian deer, wapiti, and deer, when administered in a course in doses under study and in chosen conditions of the experiment does not possess allergenic and immunotoxic properties. the immunomodulating properties of the drug were characterized by marked stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity and, under definite conditions, by activation of formation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of ...	1999	10650530