Publications

[electric activities of the stomach during wake-sleep cycle in dogs].		1976	1035760
baseline sleep-wake patterns in the pointer dog.	the 24-hr electrographic patterns (eeg, eog, emg) of six normal pointer dogs were recorded in a laboratory setting. two states of sleep (slow-wave and rapid eye movement) and wakefulness (alert and drowsy) were identified. the total recording period comprised 44% of alert wakefulness, 21% of the drowsy state, while slow-wave sleep occupied 23% and rem sleep 12% of the time. the mean length of a rem sleep episode averaged 6 min and the mean rem sleep cycle was 20 min. the mean polycyclic sleep-wa ...	1977	203958
influence of human presence on sleep-wake patterns in nervous pointer dogs.		1978	565521
a model of human sleep-related growth hormone secretion in dogs: effects of 3, 6, and 12 hours of forced wakefulness on plasma growth hormone, cortisol, and sleep stages.	twenty-four canine gh (cgh) and cortisol secretion patterns associated with sleep stages were studied in 10 male adult dogs. plasma samples were obtained at 30- or 15-min intervals via an indwelling catheter. under baseline conditions, all dogs showed irregular polyphasic sleep, and the episodic cgh secretion had no apparent relationship with sleep or the light-dark cycle. five dogs were subjected to regular sleep-wake cycles; 3, 6, and 12 h of forced wakefulness (fw) were repeated at 3-, 6-, an ...	1981	7238408
ultradian rhythms in renal excretion in dogs.	urine flow, osmolality, concentrations of sodium and potassium were measured every 10 min for 24 hours in 6 female dogs, whose sleep-wake stages were monitored electrographically. experiments were conducted under hydration and progressive dehydration conditions. visual examination and spectral analysis revealed significant diurnal ultradian rhythms of about 200 min/cycle in urine flow, which were out of phase with similar rhythms in osmolality in different hydratory conditions. diurnal rhythms w ...	1982	7154860
[experimental study on spinal cord monitoring--changes in spinal cord evoked potentials during vertical direction distraction of the spinal cord].	experiments were carried out on 18 adult dogs ranging from 9.0 to 11.5 kg. the dogs were intubated and anesthetized with halothene oxygen, and then mounted on a stereotaxic spinal apparatus. facetectomies and a discectomy between l1 and l2 vertebrae were performed readily to give traction force to the spinal cord. spinal cord function was monitored by the first and second negative deflections (i and ii, respectively) of the descending spinal cord evoked potentials (descending scep) elicited at t ...	1983	6655318
effect of adrenergic blockers on the dog's sleep-wake pattern.	different results are reported for the effects of an alpha and beta adrenergic blocker on the 24-hr sleep-wake patterns in dogs. while propranolol did not affect the 24-hr sleep-wake parameters, phentolamine significantly reduced delta sleep (stage 2), shortened the length of the sleep episodes, and decreased the number of rem episodes in each sleep-wake cycle. phentolamine effects are explained by increased arousals within sleep episodes.	1984	6463122
ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans.	we measured arousal and ventilatory responses to rebreathing from a small bag, initially approximately 7% co2 in 40% o2, via a nose mask in 13 normal human adults. with deepening non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (nrem), males aroused at increasing alveolar pco2 (mean +/- se: stage ii 58.6 +/- 1.7, stage iii 61.2 +/- 1.0, stage iv 63.8 +/- 0.8 torr), whereas in rapid-eye-movement sleep (rem), arousal alveolar pco2 was 57.7 +/- 0.7 torr, i.e., much lower than in stage iii and iv nrem. females showed n ...	1984	6432751
pharmacological properties of (n-dicyclopropylmethyl) amino-2-oxazoline (s 3341), an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist.	pharmacological actions of (n-dicyclopropylmethyl)-amino-2-oxazoline (s 3341), an agonist of alpha-2 adrenoceptors, were examined in acute animal studies. in the normotensive anaesthetized dog s 3341 (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) produced an initial transient increase followed by a marked, prolonged fall in mean arterial pressure (map) of 20 mmhg. central actions of s 3341 were demonstrated by administration of low doses into the vertebral artery of the anaesthetized dog. a rapid and marked fall in map resu ...	1985	2866274
sleep fragmentation in canine narcolepsy.	genetically narcoleptic dogs were recorded continuously for 24 h to examine their sleep-wake patterns and to evaluate the extent of sleep fragmentation. three narcoleptic and three control dogs from each of two affected breeds (labrador retrievers and doberman pinschers) were surgically implanted with electrodes for recording standard sleep parameters. recordings were scored in 30-s epochs for the states of active waking, drowsiness, light sleep, deep slow wave sleep, rem sleep, and cataplexy. a ...	1986	3704433
evidence for excessive sleepiness in canine narcoleptics.	six genetically narcoleptic dogs, as well as 6 age- and breed-matched control dogs, were recorded continuously for 24 h to compare sleep/wake patterns and to determine whether narcoleptic dogs exhibit evidence of excessive sleepiness. compared with controls, the affected animals showed a substantial reduction in wakefulness and a significant increase in time spent in the drowsy state. total nrem sleep and total sleep time (nrem and rem sleep) in the 2 groups, however, were very similar. results ...	1986	2428595
differential effects of sleep stage on coronary hemodynamic function.	the sleep-wake cycle results in distinctive patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. the present study examined the effects of rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep on coronary hemodynamic function in chronically instrumented dogs. mean arterial blood pressure was measured via a catheter in the aorta, and coronary blood flow was determined with doppler probes placed around the left circumflex and right coronary artery. identification of sleep stages was accomplished by means of electrodes ...	1989	2719135
prostaglandin e2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid of normal and narcoleptic dogs.	it has been shown that endogenous prostaglandin d2 and prostaglandin e2 (pge2) are involved in sleep-wake regulation. our recent experimental result that exogenously administered pge2 significantly reduces canine cataplexy (a pathological equivalent of rapid-eye-movement sleep atonia and a symptom of narcolepsy) suggests that pge2 is involved in the pathophysiology of canine narcolepsy. in order to further investigate the role of prostaglandins (pgs) in this disorder, pg levels in cerebrospinal ...	1990	2268692
nocturnal hemodynamic patterns in dogs.	several species which have a single daily wake-sleep cycle show a progressive fall in cardiac output and rise in total peripheral resistance during sleep, a cardiovascular response which may reflect a progressive decrease in plasma volume. the present study showed that no such progressive overnight changes in cardiac output or total peripheral resistance occur in the dog, a carnivore which tends to be awake and to drink intermittently during the night. progressive overnight bradycardia (-12.7 +/ ...	1990	2267257
the in vivo and in vitro activity of ahr-13268d, a new antiallergic/antihistaminic agent.	ahr-13268d (4-[3-[4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)hydroxymethyl]-1- piperidinyl]propoxy]benzoic acid, sodium salt) is a potent, long-acting water soluble, antiallergic and antihistaminic agent. ahr-13268d protects sensitive guinea pigs from collapse induced by aerosolized antigen; 1, 5, and 24 h ed50s in the test were 0.27, 0.25, 0.93 mg/kg, po, respectively. ahr-13268d was also active when given as an aerosol, the 1 h ed50 = 0.29%. in the rat passivefoot anaphylaxis test. ahr-13268d was slightly more act ...	1990	1982201
molecular mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation: roles of prostaglandins d2 and e2.	although sleep-wake cycles are repeated every day and night and almost one-third of our lifetime is spent sleeping, the molecular mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation have remained little understood. recent experimental evidence indicates that prostaglandins (pg) d2 and e2 are probably two of the major endogenous sleep-regulating substances, one promoting sleep and the other wakefulness, in rats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and probably in humans as well. preliminary evidence indicates that the sites ...	1991	1907936
restructuring of sleep and reversal of rem-induced supraspinal hypotonia of respiratory muscles following bilateral phrenicotomy.	the long-term effect of diaphragm paralysis on respiratory system function is still not clear. we monitored changes in breathing pattern and the sleep/wake cycle in a dog before and after bilateral phrenicotomy. the post-operative observation extended over 6 months. it was noted that minute ventilation increased during wakefulness and non-rem sleep in the initial 4-6 weeks (compared to pre-surgery period), but decreased during rem sleep, mainly due to inhibition of chest wall and abdominal muscl ...	1992	1608553
special report. increased violence in hospitals: what can be done about it.	incidents of violent behavior and physical assaults are dramatically increasing throughout the country, often ending up in the health care setting and necessitating enhanced security in hospitals and mental health facilities. in the wake of violence, many security and safety directors are now employing extreme measures from attack dogs to metal detectors to bulletproof glass. this special report details recent violent episodes occurring in health care facilities, examines areas of vulnerability ...	1992	10116986
the not-for-profit debate.	across the country, not-for-profit hospitals are being subjected to unprecedented scrutiny. from local school boards to the internal revenue service, government entities are challenging tax-exempt status. some financially pressed states and cities are eyeing these hospitals as sources of additional revenue. other entities want to see tax policy drive social policy by promoting more charity care. tax-exempt status also is under fire from consumers and legislators. in the wake of the competitive ' ...	1992	10119955
relationship between evoked potentials and clinical status in spinal cord ischemia.	sciatic neurogenic motor-evoked potentials (sciatic-nmep), spinal-evoked potentials (spinal-ep), and somatosensory-evoked potentials (sep) were recorded in the lumbar cord during progressive ligation of segmental arteries. relationship between electrophysiologic assessment and clinical status was studied.	1994	8059274
canine model of obstructive sleep apnea: model description and preliminary application.	this report describes a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea (osa) developed in our laboratory and the results of its preliminary short-term application. healthy adult dogs were prepared with a tracheostomy and with implanted electroencephalographic and nuchal electromyographic recording electrodes. a silent occlusion valve was attached to the outer end of the endotracheal tube. the electroencephalogram and electromyogram were monitored continuously by a computer that determined sleep-wake st ...	1994	8045863
effects of sleep on the tonic drive to respiratory muscle and the threshold for rhythm generation in the dog.	1. the present study was designed to determine the effect of sleep on the tonic output to respiratory muscle and on the level of chemical respiratory stimulation required to produce rhythmic respiratory output. 2. chronically implanted electrodes recorded expiratory (triangularis sterni) and inspiratory (diaphragm and parasternal intercostal) electromyographic (emg) activities in three trained dogs during wakefulness and sleep. the dogs were mechanically hyperventilated via an endotracheal tube ...	1994	8014911
relationship between evoked potentials and clinical status in spinal cord ischemia.	sciatic neurogenic motor-evoked potentials, spinal evoked potentials, and somatosensory-evoked potentials were recorded in 12 anesthetized dogs that had arterial ischemia of the lumbar cord produced by ligation of segmental arteries. the presence or absence of the above-mentioned potentials was compared with the clinical status of repeated wake-up tests.	1995	7732464
muscle atonia is triggered by cholinergic stimulation of the basal forebrain: implication for the pathophysiology of canine narcolepsy.	narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep-related symptoms, such as cataplexy. the exact pathophysiology underlying the disease is unknown but may involve central cholinergic systems. it is known that the brainstem cholinergic system is activated during rem sleep. furthermore, rem sleep and rem sleep atonia similar to cataplexy can be triggered in normal and narcoleptic dogs by stimulating cholinergic receptors within the pont ...	1995	7623112
prostaglandins and sleep.	the concept of humoral regulation of sleep was initially proposed by a french neuroscientist, henri piéron of paris, in the first decade of this century. he and his associate legendre were the first to show the presence of a sleep-inducing substance in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of sleep-deprived dogs. concurrently and independently, kuniomi ishimori of nagoya university, nagoya, japan, employing a similar experimental approach, also demonstrated a sleep-inducing substance in the csf of sleep ...	1995	7496614
ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea.	we have previously described a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea (osa) in which sleep-wake state is monitored continuously by a computer that produces tracheal occlusion when sleep occurs. our aim was to assess the effects of long-term application of this model on resting ventilation and on the ventilatory and arousal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia. five dogs were maintained on the model for 15.5 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- se) wk, with a mean apnea index of 57.5 +/- 4.5 occlusions/h of sleep. ...	1997	9310009
invasion of intestinal epithelia in vitro by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis.	studies of nematode establishment in intestinal niches has been hindered by the lack of a readily manipulated in vitro assay. in this report, experiments are described wherein the larval stage of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis was shown to invade epithelial cell monolayers in vitro. larvae penetrated cells and migrated through them, leaving trails of dead cells in their wake. cells derived from five different species were susceptible to invasion, reflecting the broad host range of t ...	1997	9353069
hazard assessment of boric acid in toys.	boric acid (h3bo3) has been used in a wide variety of applications--medication, pesticides, and household products. reports of child poisoning by h3bo3 were common in the clinical literature before 1975. however, a decline in its use as a bacteriostatic agent coupled with increased regulatory control has almost eliminated poisonings by accidental ingestion. schedule i (part i, item 8) of the hazardous products act of canada, proclaimed in the late 1960s, followed in the wake of concerns about ac ...	1997	9441917
sleep architecture in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea.	obstructive sleep apnea (osa) causes recurrent sleep disruption that is thought to contribute to excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with this disorder. the purpose of this study was to determine the specific effects of osa on overall sleep architecture in a canine model of osa. the advantage of this model is that sleep during long-term osa can be compared to both normal sleep before osa and recovery sleep after osa. studies were performed in four dogs in which sleep-wake state was monitore ...	1998	9871947
neuronal activity in the cholinoceptive basal forebrain of freely moving narcoleptic dobermans.	cholinergic stimulation in the basal forebrain (bf) triggers cataplexy in canine narcolepsy. extracellular single unit recordings in the bf were carried out in freely moving narcoleptic dogs to study the neuronal mechanisms mediating cataplexy induction in the bf. among the 64 recorded neurons, 12 were wake-active, three were slow wave sleep (sws)-active, 17 were wake-/rem-active, 11 were rem sleep-active, three were cataplexy-active, and the other 18 were state-independent. systemic administrat ...	1998	9858375
[wake disorders. i. primary wake disorders].	primary wake disorders encompass various conditions of excessive daytime sleepiness and/or increased nighttime sleep, of unknown origin beginning most often in adolescence and of chronic or recurrent natural history. the best known of these conditions is narcolepsy associating two major clinical features, irresistible episodes of sleep, sleep onset rem periods and an almost constant association with hla dr2-dq1. the prevalence of the condition is close to the one of multiple sclerosis but positi ...	1998	9773032
increased dopaminergic transmission mediates the wake-promoting effects of cns stimulants.	amphetamine-like stimulants are commonly used to treat sleepiness in narcolepsy. these compounds have little effect on rapid eye movement (rem) sleep-related symptoms such as cataplexy, and antidepressants (monoamine uptake inhibitors) are usually required to treat these symptoms. although amphetamine-like stimulants and antidepressants enhance monoaminergic transmission, these compounds are non-selective for each monoamine, and the exact mechanisms mediating how these compounds induce wakefulne ...	1998	11382857
narcolepsy genes wake up the sleep field.		1999	10523205
thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces infarct size in a canine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.	to determine the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on myocardial infarct size, regional myocardial blood flow (rmbf), and plasma norepinephrine in an anesthetized canine model of ischemia reperfusion injury with infarction.	1999	10527228
helicobacter infection in dogs and cats: facts and fiction.	the discovery of the spiral bacterium helicobacter pylori and its causative role in gastric disease in humans has brought a dramatic change to gastroenterology. although spiral bacteria have been known for more than a century to infect the stomachs of dogs and cats, recent research has been conducted mainly in the wake of interest in h. pylori. h. pylori has not been found in dogs and only very rarely in cats and zoonotic risk is minimal. a variety of other helicobacter spp. can infect the stoma ...	2000	10772482
chronic oral administration of cg-3703, a thyrotropin releasing hormone analog, increases wake and decreases cataplexy in canine narcolepsy.	the effects on cataplexy and daytime sleep of acute and chronic oral administration of cg-3703, a potent trh analog were assessed in canine narcolepsy. cg-3703 was found to be orally active and to reduce cataplexy (0.25 to 16 mg/kg) and sleep (8 and 16 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. two-week oral administration of cg-3703 (16 mg/kg) significantly reduced cataplexy and daytime sleep. the anticataplectic effects of cg-3703 were not associated with changes in general behavior, heart rate, blood ...	2000	10869884
implication of dopaminergic mechanisms in the wake-promoting effects of amphetamine: a study of d- and l-derivatives in canine narcolepsy.	using a canine model of narcolepsy and selective da and ne uptake inhibitors, we have recently shown that da uptake inhibition promotes wakefulness, while ne uptake inhibition inhibits rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy. in order to further delineate the respective roles of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the pharmacological control of symptoms of narcolepsy, we compared the potency of amphetamine isomers (d- and l-amphetamines) and a derivative (l-methamphetamine) on wakefulne ...	2000	10974428
the hypocretins: excitatory neuromodulatory peptides for multiple homeostatic systems, including sleep and feeding.	the hypocretins are two neuropeptides of related sequence that are produced from a common precursor whose expression is restricted to 1, 100 large neurons of the rat dorsal-lateral hypothalamus. the hypocretins have been detected immunohistochemically in secretory vesicles at synapses of fibers that project to areas within the posterior hypothalamus that are implicated in feeding behaviors and hormone secretion and diverse targets in other brain regions and in the spinal cord, including several ...	2000	11020209
is narcolepsy a rem sleep disorder? analysis of sleep abnormalities in narcoleptic dobermans.	narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. since the discovery of sleep onset rem periods (soremps) in narcoleptic patients, narcolepsy has often been regarded as a disorder of rem sleep generation: rem sleep intrudes in active wake or at sleep onset, resulting in cataplexy, sleep paralysis, or hypnagogic hallucinations. however, this hypothesis has not been experimentally verified. in the current stud ...	2000	11164570
dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness.	the role of dopamine in sleep regulation and in mediating the effects of wake-promoting therapeutics is controversial. in this study, polygraphic recordings and caudate microdialysate dopamine measurements in narcoleptic dogs revealed that the wake-promoting antinarcoleptic compounds modafinil and amphetamine increase extracellular dopamine in a hypocretin receptor 2-independent manner. in mice, deletion of the dopamine transporter (dat) gene reduced non-rapid eye movement sleep time and increas ...	2001	11222668
a noncomparative open-label study evaluating the effect of selegiline hydrochloride in a clinical setting.	six hundred forty-one dogs with clinical signs consistent with canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (cds) were treated orally with selegiline hydrochloride at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg once daily for 60 days. response to selegiline treatment on days 30 and 60 were similar. on day 60, 77.2% of dogs showed an overall improvement; response to treatment by clinical sign ranged from 67.8% (activity or sleep/wake cycle) to 77.8% (disorientation and interaction with family members). all dogs enrolled in the st ...	2001	19753696
the ventilatory response to arousal from sleep is not fully explained by differences in co(2) levels between sleep and wakefulness.	1. arousal from sleep is associated with transient stimulation of ventilation above normal waking levels that predisposes to subsequent breathing instability and central apnoea. the transient hyperpnoea at arousal is normally explained by differences in arterial partial pressure of co(2) (p(a,co2)) between sleep and wakefulness, with a higher p(a,co2) in sleep leading to stimulation of ventilation at arousal according to the awake ventilatory response to co(2). surprisingly, however, the validit ...	2001	11483717
prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs.	to determine the prevalence of age-related behavioral changes, namely impairment, in a randomly chosen population of dogs.	2001	11394831
predicting behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs.	to monitor the progression of age-related behavioral changes in dogs during a period of 6 to 18 months and to determine whether signs of dysfunction in any of 4 behavioral categories can be used to predict further impairment.	2001	11394832
narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives.	narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and abnormal manifestations of rapid eye movement sleep such as cataplexy. the authors review the clinical features of narcolepsy, including epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, in detail. recent findings show that a loss of hypocretin-producing neurons lies at the root of the signs and symptoms of narcolepsy. the authors review the current state of knowledge on hypocretin anatomy, physiology, and function with special emph ...	2001	11435802
effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs.	to determine whether gonadectomy predisposes dogs to development of age-related behavioral changes linked to cognitive impairment.	2001	11439769
ranges of diurnal variation and the pattern of body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate in laboratory beagle dogs.	ranges in diurnal variation and the patterns of body temperature (t), blood pressure (bp), heart rate (hr) and locomotor activity (la) in 61 laboratory beagle dogs were analyzed using a telemetry system. body temperature, bp, hr and la increased remarkably at feeding time. locomotor activity increased sporadically during the other periods. body temperature was maintained at the higher value after feeding but had decreased by 0.2 c by early the next morning. blood pressure fell to a lower value a ...	2002	11871159
cataplexy-related neurons in the amygdala of the narcoleptic dog.	the amygdala plays an important role in the interpretation of emotionally significant stimuli and has strong projections to brainstem regions regulating muscle tone and sleep. cataplexy, a symptom of narcolepsy, is a loss of muscle tone usually triggered by sudden, strong emotions. extracellular single-unit recordings were carried out in the amygdala of narcoleptic dogs to test the hypothesis that abnormal activity of a subpopulation of amygdala neurons is linked to cataplexy. of the 218 cells r ...	2002	12044453
sleep, feeding, and neuropeptides: roles of orexins and orexin receptors.	recent studies using molecular genetics in mice and dogs, as well as histopathological analyses of human disease, have come to the same conclusion: the human sleep disorder narcolepsy is caused by failure of signaling mediated by orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides. these and other findings strongly suggest that the orexin system plays a critical role in sleep/wake regulation. in addition, the orexin system may link energy homeostasis to the regulation of sleep/wake cycles.	2002	12049942
orexins: from neuropeptides to energy homeostasis and sleep/wake regulation.	the neuropeptides orexin a and orexin b (also called hypocretin 1 and 2) were recently discovered by a "reverse pharmacology" approach as ligands for two previously orphan g protein coupled receptors: orexin receptors 1 and 2. neurons producing orexins are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamic area but project broadly to various parts of the brain, and they have been implicated in the control of energy homeostasis and arousal maintenance. the orexin receptors are also broadly expressed ...	2002	12072908
age-related changes in sleep-wake rhythm in dog.	to investigate a sleep-wake rhythm in aged dogs, a radio-telemetry monitoring was carried out for 24 h. electrodes and telemetry device were surgically implanted in four aged dogs (16-18 years old) and four young dogs (3-4 years old). electroencephalogram (eeg), electromyogram (emg) and electrocardiogram (ecg) were recorded simultaneously as parameters to determine vigilance states and an autonomic nervous function. wakefulness, slow wave sleep (sws) and paradoxical sleep (ps) were identified ac ...	2002	12385805
neighborhood environment, access to places for activity, and leisure-time physical activity in a diverse north carolina population.	to examine associations between perceived neighborhood characteristics, access to places for activity, and leisure-time physical activity.	2003	13677963
locomotor-dependent and -independent components to hypocretin-1 (orexin a) regulation in sleep-wake consolidating monkeys.	the hypocretin system is involved in the integration of hypothalamic functions with sleep and wake. hypocretin-1 release peaks at the end of the active period in both diurnal and nocturnal species. a role for hypocretin-1 in the generation of locomotor activity has been suggested by electrophysiological and neurochemical studies in rodents, dogs and cats. these species, however, do not consolidate wake into a single, daily bout and manipulations of locomotion elicit changes in wakefulness, makin ...	2004	15107479
does the a-line arx-lndex provide a reasonable assessment of anaesthetic depth in dogs undergoing routine surgery?	the monitoring of anaesthetic depth is usually based on the subjective assessment of the patient. an objective assessment of anaesthesia has only recently become possible. the auditory-evoked response has predictable changes in response to increasing doses of anaesthetic agents. recent advances have brought about a regression model with exogenous input of the auditory-evoked response, the a-line arx-index (aai index). the aai index is a dimensionless number between 0 and 100. this technology has ...	2004	15628801
'wake-up call' on veterinary nursing...		2004	15119726
genetics of normal and pathological sleep in humans.	the complexity of sleep-wake regulation, in addition to the many environmental influences, includes genetic predisposing factors, which begin to be discovered. most of the current progress in the study of sleep genetics comes from animal models (dogs, mice, and drosophila). multiple approaches using both animal models and different genetic techniques are needed to follow the segregation and ultimately to identify 'sleep genes' and molecular bases of sleep disorders. recent progress in molecular ...	2005	15737788
therapeutic agents for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in senior dogs.	with increasing age, dogs develop a form of neurodegenerative disease which has many similarities to age related cognitive impairment and alzheimer's disease in humans. a decline in learning and memory can be demonstrated in dogs beginning as young as 7 years of age using a variety of neuropsychological tests. however, clinical cases of cognitive dysfunction syndrome are seldom identified until the age of 11 years or older. this is likely due to the fact that the owners are relying on clinical o ...	2005	15795056
hypocretins (orexins): clinical impact of the discovery of a neurotransmitter.	hypothalamic excitatory hypocretin (orexin) neurons have been discovered in 1998 and found to have widespread projections to basal forebrain, monoaminergic and cholinergic brainstem, and spinal cord regions. the hypocretin system is influenced both neuronally (e.g. suprachiasmatic nucleus, gabaergic, cholinergic and aminergic brainstem nuclei) as well as metabolically (e.g. glucose, ghrelin, and leptin). physiologically the hypocretin system has been implicated in the regulation of behaviours th ...	2005	15979356
the effects of combined versus selective adrenergic blockade on left ventricular and systemic hemodynamics, myocardial substrate preference, and regional perfusion in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.	given that adverse effects of chronic sympathetic activation are mediated by all three adrenergic receptor subtypes (beta1, beta2, alpha1), we examined the effects of standard doses of carvedilol and metoprolol succinate (metoprolol controlled release/extended release [cr/xl]) on hemodynamics, myocardial metabolism, and regional organ perfusion.	2006	16682315
molecular phylogeny of babesia poelea from brown boobies (sula leucogaster) from johnston atoll, central pacific.	the phylogenetic relationship of avian babesia with other piroplasms remains unclear, mainly because of a lack of objective criteria such as molecular phylogenetics. in this study, our objective was to sequence the entire 18s, its-1, 5.8s, and its-2 regions of the rrna gene and partial beta-tubulin gene of b. poelea, first described from brown boobies (sula leucogaster) from the central pacific, and compare them to those of other piroplasms. phylogenetic analyses of the entire 18s rrna gene sequ ...	2006	16729712
orexins, energy balance, temperature, sleep-wake cycle.		2006	16556904
host-feeding patterns of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in relation to availability of human and domestic animals in suburban landscapes of central north carolina.	aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) is a major nuisance mosquito and a potential arbovirus vector. the host-feeding patterns of ae. albopictus were investigated during the 2002 and 2003 mosquito seasons in suburban neighborhoods in wake county, raleigh, nc. hosts of blood-fed ae. albopictus (n = 1,094) were identified with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by using antisera made in new zealand white rabbits to the sera of animals that would commonly occur in peridomestic h ...	2006	16739414
[the first film presentation of rem sleep behavior disorder precedes its scientific debut by 35 years].	the perplexing and tantalizing disease of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep behavior disorder (rbd) is characterized by peculiar, potentially dangerous behavior during rem sleep. it was described both in animals and humans. rbd in mammals was first described by jouvet and delorme in 1965, based on an experimental model induced by lesion in pontine region of cats. in 1972, passouant et al. described sleep with eye movements and persistent tonic muscle activity induced by tricyclic antidepressant med ...	2006	17252919
promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans.	orexins are hypothalamic peptides that play an important role in maintaining wakefulness in mammals. permanent deficit in orexinergic function is a pathophysiological hallmark of rodent, canine and human narcolepsy. here we report that in rats, dogs and humans, somnolence is induced by pharmacological blockade of both orexin ox(1) and ox(2) receptors. when administered orally during the active period of the circadian cycle, a dual antagonist increased, in rats, electrophysiological indices of bo ...	2007	17259994
clinical and neurobiological aspects of narcolepsy.	narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (eds), cataplexy and/or other dissociated manifestations of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep (hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis). narcolepsy is currently treated with amphetamine-like central nervous system (cns) stimulants (for eds) and antidepressants (for cataplexy). some other classes of compounds such as modafinil (a non-amphetamine wake-promoting compound for eds) and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (ghb, a short-acting sedative f ...	2007	17470414
pharmacological characterization of jnj-28583867, a histamine h(3) receptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor.	wake-promoting agents such as modafinil are used in the clinic as adjuncts to antidepressant therapy in order to alleviate lethargy. the wake-promoting action of histamine h(3) receptor antagonists has been evidenced in numerous animal studies. they may therefore be a viable strategy for use as an antidepressant therapy in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. jnj-28583867 (2-methyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline) is a ...	2007	17765221
impact of population structure on genetic diversity of a potential vaccine target in the canine hookworm (ancylostoma caninum).	ancylostoma caninum is a globally distributed canine parasitic nematode. to test whether positive selection, population structure, or both affect genetic variation at the candidate vaccine target ancylostoma secreted protein 1 (asp-1), we have quantified the genetic variation in a. caninum at asp-1 and a mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1), using the statistical population analysis tools found in the snap workbench. the mitochondrial gene cox-1 exhibits moderate diversity wi ...	2007	17918358
developmental divergence of sleep-wake patterns in orexin knockout and wild-type mice.	narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by fragmented bouts of sleep and wakefulness during the day and night as well as cataplexy, has been linked in humans and nonhuman animals to the functional integrity of the orexinergic system. adult orexin knockout mice and dogs with a mutation of the orexin receptor exhibit symptoms that mirror those seen in narcoleptic humans. as with narcolepsy, infant sleep-wake cycles in humans and rats are highly fragmented, with consolidated bouts of sleep and wakeful ...	2007	17284193
running promotes wakefulness and increases cataplexy in orexin knockout mice.	people with narcolepsy and mice lacking orexin/hypocretin have disrupted sleep/wake behavior and reduced physical activity. our objective was to identify physiologic mechanisms through which orexin deficiency reduces locomotor activity.	2007	18041476
orexins and orexin receptors: from molecules to integrative physiology.	recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, and reward processes. orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy-cataplexy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. orexin agonists and antagonists are thought to be promising avenues toward the treatment of sleep disorders, eating disorders, and drug addiction. in this chapter, we discuss the current unders ...	2008	18204827
muscarinic-2 and orexin-2 receptors on gabaergic and other neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum and their potential role in sleep-wake state control.	acetylcholine (ach) plays an important role in the promotion of paradoxical sleep (ps) with muscle atonia through the muscarinic-2 receptor (m2r) in the mesopontine tegmentum. conversely, orexin (orx or hypocretin) appears to be critical for the maintenance of waking with muscle tone through the orexin-2 (or hypocretin-b) receptor (orx2r), which is lacking in dogs having narcolepsy with cataplexy. in dual-immunostained material viewed under fluorescence microscopy, we examined the presence and d ...	2008	18709662
hemodynamic and cardiac neurotransmitter-releasing effects in conscious dogs of attention- and wake-promoting agents: a comparison of d-amphetamine, atomoxetine, modafinil, and a novel quinazolinone h3 inverse agonist.	conscious coronary sinus-cannulated dogs were used to assess the hemodynamic effects and local cardiac norepinephrine (ne) and histamine (ha) release of 4 mechanistically diverse agents either clinically approved or representing a potential novel mechanism for the promotion of wakefulness or attention. dosing regimens were based on reported or concurrently determined wake-promoting activities in canine models. the central nervous system stimulant, d-amphetamine [0.1 mg x kg(-1) x 10 min intraven ...	2009	19129736
prevalence and risk factors of behavioural changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs.	the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and severity of behavioural changes associated with age and their relationship to risk factors such as sex, reproductive status, bodyweight and age.	2009	19200264
serotonergic-postsynaptic receptors modulate gripping-induced immobility episodes in male taiep rats.	the taiep rat is a myelin mutant with a motor syndrome characterized by tremor, ataxia, immobility, epilepsy, and paralysis. the rat shows a hypomyelination followed by a progressive demyelination. during immobilities taiep rats show a rem-like sleep pattern and a disorganized sleep-wake pattern suggesting taiep rats as a model of narcolepsy-cataplexy. our study analyzed the role of postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the expression of gripping-induced immobility episodes (ies) in 8-month-old ma ...	2009	19484723
orexin/hypocretin: a neuropeptide at the interface of sleep, energy homeostasis, and reward system.	recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. in addition, orexin deficiency also cause abnormalities in energy homeostasis and reward systems. orexin activates waking active monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and bra ...	2009	19549926
detectability of tick-borne agents dna in the blood of dogs, undergoing treatment for borreliosis.	in the wake of controversies surrounding the usefulness of pcr in the diagnostics of borreliosis, the aim of the presented study was to monitor the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs with clinical borreliosis in the course of relevant treatment. the monitoring was based on detecting borrelia's dna before- (study i), during- (study ii), and after completion of the therapy (study iii). in addition, to rule out possible coinfections, the dogs' blood was examined for the presence of anaplasma, ...	2009	19572472
integrative physiology of orexins and orexin receptors.	recent studies have established that the orexin system is a critical regulator of sleep/wake states. deficiency of orexin signaling results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy-cataplexy in humans, dogs, and rodents. these findings have brought about the possibility of novel therapies for sleep disorders including narcolepsy-cataplexy. furthermore, accumulating evidence has indicated that the orexin system regulates sleep and wakefulness through interactions with neuronal systems that regulate emoti ...	2009	19689310
activation of serotonin 5-ht1-receptors decreased gripping-induced immobility episodes in taiep rats.	the taiep rat is a myelin mutant that shows a disorganized sleep-wake cycle and immobility episodes (ies) when the animals are gripped at the base of the tail. during ies electroencephalographic recordings show a rapid eye movement (rem) sleep-like pattern. these alterations are quite similar to those reported in narcolepsy-cataplexy. pharmacologically, systemic administration of alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists increases gripping-induced ies, whereas alpha(2) antagonists decrease them. however pr ...	2009	18996171
stray dog population health in jodhpur, india in the wake of an animal birth control (abc) program.	our objectives were to (1) estimate the prevalence of various health indices in the stray dog population in jodhpur, india and (2) determine if there was an association between an animal birth control (abc) program and the prevalence of these health indices in this population. a prevalence survey of 323 sexually intact stray dogs >3 months caught from the streets of jodhpur from september to november, 2005 indicated that low body condition score (70%), skin conditions (69%) and tick infestation ...	2010	21144606
almorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.	almorexant (act-078573) is an orally active dual orexin receptor antagonist that is being developed by actelion ltd, in collaboration with glaxosmithkline plc, for the treatment of primary insomnia. almorexant is a first-in-class compound that targets the orexin system, which plays a key role in wake promotion and stabilization, in addition to having other regulatory functions. decreasing orexin activity was hypothesized to have a sleep-promoting effect. preclinical studies and phase i clinical ...	2010	20047164
the orexin system: roles in sleep/wake regulation.	the neuropeptides orexin a and orexin b, produced in hypothalamic neurons, are critical regulators of sleep/wake states. deficiency of orexin signaling results in narcoleptic phenotype in humans, dogs, and rodents. recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that the orexin system regulates sleep and wakefulness through interactions with neuronal systems that are closely related with emotion, reward, and energy homeostasis. in this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the physi ...	2010	20633143
wake structure and wing kinematics: the flight of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat, cynopterus brachyotis.	we investigated the detailed kinematics and wake structure of lesser dog-faced fruit bats (cynopterus brachyotis) flying in a wind tunnel. high speed recordings of the kinematics were conducted to obtain three-dimensional reconstructions of wing movements. simultaneously, the flow structure in the spanwise plane perpendicular to the flow stream was visualized using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. the flight of four individuals was investigated to reveal patterns in kinematics and wake ...	2010	20889823
promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist.	abstract: orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (ox(1)r) and orexin 2 receptor (ox(2)r) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. suvorexant (mk-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of o ...	2011	21473737
nutrition and behavior in senior dogs.	with increasing age, some dogs develop a neurogenerative disease that is commonly referred to as canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (cds). diagnosis of cds can be clinical or based on laboratory tests. the main behavioral changes associated with cds are disorientation, altered interactions with people or other animals, sleep-wake cycle alterations, house-soiling, and changes in activity level. ruling out medical conditions that can cause similar changes in behavior is important when performin ...	2011	21435624
ectopic overexpression of orexin alters sleep/wakefulness states and muscle tone regulation during rem sleep in mice.	orexins (also called hypocretins), which are neuropeptides exclusively expressed by a population of neurons specifically localized in the lateral hypothalamic area, are critically implicated in the regulation of sleep/wake states. orexin deficiency results in narcoleptic phenotype in rodents, dogs, and humans, suggesting that orexins are important for maintaining consolidated wakefulness states. however, the physiological effect of constitutive increased orexinergic transmission tone, which migh ...	2011	20711757