Publications

trichostrongylus askivali n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) from the red deer.		1964	14161235
cardiovascular disease in free-living red deer (cervus elephus) on the island of rhum.		1969	5813285
the reproductive cycle of the female red deer, cervus elaphus l.		1971	5167355
the reproductive performance of wild scottish red deer, cervus elaphus.		1973	4522380
the sexual significance of the rut in red deer.		1973	4522394
antibody to babesia in scottish red deer (cervus elaphus).		1973	4705761
hypersensitivity of an isolated population of red deer (cervus elaphus) to xylazine.		1974	4816774
bovine virus diarrhoea antibody in a scottish red deer.		1977	190760
the occurrence of antibody to babesia and to the virus of louping-ill in deer in scotland.	sera of wild red deer from 16 localities in scotland were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for antibody to babesia and by the haemagglutination inhibition test for antibody to the virus of louping-ill. babesial antibody was detected in sera from all localities in proportions ranging from 22 to 100 per cent. antibody to louping-ill virus could not be demonstrated in sera from five of the localities and in the other 11 was found less frequently than was antibody to babesia. se ...	1977	200997
factors affecting reproduction in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds on rhum.	in a population of free-ranging red deer hinds on the isle of rhum (inner hebrides) we investigated relationships between four aspects of reproductive performance (fertility, calf birth weight, birth sex ratio and calving date) and four variables likely to affect the mother's condition: age, reproductive status, home range area and year of calving. fertility was significantly related to mother's age, reproductive status and home range area as well as to year of calf's birth. stag calves were hea ...	1978	569204
toxoplasmosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in scotland.	farming of red deer began in scotland in 1970 when an experimental nucleus was established on a hill farm in kincardineshire. from 1972 to 1977 sera from these animals were tested by the haemagglutination test (ha) and the sabin-feldman dye test (dt) for the presence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. overall, dye test antibodies (greater than or equal to 1/16) were detected in 32.5 per cent of sera and ha antibodies in only 9.8 per cent. on average 14.1 per cent of the deer tested in 1972, 197 ...	1980	7455352
diarrhea in young red deer associated with infection with cryptosporidium.	in an outbreak of diarrhea among 82 artificially reared red deer calves, 56 developed the disease and 20 subsequently died. during the outbreak 80% of diarrheal and 50% of apparently healthy calves excreted cryptosporidial oocysts in feces. the coincidence of infection with crytosporidium and clinical diarrhea suggested a causal relationship. histologic examination of intestinal sections from a necropsied deer calf showed lesions consistent with field and experimental cryptosporidiosis in other ...	1981	7276628
copper status of red deer on the island of rhum.	the mean (+/- sd) liver copper level of 186 red deer (cervus elaphus) (87 stags and 99 hinds) on the island of rhum was 51.26 +/- 44.1 ppm dry matter. the level found in the south-east part of the island was significantly higher than elsewhere in hinds, but not in stags. levels below 20 ppm dry matter, comparable to those found in cases of enzootic ataxia in deer parks, occurred in 18 stags and 20 hinds. since enzootic ataxia has never been observed on rhum, it is deduced that low copper status ...	1981	7324361
investigations on a babesia isolated from scottish sheep.	the pathognomic, serologic and morphometric identity of a babesia sp. recently isolated from sheep in argyllshire was studied. initially, problems were encountered due to the occurrence of eperythrozoon ovis as a contaminant of the isolate and treatment with neoarsphenamine failed to remove it. finally, a combination of oxytetracycline therapy and rapid passage allowed isolation of the babesia sp. and its preservation in the form of a glycerolized, infected blood stabilate. inoculation of the st ...	1981	7329723
red deer endoparasites.		1982	6897688
genetic differentiation in four european subspecies of red deer (cervus elaphus l.).	red deer representing the four different european subspecies cervus elaphus atlanticus, c. e. elaphus, c. e. germanicus, and c. e. scoticus were examined for allozyme variability at 35 enzyme loci. the proportion of polymorphic loci within populations (p) ranged from 0 to 13.8 per cent and the average heterozygosity (h) from 0 to 3.6 per cent. these estimates are within the range previously observed among mammalian species. significant allele frequency differences were found both within and betw ...	1983	6668220
lung, heart and liver lesions in adult red deer: a histopathological survey.		1985	3928084
larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi in the deer of scotland.	protostrongylid larvae were recovered from the faeces or lungs of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in scotland during 1981. typical protostrongylid first-stage larvae were also recovered from possible intermediate hosts, the grey field slug (agriolimax reticulata) and the white-soled slug (arion fasciatus). all these protostrongylid larvae were microscopically identical to those of the nematode elaphostrongylus cervi. despite careful sear ...	1985	3992820
elaphostrongylus cervi cervi in the central nervous system of red deer (cervus elaphus) in scotland.		1985	4013046
prevalence of herpesvirus infection in british red deer and investigations of further disease outbreaks.	a serological survey of the prevalence of a new herpesvirus isolated from red deer (cervus elaphus), tentatively designated herpesvirus of cervidae type 1 (hvc-1), has shown that the virus is widespread in free-living and farmed red deer. neutralising antibodies were detected in hill deer culled at three different locations in the north of scotland, in farmed deer on five of eight scottish farms and in four of 12 groups of english farmed or park deer. fifty-eight of 145 (40 per cent) hill deer, ...	1986	3008405
the establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus).	japanese sika deer (cervus nippon nippon) were introduced to scotland around 80 years (20 generations) ago. the sika phenotype is expanding its range and hybridizing extensively with native red deer (cervus elaphus) leading to the establishment of a hybrid zone. this zone is currently moving and cannot be considered to be at equilibrium. cervid genotypes and mitochondrial haplotypes were mapped across the sika phenotype range, using diagnostic protein isozymes, microsatellite nuclear dna markers ...	1994	7834107
johne's disease in a herd of farmed red deer.	an outbreak of johne's disease in a herd of farmed red deer was studied for four years. serological, histopathological and cultural techniques were used to monitor the progress of the disease, and delayed type hypersensitivity skin tests were also applied. the results of the serological tests showed that they were poor predictors of future clinical cases and did not consistently identify animals harbouring mycobacteria. the histopathological methods provided a sensitive and specific means of con ...	1995	7661952
density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer.	in sexually dimorphic mammals, high population density is commonly associated with increased mortality of males relative to females and with female-biased adult sex ratios. this paper investigates the consequences of these changes on the distribution of male breeding success, the intensity of competition for females and the opportunity for sexual selection. after the red deer (cervus elaphus l.) population of the north block of rum (inner hebrides) was released from culling, female numbers rose ...	1997	9364790
statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations.	paternity inference using highly polymorphic codominant markers is becoming common in the study of natural populations. however, multiple males are often found to be genetically compatible with each offspring tested, even when the probability of excluding an unrelated male is high. while various methods exist for evaluating the likelihood of paternity of each nonexcluded male, interpreting these likelihoods has hitherto been difficult, and no method takes account of the incomplete sampling and e ...	1998	9633105
introgression through rare hybridization: a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus) in argyll, scotland.	in this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in argyll, scotland, between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and introduced japanese sika deer (cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial dna. in contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a sika-like or red-like phenotype. introgression is rare at any one locus, b ...	1999	10224266
heritability of fitness in a wild mammal population.	classical population genetics theory predicts that selection should deplete heritable genetic variance for fitness. we show here that, consistent with this prediction, there was a negative correlation between the heritability of a trait and its association with fitness in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) and there was no evidence of significant heritability of total fitness. however, the decline in heritability was caused, at least in part, by increased levels of residual variance ...	2000	10639142
culling plans put future of red deer study in jeopardy.		2000	10716413
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.	louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...	2000	11016435
inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).	evolutionary and conservation biologists have a long-standing interest in the consequences of inbreeding. it is generally recognized that inbred individuals may experience reduced fitness or inbreeding depression. by the same token, relatively outbred individuals can have greater than average fitness, i.e. heterosis. however, nearly all of the empirical evidence for inbreeding depression comes from laboratory or domestic species. inbreeding depression and heterosis are difficult to detect in nat ...	2000	11467429
exploring red deer culling strategies using a population-specific calibrated management model.	wildlife management is generally carried out under conditions of uncertainty. the exact population size is unknown, its future dynamics are uncertain and clear management objectives are often not formulated. in order to provide management advice in this situation, a framework is presented for combining different sources of information using a bayesian approach for calibrating a management model. harvesting strategies can then be explored based on predictions of future populations size and struct ...	2001	11400464
similarity indices for spatial ecological data.	we present a method for assessing similarity between species maps of presence and absence or abundance that emphasizes global features while ignoring minor local dissimilarities. the method arranges sites into small groups, or cliques, and allows controlled changes to be made within cliques to reduce the influence of local discrepancies. resulting measures of similarity are visually more satisfactory than traditional indices. we show that the similarity indices are useful for model selection by ...	2001	11414575
sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations.	populations of red deer that are limited by food, like those of many other ungulates, commonly include more females than males. we assessed the contribution of variation in sex- and age-specific rates of mortality and emigration to density-dependent changes in the adult sex ratio, using long-term observations and demographic experiments involving the red deer population on rum, scotland. we incorporated these effects in a stochastic model of local populations under different management regimes t ...	2002	11832944
survey of permanent wound tracts in the carcases of culled wild red deer in scotland.	the number and sites of permanent wound tracts in the carcases of 943 wild culled red deer (cervus elaphus) were recorded. during the peak period of the red deer rut there was a significant increase in the number of these tracts in the carcases, which was associated with a decrease from 89 per cent to 71 per cent in the probability of the first permanent wound tract also being the last (the terminal probability). there were significantly more permanent wound tracts in the carcases of one group ( ...	2003	12733558
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12862174
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12877222
fluctuating asymmetry in a secondary sexual trait: no associations with individual fitness, environmental stress or inbreeding, and no heritability.	it has been suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (fa) in secondary sexual traits may be a useful indicator of either individual quality or environmental stress. we tested this concept using a series of analyses of fa in male antler size in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population, using four measures of size repeated across successive years on the same individuals. we found no consistent evidence of correlations between traits in levels of fa, nor of any associations between known environment ...	2003	14635885
estimating selection on neonatal traits in red deer using elasticity path analysis.	van tienderen recently published a method that links selection gradients between a phenotypic trait and multiple fitness components with the effects of these fitness components on the population growth rate (mean absolute fitness). the method allows selection to be simultaneously estimated across multiple fitness components in a population dynamic framework. in this paper we apply the method to a population of red deer living in the north block of the isle of rum, scotland. we show that (1) sele ...	2003	14761065
rising burden of immature sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the scottish uplands.	the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) is an ectoparasite of major economic and pathogenic importance in scotland. its distribution in the scottish uplands is assumed to be governed by the abundance and distribution of its definitive hosts (deer and sheep) and climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall. as the numbers of its major host in scotland, red deer, have increased dramatically and climatic conditions have become more favourable, the level of parasitism could have ...	2004	15009449
red deer stocks in the highlands of scotland.	grazing by hill sheep and red deer prevents the regeneration of woodland in many parts of the scottish highlands and has also led to extensive loss of heather cover. conservation bodies claim that there has been a rapid rise in highland deer numbers caused by inadequate management and that these need to be drastically reduced. here we show that the recent increase in red deer stocks has probably been overestimated and suggest that the gradual rise in numbers since 1970 may be a consequence of a ...	2004	15152241
tradeable hunting obligations--a new approach to regulating red deer numbers in the scottish highlands?	the population of red deer (cervus elaphus) in scotland has doubled over the last 30 years and there is increasing concern among conservationists about the long-term impact of increased grazing on native woodlands and other sensitive nature conservation sites. currently, the government relies on a voluntary approach to deer control, but landowners seem unable or unwilling to shoot sufficient numbers to meet cull targets. the aim of this paper is to examine alternatives to the 'voluntary approach ...	2004	15158288
culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal odour baits in scotland.	examples of the commercial trap mosquito magnet pro (mmp emitting attractant 1-octen-3-ol in carbon dioxide 500 ml/min generated from propane fuel), were run 24 h/day on the isle of skye, scotland, during june-august 2001 and evaluated for catching culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). from 30 days trapping, the catch averaged 2626 +/- 1358 culicoides females/trap/day (mean +/- se, range 558 +/- 139 to 6088 +/- 3597, for five sets of six consecutive nights), predominantly the pest ...	2004	15641999
red deer stags use formants as assessment cues during intrasexual agonistic interactions.	while vocal tract resonances or formants are key acoustic parameters that define differences between phonemes in human speech, little is known about their function in animal communication. here, we used playback experiments to present red deer stags with re-synthesized vocalizations in which formant frequencies were systematically altered to simulate callers of different body sizes. in response to stimuli where lower formants indicated callers with longer vocal tracts, stags were more attentive, ...	2005	16024350
rapidly declining fine-scale spatial genetic structure in female red deer.	a growing literature now documents the presence of fine-scale genetic structure in wild vertebrate populations. breeding population size, levels of dispersal and polygyny--all hypothesized to affect population genetic structure--are known to be influenced by ecological conditions experienced by populations. however the possibility of temporal or spatial variation in fine-scale genetic structure as a result of ecological change is rarely considered or explored. here we investigate temporal variat ...	2005	16156811
constraints on plastic responses to climate variation in red deer.	influences of climate on life history traits in natural populations are well documented. however, the implications of between-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity underlying observed trait-environment relationships are rarely considered due to the large, long-term datasets required for such analysis. studies typically present correlations of annual trait means with climate or assume that individual phenotypic responses are constant. here, we examine this additional level of variation an ...	2005	17148232
genetic consequences of human management in an introduced island population of red deer (cervus elaphus).	we investigated phylogeography and spatial genetic structure in an introduced island population of red deer (cervus elaphus) on the isle of rum, scotland, experiencing spatial variation in management regime. five different mitochondrial dna (mtdna) haplotypes were present among female red deer on rum. these comprised two phylogenetically divergent groups, one of which clustered with red deer from sardinia and north africa, while the other four grouped with other western european red deer. recent ...	2006	16705323
lifetime reproductive success and density-dependent, multi-variable resource selection.	individuals are predicted to maximize lifetime reproductive success (lrs) through selective use of resources; however, a wide range of ecological and social processes may prevent individuals from always using the highest-quality resources available. resource selection functions (rsfs) estimate the relative amount of time an individual spends using a resource as a function of the proportional availability of that resource. we quantified the association between lrs and coefficients of individual-b ...	2006	16777736
prevalence of 'head shooting' and the characteristics of the wounds in culled wild scottish red deer.	the carcases of 230 wild, culled red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined for the presence of bullet wounds and permanent wound tracts to determine the prevalence and significance of wounds involving the head, legs or carcase trunk. head wounds were found in 17 (7.4 per cent) of the carcases and were classified into two groups: nine in which the marksman was considered to have specifically targeted the head, and eight carcases in which the head wound was considered to have resulted from a ;coup d ...	2006	16844818
the rate of senescence in maternal performance increases with early-life fecundity in red deer.	tradeoffs between reproduction and somatic maintenance are a frequently cited explanation for reproductive senescence in long-lived vertebrates. between-individual variation in quality makes such tradeoffs difficult to detect and evidence for their presence from wild populations remains scarce. here, we examine the factors affecting rates of senescence in maternal breeding performance in a natural population of red deer (cervus elaphus), using a mixed model framework to control for between-indiv ...	2006	17118008
wolf reintroduction to scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management.	reintroductions are important tools for the conservation of individual species, but recently more attention has been paid to the restoration of ecosystem function, and to the importance of carrying out a full risk assessment prior to any reintroduction programme. in much of the highlands of scotland, wolves (canis lupus) were eradicated by 1769, but there are currently proposals for them to be reintroduced. their main wild prey if reintroduced would be red deer (cervus elaphus). red deer are the ...	2007	17264063
climate, food, density and wildlife population growth rate.	1. the aim of this study was to derive and evaluate a priori models of the relationship between annual instantaneous population growth rate (r) and climate. these were derived from the numerical response of annual r and food, and the effect of climate on a parameter in the numerical response. the goodness of fit of a range of such deductive models to data on annual r of soay sheep and red deer were evaluated using information-theoretic (aicc-based) analyses. 2. the analysis for sheep annual r sh ...	2007	17302843
sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer.	evolutionary theory predicts the depletion of genetic variation in natural populations as a result of the effects of selection, but genetic variation is nevertheless abundant for many traits that are under directional or stabilizing selection. evolutionary geneticists commonly try to explain this paradox with mechanisms that lead to a balance between mutation and selection. however, theoretical predictions of equilibrium genetic variance under mutation-selection balance are usually lower than th ...	2007	17597758
landscape features affect gene flow of scottish highland red deer (cervus elaphus).	landscape features have been shown to strongly influence dispersal and, consequently, the genetic population structure of organisms. studies quantifying the effect of landscape features on gene flow of large mammals with high dispersal capabilities are rare and have mainly been focused at large geographical scales. in this study, we assessed the influence of several natural and human-made landscape features on red deer gene flow in the scottish highlands by analysing 695 individuals for 21 micro ...	2008	18261043
individual differences, density dependence and offspring birth traits in a population of red deer.	variation between individuals is an essential component of natural selection and evolutionary change, but it is only recently that the consequences of persistent differences between individuals on population dynamics have been considered. in particular, few authors have addressed whether interactions exist between individual quality and environmental variation. in part, this is due to the difficulties of collecting sufficient data, but also the challenge of defining individual quality. using a l ...	2008	18522909
effect of combined source (f0) and filter (formant) variation on red deer hind responses to male roars.	studying female response to variation in single acoustic components has provided important insights into how sexual selection operates on male acoustic signals. however, since vocal signals are typically composed of independent components, it is important to account for possible interactions between the studied parameter and other relevant acoustic features of vocal signals. here, two key components of the male red deer roar, the fundamental frequency and the formant frequencies (an acoustic cue ...	2008	18529210
cross-generational effects of habitat and density on life history in red deer.	we used long-term data on movements, survival, and reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus linnaeus) of the isle of rum, scotland (1970-2001), to explain variation in life history (age at maturity) from a hind's access to habitat resources and exposure to local density, and cross-generational (maternal) effects on observed relationships. we described each hind's use of resources relative to availability in the study area from an individual-based resource selection function (rsf); we defi ...	2008	19137939
variable extent of hybridization between invasive sika (cervus nippon) and native red deer (c. elaphus) in a small geographical area.	instances of hybridization between endemic and alien species pose a threat to species integrity but also provide us with an opportunity to study the dynamics of gene flow between two species as they first meet. here, we used variation at 22 highly differentiated microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial dna (mtdna) marker in a sample of 735 individuals, to investigate the genetic consequences of an introduction of japanese sika deer (cervus nippon) for native red deer (c. elaphus) on the kintyre ...	2009	19175500
genetic variability of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild ruminants from italy and scotland.	the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in several mammalian species. to determine the prnp gene variability in european red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), the prnp open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in red deer, snps were found in codons 15, ...	2009	19461206
genetic diversity and population structure of scottish highland red deer (cervus elaphus) populations: a mitochondrial survey.	the largest population of red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe is found in scotland. however, human impacts through hunting and introduction of foreign deer stock have disturbed the population's genetics to an unknown extent. in this study, we analysed mitochondrial control region sequences of 625 individuals to assess signatures of human and natural historical influence on the genetic diversity and population structure of red deer in the scottish highlands. genetic diversity was high with 74 hap ...	2009	19002206
investigating temporal changes in hybridization and introgression in a predominantly bimodal hybridizing population of invasive sika (cervus nippon) and native red deer (c. elaphus) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland.	we investigated temporal changes in hybridization and introgression between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and invasive japanese sika (cervus nippon) on the kintyre peninsula, scotland, over 15 years, through analysis of 1513 samples of deer at 20 microsatellite loci and a mtdna marker. we found no evidence that either the proportion of recent hybrids, or the levels of introgression had changed over the study period. nevertheless, in one population where the two species have been in contact si ...	2010	20102517
variable extent of sex-biased dispersal in a strongly polygynous mammal.	for mammals with a polygynous mating system, dispersal is expected to be male-biased. however, with the increase in empirical studies, discrepancies are arising between the expected and observed direction/extent of the bias in dispersal. in this study, we assessed sex-biased dispersal in red deer (cervus elaphus) on 13 estates from the scottish highlands. a total of 568 adult individuals were genotyped at 21 microsatellite markers and sequenced for 821 bp of the mitochondrial control region. est ...	2010	20629954
variances and covariances of phenological traits in a wild mammal population.	in a seasonal environment, there are multiple aspects of timing, or phenology, that contribute to an individual's fitness. several studies have shown a genetic basis to variation between individuals in breeding time, but we know little about the heritability of other phenological traits in wild populations. furthermore, the presence of genetic correlations between phenological variables could act to constrain or promote any response to selection, but less is known of the multivariate genetic rel ...	2010	21044060
individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods.	1. trade-offs among life-history traits are common because individuals have to partition limited resources between multiple traits. reproductive costs are generally assumed to be high, resulting in reduced survival and fecundity in the following year. however, it is common to find positive rather than negative correlations between life-history traits. 2. here, we use a data set from the individual-based study of red deer on the isle of rum to examine how these costs vary between individuals and ...	2010	21182522
do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of scots pine monoterpenes?	a central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (psms) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or non-functional. we examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene psms within a plant species (scots pine pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. we also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, ...	2011	21444308
the impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of scotland.	the red deer (cervus elaphus) is an iconic species in scotland and, due to its value as a game species, an important element of the scottish rural economy. the native status of this species is sometimes questioned because of many recorded introductions of nonnative deer in the past that were an attempt to improve trophy size. in this study, we assessed the impact of past introductions on the genetic makeup of scottish red deer by genotyping at 15 microsatellite loci a large number of samples (n ...	2012	23091222
collaboration in natural resource governance: reconciling stakeholder expectations in deer management in scotland.	the challenges of integrated, adaptive and ecosystem management are leading government agencies to adopt participatory modes of engagement. collaborative governance is a form of participation in which stakeholders co-produce goals and strategies and share responsibilities and resources. we assess the potential and challenges of collaborative governance as a mechanism to provide an integrated, ecosystem approach to natural resource management, using red deer in scotland as a case study. collabora ...	2012	22898708
habitat monitoring in the wider countryside: a case study on the pursuit of innovation in red deer management.	policy frameworks for protected areas, such as the eu habitats directive, ensure that environmental monitoring takes place to assess the condition of these sites. however, this monitoring rarely extends to the wider countryside, and there is no obligation for private landowners to detect trends in habitat condition. using the diffusion of innovations model as an analytical framework we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews to consider the uptake of habitat impact assessment methods th ...	2013	23860380
long-term density-dependent changes in habitat selection in red deer (cervus elaphus).	understanding how habitat selection changes with population density is a key concept in population regulation, community composition and managing impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. at low density, it is expected that individuals select habitats in terms of their preference, but as population density increases, the availability of resources per individual declines on preferred habitats, leading to competition which forces some individuals to exploit less preferred habitats. using spa ...	2013	23719900
wear fast, die young: more worn teeth and shorter lives in iberian compared to scottish red deer.	teeth in cervidae are permanent structures that are not replaceable or repairable; consequently their rate of wear, due to the grinding effect of food and dental attrition, affects their duration and can determine an animal's lifespan. tooth wear is also a useful indicator of accumulative life energy investment in intake and mastication and their interactions with diet. little is known regarding how natural and sexual selection operate on dental structures within a species in contrasting environ ...	2015	26252380
prevalence of liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) in wild red deer (cervus elaphus): coproantigen elisa is a practicable alternative to faecal egg counting for surveillance in remote populations.	red deer (cervus elaphus) are hosts of liver fluke (fasciola hepatica); yet, prevalence is rarely quantified in wild populations. testing fresh samples from remote regions by faecal examination (fe) can be logistically challenging; hence, we appraise frozen storage and the use of a coproantigen elisa (celisa) for f. hepatica surveillance. we also present celisa surveillance data for red deer from the highlands of scotland. diagnoses in faecal samples (207 frozen, 146 fresh) were compared using a ...	2016	27598003
colonization of the scottish islands via long-distance neolithic transport of red deer (cervus elaphus).	red deer (cervus elaphus) have played a key role in human societies throughout history, with important cultural significance and as a source of food and materials. this relationship can be traced back to the earliest human cultures and continues to the present day. humans are thought to be responsible for the movement of a considerable number of deer throughout history, although the majority of these movements are poorly described or understood. studying such translocations allows us to better u ...	2016	27053752
inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population.	inbreeding depression is of major concern for the conservation of threatened species, and inbreeding avoidance is thought to be a key driver in the evolution of mating systems. however, the estimation of individual inbreeding coefficients in natural populations has been challenging, and, consequently, the full effect of inbreeding on fitness remains unclear. genomic inbreeding coefficients may resolve the long-standing paucity of data on inbreeding depression in adult traits and total fitness. h ...	2016	26979959