Publications

the combined effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and pasteurella hemolytica on cattle.		1960	13811232
the detection of antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in ontario cattle.		1961	17649282
abortion experimentally induced in cattle by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.		1964	14156996
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in new york dairy cattle.		1964	14193053
[epizootiology and prevention, in the territory of the federal republic of germany, of virus diseases of cattle affecting the mucous membranes].		1966	4298152
isolation and characterization of a strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus associated with enteritis in cattle: isolation, serologic characterization, and induction of the experimental disease.		1966	4291326
isolation and characterization of a strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus associated with enteritis in cattle: pathogenesis studies by fluorescent antibody tracing.		1966	4291328
viral respiratory infection in commercial feedlot cattle.		1967	4291850
complications in cattle following vaccination with a combined bovine viral diarrhea-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine.		1968	4297313
experimental exposure of pigs to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus.	thirteen specific-pathogen-free pigs were used in an experiment to determine the pathogenicity of ibr virus for pigs. three pigs were used as controls, eight were exposed to ibr virus by either the intravenous, subcutaneous, intratracheal, or intranasal route, and two pigs served as contact controls. the clinical response consisted of a temperature rise, depression and variable lymphocytosis. the major tissue alterations were interstitial pneumonitis, and peribronchiolitis with round cell aggreg ...	1968	15846897
probable occurrence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in tanzania in wildlife and cattle.		1970	4312880
respiratory viruses of cattle.		1971	4335759
a micro-passive hemagglutination test for the rapid detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	serum antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus are most commonly detected using the serum-virus-neutralization test, a time-consuming and expensive procedure. a passive hemagglutination test was developed for the rapid detection of antibodies using the microtiter system. two cloned strains of the virus were used in the investigation, namely the bf strain and the los angeles strain. erythrocytes from several species were used. the best results were obtained using the los angeles stra ...	1971	4338673
role of cell-mediated immunity in the recovery of cattle from primary and recurrent infections with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	when cattle infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) were treated 3 months later with a synthetic corticosteroid, consistent recrudescence of the infection was observed. suppression of cell-mediated immunity, as measured by lymphocyte transformation responses, could be demonstrated at the time of recrudescence. treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone and trigeminal neurotomy also resulted in recrudescence of ibrv, but immunosuppression was not detected in these animals. th ...	1973	4355136
virus isolations from cases of infectious bovine pustlo-vulvovaginitis and posthitis (ipv/ipb) in cattle in tanzania.		1974	4378003
the use of frozen cells in the microtitre serum neutralization test for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.	some parameters of the microtitre serum neutralization test were examined when using bovine fetal kidney cells derived from stocks stored in liquid nitrogen. in replicate tests with one serum there was no significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between titres calculated on the basis of cytopathic effect when either two or four wells were used per serum dilution. also, there was no significant difference between titres calculated on the basis of a cell staining method when either two or four ...	1975	163125
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis viral isolates from cattle with epididymitis and vaginitis.	infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (ibr-ipv) viral isolates were obtained from cattle affected with epididymitis-vaginitis. isolation of virus from the diseased animals indicated that the genital form of ibr-ipv virus infection exists in kenya and that epididymitis-vaginitis may be associated with ibr-ipv virus. serums prepared from cattle having the genital form of the disease did not always have detectable antibody titers.	1975	163602
correlation between the serum neutralization test and the indirect immunofluorescent test for the detection of specific antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	comparative titrations show that immunofluorescence on infected rabbit kidney cells is relatively as sensitive as the neutralization test for the detection of antibodies to the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. when calf testis cells infected with this virus are used for the detection of antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescent test nonspecific staining is high. this nonspecific reaction is absent when rabbit kidney cells are used.	1975	164993
antibody levels and immunity to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibr) infections in wisconsin dairy cattle.	individual cows and calves in 7 holstein-friesian herds with a history of respiratory disease in green county, wisconsin, usa, were swabbed intranasally and bled monthly, some for periods over 1 year. virus isolation and serological procedures were completed on the samples in an attempt to recognize the problems and peculiarities that ibr virus continues to cause in dairy cows, in spite of, and possibly because of vaccines available for immunization against this agent. while ibr virus was isolat ...	1975	165127
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. history and recent developments.	the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus belongs to the group of herpes viruses. it causes in cattle a severe disease predominantly in the upper respiratory tract. morbidity rate is 100 percent, mortality - depending on hygienic and other factors - ranges from 0-15 percent. the ibr virus is serologically indistinguishable from the infect pustulat vulvovaginitis (ipv) virus which causes disorders of the genital tract in both male and female cattle. possibly the ipv virus is the older of ...	1975	165129
a serologic survey of pronghorns in alberta and saskatchewan, 1970-1972.	to determine the exposure of free-ranging pronghorns (antilocapra americana ord) to selected pathogens, serum samples were obtained from 33 live-trapped animals from southwestern saskatchewan in 1970, and from 26 and 51 animals from southeastern alberta, in 1971 and 1972, respectively. antibodies were found to the agents of parainfluenza 3, bovine virus diarrhea, eastern and western encephalomyelitis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and the chlamydial group. no serologic reactors were found to ...	1975	167203
[i.b.r (author's transl)].	the clinical pictures which may be produced by ibr/ipv virus in cattle are briefly reviewed. up to the autumn of 1972, infection occurred only sporadically in the netherlands, no typical cases of ibr having been reported up to the fall of that year. since the winter of 1972-1973 ibr has increasingly been diagnosed, particularly during the winter months. it may, however, be mistaken for other infections of the respiratory tract. the infection apears to be spreading. the clinical features, diagnos ...	1975	168664
synthesis and cell culture studies on the antiviral activity of 5-mercaptomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine.	treatment of 5-mercaptomethyluracil (i) with trimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine gave 2,4,5-tris-(trimethylsilyl)-5-mercaptomethyluracil (ii) which, upon coupling with 2-deoxy-3,5-di-o-(p-toluoyl)-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride, furnished as anomeric mixture of fully substituted 2'-deoxy ribonucleosides. the nucleoside with beta configuration (iii) was predominantly formed and was isolated as a crystalline solid. the free nucleoside iv was obtained by removal of blocking ...	1975	169351
evaluation of inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines.	sixty-five calves of approximately three months of age and of mixed sex were vaccinated twice at four week intervals with either attenuated or inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. following initial vaccination there was no demonstrable serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis titer in any of the calves receiving the inactivated vaccine with 20.7% of the calves receiving the attenuated vaccines having demonstrable titers. following a second administration of vaccine at eight wee ...	1975	169968
isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from mustelidae.	herpesviruses isolated from either domesticated or wild carnivores should be immunologically compared with known viruses of this group which could have been included in the diet of the animal before being considered to be previously undescribed herpesviruses native to the carnivore in question.	1975	170300
detection of bovine viruses in fetal bovine serum used in cell culture.	this investigation employed a viral screening method detect endogenous bovine virus contaminants in commercially supplied fetal bovine serum. fifty-one lots of fetal bovine serum from 14 suppliers were examined. over 30% of the lots tested were found to contain bovine viruses; they included bovine virus diarrhea virus, parainfluenza type3-like virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine enterovirus type 4, and an unidentified cytopathogenic agent. of the 51 lots, 20 had been pretested by the suppliers ...	1975	172434
[localization of viral antigen in cell cultures infected with the ibr-ipv virus].	using the immunofluorescence method and fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labelled antibodies against the ibr-ipv virus the dynamics was followed up of the production of the viral antigen in primary cell cultures of calf kidney and a permanent cell line of calf kidney infected with ibr-ipv strains isolated in this country. to avoid nonspecific reactions in the fluorescence-and-serologic demonstration of the viral antigen a method was employed for the contrast staining with evans blue. a positive reacti ...	1975	175554
use of corticosteroids to isolate ibr virus from cattle in cyprus after respiratory disease and ataxia.	an outbreak of ataxia, blindness, respiratory disease and kerato-conjunctivitis occurred in october 1972 in a beef feedlot in cyprus. fifteen animals died and 10 that were severely ataxic were slaughtered; many animals became blind. there was no opportunity to isolate virus when the disease was active but in march and october 1973 infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus was isolated from cattle after they had been treated corticosteroids to stimulate virus excretion. it is probable that ...	1975	49119
in vitro transmission and propagation of the bovine leukemia virus in monolayer cell cultures.	this study demonstrates that the bovine leukemia virus (blv) can infect in vitro cells of human, simian, bovine, canine, caprine, ovine, and bat origin. cultures of these cells, cocultivated with blv-infected cells or inoculated with cell-free blv preparations, continuoously showed the presence of cells with the internal blv antigen as well as blv-induced syncytia. virus replication was abundant and increased with passage in bat lung cells and was moderate but constant in fetal canine thymus cel ...	1976	61801
use of polyethyleneglycol-treated serum for animal cell cultures.	although many proteins will be removed from sera by precipitation with 10% polyethyleneglycol (peg) the growth-promoting properties of such peg-treated sera for many cell lines and cell strains are hardly reduced. among the precipitated proteins are the macroglobulins which are difficult to remove from cell cultures and which may cause allergic reactions if incorporated into vaccines. the gammaglobulins are removed in this way as well. if the sera are contaminated with viruses or phages the titr ...	1976	201528
effects of crude extracts of various plants on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-plaque production.	extracts of 28 plants were tested without demonstable antiviral activity in an agar-overlay plaque-reduction antiviral assay system, using infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine endocardial cell cultures. ethanolic extract of narcissus tazetta l bulb elicited antiviral activity by inhibition of viral plaque formation. antiviral activity was demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses. narcissus tazetta l bulb did not directly inactivate ...	1976	176907
effects of vaccination infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and simultaneous administration of levamisole on primary humoral responses in calves.	in a study on the primary humoral response of calves vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) and simultaneously given levamisole, mild but consistent suppression of the group's geometric mean serum-neutralization titer to ibr virus occurred between 12 and 59 days later. the quantitative determination of circulating immunoglobulins (ig) over the same period indicated a slight decrease in the igg concentrations from an initial geometric mean concentration of 18.28 mg/ml before c ...	1976	176908
effects of swab materials on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	the recovery rates of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from swab materials were compared. the adsorptive and elutive properties of cotton, polyester, and calcium alginate wool were examined by direct exposure of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus to swab materials in buffered tissue culture medium. calcium alginate wool was virucidal; this was apparent after 2 hours' exposure. cotton and polyester swab materials exhibited little virucidal effects. the addition of wooden applicator st ...	1976	180853
[study of the immunogenic properties of inactivated vaccines prepared with the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibr)].	tested were the chemical and physico-chemical means for the inactivation of the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. formalin and saponin were shown to decrease the immunogenic activity of the virus. the inactivation of the virus, preserving its immunogenic properties, was achieved with the use of two inactivating factors (1 and 2), and the concentrated vaccines produced containing an oil adjuvant at amounts of 10 cu. cm per dose in the vaccination and revaccination at a 28-day interval prov ...	1976	181897
[local interferon production in cattle after intranasal infection with avirulent ibr/ipv virus and its effect on a subsequent infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus].		1976	183421
envelopment and the envelopes of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in ultrathin sections.	an electron microsopic study of cell cultures and bovine foetal tracheal organ cultures infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus showed the following. a) the difference in the site at which the outer envelope is acquired in the infected cell is responsible for some morphological differences between the virions. where envelopment of the capsids occurs by budding into cytoplasmic tubules, dense material adjacent to the tubules is often incorporated between the capsid and the out ...	1976	183630
lymphocyte activation by cell separation procedures.	cell separation techniques normally used to obtain subpopulations of lymphocytes were shown, under certain conditions, to render the cells cytotoxic towards a number of target-cells including autologous lymphocytes. to cause cytotoxicity, it was necessary to pass cells through glass wool and/or nylon wool columns equilibrated with media containing fresh plasma or serum. cells lost activation upon overnight in vitro culture or treatment with trypsin. in addition to direct cell cytotoxicity, cells ...	1976	186400
[the presence of antibodies to ibr/ipv virus in cattle in the environs of leyden (author's transl)].	the appearance of ibr among cattle in the environs of leyden is reported. possible explanations of local differences in the incidence of ibr and possible effects on ibr immunisation of cattle in these areas are referred to in the discussion.	1976	189454
persistent infection with bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) in cultured hamster cells.	bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in hamster embryo cells was found to be dependent upon input multiplicity; productive infection was achieved at input multiplicities greater than one, while persistent infection was established when input multiplicities were about 0.5. this persistence was characterized by a noncyclic, minimal degree of cytopathic effect with a low level of released virus. maintenance of the persistently infected cultures did not require external supportive measures. subcultivation ...	1976	190164
[corticoid activation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus--infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus (ibr-ipv)].	the course of infection and ibr virus reactivation was studied in three experimentally infected weaned calves and three cows from naturally invaded herds. the animals were infected intranasally, intratracheally, and by contact. after 20, 41, and 105 days from primary infection, both in calves and in cows, dexametazon was applied in a series of six to seven intramuscular injections. the presence of the virus was examined in the nasal, conjunctival, vaginal and/or preputial secretions and in blood ...	1976	190757
purification and buoyant density of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	a purification scheme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus utilizing rate-zonal centrifugation in a 10-40% potassium tartrate gradient was described. the density of ibrv in the potassium tartrate gradient was found to be 1.22 g/cm3. electron microscopic examination of purified virus preparations revealed homogeneous populations of enveloped virions with minute projections on the envelope surface.	1976	175368
growth characteristics of bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) in human diploid cell strain wi-38.	ibr virus was found to replicate in wi-38 cells. at a high input multiplicity the virus yield was comparable to that obtained in bovine cells, but comparable degree of cpe took longer to achieve. at a low input multiplicity of ibr virus, such as may be encountered in virus contaminated bovine serum, virus yield was only about 1% of that in bovine cells, with 50% of the cells showing cpe, followed by cell regrowth. infectious virus was not recoverable from the regrown cells by 5 weeks after initi ...	1976	175382
shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle.	during each week of 1974, we surveyed, for illnesses and deaths, a continually changing population of yearling feedlot cattle that, for the year, totaled 407,000 animals. about 5.1% of the cattle sickened and, of these, 18.9% died. from the 3,943 fatalities, 1,988 necropsies were made. about 75% of the clinical diagnoses and 64% of the necropsy diagnoses were respiratory tract diseases; of the fatalities from respiratory tract diseases, 75% were attributed to shipping fever pneumonia. nearly 72% ...	1976	783102
pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea.	the purpose of this report is to describe clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, bacteriological and immunofluorescence observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhea (ncd) in dairy and beef herds. the following diagnostic tools were used: 1) direct smears of intestinal content, 2) escherichia coli counts, 3) aerobic bacterial cultures of the small intestine and other organs (the o serogroup and the enterotoxigenicity of the e. coli isolated was determined), 4) de ...	1976	793692
mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis of the bovine.	the pneumonic lungs of 42 cattle from 26 feedlots were examined for the presence of mycoplasma, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. four animals representative of two lots failed to yield mycoplasma. one of these yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and pasteurella hemolytica, the other yielded only p. p. multocida. nine animals in eight lots yielded mycoplasma sp.: five of these were m. bovirhinis, two were m. arginini and two were untypable. all of these animals yielded one or m ...	1977	832194
experimental infection of rabbits with the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.	adult and newborn rabbits were infected with the la strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. adult rabbits developed only mild, self-limiting conjunctivitis, but had microscopic inflammatory foci in the liver and adrenal glands. newborn rabbits developed a severe, sometimes fatal, generalized infection with focal and diffuse necrosis of the liver and adrenal glands.	1977	193550
investigation of causative agents of bovine respiratory tract disease in a beef cow-calf herd with an early weaning program.	serum samples were collected from early weaned fall calves shortly after the onset of respiratory tract disease. antibody titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, parainfluenza type 3 (pi-3) virus, bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus, bovine adenovirus type 3 (bav-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) were determined on paired (acute and convalescent) serums. seroconversion rate (a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer) for ibr virus was 4.3%, pi-3 virus--16.3%, bv ...	1977	201196
structural proteins of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus grown in bovine embryo kidney cell cultures was concentrated and purified in ficoll density gradients. the polypeptide composition of the virus was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the mature virion was found to contain 18 structural proteins with molecular weights from 250,000 to 29,000 daltons; 8 of them were glycosylated. the similarity of ibr virus protein composition to proteins of other herpetoviruses is discussed.	1977	20761
some lesions observed in calves born to cows exposed to the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the last trimester of gestation.	sixteen pregnant cows were challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus intranasally. one had a mummified fetus, four aborted, one calf was stillborn, two live fetuses were taken at the abattoir and eight calves were born alive. of the eight born alive, five were dead by 12 days of age. four of these had the usual lesions of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis as well as lesions in the intestine and peritoneum and two of the four had a fibrinous pneumonia thought to be caused by aspirat ...	1978	743599
contamination of primary embryonic bovine kidney cell cultures with parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	two different viruses were isolated from bovine embryonic cell cultures after two subcultures from the primary cells. one virus was identified as parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 (sv-5), and the other was identified as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. six months later, stock cultures of pig kidney (pk-15) cells were found to be contaminated with sv-5 virus. we believe that the source of the sv-5 virus in the bovine cells was a cross-contamination from monkey kidneys during preparation ...	1978	75889
maternal immunity to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses: duration and effect on vaccination in young calves.	the immune response to modified live-virus bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) vaccine and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) vaccine was examined in calves that had received passive maternal antibodies to these viruses. blood serum samples from vaccinated and control (nonvaccinated) calves were examined for more than 1 year to determine the rate of decline of passive anti-bvd and anti-ibr antibodies and the effect that vaccination had on these antibody titers. the control calves lost their antibod ...	1978	204233
an outbreak of the conjunctival form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.	an outbreak of severe conjunctivitis involved approximately 30% of a dairy herd of 118 cattle. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus was identified by cytopathic effects and fluorescent antibody techniques from conjunctival swabs of affected animals. the disease typically presented as a unilateral ocular disease with systemic signs of pyrexia, inappetance, decreased milk production, and some subsequent abortions.	1978	208813
identification of a herpesvirus isolated from cytomegalovirus-transformed human cells.	human cells transformed by cytomegalovirus and transplanted to athymic nude mice yielded a cytopathic virus, hershey medical center virus, following prolonged in vitro passage of the tumor cells. the virus is a double-enveloped herpesvirus, is sensitive to ether, and is inhibited by iododeoxyuridine. no significant antigenic relationship to herpes simplex virus was detected using herpes simplex virus-immune sera in neutralization and immunofluorescence tests, but indirect immunofluorescence test ...	1978	212591
mechanisms of recovery from herpesvirus infections -a review.	a variety of specific immunological mechanisms have been shown to be effective at neutralizing herpesviruses or destroying herpesvirus infected cells. these include both humoral and cell mediated immune responses or combinations thereof. thus, it is genarlly accepted that humoral immunity is probably responsible for preventing reinfection whereas cellular immunity, mediated by t lymphocytes or by the interaction of antibody and fc receptor bearing cells, is more important in recovery from infect ...	1978	217506
[immunization effectiveness of the inactivated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) with an oily adjuvant].	the adjuvant vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) was tested as to its innocuousness and immunogenicity. the immunity response induced by a single or double application of different vaccine doses was evaluated according to the content of neutralization antibodies (np) in the blood serum. a direct dependence was revealed between the size of the inoculum and np content in the blood serum, with np titres of 1 : 9.3; 1 : 26.6, 1 : 80 and 1 : 149 after doubled application of 1, 2, ...	1979	223270
immune response of cattle to antigens obtained from bovine herpesvirus 1-infected tissue culture.	the ability of two antigens, termed ev and cm, derived from bovine herpesvirus 1 infected cultures to produce serum-virus neutralizing antibodies has been studied in cattle. both ev and cm when inoculated with adjuvant induced significant increases in serum-virus neutralizing antibody titers. control groups inoculated in a similar manner failed to induce significant increases in serum-virus neutralizing antibody. some of the animals were vaccinated, then were bred, challenged with a virulent str ...	1979	226245
[isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from the tarsal joint of a bull (author's transl)].	isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from the tarsal joint of a bullinfectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was isolated from the right tarsal joint of a bull who was showing signs of a systemic viral infection. the clinical signs manifested by 16 bulls of this herd are described, the laboratory methods used are listed and the results are analysed and discussed.	1979	227556
properties of human epithelioid cells established in vitro by a herpesvirus [ibrv(hmc)] isolated from cytomegalovirus-transformed human cells.	infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus [ibrv(hmc)], a double-enveloped herpesvirus, was isolated from human embryo lung fibroblasts transformed by cytomegalovirus (cmv). this agent was identified as an ibrv strain that was antigenically related to human cmv. inoculation of a primary human kidney cancer cell culture with ibrv(hmc) resulted in persistent infection and subsequent establishment of a cell line [ibrv(hmc)hkc-1]. virus-related nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell membrane antigens were dete ...	1979	229291
experimental infection of eastern cottontail rabbits sylvilagus floridanus) with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	experimental infection of eastern cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus caused acute keratoconjunctivitis and a fatal systemic infection. the clinical syndrome was characterized initially by blepharospasm and ocular discharge. the rabbits were markedly depressed on post-exposure day (ped) 5 and were dead or moribund on ped 6. the virus was readily recovered from liver and adrenal gland tissue on ped 6 and from conjunctival swabs on ped 1 to 6. hi ...	1979	230773
[production and study of the immunogenic properties of a bivalent inactivated vaccine against mucosal disease (bovine viral diarrhea and infectious rhinotracheitis)].	bivalent inactivated vaccine against mucous disease (md) and infectious rhinotracheitis (ir) in cattle was produced from cell cultural md and ir virus suspensions. the vaccine was concentrated on aluminium hydroxide, inactivated by ethanol and is without residual virus. saponine in final 1:1500 dilution is added as supplementary adjuvant. immunogeneity of the vaccine was tested on 10-month-old calves, which had shown full resistance against experimental infection with virulent strains of both vi ...	1979	232586
neural changes in recurrent genital infection of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves treated with dexamethasone.	recurrent genital infection with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus was induced in calves by dexamethasone (dm) treatment 3 months after primary infection. the virus was first recovered from vaginal secretions on the 3rd day after the initiation of dm treatment; however, the virus was not recovered at all from nasal secretions or from the cerebrospinal fluid of the dm-treated calves. the significant neural changes in all recurrent infected calves were nonsuppurative poliomyelitis in t ...	1979	444414
neutrophils in antiviral immunity: inhibition of virus replication by a mediator produced by bovine neutrophils.	neutrophils collected from bovine mammary glands were placed in culture with virus-infected cell preparations that had been inactivated by ultraviolet light. upon culture with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus-infected georgia bovine kidney cells, a material was released from the neutrophils that, like interferon, inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus and ibr virus. cell-free ibr virus was a less effective inducer of the inhibitor produced by neutrophils. other herp ...	1980	6154112
[protective action of inactivated adjuvant ibr vaccine against experimental infection in cattle].		1980	6243812
a seroepidemiologic survey of three pronghorn (antilocapra americana) populations in southeastern idaho, 1975-1977.	sera from 104 adult and 42 fawn pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) from southeastern idaho were tested against selected livestock pathogens. the numbers positive/numbers tested (% positive) were as follows: bovine virus diarrhea - adults 2/102 (2), fawns 0/41 (0);; infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - adults 27/101 (27), fawns 9/42 (22); parainfluenza 3 - adults 79/104 (76), fawns 22/42 (52); bovine adenovirus 7 - adults 42/103 (41), fawns 20/48 (48); bovine adenovirus 3 - adults 11/32 (3 ...	1980	6246285
evaluation of the rabbit as a laboratory model for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection.	experimental infection of rabbits with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) produced diverse manifestations of disease which included abortion, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, vulvovaginitis, systemic infection, neonatal death and respiratory tract infection. each disease syndrome was studied using virus isolation, fluorescent antibody examination and histologic examination. conjunctivitis, dermatitis and vulvovaginitis lesions were characterized by edema, infiltration of mucosa and submuc ...	1980	6247121
rapid onset of immunity in cattle after intramuscular injection of a modified-live-virus ibr vaccine.		1980	6254226
bovine herpesvirus type 1 in the sperm of a bull from a herd with fertility problems.	a herd of 125 holstein cows manifested fertility problems for two years. the number of services per pregnancy was 2.97, conception rate was 33% after the first service, and the average number of open days was 127. abortions occurred in four cows over the last 12 months. the herd was not vaccinated against any disease. natural service by a bull and artificial insemination were used for breeding the cows. bovine herpesvirus type 1 was demonstrated in sperm heads from the bull by direct and indirec ...	1980	6266630
[antigen isolation and the applicability of a microvariant of the complement fixation reaction in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis].	comparative investigations were carried out on 3 ibr cellular cultural antigens with regard to the cf-micromethod, produced by different methods. the best qualities with regard to sensitivity and specificity were reached by the antigen concentrated by ultracentrifuging. high coincidence rate was observed in discovering ibr antibodies in the blood serums of cows through the cf and vnr tests--96% of the positive and negative results although the cf reaction showed lower sensitivity. a conclusion w ...	1980	6261439
immunologic effects of experimental iodine toxicosis in young cattle.	a study was designed to evaluate effects of 4 dosage levels (0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg) of daily iodine supplementation on cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in 40 calves, 10 per group, for a 6-month period. immune and inflammatory responses were measured by titers to brucella, leptospira, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccinations, by stimulation of lymphocyte mitoses with poke-weed, phytohemagglutinin (pha), and conconavalin a mitogens, by intradermal pha responses, by in ...	1980	6996540
scanning electron microscopy of the tracheal epithelium of calves inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1.	tracheal epithelium was examined by light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy at four, five and seven days after calves were infected intranasally with bovine herpesvirus. similar areas were examined from uninoculated calves. tracheal epithelial lesions were found in all inoculated calves and their degree of severity did not vary with the interval between inoculation and examination. extensive loss of cilia leaving areas of tracheal epithelium covered by microvilli was the ma ...	1980	7255893
isolation of bovine herpesvirus-1 from trigeminal ganglia of clinically normal cattle.	trigeminal ganglia collected from 56 adult dairy cattle at slaughter were maintained in explant culture. bovine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from six ganglia after periods of 7 to 24 days' maintenance in vitro. antibody against bovine herpesvirus-1, indicating exposure to that virus, was found in 45.4% of the sample population from which ganglia were collected.	1980	7447114
the pathological features of severe cases of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.	in recent outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) in britain a proportion of the animals affected developed a severe clinical disease characterised, at necropsy, by widespread damage to the respiratory tract. they had necrotising rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis with extensive pseudomembrane formation and severe pneumonia with or without interstitial emphysema. renal infarction was seen in approximatley half of the cases. the central nervous system was not affected in ...	1980	7456296
detection of bacteremia in cattle inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus.	bovine viral diarrhea virus infection of cattle interfered with normal blood clearance mechanisms, as evidenced by the detection of an endogenous bacteremia in up to 85% of infected calves during the first 5 days after infection. the occurrence of detectable bacteremia correlated with the period of leukopenia and depression of lymphocyte responses to mitogens. noninoculated control animals, reinoculated immune calves, or calves inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus yielded cons ...	1981	7258771
failure of a subunit bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine to protect against experimental respiratory disease in calves.	in two experiments in which 31 calves were used, a bovine herpesvirus 1 subunit vaccine previously shown to elicit a strong immunological response in adult cattle failed to do so in younger animals and failed to protect against pneumonia caused by sequential exposure to virulent bovine herpesvirus 1 and pasteurella haemolytica aerosols. one of the experimental groups had been previously inoculated with a live commercial vaccine but even this failed to elicit a strong immunological response. thes ...	1981	7272846
induction of persistent infection in mice and oncogenic transformation of mouse macrophages with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.	infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) established long-term persistent infection in intracerebrally inoculated athymic nude mice. after intraperitoneal injection into outbred mice, virus was isolated for only 3 days from spleens and livers. in vitro inoculation of outbred mouse spleen fragments with ibrv resulted in persistent infection and subsequent transformation of spleen macrophages. the ibrv-specific membrane and intracellular antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence ...	1981	6266290
recrudescence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and associated neural changes in calves treated with dexamethasone.	reactivation of infection bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus in calves administered dexamethasone (dm) was studied in 2 experiments. at 2, 3, 5, 15, or 30 months after inoculation of the los angeles strain of ibr virus, iv injections of dm were given for 5 consecutive days to induce a recurrent infection (experiment 1). three months after the 1st treatment, a 2nd recurrent infection was induced, using dm with the same doses as used in experiment 1. the virus was excreted from nasal secretions fr ...	1981	6267968
serologic survey for selected microbial agents in mammals from alberta, 1976.	blood samples were taken from humans and several species of free-ranging wild mammals from five different geographic areas of alberta, canada. sera were tested for antibody to eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus, western equine encephalitis (wee) virus, st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, powassan (pow) virus, the snowshoe hare (ssh) strain of the california group (cal) of viruses, northway (nor) virus, klamath (kla) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and two bacteria, bru ...	1981	6273600
the prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in scotland.	the prevalence of serum neutralizing antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in 1152 serum samples from adult cattle in 114 dairy and beef herds in different regions of scotland was 12%. in the grampian region, the number of seropositive cattle in the self-contained herds was significantly less (p less than 0.01) than in the "other" herds. holstein cattle had been introduced into five of these "other" herds, and significantly more (p less than 0.01) of the samples from these five h ...	1981	6257782
proteins specified by bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus).	an electrophoretic analysis of radioactively labeled, purified, "empty" and dna-containing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virions revealed the presence of 25 to 33 structural (virion) polypeptides. a total of 11 of these polypeptides could be labeled with [3h]glucosamine and were identified as glycoproteins. in addition to the 25 structural polypeptides, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infected cells also contained at least 15 nonstructural (nonvirion) polypeptides that were not prese ...	1981	6275094
further studies of naturally occurring latent bovine herpesvirus infection.	attempts were made to enhance the isolation rate of latent bovine herpesviruses from trigeminal ganglia by using a fibroblastic fetal bovine kidney cell line, in addition to madin-darby bovine kidney cells, and by superinfecting with a temperature-sensitive helper strain of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). four isolates of latent bhv-1 were obtained from 44 pairs of trigeminal ganglia--thus reflecting no increase in isolation rate over that previously observed. two isolates of a latent bovine herpe ...	1981	6275750
[multiplication of the ibr, pi-3 and bvd-md viruses in cell and organ cultures of bovine fetuses after experimental intrauterine infections].	the intrauterine infection of four- to nine-month-old bovine foetuses with the pi-3, bvd-md viruses, performed 7 to 72 days prior to their delivery, did not exert any significant influence upon the susceptibility of primary cell cultures from foetal organs and tissues to further viral infection in vitro. the bvd-md and ibr viruses multiplied in the primary cell cultures from the organs of a foetus infected with the pi-3 virus seven days before delivery even in the presence of endogenous pi-3 vir ...	1981	6277081
levamisole and bovine immunity: in vitro and in vivo effects on immune responses to herpesvirus immunization.	levamisole was shown to enhance in vitro blastogenic responses of bovine lymphocytes to nonspecific mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) as well as to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and purified protein derivative. greatest enhancement was observed at suboptimal concentrations of viral antigen. in addition to enhancing lymphocyte reactivity levamisole also affected macrophage activity as determined by increased fc receptor activity and [3h]glucosamine incorporation. levami ...	1981	6174193
risk factors related to the prevalence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.	a cross-sectional epizootiologic study was conducted by mailed questionnaire to determine how the prevalence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) related to selected predisposing causes. the prevalence of ibk in missouri during the summer of 1978 was 4.97 cases/100 cattle, with 45% of respondents reporting cases of ibk. a higher prevalence of ibk was associated with calves and yearlings, hereford and hereford-cross cattle, backgrounding cattle operations, and herds with a history of i ...	1981	6281222
[virus neutralization microreaction to determine antibodies against the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus].	comparative studies were carried out with a total of 170 serum samples from cattle with the use of the virus-neutralization test and the virus-neutralization microreaction to demonstrate the presence of antibodies against the ibr virus. it was found that the two reactions were equally effective in terms of specificity. the coincidence of the results obtained with regard to the positive and negative tests was 97 per cent with variant alfa and 98 per cent with variant beta. comparatively higher se ...	1981	6283727
dna of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected calves.	twelve calves infected with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) were killed when in a latent state of infection. latency was verified 30 days after virus inoculation of the calves by seroconversion, absence of virus shedding, and in 2 calves, by recrudescence of the infection after they were treated with dexamethasone. by in situ hybridization techniques and autoradiography, dna of bhv-1 was detected in 13 of 23 trigeminal ganglia of latently infected calves. viral dna was restricted to the nucleu ...	1982	6283952
vaccination of cattle against pseudorabies (aujeszky's disease) with homologous virus (herpes suis) and heterologous virus (herpes bovis 1).	study was made to determine whether vaccination of cattle against pseudorabies (pr; aujeszky's disease) affords protection upon subsequent intranasal challenge exposure with virulent virus. vaccinations were performed with a commercially available oil-adjuvant pr virus vaccine, in some cases supplemented with a1(oh)3 (given subcutaneously), with the attenuated nia4 strain of pr virus (given intranasally), and with a commercially available temperature-sensitive mutant of bovine herpesvirus-1 (inf ...	1982	6283963
natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity of bovine mononuclear cells against virus-infected cells.	the ability of mononuclear cells (mc) from peripheral blood of normal cattle to lyse a variety of cells was tested in a 51cr-release microcytotoxicity assay. several types of bovine cells infected with parainfluenza 3 virus (pi3v) were susceptible to natural cytotoxicity. bovine cells infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus or noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus, uninfected bovine cells, and human cell lines molt-3, hsb-2, k562, and u-937 were not susceptible. the period ...	1982	6284642
virologic study of the reproductive tract in dairy cows.	from aug 1, 1979 to aug 15, 1980, a total of 624 samples were collected from the vaginas, cervices, and uteri of 208 dairy cows 30 to 37 days after parturition. an additional 90 samples were collected from the reproductive tracts from 30 of the 208 cows. the 30 cows had aborted or were repeat breeders. samples from cows that had aborted were collected within a week after clinical abortion or immediately after rectal palpation revealed subclinical abortion. all samples were tested for the presenc ...	1982	6285771
effect of levamisole in immune responses to bovine herpesvirus-1.	the effect of levamisole on bovine immune responses to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was assessed under laboratory and commercial feedlot situations. in all instances, levamisole appeared to have a beneficial effect on antibody responses of the cattle after vaccination. in the smaller scale pilot trials, levamisole appeared to be more efficacious when given 7 days after vaccination, presumably when a large amount of viral antigens was present as a result of viral replication. in the la ...	1982	6285779
association between route of inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and site of recrudescence after dexamethasone treatment.	four calves latently infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) were used to compare the ease of isolation of virus from neuronal ganglia and from mucosal surfaces. two calves were slaughtered, and neuronal ganglia (cranial cervical, trigeminal, and 3rd and 4th sacral) were cocultivated on bovine fetal kidney cells. virus was not isolated. two calves given dexamethasone for 4 days were slaughtered on the 5th day. virus was not isolated from cocultivated or macerated neuronal ga ...	1982	6285780
prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine oral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, bovine adenoviruses-3 and -7, and goat respiratory syncytial viral antibodies in goats.	sera from healthy goats were collected during october 1979 through october 1980. these sera were tested for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, bovine adenoviruses (bav) -3 and -7, and goat respiratory syncytial virus (grsv) antibodies by microtitration virus-neutralization test. the number of herds with seropositive goats for each virus were: 5/38 (13.2%) for bhv-1; 9/38 (23.7%) for bvdv; 8/38 (21.1%) for pi-3 virus; 1/38 (2.6%) for ba ...	1982	6285781
safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines.	two commercial live virus infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) vaccines for intranasal administration and an inactivated polyvalent calf pneumonia vaccine were compared for safety and efficacy in calves against experimental ibr infections. all three products were clinically safe for use in young calves; a mild, transient, febrile response was induced by one of the live vaccines. vaccinal virus was recovered for up to 16 days after vaccination from nasal secretions of all calves given live vac ...	1982	6289508
a review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle.	unanswered questions on the etiology and prevention of shipping fever pneumonia have allowed this disease to remain one of the most costly to the north american cattle industry. research in this area has indirected that while pasteurella haemolytica and, to a lesser extent, p. multocida are involved in most cases, they seem to require additional factors to help initiate the disease process. bovine herpes virus 1 has been shown experimentally to be one such factor. this review examines in some de ...	1982	6290011
immune responses of dairy cattle to parainfluenza-3 virus in intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 virus vaccines.	two hundred and fifty dairy heifers were vaccinated at three to six months of age with an intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-parainfluenza-3 vaccine. eighteen additional heifers were tested prior to vaccination and again three to four weeks after vaccination. neither cell-mediated nor humoral immunity was significantly raised to parainfluenza-3 virus in either group of cattle.	1982	6290012
aerosol vaccination of calves with pasteurella haemolytica against experimental respiratory disease.	three experiments were conducted on calves in which the efficacy of vaccination with live pasteurella haemolytica in aerosol was tested by challenge with sequential aerosol exposure to bovine herpesvirus 1 and p. haemolytica. neither single nor multiple aerosol vaccinations protected against the experimental disease. macroscopically recognizable rhinitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and pneumonia occurred in both controls and vaccinates. in one experiment as many as three aerosol vaccinations with l ...	1982	6290014
effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus immunization on viral shedding in challenge-exposed calves treated with dexamethasone.	calves not vaccinated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) became latently infected when challenge exposed and treated with dexamethasone (dm). calves that shed ibrv after dm treatment were considered to be latently infected. vaccination with a temperature-sensitive intranasal vaccine or with formalinized ibrv in freund's complete adjuvant (ibrv-fca) protected some, but not all, calves against latent infection--indicating a role for the immune response in preventing latent infecti ...	1982	6293350
respiratory tract immune response to microbial pathogens.	effective resistance to respiratory tract infection depends principally on specific immunity on mucosal surfaces of the upper or lower respiratory tract. respiratory tract immune response comprises antibody and cell-mediated systems and may be induced most readily by surface presentation of replicating agents but can result from parenteral or local presentation of highly immunogenic antigens. upper and lower respiratory tract systems differ in immunologic competence, with the lungs having a grea ...	1982	6294027
theory and practice of immunoprophylaxis in cattle.		1982	6294031
importance of competitive binding in the detection of antigen specific bovine isotypes and subisotypes by the micro elisa.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect and quantify the specific bovine immunoglobulin class response to trypanosoma theileri, dictyocaulus viviparus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. comparative measurement of the specific immunoglobulin classes in whole serum was achieved using monospecific rabbit antibovine igg1, igg2 and igm, followed by a goat anti-rabbit ig-enzyme conjugate (antiglobulin elisa). the results obtained in the antiglobulin elisa compared favour ...	1982	6296953
susceptibility of bovine macrophages to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection.	infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus replicated in cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (am). however, yields of infectious virus were low, with maximum titers approximately 100 times that of the residual inoculum. immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies indicated that the majority of macrophages produced viral antigen, but after infection at a multiplicity of 0.1, only 4.1% of am produced infectious centers. virus-infected am culture supernatants possessed interfering activity, p ...	1982	6175574