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sublingual administration of a helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing the codon-optimized soluble fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus elicits protective immunity in mice.sublingual (s.l.) immunization has been described as a convenient and safe way to induce mucosal immune responses in the respiratory and genital tracts. we constructed a helper-dependent adenoviral (hdad) vector expressing a condon-optimized soluble fusion glycoprotein (sfsyn) of respiratory syncytial virus (hdad-sfsyn) and explored the potential of s.l. immunization with hdad-sfsyn to stimulate immune responses in the respiratory mucosa. the rsv specific systemic and mucosal immune responses we ...201424560779
proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design.vaccines prevent infectious disease largely by inducing protective neutralizing antibodies against vulnerable epitopes. several major pathogens have resisted traditional vaccine development, although vulnerable epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies have been identified for several such cases. hence, new vaccine design methods to induce epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies are needed. here we show, with a neutralization epitope from respiratory syncytial virus, that computational prote ...201424499818
mapping of cd8 t cell epitopes in human respiratory syncytial virus l protein.since it has been reported that in humans there is a relationship between human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv)-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes and symptom reduction, and that the polymerase (structural l protein) is highly conserved among different strains, this work aimed to identify the cd8 t cell epitopes h-2(d) restricted within the l sequence for immunization purposes.201424480928
modeling human respiratory viral infections in the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus).for over three decades, cotton rats have been a preferred model for human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and pathogenesis, and a reliable model for an impressive list of human respiratory pathogens including adenoviruses, para influenza virus, measles, and human metapneumo virus. the most significant contribution of the cotton rat to biomedical research has been the development of anti-rsv antibodies for prophylactic use in high-risk infants. more recently, however, the cotton rat m ...201425635205
in silico approach towards designing virtual oligopeptides for hrsv.hrsv (human respiratory syncytial virus) is a serious cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. designing inhibitors from the proteins involved in virus replication and infection process provides target for new therapeutic treatments. in the present study, in silico docking was performed using motavizumab as a template to design motavizumab derived oligopeptides for developing novel anti-hrsv agents. additional simulations were conducted to study the conformational ...201425525622
modulation of host adaptive immunity by hrsv proteins.globally, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in infants and children younger than 2 years old. furthermore, the number of hospitalizations due to lrtis has shown a sustained increase every year due to the lack of effective vaccines against hrsv. thus, this virus remains as a major public health and economic burden worldwide. the lung pathology developed in hrsv-infected humans is characterized by an exacerbated inflammato ...201425513775
quantitative investigation of the affinity of human respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein c-terminus binding to nucleocapsid protein.there are no approved small molecule drug therapies for human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), a cause of morbidity and mortality in at-risk newborns, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. we have investigated as a potential novel hrsv drug target the protein-protein interaction between the c-terminus of the viral phosphoprotein (p) and the viral nucleocapsid protein (n), components of the ribonucleoprotein complex that contains, replicates, and transcribes the viral rna genome. earlier wor ...201425407889
specificity and effector functions of human rsv-specific igg from bovine milk.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the second most important cause of death in the first year of life, and early rsv infections are associated with the development of asthma. breastfeeding and serum igg have been shown to protect against rsv infection. yet, many infants depend on bovine milk-based nutrition, which at present lacks intact immunoglobulins.201425375837
molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus, 2010-2011: identification of genotype on1 and a new subgroup b genotype in thailand.this study reports the molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) samples collected in thailand from january 2010 to december 2011. in total, 1,315 clinical samples were collected from bangkok and khon kaen provinces and were screened by semi-nested pcr for rsv infection. we found 74 samples (27.7 %) and 71 samples (6.8 %) to be rsv positive for bangkok and khon kaen, respectively, and we sequenced 122 of these samples. phylogenetic analysis re ...201424068580
functional and immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in aged balb/c mice: a search for genes determining disease severity.recent studies have demonstrated that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. the cellular mechanisms that determine the host's susceptibility and severity of the disease are not well understood. in this study, we sought a mouse model of human respiratory disease by studying the functional and cellular response to rsv in aged animals.201424354462
combining single rna sensitive probes with subdiffraction-limited and live-cell imaging enables the characterization of virus dynamics in cells.the creation of fluorescently labeled viruses is currently limited by the length of imaging observation time (e.g., labeling an envelope protein) and the rescue of viral infectivity (e.g., encoding a gfp protein). using single molecule sensitive rna hybridization probes delivered to the cytoplasm of infected cells, we were able to isolate individual, infectious, fluorescently labeled human respiratory syncytial virus virions. this was achieved without affecting viral mrna expression, viral prote ...201424351207
molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus over three consecutive seasons in latvia.lower respiratory tract infections caused by the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) represent an immense burden of the disease, especially in young children. this study aimed to investigate the evolutionary history of hrsv strains isolated in the children's clinical university hospital (riga, latvia) over three consecutive hrsv seasons. of 207 samples from children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections, 88 (42.5%) tested positive for hrsv by rt-pcr. the seasonal activity sta ...201424301088
central nervous system alterations caused by infection with the human respiratory syncytial virus.worldwide, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization because of acute respiratory tract infections, including severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. despite intense research, to date there is neither vaccine nor treatment available to control hrsv disease burden globally. after infection, an incubation period of 3-5 days is usually followed by symptoms, such as cough and low-grade fever. however, hrsv infection can also produce a larger variety of s ...201425316031
protection and mechanism of action of a novel human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate based on the extracellular domain of small hydrophobic protein.infections with human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) occur globally in all age groups and can have devastating consequences in young infants. we demonstrate that a vaccine based on the extracellular domain (she) of the small hydrophobic (sh) protein of hrsv, reduced viral replication in challenged laboratory mice and in cotton rats. we show that this suppression of viral replication can be transferred by serum and depends on a functional igg receptor compartment with a major contribution of ...201425298406
molecular evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus attachment glycoprotein (g) gene of new genotype on1 and ancestor na1.we conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of the c-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a (hrsv-a) genotype on1 (93 strains) and ancestor na1 (125 strains). genotype on1 contains a unique mutation of a 72 nucleotide tandem repeat insertion (corresponding to 24 amino acids) in the hypervariable region. the bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method was used to conduct phylogenetic analysis and a time scale ...201425283803
visualizing the replication of respiratory syncytial virus in cells and in living mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of severe lower-respiratory tract disease in calves and young children, yet no human vaccine nor efficient curative treatments are available. here we describe a recombinant human rsv reverse genetics system in which the red fluorescent protein (mcherry) or the firefly luciferase (luc) genes are inserted into the rsv genome. expression of mcherry and luc are correlated with infection rate, allowing the monitoring of rsv multiplication ...201425277263
respiratory syncytial virus: pathology, therapeutic drugs and prophylaxis.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting particularly newborns and young children. this virus is able to modulate the immune response, generating a pro-inflammatory environment in the airways that causes obstruction and pulmonary alterations in the infected host. to date, no vaccines are available for human use and the first vaccine that reached clinical trials produced an enhanced hrsv-associated pathology 50 years ago, resulti ...201425268876
group b strains of human respiratory syncytial virus in saudi arabia: molecular and phylogenetic analysis.the genetic variability and circulation pattern of human respiratory syncytial virus group b (hrsv-b) strains, identified in riyadh during the winters of 2008 and 2009, were evaluated by partial sequencing of the attachment (g) protein gene. the second hypervariable region (hvr-2) of g gene was amplified by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared to representatives of different hrsv-b genotypes. sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all saudi strains belonged to the genotype ba, which is chara ...201424370974
novel vaccine regimen elicits strong airway immune responses and control of respiratory syncytial virus in nonhuman primates.induction of long-lasting immunity against viral respiratory tract infections remains an elusive goal. using a nonhuman primate model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection, we compared mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by different dna delivery approaches to a novel parenteral dna prime-tonsillar adenoviral vector booster immunization regimen. intramuscular (i.m.) electroporation (ep) of a dna vaccine encoding the fusion protein of hrsv induced stronger systemic immun ...201424453366
novel clinical features of recurrent human respiratory syncytial virus infections.children and elderly individuals are often infected easily and repeatedly with human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv); however, the features of recurrent infection in the same individual are defined poorly. to clarify the clinical significance of repeated hrsv infections in relation to subgroup epidemiology, this study performed prospective and longitudinal analyses in children with lower respiratory tract infections over 20 consecutive epidemics between 1985 and 2005 at a pediatric outpatient ...201424166209
genetic diversity in the g protein gene of group a human respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in riyadh, saudi arabia.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a frequent cause of hospitalization and mortality in children worldwide. the molecular epidemiology and circulation pattern of hrsv in saudi arabia is mostly uncharted. in the current study, the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of hrsv type a strains circulating in riyadh province were explored. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from hospitalized children with acute respiratory symptoms during the winter-spring seasons of 2007/0 ...201423884633
sendai virus-based rsv vaccine protects against rsv challenge in an in vivo maternal antibody model.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality among infants, and despite decades of research there remains no licensed vaccine. sevrsv is a sendai virus (sev)-based live intranasal vaccine that expresses the full length rsv fusion (f) gene. sev is the murine counterpart of human parainfluenza virus type 1. given that the target population of sevrsv is young infants, we questioned whether maternal antibodies typical of this age group would inhibit sevrsv va ...201424721531
viral etiology of bronchiolitis among pediatric inpatients in northern taiwan with emphasis on newly identified respiratory viruses.viral etiology of bronchiolitis in children in taiwan has been fragmentary. we conducted a prospective study to figure out the viral epidemiology of bronchiolitis in taiwan.201423040235
[epidemiological study of respiratory viruses detected in patients under two years old who required admission because of lower respiratory disease].the etiologic role of recently identified respiratory viruses for lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) remains unclear in japan. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in young children with lrtd. we prospectively examined 721 children who were under two years old and admitted to a single medical center in japan with lrtd between april 2007 and march 2012. viral nucleotic acids were taken from their nasal swabs. each sample was examined with (rt-) pc ...201425199375
hyperferritinemia in neonatal and infantile human parechovirus-3 infection in comparison with other infectious diseases.human parechovirus-3 (hpev-3) has been associated with severe clinical manifestations in neonates and infants in the form of sepsis or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh)-like illness. to clarify the clinical features of hpev-3 infection, we compared clinical signs and laboratory findings among enteroviruses (evs), hpev-3, and other infections. participants were 26 febrile infants in whom evs (n = 20) or hpev-3 (n = 6) were isolated from throat swab or fecal specimens. clinical and laborato ...201424462418
[viral etiology in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections plus platelet disorders in changsha, china: an analysis of 255 cases].to investigate the viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) plus platelet disorders.201424750840
population-based incidence of severe acute respiratory virus infections among children aged <5 years in rural bangladesh, june-october 2010.better understanding the etiology-specific incidence of severe acute respiratory infections (saris) in resource-poor, rural settings will help further develop and prioritize prevention strategies. to address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a longitudinal study to estimate the incidence of saris among children in rural bangladesh.201424587163
chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f glycoprotein: effect of insert position on expression, replication, immunogenicity, stability, and protection against rsv infection.a recombinant chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza type 3 virus (rb/hpiv3) vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion f glycoprotein previously exhibited disappointing levels of rsv f immunogenicity and genetic stability in children (d. bernstein et al., pediatr. infect. dis. j. 31:109-114, 2012; c.-f. yang et al., vaccine 31:2822-2827, 2013). to investigate parameters that might affect vaccine performance and stability, we constructed and characterized rb/hpiv3 viruses expres ...201424478424
molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates from children with acute respiratory illness in yamagata prefecture, japan.we conducted detailed genetic analyses of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene in 272 human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) isolates from children with acute respiratory illness during the period 2002-2009 in yamagata prefecture, japan. a phylogenetic tree reconstructed by the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method showed that the strains diversified at around 1946 and that the rate of molecular evolution was 1.10×10(-3) substitutions per site per year. identity was high among the pre ...201424464692
association of meteorological factors with childhood viral acute respiratory infections in subtropical china: an analysis over 11 years.the objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the effects of meteorological factors on the prevalence and seasonality of common respiratory viruses in china, which has a subtropical climate. a retrospective study was conducted by identifying children admitted to a hospital with acute respiratory infections due to seven common viruses between january 2001 and december 2011. a total of 42,104 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza ...201424114148
concordance between rt-pcr-based detection of respiratory viruses from nasal swabs collected for viral testing and nasopharyngeal swabs collected for bacterial testing.epidemiologic studies of respiratory infections frequently rely on separate sample collections for the detection of bacteria and viruses. the requirement for two specimens presents cost, logistical, and acceptability challenges.201424875136
paramyxovirus infection regulates t cell responses by bdca-1+ and bdca-3+ myeloid dendritic cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv), viruses belonging to the family paramyxoviridae, are the most important causes of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. infections with rsv and hmpv are clinically indistinguishable, and both rsv and hmpv infection have been associated with aberrant adaptive immune responses. myeloid dendritic cells (mdcs) play a pivotal role in shaping adaptive immune responses during infection; however, few studies have examined ...201424918929
epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital.the management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens.201424915939
a household-based study of acute viral respiratory illnesses in andean children.few community studies have measured the incidence, severity and etiology of acute respiratory illness (ari) among children living at high-altitude in remote rural settings.201424378948
alveolar macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection while protecting against respiratory syncytial virus infection.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are leading causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children and among elderly and immunocompromised patients. the pathogenesis of hmpv-induced lung disease is poorly understood. the lung macrophage population consists of alveolar macrophages (ams) residing at the luminal surface of alveoli and interstitial macrophages present within the parenchymal lung interstitium. the involvement of ams in innate immun ...201424749674
immunization with a recombinant bacillus calmette-guerin strain confers protective th1 immunity against the human metapneumovirus.along with the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), the human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. unfortunately, owing to an inefficient immunological memory, hmpv infection provides limited immune protection against reinfection. furthermore, hmpv can induce an inadequate th2 type immune response that causes severe lung inflammation, leading to airway obstruction. similar to hrsv, it is likely that an effectiv ...201424319265
rates of respiratory virus-associated hospitalization in children aged <5 years in rural northern india.though respiratory viruses are thought to cause substantial morbidity globally in children aged <5 years, the incidence of severe respiratory virus infections in children is unknown in india where 20% of the world's children live.201424269675
identification of human metapneumovirus genotypes a and b from clinical specimens by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been recognized as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections in children worldwide and classified into genotypes a and b. reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay is a rapid diagnostic method for detecting nucleic acids with a single step under isothermal conditions in less than 1h. rt-lamp targeting the m gene of hmpv was developed for detecting and identifying hmpv genotypes a and b. the detection limit of the ge ...201424269205
respiratory syncytial virus detection in cells and clinical samples by using three new monoclonal antibodies.acute respiratory infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are important health burdens that affect infants worldwide. rsv is also an important cause of morbidity and disease in adults, which causes enormous economic losses. at the present time, rsv infection is diagnosed by immunofluorescence, test pack and/or pcr, obtaining better results with pcr than with any other technique. the production of new monoclonal antibodies (mabs) capable of detecting rsv in clinical samples is ...201424150877
seasonality and prevalence of respiratory pathogens detected by multiplex pcr at a tertiary care medical center.respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. seasonality has been reported for many viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and the recently described human metapneumovirus (hmpv). we hypothesize that the availability of rapid, multiplex pcr diagnostics will provide better clinical care and new insights into the etiology and clinical spectrum of rtis. we conducted a retrospective analysis of the incidence of respiratory pathog ...201423881085
comparison of a new transport medium with universal transport medium at a tropical field site.limited data are available in rural honduran settings describing the etiology of respiratory infections, partially due to limited specimen transport. a new molecular transport media (mtm) preserves released nucleic acid at ambient temperature for later detection. prospective surveillance was conducted in a honduran clinic to identify 233 children less than 5 years of age presenting with respiratory symptoms. we obtained 2 nasopharyngeal samples and stored 1 in primestore® mtm at room temperature ...201425070008
detection of respiratory viruses in sputum from adults by use of automated multiplex pcr.respiratory tract infections (rti) frequently cause hospital admissions among adults. diagnostic viral reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) of nose and throat swabs (nts) is useful for patient care by informing antiviral use and appropriate isolation. however, automated rt-pcr systems are not amenable to utilizing sputum due to its viscosity. we evaluated a simple method of processing sputum samples in a fully automated respiratory viral panel rt-pcr assay (filmarray). archived sputum and nts samp ...201425056335
prevalence of respiratory viral infection in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract diseases, and association of rhinovirus and influenza virus with asthma exacerbations.in this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of year-round respiratory viral infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) and the relationship between respiratory viral infection and allergen sensitization in exacerbating asthma.201424578714
ten year retrospective evaluation of the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory tract infections.infections caused by respiratory viruses sometimes occur as epidemias or pandemias and are an important public health problem in the whole world. these viral agents may lead to severe respiratory diseases especially in young children and in the elderly. the aim of this study was to determine the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory infections in our region.201426078631
etiology and clinical outcomes of acute respiratory virus infection in hospitalized adults.etiologies and clinical profiles of acute respiratory viral infections need to be clarified to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies.201425024868
viral etiologies of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infection patients in china, 2009-2013.acute lower respiratory infections (alris) are an important cause of acute illnesses and mortality worldwide and in china. however, a large-scale study on the prevalence of viral infections across multiple provinces and seasons has not been previously reported from china. here, we aimed to identify the viral etiologies associated with alris from 22 chinese provinces.201424945280
epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses found in children and adults with respiratory tract infections in southern china.the world health organization (who) ranks respiratory tract infection (rti) as the second leading cause of death worldwide for children under 5 years of age. the aim of this work was to evaluate the epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses found in children and adults with rti from july 2009 to june 2012 in southern china.201424927663
single and multipathogen viral infections in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections.we aimed to describe the viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in children aged 0-8 years admitted to grigore alexandrescu hospital, the largest pediatric hospital in romania. the patients had clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis or viral respiratory infections and had been hospitalized between september 2010 and september 2011. the study was part of the "molecular investigations of acute respiratory infections caused by non-influenza viruses, to assess the implications ...201424923107
improving influenza surveillance in portuguese preschool children by parents' report.influenza surveillance is usually based on nationally organized sentinel networks of physicians and on hospital reports. this study aimed to test a different report system, based on parents' phone contact to the research team and in home collection of samples by a dedicated team. the identification of influenza and other respiratory viruses in children who attended a hospital emergency department was also recorded. real-time pcr and reverse transcription pcr were performed for influenza a and b, ...201424599798
clinical and epidemiologic factors related to subsequent wheezing after virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized pediatric patients younger than 3 years.most wheezing episodes in infants are caused and exacerbated by virus-induced lower respiratory tract infections. however, there are few reports of epidemiologic and clinical virus-specific research with a focus on virus-induced wheezing. the purpose of the current study was to characterize the clinical presentation of virus-induced wheezing in pediatric patients <3 years of age who were hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections. of the 412 patients in the study, 216 were followed for ...201424535712
respiratory syncytial virus- and human metapneumovirus-associated emergency department and hospital burden in adults.determine the burden of illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in adults, especially young adults.201424512531
development of a luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay to detect igg antibodies against human respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein.the nucleoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv-n) is immunogenic and elicits an igg response following infection. the rsv-n gene was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pren2, and the expressed luciferase-tagged protein (ruc-n) detected anti-rsv-n-specific igg antibodies using a high-throughput immunoprecipitation method (the luciferase immunoprecipitation system [lips]-n(rsv) assay). the specificity of the assay was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and monospecific pre ...201424403526
influenza and other respiratory virus infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory infection during the 2011-12 influenza season.respiratory tract infections are a major cause of outpatient visits, yet only a portion is tested to determine the etiologic organism. multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assays for detection of multiple viruses are being used increasingly in clinical settings.201424852890
human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immune-compromised patients. hmpv is the major etiological agent responsible for about 5% to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. hmpv infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human ...201424841931
viral and host factors determine innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells from children with wheeze and atopy.airway epithelial cells (aec) from patients with asthma, appear to have an impaired interferon (ifn)-β and -λ response to infection with rhinovirus.201424811725
epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children in guangzhou: a three-year study.acute respiratory infections (ari) are some of the most common human diseases worldwide. however, they have a complex and diverse etiology, and the characteristics of the pathogens involved in respiratory infections in developing countries are not well understood. in this work, we analyzed the characteristics of 17 common respiratory pathogens in children (≤14 years old) with ari in guangzhou, southern china over a 3-year period using real-time polymerase chain reaction. pathogens were identifie ...201424797911
comparative epidemiology of human metapneumovirus- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations in guatemala.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ari), but little is known about how it compares with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in central america.201424761765
epidemiology of viral respiratory infections in a tertiary care centre in the era of molecular diagnosis, geneva, switzerland, 2011-2012.few studies have examined the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in large tertiary centres over more than one season in the era of molecular diagnosis. respiratory clinical specimens received between 1 january 2011 and 31 december 2012 were analysed. respiratory virus testing was performed using a large panel of real-time pcr or rt-pcr. results were analysed according to sample type (upper versus lower respiratory tract) and age group. in all, 2996 (2469 (82.4%) upper; 527 (17.6%) lowe ...201424382326
the human metapneumovirus small hydrophobic protein has properties consistent with those of a viroporin and can modulate viral fusogenic activity.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) encodes three glycoproteins: the glycoprotein, which plays a role in glycosaminoglycan binding, the fusion (f) protein, which is necessary and sufficient for both viral binding to the target cell and fusion between the cellular plasma membrane and the viral membrane, and the small hydrophobic (sh) protein, whose function is unclear. the sh protein of the closely related respiratory syncytial virus has been suggested to function as a viroporin, as it forms oligomeric ...201424672047
performance of a rapid multi-analyte 2-photon excitation assay in children with acute respiratory infection.the purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the novel 2-photon excitation-based maripoc© assay (arcdia laboratories, turku, finland) for antigen detection of respiratory viruses versus real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the maripoc assay and 2 multiplex real-time pcr techniques were performed on nasopharyngeal samples from pediatric patients with suspicion of acute respiratory infection admitted to a children's hospital in spain during october 2011 to january 2 ...201424661686
the role of influenza and parainfluenza infections in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal acquisition among young children.animal models suggest that influenza infection favors nasopharyngeal acquisition of pneumococci. we assessed this relationship with influenza and other respiratory viruses in young children.201424621951
respiratory virus infections among children in south china.acute respiratory tract infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality with a worldwide disease burden. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with viral-induced acute respiratory tract infection, in southern china. nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from 1,980 pediatric patients with suspected acute respiratory tract infection, and 82 samples from healthy subject controls were collected for routine examination at the second affiliated hosp ...201424619492
viral aetiology and clinical outcomes in hospitalised infants presenting with respiratory distress.to determine the prevalence of various types of viruses in infants hospitalised due to respiratory distress, compare molecular diagnostic tests and evaluate symptom severity.201424606114
immunogenicity in mice of human metapneumovirus with a truncated sh glycoprotein.the sh glycoprotein of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is twice the size of that of human respiratory syncytial virus and possesses a large, hydrophilic luminal domain. the glycoprotein is located on the surface of the virion and of virus infected cells and, if immunogenic, might be expected to play a role in anti-viral immunity. initial attempts to study anti-sh antibody immunogenicity were thwarted by the instability of the sh gene on passage both in human bronchial epithelial cells and in mice. ...201424009128
seasonal occurrence of human metapneumovirus infections in croatia.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is 1 of the commonest causes of viral ari especially among pediatric patients. its incidence varies from year to year in countries belonging to moderate climate zone. the aim of this study was to investigate epidemiologic characteristics of hmpv infections in croatia.201423989108
a duplex recombinant viral nucleoprotein microbead immunoassay for simultaneous detection of seroresponses to human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections.serologic diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infections has been shown to complement virus detection methods in epidemiologic studies. enzyme immunoassays (eias) using cultured virus lysate antigens are often used to diagnose infection by demonstration of a ≥4-fold rises in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum pairs. in this study, hrsv and hmpv nucleocapsid (recn) proteins were expressed in a baculovirus system and their perform ...201424859050
[pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection and research on attenuated live vaccine].numerous studies have indicated that human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an important viral pathogen in acute respiratory infections in children, presenting similar manifestations with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). hmpv infection peaks in the winter-spring season and is more prevalent in younger ages, especially in children less than 1 year old. host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) of the virus. this recognition occurs ...201424857012
high prevalence of human metapneumovirus subtype b in cases presenting as severe acute respiratory illness: an experience at tertiary care hospital.a comparatively newly discovered human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has emerged as an important cause of severe acute respiratory illness (sari), second only to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). rsv and hmpv taxonomically belong to same family and subfamily, and their clinical presentation and seasonal distribution are also seemed to be indistinguishable. present study was planned to know the epidemiology and prevalence of hmpv and rsv in patients presented as sari in a tertiary care hospital.201424131502
incidence and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in adults with cystic fibrosis.viral respiratory infection (vri) is a common cause of pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis (cf). the importance of vri in adult cf populations is unclear.201424127019
human metapneumovirus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a paramyxovirus identified in 2001, is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in both children and adults. seroprevalence studies demonstrate that the primary infection occurs before the age of 5 years, and humans are reinfected throughout life. the four subgroups of hmpv occur with year-to-year variability, and infection with one subgroup confers some serologic cross-protection. experimental vaccines elicit a humoral response in both animal and human model ...201426104361
other respiratory viruses are important contributors to adult respiratory hospitalizations and mortality even during peak weeks of the influenza season.during peak weeks of seasonal influenza epidemics, severe respiratory infections without laboratory confirmation are typically attributed to influenza.201425734152
respiratory viral infections and subversion of cellular antioxidant defenses.reactive oxygen species (ros) formation is part of normal cellular aerobic metabolism, due to respiration and oxidation of nutrients in order to generate energy. low levels of ros are involved in cellular signaling and are well controlled by the cellular antioxidant defense system. elevated levels of ros generation due to pollutants, toxins and radiation exposure, as well as infections, are associated with oxidative stress causing cellular damage. several respiratory viruses, including respirato ...201425584194
imaging analysis of human metapneumovirus-infected cells provides evidence for the involvement of f-actin and the raft-lipid microdomains in virus morphogenesis.due to difficulties of culturing human metapneumovirus (hmpv) much of the current understanding of hmpv replication can be inferred from other closely related viruses. the slow rates of virus replication prevent many biochemical analyses of hmpv particles. in this study imaging was used to examine the process of hmpv morphogenesis in individually infected llc-mk2 cells, and to better characterise the sites of hmpv assembly. this strategy has circumvented the problems associated with slow replica ...201425408253
virus profile in children with acute respiratory infections with various severities in beijing, china.acute respiratory infection (ari) is one of the most common infectious diseases in infants and young children globally. this study aimed to determine the virus profile in children with ari presenting with different severities.201425382323
human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus in patients with acute respiratory infection in colombia, 2000 - 2011.to describe the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in colombia from 2000 - 2011, including seasonal trends.201425345531
comparison of three commercial rt-pcr systems for the detection of respiratory viruses.due to the insensitivity of rapid tests for respiratory viruses, nucleic acid amplification tests are quickly becoming the standard of care.201425183359
[viral etiologies of hospitalized pneumonia patients aged less than five years in six provinces, 2009-2012].to analyze the viral etiologies of hospitalized pneumonia patients aged less than five years in six provinces during 2009-2012, and to describe the seasonality of the detected viral etiologies.201425174464
respiratory viruses are continuously detected in children with chronic tonsillitis throughout the year.to evaluate the oscillations on the viral detection in adenotonsillar tissues from patients with chronic adenotonsillar diseases as an indicia of the presence of persistent viral infections or acute subclinical infections.201425128448
comparison of severe pneumonia caused by human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children.the objective of this study is to compare the incidence and clinical characteristics of severe pneumonia caused by human metapneumovirus (hmpv) to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children.201425118733
recombinant measles viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins induced virus-specific ctl responses in cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of serious lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants. natural infections with rsv provide limited protection against reinfection because of inefficient immunological responses that do not induce long-term memory. rsv natural infection has been shown to induce unbalanced immune response. the effective clearance of rsv is known to require the induction of a balanced th1/th2 immune response, which involves the induction of cytotoxic t lymphocyt ...201424951869
respiratory secretion analyses in the evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a survey of current practice in pediatric critical care.ventilator-associated pneumonia is among the most common nosocomial infections in the picu. respiratory secretion cultures and gram stains are frequently obtained for diagnosis and to guide therapy, but their specificity is questionable. we conducted a scenario-based survey of pediatric intensivists to assess their antibiotic use in response to hypothetical tracheal aspirate culture and gram stain results.201425068248
community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia in a healthy neonate.the number of cases of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) pneumonia has increased since the late 1990s, with skin and soft tissue infections predominant among neonates. herein, we present a rare case of ca-mrsa necrotizing pneumonia with empyema following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in a healthy neonate. despite prompt vancomycin treatment, the disease worsened and finally we had to perform pneumonectomy. this case highlights the possibilit ...201423182276
ct-morphological characterization of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia in immune-compromised adults.characterization and follow-up evaluation of chest ct of rsv pneumonia in immune-compromised adults during a seasonal epidemic.201424557598
respiratory syncytial virus increases the virulence of streptococcus pneumoniae by binding to penicillin binding protein 1a. a new paradigm in respiratory infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and streptococcus pneumoniae are major respiratory pathogens. coinfection with rsv and s. pneumoniae is associated with severe and often fatal pneumonia but the molecular basis for this remains unclear.201424941423
randomised controlled trial and health economic evaluation of the impact of diagnostic testing for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae infection on the management of acute admissions in the elderly and high-risk 18- to 64-year-olds.western industrialised nations face a large increase in the number of older people. people over the age of 60 years account for almost half of the 16.8 million hospital admissions in england from 2009 to 2010. during 2009-10, respiratory infections accounted for approximately 1 in 30 hospital admissions and 1 in 20 of the 51.5 million bed-days.201424875092
antiviral activity of polymethoxylated flavones from "guangchenpi", the edible and medicinal pericarps of citrus reticulata 'chachi'.the present study found that the supercritical fluid extract of "guangchenpi" possessed in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). bioassay-guided isolation and identification of this extract led to obtain five active polymethoxylated flavones (1-5). cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assay exhibited that tangeretin (2) and nobiletin (3), two major polymethoxylated flavones in the extract, possessed better anti-rsv effect comparable to the positive control ribavirin. p ...201424377463
clinical and epidemiological aspects related to the detection of adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus in infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection.to characterize and compare clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory aspects of infants with acute lower respiratory infection (alri) associated with the detection of adenovirus (adv) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201424148797
anti-respiratory syncytial virus prenylated dihydroquinolone derivatives from the gorgonian-derived fungus aspergillus sp. xs-20090b15.two new prenylated dihydroquinolone derivatives, 22-o-(n-me-l-valyl)aflaquinolone b (1) and 22-o-(n-me-l-valyl)-21-epi-aflaquinolone b (2), and two known analogues, aflaquinolones a (3) and d (or a diastereomer of d, 4), were isolated from the mycelia of a gorgonian-derived aspergillus sp. fungus. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, ecd spectra, marfey's method, and chemical conversion. compounds 1 and 2 display an unusual esterification of n-me-l-val to ...201425420212
immunoprophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus with palvizumab: what is new? 201425119743
determining the breadth of the respiratory syncytial virus-specific t cell response.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of viral lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under the age of 5. studies examining rsv infection in susceptible balb/c mice indicate that both cd4 and cd8 t cells not only contribute to viral clearance but also facilitate rsv-induced disease. however, efforts to understand the mechanisms by which rsv-specific t cells mediate disease following acute rsv infection have been hampered by the lack of defined rsv-specifi ...201424371055
cell-mediated immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection: magnitude, kinetics, and correlates with morbidity and age.we evaluated the cell-mediated immune (cmi) response to rsv acute infection including the magnitude, kinetics and correlates with morbidity and age. twenty-nine rsv-infected patients with mean ± sd age of 15 ± 14 months were enrolled during their first week of disease. th1, th2, th9, th17 and th22 responses were measured at entry and 2 and 6 weeks later. all subjects were hospitalized for a median (range) of 5 (3-11) days. rsv-specific effector and memory th1 cmi measured by lymphocyte prolifera ...201424513666
evaluation of igg antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and associated risk factors for severe respiratory tract infections in pre-school children in north-central, nigeria.childhood mortality and morbidity due to rsv is increasing. our current study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence rate of rsv igg antibodies and investigates certain known risk factors for rsv disease severity in infants and pre-school children presenting with various forms of respiratory tract infections in ilorin, nigeria.201425729535
predicting the severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants: should we use a clinical score or a biomarker?krebs von den lungen 6 antigen (kl-6) has been shown to be a useful biomarker of the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. to assess the correlation between the clinical severity of acute bronchiolitis, serum kl-6, and the causative viruses, 222 infants with acute bronchiolitis presenting at the pediatric emergency department of estaing university hospital, clermont-ferrand, france, were prospectively enrolled from october 2011 to may 2012. disease severity was assessed with a s ...201424374757
respiratory syncytial virus genotypes circulating in urban ghana: february to november 2006.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in young children. rsv strains have been divided into 2 major antigenic groups (a and b), which are further divided into several genotypes, but very little is known about its circulating genotypes in ghana. this study characterized rsv genotypes detected in children with alri in accra between february and november 2006.201425745535
bronchoscopic interventions with surfactant and recombinant human deoxyribonuclease for acute respiratory distress syndrome-type respiratory syncytial virus-pneumonia in moderately preterm infants: case series.atelectases, over-inflation of ventilated regions of the lung, and consecutive pneumothoraces are life-threatening conditions in mechanically ventilated infants with acute respiratory distress syndrome-type respiratory syncytial virus-pneumonia. the accumulation of viscous secretions secondary to impaired mucociliary clearance in the more proximal parts of the bronchial tree is the prerequisite for atelectases and also prevents the delivery of inhaled medications to the more distal parts of the ...201427489660
correlations between climate factors and incidence--a contributor to rsv seasonality.respiratory syncytial virus is the most common respiratory virus infection in early childhood, causing a wide range of illness from mild colds to life-threatening croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia that may require intensive care. exactly which parameters contribute to the seasonality of rsv (and other respiratory viruses, such as influenza) and their comparative significance are the subject of ongoing intensive debate. this review article summarises the specific contributions and correlations b ...201424421259
human rhinovirus and disease severity in children.to evaluate retrospectively human rhinovirus (hrv) infections in children up to 5 years old and factors involved in disease severity.201424420808
the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) nonstructural proteins mediate rsv suppression of glucocorticoid receptor transactivation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced bronchiolitis in infants is not responsive to glucocorticoids. we have shown that rsv infection impairs glucocorticoid receptor (gr) function. in this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which rsv impairs gr function. we have shown that rsv repression of gr-induced transactivation is not mediated through a soluble autocrine factor. knock-down of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs), but not retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (rig-i) or m ...201424418538
il-17e (il-25) and il-17rb promote respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary disease.one of the most severe pathologic responses of rsv infection is associated with overproduction of cytokines and inflammation, leading to mucus hypersecretion. this study investigated the role of il-25 in the development of rsv-associated immunopathology. il-25 and its receptor il-17rb were increased following rsv infection, and il-25 blockade using neutralizing antibodies reduced rsv-associated pathology, ahr, and type 2 cytokine production. likewise, il-17rb(-/-) mice demonstrated a modified in ...201424407884
current concepts and progress in rsv vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and debilitated adults and remains one of the major global unmet challenges for vaccine development. several immunological issues have delayed the development of vaccines, especially the poorly protective response to natural infection and the enhancement of disease following administration of formalin inactivated vaccines during trials conducted in the 1960s. advances in knowledge of the immune ...201424405366
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