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involvement of anopheles nili in plasmodium falciparum transmission in north benin.several studies carried out in benin have shown the involvement of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission, but none of them reported the contribution of the anopheles nili group to the transmission of this disease. the current study investigated the question through an entomological cross-sectional survey performed in northern benin.201931036025
mosquito acetylcholinesterase as a target for novel phenyl-substituted carbamates.new insecticides are needed for control of disease-vectoring mosquitoes and this research evaluates the activity of new carbamate acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibitors. biochemical and toxicological characterization of carbamates based on the parent structure of terbam, 3-tert-butylphenyl methylcarbamate, was performed. in vitro enzyme inhibition selectivity (anopheles gambiae versus human) was assessed by the ellman assay, as well as the lethality to whole insects by the world health organizat ...201931035318
the effects of larval organic fertiliser exposure on the larval development, adult longevity and insecticide tolerance of zoophilic members of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae).zoophilic members of the anopheles gambiae complex are often associated with cattle. as such, it is likely that the immature aquatic stages will be exposed to cattle faeces as a pollutant. this study aimed to examine the effect of cattle manure on members of the an. gambiae complex found in south africa. in this study, a commercial organic fertiliser originating from cattle manure was used as a proxy for cattle faeces. laboratory strains of an. merus, an. quadriannulatus as well as four an. arab ...201930998732
correction to: detection of plasmodium falciparum infected anopheles gambiae using near-infrared spectroscopy.following publication of the original article [1], it was flagged that the name of the author lisa ranford-cartwright had been (incorrectly) given as 'lisa-ranford cartwright.201930995912
malaria load affects the activity of mosquito salivary apyrase.mosquitoes infected by sporozoites, the infectious stage of malaria, bite more frequently than uninfected mosquitoes. one of the mechanisms underlying this behavioural change appears to be that the sporozoites decrease the activity of apyrase, an adp-degrading enzyme that helps the mosquitoes to locate blood. using the parasite plasmodium berghei and the mosquito anopheles gambiae, we confirmed that sporozoite infection alters the host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes by making them more likely t ...201930986373
evaluation of standard pyrethroid based lns (miranet and magnet) in experimental huts against pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae s.l. m'bé, côte d'ivoire: potential for impact on vectorial capacity.there is evidence from experimental hut and household studies that the entomological efficacy of long lasting pyrethroid treated nets (llins) is compromised in areas of pyrethroid resistance. the rapid increase in resistance intensity in african malaria vectors could further undermine the performance of these nets. the pyrethroid resistance intensity in anopheles gambiae s.l. m'bé from central côte d'ivoire is reported to be high (> 1700 fold). whether this translates into an increase in entomol ...201930973948
robust estimation of recent effective population size from number of independent origins in soft sweeps.estimating recent effective population size is of great importance in characterizing and predicting the evolution of natural populations. methods based on nucleotide diversity may underestimate current day effective population sizes due to historical bottlenecks, whereas methods that reconstruct demographic history typically only detect long-term variations. however, soft selective sweeps, which leave a fingerprint of mutational history by recurrent mutations on independent haplotype backgrounds ...201930968124
population dynamics of anopheles gambiae s.l. and culex quinquefasciatus in rural and urban settings before an indoor residual spraying campaign in northern benin.background: the purpose of this report is to provide information on culicidae diversity; biting behavior and spatio-seasonal variation of abundance of anopheles gambiae s.l. and culex quinquefasciatus in rural and urban settings of the alibori and donga regions, northern benin, where an indoor residual spraying (irs) campaign to control malaria is planned. methods: both human landing catches, associated with pyrethrum spray catches were used to monitor the mosquito populations in 12 sites with 1 ...201930964413
stimulation of a protease targeting the lrim1/apl1c complex reveals specificity in complement-like pathway activation in anopheles gambiae.the complement-like pathway of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae provides protection against infection by diverse pathogens. a functional requirement for a core set of proteins during infections by rodent and human malaria parasites, bacteria, and fungi suggests a similar mechanism operates against different pathogens. however, the extent to which the molecular mechanisms are conserved is unknown. in this study we probed the biochemical responses of complement-like pathway to challe ...201930958840
seasonal malaria vector and transmission dynamics in western burkina faso.in the context of widespread mosquito resistance to currently available pesticides, novel, precise genetic vector control methods aimed at population suppression or trait replacement are a potentially powerful approach that could complement existing malaria elimination interventions. such methods require knowledge of vector population composition, dynamics, behaviour and role in transmission. here were characterized these parameters in three representative villages, bana, pala and souroukoudinga ...201930940141
influence of blood meal and age of mosquitoes on susceptibility to pyrethroids in anopheles gambiae from western kenya.physiological characteristics (age and blood feeding status) of malaria vectors can influence their susceptibility to the current vector control tools that target their feeding and resting behaviour. to ensure the sustainability of the current and future vector control tools an understanding of how physiological characteristics may contribute to insecticide tolerance in the field is fundamental for shaping resistance management strategies and vector control tools. the aim of this study was to de ...201930940139
steroid hormone function controls non-competitive plasmodium development in anopheles.transmission of malaria parasites occurs when a female anopheles mosquito feeds on an infected host to acquire nutrients for egg development. how parasites are affected by oogenetic processes, principally orchestrated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), remains largely unknown. here we show that plasmodium falciparum development is intimately but not competitively linked to processes shaping anopheles gambiae reproduction. we unveil a 20e-mediated positive correlation between egg an ...201930929905
plasmodium falciparum (haemosporodia: plasmodiidae) and o'nyong-nyong virus development in a transgenic anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) strain.transgenic anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes have been developed that confer sexual sterility on males that carry a transgene encoding a protein which cuts ribosomal dna. a relevant risk concern with transgenic mosquitoes is that their capacity to transmit known pathogens could be greater than the unmodified form. in this study, the ability to develop two human pathogens in these transgenic mosquitoes carrying a homing endonuclease which is expressed in the testes was compa ...201930924861
use of anopheles salivary biomarker to assess seasonal variation of human exposure to anopheles bites in children living near rubber and oil palm cultivations in côte d'ivoire.environmental changes related to agricultural practices and activities can impact malaria transmission. in the objective to evaluate this impact on the human-vector contact, the level of human exposure to anopheles vector bites was assess by an immuno-epidemiological indicator based on the assessment of the human igg antibody response to the anopheles gambiae gsg6-p1 salivary peptide, previously validated as a pertinent biomarker. two cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the dry and rainy ...201930923754
ribosomal/nucleolar stress induction regulates tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tbhp) mediated oxidative stress in anopheles gambiae midguts.a fundamental understanding of redox homeostasis in anopheles gambiae midgut cells under different oxidative conditions is missing. such knowledge can aid in the development of new malaria transmission-blocking strategies aimed at disrupting natural homeostatic processes in the mosquito during plasmodium parasite uptake (i.e. blood feeding). the aim of this study was to understand how the an. gambiae midgut regulates oxidative stress to reactive oxygen species (ros), especially to a potent ros-i ...201930922378
introgression of a synthetic sex ratio distortion system from anopheles gambiae into anopheles arabiensis.i-ppoi is a homing endonuclease that has a high cleavage activity and specificity for a conserved sequence within the ribosomal rdna repeats, located in a single cluster on the anopheles gambiae x chromosome. this property has been exploited to develop a synthetic sex ratio distortion system in this mosquito species. when i-ppoi is expressed from a transgene during spermatogenesis in mosquitoes, the paternal x chromosome is shredded and only y chromosome-bearing sperm are viable, resulting in a ...201930914785
dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors across mainland tanzania from 1997 to 2017: a systematic review.malaria still claims substantial lives of individuals in tanzania. insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spray (irs) are used as major malaria vector control tools. these tools are facing great challenges from the rapid escalating insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations. this review presents the information on the dynamics and monitoring of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in mainland tanzania since 1997. the information is important to policy-makers and other ...201930914051
suppression of malaria vector densities and human infection prevalence associated with scale-up of mosquito-proofed housing in dar es salaam, tanzania: re-analysis of an observational series of parasitological and entomological surveys.in the city of dar es salaam, tanzania, rapid and spontaneous scale-up of window screening occurred through purely horizontal commercial distribution systems without any public subsidies or promotion. scale-up of window screening coincided with a planned evaluation of programmatic, vertically managed scale-up of regular larvicide application as an intervention against malaria vectors and transmission. we aimed to establish whether scale-up of window screening was associated with suppression of m ...201930904112
detection of plasmodium falciparum infected anopheles gambiae using near-infrared spectroscopy.large-scale surveillance of mosquito populations is crucial to assess the intensity of vector-borne disease transmission and the impact of control interventions. however, there is a lack of accurate, cost-effective and high-throughput tools for mass-screening of vectors.201930890179
increased biting rate of insecticide-resistant culex mosquitoes and community adherence to irs for malaria control in urban malabo, bioko island, equatorial guinea.sustaining high levels of indoor residual spraying (irs) coverage (≥85%) for community protection against malaria remains a challenge for irs campaigns. we examined biting rates and insecticide resistance in culex species and anopheles gambiae s.l., and their potential effect on community adherence to irs. the average irs coverage in urban malabo between 2015 and 2017 remained at 80%. culex biting rate increased 6.0-fold (p < 0.001) between 2014 and 2017, reaching 8.08 bites per person per night ...201930882148
the interaction between permethrin exposure and malaria infection affects the host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes.insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) help to control malaria by mechanically impeding the biting of mosquitoes, by repelling and irritating them and by killing them. in contrast to spatial repellency, irritancy implies that mosquitoes contact the itn and are exposed to at least a sub-lethal dose of insecticide, which impedes their further blood-seeking. this would weaken the transmission of malaria, if mosquitoes are infectious.201930871559
overexpression of two members of d7 salivary genes family is associated with pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus s.s. but not in anopheles gambiae in cameroon.d7 family proteins are among the most expressed salivary proteins in mosquitoes. they facilitate blood meal intake of the mosquito by scavenging host amines that induce vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and pain. despite this important role, little information is available on the impact of insecticide resistance on the regulation of d7 proteins and consequently on the blood feeding success. in this study, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analyses were performed to inv ...201930871094
insecticide resistance modifies mosquito response to deet and natural repellents.pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae has led to the search for not only alternative insecticides, but also repellent chemical compounds. however, little is known about the potential actions of repellents and the cross-resistance risk between insecticide and repellent compounds.201930867033
llin evaluation in uganda project (llineup): a cross-sectional survey of species diversity and insecticide resistance in 48 districts of uganda.long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are the principal tool for malaria control in africa and are presently treated with a single class of insecticide; however, increasing levels of insecticide resistance threaten their success. in response to this threat nets have been developed that incorporate the synergist, piperonyl butoxide (pbo), which inhibits the activity of cytochrome p450s which is one main mechanisms of insecticide resistance, allowing resistance to pyrethroids to be reversed. howe ...201930867018
artisanal fishing supports breeding of malaria mosquitoes in western kenya.everyday hundreds of people, mainly men, set out to take part in a vibrant artisanal capture fishing (acf) industry on lake victoria. it is not known whether actions of artisanal fishers, in their unrelenting quest for existence, surpass ecosystems' sustainability thresholds with potentially negative repercussions on human health with respect to malaria transmission potential. this article sought to fill this information gap.201930866935
use of machine learning to identify novel, behaviorally active antagonists of the insect odorant receptor co-receptor (orco) subunit.olfaction is a key component of the multimodal approach used by mosquitoes to target and feed on humans, spreading various diseases. current repellents have drawbacks, necessitating development of more effective agents. in addition to variable odorant specificity subunits, all insect odorant receptors (ors) contain a conserved odorant receptor co-receptor (orco) subunit which is an attractive target for repellent development. orco directed antagonists allosterically inhibit odorant activation of ...201930858563
small rna-seq analysis reveals mirna expression dynamics across tissues in the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.malaria continues to be a major global health problem, where disease transmission is deeply linked to the repeated blood feeding nature of the anautogenous mosquito. given the tight link between blood feeding and disease transmission, understanding basic biology behind mosquito physiology is a requirement for developing effective vector-borne disease control strategies. in the mosquito, numerous loss of function studies with notable phenotypes demonstrate micrornas (mirnas) play significant role ...201930846481
insecticide exposure triggers a modulated expression of abc transporter genes in larvae of anopheles gambiae s.s.insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. the urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in insect defence against xenobiotic compounds. in this study, we have investigated if atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters, a major component of the defensome machinery, are involved in defence against the insecticid ...201930841542
species-specific alterations in anopheles mosquito olfactory responses caused by plasmodium infection.mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites have demonstrated altered behaviour that may increase the probability of parasite transmission. here, we examine the responses of the olfactory system in plasmodium falciparum infected anopheles gambiae, plasmodium berghei infected anopheles stephensi, and p. berghei infected an. gambiae. infected and uninfected mosquitoes showed differential responses to compounds in human odour using electroantennography coupled with gas chromatography (gc-eag), with ...201930833618
colonization of the tsetse fly midgut with commensal kosakonia cowanii zambiae inhibits trypanosome infection establishment.tsetse flies (glossina spp.) vector pathogenic trypanosomes (trypanosoma spp.) in sub-saharan africa. these parasites cause human and animal african trypanosomiases, which are debilitating diseases that inflict an enormous socio-economic burden on inhabitants of endemic regions. current disease control strategies rely primarily on treating infected animals and reducing tsetse population densities. however, relevant programs are costly, labor intensive and difficult to sustain. as such, novel str ...201930817773
exposing anopheles mosquitoes to antimalarials blocks plasmodium parasite transmission.bites of anopheles mosquitoes transmit plasmodium falciparum parasites that cause malaria, which kills hundreds of thousands of people every year. since the turn of this century, efforts to prevent the transmission of these parasites via the mass distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets have been extremely successful, and have led to an unprecedented reduction in deaths from malaria1. however, resistance to insecticides has become widespread in anopheles populations2-4, which has led to the ...201930814727
the impact of anopheles gambiae egg storage for mass rearing and production success.mass rearing requires a large colony from which male individuals can be harvested for sterilization and release. attention is needed when monitoring life parameters of the reared population, knowing that any variations within the target population would lead to mismatching between two populations. the aim of this study was to assess the impact of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) egg storage on hatchability and life history traits. for each parameter, comparison was made between freshly lai ...201930808356
impact of sunlight exposure on the residual efficacy of biolarvicides bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and bacillus sphaericus against the main malaria vector, anopheles gambiae.biotic and abiotic factors have been reported to affect the larvicidal efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) and bacillus sphaericus (bs), although the extent to which they are affected has been poorly documented. this paper studies the effect of sunlight exposure on the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation based on both bti and bs, herein after referred to as btbswax, applied against two different larval stages.201930808348
comparative functional study of thioester-containing related proteins in the recently sequenced genome of biomphalaria glabrata.there is paucity of information on functional relationship and characterization of biomphalaria glabrata thioester-containing proteins (bgtep) to other well-annotated homologues. we performed functional characterization studies of bgtep to homologues in anopheles gambiae and in disparate invertebrates.201929963089
effects of the removal or reduction in density of the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae s.l., on interacting predators and competitors in local ecosystems.new genetic control methods for mosquitoes may reduce vector species without direct effects on other species or the physical environment common with insecticides or drainage. effects on predators and competitors could, however, be a concern as anopheles gambiae s.l. is preyed upon in all life stages. we overview the literature and assess the strength of the ecological interactions identified. most predators identified consume many other insect species and there is no evidence that any species pr ...201930044507
pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of high-dose ivermectin with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on mosquitocidal activity and qt-prolongation (ivermal).high-dose ivermectin, co-administered for 3 days with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (dp), killed mosquitoes feeding on individuals for at least 28 days posttreatment in a recent trial (ivermal), whereas 7 days was predicted pretrial. the current study assessed the relationship between ivermectin blood concentrations and the observed mosquitocidal effects against anopheles gambiae s.s. three days of ivermectin 0, 300, or 600 mcg/kg/day plus dp was randomly assigned to 141 adults with uncomplicat ...201930125353
association mapping desiccation resistance within chromosomal inversions in the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.inversion polymorphisms are responsible for many ecologically important phenotypes and are often found under balancing selection. however, the same features that ensure their large role in local adaptation-especially reduced recombination between alternate arrangements-mean that uncovering the precise loci within inversions that control these phenotypes is unachievable using standard mapping approaches. here, we take advantage of long-term balancing selection on a pair of inversions in the mosqu ...201930252170
growth-disrupting murraya koenigii leaf extracts on anopheles gambiae larvae and identification of associated candidate bioactive constituents.plant-based constituents have been proposed as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito vectors of malaria. in this study, we first screened the effects of methanolic leaf extracts of curry tree (murraya koenigii) growing in tropical (mombasa, malindi) and semi-arid (kibwezi, and makindu) ecological zones of kenya on third instar an. gambiae s.s. larvae. extracts of the plant from the semi-arid region, and particularly from kibwezi, led to high mortality of the ...201930529445
characterization of resilin-like proteins with tunable mechanical properties.resilin is an elastomeric protein abundant in insect cuticle. its exceptional properties, which include high resilience and efficient energy storage, motivate its potential use in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. our lab has previously developed recombinant proteins based on the resilin-like sequence derived from anopheles gambiae and demonstrated their promise as a scaffold for cartilage and vascular engineering. in this work, we describe a more thorough investigation of the p ...201930544024
proteomics reveals localization of cuticular proteins in anopheles gambiae.anopheles gambiae devotes over 2% of its protein coding genes to its 298 structural cuticular proteins (cps). this paper provides new lc-ms/ms data on two adult structures, proboscises and palps, as well as three larval samples - 4th instar larvae, just their terminal segment, and a preparation enriched in their tracheae. these data were combined with our previously published results of proteins from five other adult structures, whole adults, and two preparations chosen for their relatively clea ...201930278207
human direct skin feeding versus membrane feeding to assess the mosquitocidal efficacy of high-dose ivermectin (ivermal trial).ivermectin is being considered for mass drug administration for malaria, due to its ability to kill mosquitoes feeding on recently treated individuals. in a recent trial, 3-day courses of 300 and 600 mcg/kg/day were shown to kill anopheles mosquitoes for at least 28 days post-treatment when fed patients' venous blood using membrane feeding assays. direct skin feeding on humans may lead to higher mosquito mortality, as ivermectin capillary concentrations are higher. we compared mosquito mortality ...201930590537
prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning.despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. one of the main causes is the resistance that anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. here, we ...201931544155
variation in the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae to botanicals across a metropolitan region of nigeria.pesticide resistance is normally associated with genetic changes, resulting in varied responses to insecticides between different populations. there is little evidence of resistance to plant allelochemicals; it is likely that their efficacy varies between genetically diverse populations, which may lead to the development of resistance in the future. this study evaluated the response of anopheles gambiae (larvae and adults) from spatially different populations to acetone extracts of two botanical ...201930625231
evolution of gene expression levels in the male reproductive organs of anopheles mosquitoes.modifications in gene expression determine many of the phenotypic differentiations between closely related species. this is particularly evident in reproductive tissues, where evolution of genes is more rapid, facilitating the appearance of distinct reproductive characteristics which may lead to species isolation and phenotypic variation. large-scale, comparative analyses of transcript expression levels have been limited until recently by lack of inter-species data mining solutions. here, by com ...201930623175
chromatin changes in anopheles gambiae induced by plasmodium falciparum infection.infection by the human malaria parasite leads to important changes in mosquito phenotypic traits related to vector competence. however, we still lack a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms and, in particular, of the epigenetic basis for these changes. we have examined genome-wide distribution maps of h3k27ac, h3k9ac, h3k9me3 and h3k4me3 by chip-seq and the transcriptome by rna-seq, of midguts from anopheles gambiae mosquitoes blood-fed uninfected and infected with natural isolates of ...201930616642
rapid multiplex gene expression assays for monitoring metabolic resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae.metabolic resistance of the major malaria vector anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to insecticides is operationally significant, particularly in combination with target site resistance. however, detection of metabolic resistance is not trivial and relies on laborious bioassays, unspecific biochemical methods, or sophisticated and expensive molecular approaches using transcriptomics.201930612581
is saglin a mosquito salivary gland receptor for plasmodium falciparum?saglin, a 100 kda protein composed of two 50 kda homodimers, is present in the salivary glands of anopheles gambiae and has been considered an essential receptor for sporozoites (spz) of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum (pf), allowing spz to recognize, bind to, and infect mosquito salivary glands. spatial and temporal patterns of saglin expression reported here, however, suggest that this model does not fully describe the saglin-spz interaction.201930602380
multicentre mdr elizabethkingia anophelis isolates: novel random amplified polymorphic dna with capillary electrophoresis systems to rapid molecular typing compared to genomic epidemiology analysis.elizabethkingia species are ubiquitous bacteria that uncommonly cause human infection. elizabethkingia anophelis was first identified in 2011 from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. the currently available bacterial typing systems vary greatly with respect to labour, cost, reliability, and ability to discriminate among bacterial strains. polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) is commonly used to identify genetic markers. to our knowledge, ...201930755714
cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase and resistance phenotype in ddt and deltamethrin-resistant anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) and culex quinquefasciatus in kosofe, lagos, nigeria.pyrethroids and ddt are key insecticides in the control of malaria, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis vectors. knockdown and metabolic resistance mechanisms have been proven to be important in determining the efficacy of insecticides. here we investigated cytochrome p450 as a resistance mechanism in anopheles gambiae giles and culex quinquefasciatus say exposed to deltamethrin and ddt. two- to three-days-old adult female mosquitoes were used for insecticide exposures and pbo synergistic ass ...201930753574
high-throughput analysis of insecticides on malaria vectors using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.different setups and protocols have been developed for investigating insecticide effects on anopheles (an.) mosquitoes, vectors of malaria. however, chemical uptake resulting from their tarsal contact with insecticide-treated material has seldom been investigated. to address the challenges encountered in the interpretation of bioassay data, a high throughput method for chemical analysis on malaria vectors was developed and validated for five selected insecticides including alpha-cypermethrin (ac ...201930730918
large-cage assessment of a transgenic sex-ratio distortion strain on populations of an african malaria vector.novel transgenic mosquito control methods require progressively more realistic evaluation. the goal of this study was to determine the effect of a transgene that causes a male-bias sex ratio on anopheles gambiae target populations in large insectary cages.201930728060
inhibition of α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ- and η-class carbonic anhydrases from bacteria, fungi, algae, diatoms and protozoans with famotidine.famotidine, an antiulcer drug belonging to the h2 antagonists class of pharmacological agents, was recently shown to potently inhibit human (h) and bacterial carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1). we investigated the inhibitory effects of famotidine against all classes of cas from the pathogenic bacteria vibrio cholerae, burkholderia pseudomallei and mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3273 β-ca, as well as the cas from the nonpathogenic bacteria/cyanobacteria sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonensis, s. a ...201930727781
potential factors influencing lymphatic filariasis transmission in "hotspot" and "control" areas in ghana: the importance of vectors.mass drug administration (mda) programmes for the control of lymphatic filariasis in ghana, have been ongoing in some endemic districts for 16 years. the current study aimed to assess factors that govern the success of mda programmes for breaking transmission of lymphatic filariasis in ghana.201930717788
swarms of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in tanzania.anopheles funestus mosquitoes currently contribute more than 85% of ongoing malaria transmission events in south-eastern tanzania, even though they occur in lower densities than other vectors, such as anopheles arabiensis. unfortunately, the species ecology is minimally understood, partly because of difficulties in laboratory colonization. this study describes the first observations of an. funestus swarms in tanzania, possibly heralding new opportunities for control.201930696441
complement-like proteins tep1, tep3 and tep4 are positive regulators of periostial hemocyte aggregation in the mosquito anopheles gambiae.the mosquito immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated. during an infection, hemocytes aggregate around the ostia (valves) of the dorsal vessel - areas of the heart called the periostial regions - where they phagocytose live and melanized pathogens. although periostial hemocyte aggregation is an immune response that occurs following infection with bacteria and malaria parasites, the molecular basis of this process remains poorly understood. here, we show that the thioester-conta ...201930690067
generational conservation of composition and diversity of field-acquired midgut microbiota in anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) during colonization in the laboratory.the gut microbiota is known to play a role in a mosquito vector's life history, a subject of increasing research. laboratory experiments are essential for such studies and require laboratory colonies. in this study, the conservation of field-obtained midgut microbiota was evaluated in laboratory-reared anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes continuously hatched in water from field breeding habitats.201930635018
susceptibility of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to microbial larvicides in diverse ecological settings in western kenya.the microbial larvicides bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) and bacillus sphaericus (bs) (bacillales: bacillaceae) are well known for their efficacy and safety in mosquito control. in order to assess their potential value in future mosquito control strategies in western kenya, the current study tested the susceptibility of five populations of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae), collected from five diverse ecological sites in this area, to bti and bs under labora ...201930628101
bacterial communities associated with the midgut microbiota of wild anopheles gambiae complex in burkina faso.plasmodium falciparum is transmitted by mosquitoes from the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l) species complex and is responsible for severe forms of malaria. the composition of the mosquitoes' microbiota plays a role in p. falciparum transmission, so we studied midgut bacterial communities of an. gambiae s.l from burkina faso. dna was extracted from 17 pools of midgut of mosquitoes from the anopheles gambiae complex from six localities in three climatic areas, including cotton-growing and cotto ...202031643044
disruption of mosgilt in anopheles gambiae impairs ovarian development and plasmodium infection.plasmodium infection in anopheles is influenced by mosquito-derived factors. we previously showed that a protein in saliva from infected anopheles, mosquito gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (mosgilt), inhibits the ability of sporozoites to traverse cells and readily establish infection of the vertebrate host. to determine whether mosgilt influences plasmodium within the mosquito, we generated anopheles gambiae mosquitoes carrying mosaic mutations in the mosgilt gene using cri ...202031658986
barrier bednets target malaria vectors and expand the range of usable insecticides.transmission of plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites occurs when nocturnal anopheles mosquito vectors feed on human blood. in africa, where malaria burden is highest, bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide were highly effective in preventing mosquito bites and reducing transmission, and essential to achieving unprecedented reductions in malaria until 2015 (ref. 1). since then, progress has stalled2, and with insecticidal bednets losing efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant anopheles vect ...202031792426
anopheles gambiae populations from burkina faso show minimal delayed mortality after exposure to insecticide-treated nets.the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) in preventing malaria in africa is threatened by insecticide resistance. bioassays assessing 24-hour mortality post-llin exposure have established that resistance to the concentration of pyrethroids used in llins is widespread. however, although mosquitoes may no longer be rapidly killed by llin exposure, a delayed mortality effect has been shown to reduce the transmission potential of mosquitoes exposed to nets. this has been postulated to ...202031924276
highly specific pcr-rflp assays for karyotyping the widespread 2rb inversion in malaria vectors of the anopheles gambiae complex.chromosomal inversion polymorphisms play a role in adaptation to heterogeneous environments. inversion polymorphisms are implicated in the very high ecological flexibility of the three main malaria vector species of the afrotropical anopheles gambiae complex, facilitating the exploitation of anthropogenic environmental modifications and promoting a strong association with humans. in addition to extending the species' spatial and temporal distribution, inversions are associated with epidemiologic ...202031924251
anopheline mosquito species composition, kdr mutation frequency, and parasite infectivity status in northern tanzania.the scaling-up of malaria control interventions in northern tanzania has resulted in a decline in malaria prevalence and vector species composition. despite this achievement, residual malaria transmission remains a concern in the area. the main aim of this study was to investigate malaria vector species composition, parasite infectivity rates, and the presence of insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in three sites that have experienced a significant decline in malaria in northern tan ...202031923308
second generation effects of larval metal pollutant exposure on reproduction, longevity and insecticide tolerance in the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae).members of the anopheles gambiae complex breed in clean, sunlit temporary bodies of water. anthropogenic pollution is, however, altering the breeding sites of the vectors with numerous biological effects. although the effects of larval metal pollution have previously been examined, this study aims to assess the transgenerational effects of larval metal pollution on the major malaria vector an. arabiensis.202031910892
indoor use of attractive toxic sugar bait in combination with long-lasting insecticidal net against pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae: an experimental hut trial in mbé, central côte d'ivoire.indoor attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) has potential as a supplementary vector-control and resistance-management tool, offering an alternative mode of insecticide delivery to current core vector-control interventions, with potential to deliver novel insecticides. given the high long-lasting insecticidal bed net (llin) coverage across africa, it is crucial that the efficacy of indoor atsb in combination with llins is established before it is considered for wider use in public health.202031910831
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