Publications

[reflections on medico-legal activities at two university-medical centers].		1993	262926
new approach to management of intracranial aneurysms.	in six cases an attempt was made to relieve the tension on intracranial aneurysms by temporarily clamping the internal carotid artery in the neck, so as to increase the expansibility of the artery. this approach was based on the concept (or "a principle") that haemorrhage is caused by the aneurysm having to bear the full force of systolic pulse pressure when atherosclerosis prevents this pressure being taken up by the normally expansile arterial wall. follow-up has been fairly short, but the pre ...	1993	46379
[dorsal dislocation of the trapezoid and second metacarpal bones. review of literature and case report].		1993	262857
antimicrobial susceptibility of non-o1 vibrio cholerae isolated from wastewater stabilization ponds in marrakesh, morocco.	the 365 strains of vibrio cholerae, isolated in marrakesh from raw sewage and stabilization pond effluent, were all identified as non-o1 vibrio cholerae. when tested for their susceptibilities to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 13% of the strains from raw sewage and 20% of those from stabilization pond effluent were found to be resistant to one or more of the antibiotics. there were no significant ...	1994	24420955
production of n-acetylglucosamine deacetylase by vibrio cholerae non-o1.	vibrio cholerae non-o1 (1148 a) produced β-n-acetylglucosamini-dase and n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) deacetylase intracellularly when grown in chitin or glcnac containing medium. it also secreted chitinase only in the chitin-containing medium. the partially purified glcnac deacetylase deacetylated glcnac but not chitin oligosaccharides, the dimer to hexamer of glcnac. we also detected the reaction product by capillary electrophoresis.	1994	27315721
vibrio mimicus are the reservoirs of the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (nag-st) among species of the genus vibrio.	using a 0.27 kb dna probe specific for the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (nag-st) of vibrio cholerae non-o1, 1109 strains representing 17 species of the genus vibrio, isolated from clinical and environmental sources were examined. the nag-st gene was preponderantly associated with strains classified as v. mimicus; 16.8% of these strains hybridized. it was more frequent in the clinical isolates (22.6%) than in the environmental isolates (13.7%). the incidence of nag-st gene-positive strains of v. ...	1994	24420888
cholera toxin gene polymerase chain reaction for detection of non-culturable vibrio cholerae o1.	cholera enterotoxin is a major antigenic determinant for virulence of vibrio cholerae o1 which can enter into a viable but non-culturable (n-c) state, not detectable by conventional culture methods, yet remain capable of producing enterotoxin and potentially pathogenic. pcr was applied in the current study to detect the chilera toxin (ctx) gene of n-c cells, thus eliminating the necessity of culture. sets of oligonucleotide primers were designed, based on the ctxab operon of v. cholerae o1, to d ...	1994	24421136
scanning electron microscopy analysis of bacterial colonization in crustaceans.		1994	8611268
a study of the aetiological agents of childhood diarrhoea in lagos, nigeria.	from december 1989 to may 1990, 315 faecal samples from children under 5 years old with diarrhoea (215) and without diarrhoea (100) seen at paediatric clinics were investigated for bacterial, viral and parasitic enteropathogens. standard and recently described methods were used for the investigations, which revealed that 74.9% of children with diarrhoea were infected with enteropathogens compared with 28% of controls. in the diarrhoeal group, 59.1% had a bacterial, 26.5% a viral and 2.3% a paras ...	1994	8289209
the use of gene probes, immunoassays and tissue culture for the detection of toxin in vibrio cholerae non-o1.	vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains were screened for the presence of cholera enterotoxin (ct) genes by means of digoxigenin-labelled polynucleotide cta and ctb probes. in-vitro production of ct was investigated by the y1 mouse adrenal cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a commercial, reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) kit. only two (0.25%) of 790 strains tested gave positive results with the cta and ctb probes. the production of other bacterial cytotoxin(s) made it imp ...	1994	8289212
cholera and severe toxigenic diarrhoeas.		1994	8307461
analysis of the complexity of gene regulation by fur in vibrio cholerae.	iron concentration influences the expression of a number of genes involved in iron uptake and virulence in bacteria. in escherichia coli, coordinate regulation of these genes by iron depends on the product of the fur gene, which acts as an iron-responsive, dna-binding repressor protein. several genes in vibrio cholerae are also repressed by iron; and a fur gene, homologous to e. coli fur, has been previously cloned from this organism. the present study was undertaken to define the roles of fur a ...	1994	8282702
cutaneous manifestations of non-01 vibrio cholerae septicemia with gastroenteritis and meningitis.	a 58-year-old man with diabetes had fever and chills 5 days after ingestion of raw seafood. nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, bilateral calf pain, and neck stiffness subsequently developed. generalized edema and ecchymotic patches with a vesiculobullous eruption appeared on the extremities. four blood cultures were positive for vibrio cholerae non-01. the patient was successfully treated with antibiotics. this is the first documented case of v. cholerae non-01 septicemia with cutaneous lesions ...	1994	8157789
[epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of the new strain vibrio cholerae 0139].		1994	8196532
epidemic cholera in trujillo, peru 1992: utility of a clinical case definition and shift in vibrio cholerae o1 serotype.	epidemic cholera continues in peru. since 1991, cholera surveillance in peru has been based mainly on clinical recognition. to determine the proportion of reported cholera patients who actually have cholera and to evaluate the clinical case definition used in surveillance, we cultured rectal swabs from patients presenting with acute diarrhea in march 1992 in trujillo, peru. of 197 patients meeting the clinical case definition, 174 (88%) had confirmed vibrio cholerae o1 infection. in this epidemi ...	1994	8203704
escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae strains deficient in an enzyme involved in disulphide bond formation (dsba) show an increase in sensitivity to dithiothreitol.		1994	8206309
gtp-binding proteins associated with the human placental syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane.	the nature of gtp-binding components associated with isolated human term placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membrane vesicles (spmv) was determined; these are relevant to elucidation of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. four proteins were identified, with molecular weights of 29, 27, 23 and 21 kda, which specifically bound [alpha-32p]gtp in the presence of mg2+. studies employing anti-p21c-ras monoclonal antibodies indicated these four gtp-binding components were ras-r ...	1994	8208666
identification of a novel sugar, 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-methylmannose in the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa.	a novel sugar in the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa has been identified. the sugar was liberated from the lipopolysaccharide when hydrolyzed in 10 m hcl at 90 degrees c for 15 min. the sugar was purified and identified as 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-methylmannose (2-o-methylperosamine). since it was found only in the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa, it seems that the sugar is one of the specific constituents determining ogawa serotype specificity.	1994	8194067
characterization of the vibrio cholerae outer membrane heme transport protein huta: sequence of the gene, regulation of expression, and homology to the family of tonb-dependent proteins.	the regulation of huta, the vibrio cholerae gene encoding a 77-kda iron-regulated outer membrane protein required for heme iron utilization, was characterized, and the dna sequence of the gene was determined. a huta::tn5 lac fusion generated previously (d. p. henderson and s. m. payne, mol. microbiol. 7:461-469, 1993) was transformed into fur- and fur+ strains of escherichia coli and v. cholerae. the results of beta-galactosidase assays on the transformed strains demonstrated that transcription ...	1994	8195082
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1 in stools of peruvian cholera patients by using monoclonal immunodiagnostic kits. loyaza cholera working group in peru.	we compared stool culture with two commercial vibrio cholerae o1 rapid diagnostic kits which detect antigen in 100 adults with cholera in peru. serum vibriocidal-antibody titer was used as an external reference. both rapid diagnostic kits appeared to detect cholera more frequently than did culture and were highly specific.	1994	8195409
non-o1 vibrio cholerae o139 bengal is genetically related to v. cholerae o1 el tor ogawa isolated in mexico.		1994	8195632
the etiology of early childhood diarrhea: a community study from guinea-bissau.	a potential enteropathogen was found in 50% of 1219 diarrheal episodes and 48% of 511 asymptomatic controls in a 1-year community study of childhood diarrhea. rotavirus (3% of episodes), cryptosporidium species (6%), and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) with epec adherence factor (4%) were more prevalent in cases than controls. giardia lamblia (19%) was the most prevalent organism but was not associated with diarrhea. enterotoxigenic e. coli (12%), strongyloides stercoralis (5%), shigell ...	1994	8158030
lack of cross-protection against diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae o1 after oral immunization of rabbits with v. cholerae o139 bengal.		1994	8158063
multiple regulatory systems in vibrio cholerae pathogenesis.		1994	8162438
vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal is closely related to vibrio cholerae el tor but has important differences.	although vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal strains, from the current epidemics in india and bangladesh, are closely related to seventh-pandemic strains, as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, bengal strains are encapsulated and portions of the o1 antigen biosynthetic complex genes found in o1 strains are altered or lacking. encapsulated bengal strains showed resistance to killing by normal human serum. the presence of the capsule suggests the potential for bloodstream invasion in susce ...	1994	8168977
lack of cross-protection against diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae o139 (bengal strain) after oral immunization of rabbits with v. cholerae o1 vaccine strain cvd103-hgr.		1994	8277193
spread of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal in india.	vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 bengal, a novel strain with epidemic potential, completely displaced v. cholerae serogroup 01 in calcutta in january 1993, which was followed by an epidemic caused by v. cholerae o139 in march-may 1993. from november 1992 to july 1993, 95.6% of 916 v. cholerae isolates submitted to the national institute of cholera and enteric diseases from 28 locations in india were confirmed as serogroup o139. as of july 1993, v. cholerae o139 had been isolated from 13 indian sta ...	1994	8169387
seawater effects on various vibrio species.	this study compared the effects of sea water on vibrio cholerae and six other vibrio spp. survival in seawater microcosms as well as uptake of a carbonated substrate in marine or non-marine conditions were investigated. except for v. vulnificus becoming non-culturable, all the other selected species survived in sea water for at least 15 days at 20 degrees c. depending on the species tested, the substrate was better transported in a high salt medium (v. cholerae, v. fluvialis and v. metschnikovii ...	1994	8170408
expression of pna-binding sites on specific glycoproteins by human melanoma cells is associated with a high metastatic potential.	lectin-binding patterns of seven human melanoma clones and variants selected from the same parental cell line and differing in their spontaneous metastatic potential in an animal model were compared by flow cytometry and scatchard analysis. human melanoma clones and variants with high and low metastatic potential could be distinguished by their peanut agglutinin (pna)-binding patterns, but not by their wheat germ agglutinin (wga)-, ulex europaeus agglutinin i (uea i)-, and soybean agglutinin (sb ...	1994	8175891
recombinant derivative of a naturally occurring non-toxinogenic vibrio cholerae 01 expressing the b subunit of cholera toxin: a potential oral vaccine strain.	a clinical isolate of vibrio cholerae 01 was identified which did not possess the heat-labile (ct), the heat-stable (st) or the zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes. rabbit ileal loop assays showed that no other ct-like toxin was produced by this strain. the partly deleted cholera toxin gene which carries the intact gene for the b subunit was cloned and the recombinant plasmid, purd110, was introduced into this non-toxinogenic natural human isolate. the transformed cells (strain urd2) secreted the ...	1994	8178559
structure and arrangement of the cholera toxin genes in vibrio cholerae o139.	the sequence of the ctxb gene encoding the b subunit of cholera toxin has been determined for a strain of vibrio cholerae of the novel o139 serotype associated with recent outbreaks of severe cholera throughout south-east asia and found to be identical to the ctxb gene in v. cholerae o1 of the el tor biotype. analyses by southern hybridization and pcr showed that all strains of the o139 serotype v. cholerae tested carried cholera toxin genes and other genes associated with a virulence cassette d ...	1994	8181723
[mapping a genetic determinant determining the increased synthesis of cholera toxin by the dakka 35 strain of vibrio cholerae].	a new mutation tox-2 defining the increased level of cholera exotoxin production by the strain vibrio cholerae dakka 35 isolated from nature has been mapped by conjugational crosses of donor and recipient strains differing by toxin production and serovar. the mutation has been localized on the chromosomal fragment containing the ilv, pur, ura, rfb genes adjacent to ura-94 locus. the linkage of the tox-2 mutation with the rfb locus coding for the synthesis of somatic ol-antigen has been also esta ...	1994	8183304
[2 dutch travelers returning from thailand with cholera].	cholera is a disease rarely imported in the netherlands. recently a 34-year-old woman who had returned from a trip through thailand was admitted to our hospital with complaints of vomiting, watery stools and moderate dehydration. vibrio cholerae oi serotype ogawa biotype el tor was isolated from the faeces. she recovered after antimicrobial and fluid therapy. her 29-year-old travelling companion had only mild symptoms of diarrhoea, but the bacterium was isolated from her stool also. cholera shou ...	1994	8183399
[sepsis caused by non-o1-vibrio cholerae: a patient in the netherlands].	in a 84-year-old woman extraintestinal infection by non-oi vibrio cholerae was diagnosed. she had septicaemia with cholangitis and cholecysto- and choledocholithiasis. until now 26 patients with non-oi v. cholerae septicaemia have been reported. most had an underlying disease, usually a chronic liver disease or haematological malignancy. these disorders were not present in our patient. she was treated with co-trimoxazole and afterwards she underwent a cholecystectomy and common bile duct explora ...	1994	8183400
sequence determination of rrna genes of pathogenic vibrio species and whole-cell identification of vibrio vulnificus with rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probes.	a comparative analysis of seven new 16s rrna gene sequences of pathogenic vibrio species with previously published vibrio sequences confirmed that vibrio vulnificus represents a group that is not closely related to the core organisms of the genus vibrio. in addition, we found that v. vulnificus, listonella (vibrio) anguillarum and vibrio diazotrophicus branch off separately from the core group. a comparison of the 16s rrna gene sequences of v. vulnificus strains belonging to biotypes 1 and 2 rev ...	1994	8186099
the light organ symbiont vibrio fischeri possesses a homolog of the vibrio cholerae transmembrane transcriptional activator toxr.	a cross-hybridizing dna fragment to vibrio cholerae toxr was cloned from the nonpathogenic light organ symbiont vibrio fischeri, and three proteins homologous to v. cholerae toxr, toxs, and htpg were deduced from its dna sequence. v. fischeri toxr was found to activate a v. cholerae toxr-regulated promoter, and an antiserum raised against the amino-terminal domain of v. cholerae toxr cross-reacts v. fischeri toxr.	1994	8188612
selective regulation of chemotactic lymphokine production by monocytes and macrophage cell line cells.	effects of lipopolysaccharides (lps) on the production of chemotactic lymphokines for eosinophils and monocytes (ecf and mcf) from antigen- or mitogen-stimulated t cells were examined. supernatants from monocytes stimulated with various lps regulated concanavalin a (con a)- and purified protein derivative (ppd)-induced ecf or mcf production. the regulation varied with lps used for monocyte stimulation. the supernatant from monocytes stimulated with lps from escherichia coli, j-5 strain, selectiv ...	1994	8155994
comparative study of two transport systems for vibrio cholerae.		1994	8134943
use of genetic recombination as a reporter of gene expression.	an understanding of the patterns of gene expression in response to specific environmental signals can yield insight into a variety of complex biological systems such as microbial-host interactions, developmental cycles, cellular differentiation, ontogeny, etc. to extend the utility of the reporter gene fusion approach to such studies, we have constructed a gene expression reporter cassette that permits the generation of transcriptional fusions to tnpr encoding resolvase, a site-specific recombin ...	1994	8146167
influence of animal passage on haemolysin and enterotoxin production in vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains.	of 43 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor isolated over a span of almost three decades (1964-1990) from stools of children and adults with diarrhoea (25 isolates) and from sewage (three) and water from the river ganges (15) examined for production of haemolysin and its correlation with enterotoxin production, 17 isolates showed haemolysis. the majority of isolates (26), including 68% of diarrhoeal and 50% of environmental origin, were non-haemolytic. the titre of haemolysin produced was ...	1994	8151674
surveillance of cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139.		1994	8155519
the effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from vibrio cholerae o1.	the effect on enterotoxicity of protease purified from vibrio cholerae o1 was investigated by the inoculation of live vibrio cells into protease-treated loops of the ileal loop model. fluid accumulation ratios in the protease-treated loops were elevated in a dose-dependent manner by challenge with live vibrio cells but not by that with toxin. an enhancement effect of protease on enterotoxicity was observed in both serotypes of v. cholerae o1 and v. cholerae non-o1. it is suggested, therefore, th ...	1994	8138138
[the first report of traveler's diarrhea associated with a newly described toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 strain in japan].	a newly described vibrio cholerae o139 was isolated from a patient who had traveled in india on april 1993. the patient experienced 5 to 6 watery diarrhea per day after he returned to japan. the isolated strain registered as k111 did not agglutinate with o1-o138 antiserum and agglutinated with o139 antiserum. this strain resembled v. cholerae o1 strain in biochemical characters and had ctx and zot, although was resistant to the vibrio static agent o/129. this is the first report of cholera-like ...	1994	8138681
determination of sialic acids.		1994	8139495
potential for reacquisition of cholera enterotoxin genes by attenuated vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr.	the potential for reacquisition of ctxa genes by attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr was examined by performing a series of mating experiments under a variety of in vivo and in vitro conditions. we found no evidence that cvd 103-hgr could reacquire ctxa genes from wild-type v. cholerae o1 strains. however, if the donor v. cholerae o1 strains were genetically manipulated to add genes that allow chromosomal gene transfer, then ctxa sequences could be acquired by cvd 103-hgr. t ...	1994	8132356
a novel kit for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1.	we report on the development and testing of a novel, rapid, colorimetric immunodiagnostic kit, cholera smart, for direct detection of the presence of vibrio cholerae o1 in clinical specimens. unlike conventional culture methods requiring several days to complete, the cholera smart kit can be used directly in the field by untrained or minimally skilled personnel to detect v. cholerae o1 in less than 15 min, without cumbersome laboratory equipment. a total of 120 clinical and environmental bacteri ...	1994	8126193
the dna adenine methyltransferase-encoding gene (dam) of vibrio cholerae.	the dna adenine methyltransferase (mtase)-encoding gene (dam) of vibrio cholerae, an organism belonging to the family vibrionaceae, has been cloned and the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence determined. v. cholerae dam encodes a 21.5-kda protein and is directly involved in methyl-directed dna mismatch repair. it can substitute for the escherichia coli enzyme and can suppress the phenotypic traits associated with e. coli dam mutants. overproduction of v. cholerae dam mtase does not result in hyper ...	1994	8125341
epidemic cholera in ecuador: multidrug-resistance and transmission by water and seafood.	to determine risk factors for cholera in an epidemic-disease area in south america, a case-control investigation was performed in guayaquil, ecuador, in july 1991. residents > 5 years old who were hospitalized for treatment of acute, watery diarrhoea and two matched controls for each were interviewed regarding sources of water and food, and eating, drinking, and hygienic habits. interviewers inspected homes of case-patients and controls to document water treatment, food-handling, and hygienic pr ...	1994	8119348
cholera in the united states, 1965-1991. risks at home and abroad.	to assess risks for cholera in the united states.	1994	8122948
[protection of vibrio cholerae from heating and chlorination by chitin].	el tor vibrio cholerae and non-01 v. cholerae absorbed onto chitin particles could not only multiply in vitro, but also could partly survive with heating at 65-75 degrees c for 60-160 sec (7/40) or with 3.8-15 ppm of effective chlorine for 10 min (24/29). none of those unabsorbed onto chitin could survive at the above temperature, and only very few of those could survive with the above concentration of effective chlorine. these findings are conducive to the control of cholera transmission caused ...	1994	8082453
identification, cloning, and sequencing of a gene required for ferric vibriobactin utilization by vibrio cholerae.	chromosomal dna downstream of the vibrio cholerae ferric vibriobactin receptor gene, viua, was cloned and sequenced, revealing an 813-bp open reading frame encoding a deduced protein of 271 amino acids. in vitro transcription-translation of this dna confirmed expression of a protein of the expected size. a deletion mutation of this gene, viub, was created in the classical v. cholerae strain o395 by in vivo marker exchange. by cross-feeding studies, this mutant was unable to utilize exogenous fer ...	1994	8083157
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal possesses a capsular polysaccharide which may confer increased virulence.	a newly described vibrio cholerae serogroup--o139 bengal, the causative agent of the recent large epidemics of cholera-like disease in the indian subcontinent and neighbouring countries--possesses a high molecular weight capsular polysaccharide (cps) that can be visualized by electron microscopy and in composition differs from the lipopolysaccharide (lps). the cps and lps can be separated from each other by a two-step extraction procedure, a phenol-water extraction in order to extract all polysa ...	1994	8090081
tetracycline resistant vibrio cholerae in pilgrims returning from mecca.		1994	8090106
an analysis of the v1 and v2 regions of vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus 16s rrna.	the v1 and v2 variable regions of the 16s rrna gene of three strains of v. cholerae and one strain of v. mimicus were amplified by pcr. fragments containing both regions were cloned into m13mp18 using smal and sequenced by the dideoxy method. the 263-bp sequence from a strain isolated during the 1991 cholera outbreak in brazil was deposited in genbank under the accession number l05178. except for an extra g in one of the strains, the three v. cholerae sequences were identical. the v. mimicus seq ...	1994	8090995
oral administration of polymeric immunoglobulin a prevents colonization with vibrio cholerae in neonatal mice.	a simple animal model was used to demonstrate passive protection by immunoglobulin a (iga) against a mucosal pathogen, vibrio cholerae. oral administration of a monoclonal iga directed against a lipopolysaccharide component of the vibrio protected neonatal mice against oral challenge, as measured by reduced intestinal colonization. a single dose of 0.1 microgram of polymeric monoclonal iga given 1 h prior to challenge reduced the number of recoverable vibrios by at least 100-fold. an additional ...	1994	8112859
vibrio mimicus with multiple toxin types isolated from human and environmental sources.	a collection of 13 strains of vibrio mimicus, including both clinical and environmental isolates from different geographic regions, was examined for various toxins. one strain of environmental origin produced cholera-like toxin (ct) which was completely absorbed with anti-ct immunoglobulin g, five strains produced a haemolysin that cross-reacted with the thermostable direct haemolysin of v. parahaemolyticus and dna from two strains hybridised with a dna probe specific for the heat-stable enterot ...	1994	8114069
development and evaluation of rapid monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test for direct detection of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in stool samples.	a monoclonal antibody-based coagglutination test directly detected vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in 83 of 120 watery diarrheal stool specimens; on culture, 90 samples were positive. thus, with 92% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 100% positive and 95% negative predictive values, the coagglutination test is a useful rapid test for v. cholerae o139.	1994	8077410
the novel epidemic strain o139 is closely related to the pandemic strain o1 of vibrio cholerae.	a new vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 strain of unknown origin recently emerged in india and bangladesh, causing a major outbreak of cholera. the genetic relationship between this epidemic strain and the o1 strain responsible for the 7th pandemic of cholera was studied by analyzing the dna polymorphism of v. cholerae by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. the restriction patterns of the reference strain o139 bengal and 10 wild o139 strains isolated e ...	1994	8077733
distribution of the ace, zot, and ctxa foxin genes in clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae.		1994	8077743
[vibrio cholerae 0:139 bengal, a new serogroup with epidemic potential (the causative agent of a future pandemic?!)].		1994	7981535
microbial sialidases: does bigger always mean better?	sialidases are a superfamily of n-acylneuraminate-releasing (sialic-acid-releasing) exoglycosidases found mainly in higher eukaryotes and in some, mostly pathogenic, viruses, bacteria and protozoans. the functions of sialidases are poorly understood and, until recently, their biochemical and evolutionary relationships were unclear. a comparative approach has demonstrated the remarkable similarities and differences between nonviral sialidases, and is providing clues about their functions.	1994	7981969
successful application of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for rapid and accurate cholera diagnosis in a clinical laboratory.	two cholera cases were diagnosed using an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe (elonp) hybridization test for detection of cholera toxin gene (ctx) in a clinical laboratory at osaka airport quarantine station. the elonp test with suspicious colonies of vibrio cholerae o1 grown on tcbs or vibrio agar plates gave positive result for ctx within 3 hr. we also tried to apply the elonp test for direct detection of ctx in their stool and their non-selective culture. specimens from case #1, which contai ...	1994	7935049
cholera.	although it is more than a century since the discovery of the vibrio bacillus, cholera remains one of the great epidemic diseases of the tropical world. the epidemiology of cholera is an interaction between the biological and ecological properties of vibrio cholerae and the complex patterns of human behaviour in tropical environments. the seventh pandemic has spread through all areas of the tropics, and cholera has become endemic in many new areas. the view that cholera was primarily water borne ...	1994	8067806
molecular subtyping of vibrio cholerae o1 strains recently isolated from patient, food and environmental samples in spain.	nineteen vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in spain from patient, food and environmental samples in the period 1990-1992 were characterized by detection of cholera toxin by enzyme immunoassay, detection of cholera toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction, and by biotyping, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. ten isolates were toxigenic and were further characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. molecular subtyping methods allowed precise differentiation between isolates, i ...	1994	8070433
identification of vcr, a repeated sequence associated with a locus encoding a hemagglutinin in vibrio cholerae o1.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 6.3-kb bamhi fragment of the chromosome of vibrio cholerae 569b that includes the sequence of the mannose-fucose-resistant hemagglutinin reported previously (v.l. franzon, a. barker, and p. a. manning, infect. immun. 61:3032-3037, 1993). this region contains nine copies of a 124-bp direct repeat, here named vcr, of imperfect dyad symmetry, that are shown by southern hybridization to occur at least 60 to 100 times in the v. cholerae o1 chromosome. l ...	1994	8071223
international dissemination of epidemic vibrio cholerae by cargo ship ballast and other nonpotable waters.	in 1991 and 1992, toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba, biotype el tor, was recovered from nonpotable (ballast, bilge, and sewage) water from five cargo ships docked in ports of the u.s. gulf of mexico. four of these ships had taken on ballast water in cholera-infected countries; the fifth took on ballast in a noninfected country. isolates examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were indistinguishable from the latin american epidemic strain, c6707; however, they differed significant ...	1994	8074532
the relationship between abo blood groups and susceptibility to diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae 0139.		1994	8075282
production and cross-reactivity patterns of a panel of high affinity monoclonal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.	a series of monoclonal antibodies of different isotypes specific for vibrio cholerae o139, the new pandemic strain of cholera, was produced. these mabs reacted only with the reference strain (mo45) representing serovar o139 but did not react with any of the other reference strains representing serovars o1 to o140. significantly, the mabs did not agglutinate the r-cultures of v. cholerae (ca385, 20-93) which demonstrated the exceptional specificity of these mabs and indicated that the mabs recogn ...	1994	8061653
sequence analysis of the vibrio cholerae acfd gene reveals the presence of an overlapping reading frame, orfz, which encodes a protein that shares sequence similarity to the flia and flic products of salmonella.	the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the vibrio cholerae acfd gene (encoding an accessory colonization factor) has been determined. the acfd gene encompasses 254 nt that are predicted to encode an 88-amino-acid (aa) protein. additionally, an open reading frame of 184 aa, designated orfz, was detected that overlaps the 3' end of acfd by 45 nt. computer-assisted homology searches revealed that orfz possesses aa sequence similarity to the c terminus of the flic product of salmonella muenchen and s. rubi ...	1994	8063108
cholera outbreak due to vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 in yavatmal (maharashtra) in march-july, 1993.	a total of 34 strains of v. cholerae were isolated during march to july, 1993. of the 34 v. cholerae isolated 26 strains were non 01 and remaining eight were 01 el tor vibrio. non-01 strains were identified as novel epidemic strains designated as 0139. the shift in the relative and absolute prevalence of v. cholera serotype 01 and non 01 was noted.	1994	8063341
characteristics of vibrio cholera 0139 strains isolated in sevagram (maharashtra) during april-august 1993.	a total of 44 strains of vibrio 0139 serotype isolated between april and august 1993 at sevagram (wardha) were examined for expression of a number of biochemical and physiological characteristics. all strains fermented lactose within 24 h and belonged to heiberg group iii. salt tolerance to 8 per cent nacl was seen in 22.72 per cent strains. haemolysis of sheep rbcs and haemagglutination of human 'o', chicken and rabbit rbcs was consistently positive. all the strains were sensitive to tetracycli ...	1994	8063342
emergence of vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 in haryana in may-june 1993.	in an outbreak of acute watery diarrhoea, 11 strains of v. cholerae were isolated in may-june 1993 at medical college, rohtak. eight of these belonged to serogroup ogawa and three were identified as v. cholerae serogroup 0139. this is the first report of isolation of this novel serotype from this region.	1994	8063343
outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a new strain of non o group 1 vibrio cholerae, in ludhiana in may-august 1993.	the isolation of the new serotype 0139 of non 01 v. cholerae from an outbreak of gastroenteritis is reported. the study of 35 such isolates revealed their similarity with the el tor vibrios biochemically and by other characters. all were strongly haemolytic and 97.1 per cent of the strains showed a positive haemagglutination.	1994	8063344
the appearance & spread of vibrio cholerae 0139 in india.	a new clone of non-01 v. cholerae designated as serogroup 0139, which produces cholera toxin, was detected first in south india in september 1992 and has spread to many parts of india since then. it was identified in bangladesh in december 1992 and in thailand in april 1993. by may 1993 it was found in haryana and punjab. its clinical manifestations are typical of cholera, occurring in outbreaks. this clone has largely replaced the previously prevalent 01 v. cholerae in several cholera endemic a ...	1994	8063351
vibrio cholerae non-o1 serogroup associated with cholera gravis genetically and physiologically resembles o1 e1 tor cholera strains.	until recently, only vibrio cholerae strains of the o1 serogroup have been associated with epidemic cholera. in december 1992, an outbreak of cholera gravis in vellore, india, was attributed to a new serogroup of v. cholerae recently designated o139. serogroup o139 cholera has since spread to 13 countries and has reached pandemic proportions. serogroup o139 cholera evades immunity to o1 cholera and is not detected by the standard o1 antigen test. understanding the origins of o139 cholera and det ...	1994	8063402
vibrio cholerae o139 el tor biotype.		1994	7907691
purification and characterization of vibrio cholerae o139 fimbriae.	a vibrio cholerae o139 (strain al-1841) isolated from a patient with a cholera-like disease in bangladesh predominantly produced new curved, wavy fimbriae (al-1841 fimbriae) and small numbers of previously reported v. cholerae non-o1 s7-like pili. the former was purified and characterized. the molecular mass of the al-1841 fimbrial subunit was less than 2.5 kda, and it was immunologically different from that of v. cholerae non-o1 s7 pili. this novel fimbrial antigen was detected in all 182 gram- ...	1994	7908003
genome size and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of vibrio cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biotypes.	the genome size of vibrio cholerae has been determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis following digestion of chromosomal dna with endonucleases. the genome size of all the classical strains examined was about 3000 kb and that of el tor biotype was 2500 kb. the noti and sfii digestion patterns of the genomes of several v. cholerae strains belonging to different serovars and biotypes showed distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). rflp analysis together with the genome size c ...	1994	7908004
acute acalculous cholecystitis due to vibrio cholerae.		1994	7910242
vibrio cholerae o139 specific gene sequences.		1994	7910357
role of antibodies against biotype-specific vibrio cholerae pili in protection against experimental classical and el tor cholera.	vibrio cholerae o1, which exists as two biotypes, classical and el tor, expresses fimbrial antigens called toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) pili, respectively. we have raised rabbit antisera and monoclonal antibodies against these fimbrial antigens and prepared fab fragments which possess specific antibodies directed against the respective fimbrial antigens from these antisera. the protective effect of these antibody preparations was studied in the infant m ...	1994	7911787
toxr regulates virulence gene expression in non-o1 strains of vibrio cholerae that cause epidemic cholera.	vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 has historically been thought to be the exclusive cause of epidemic cholera. o139 is a novel serogroup of v. cholerae which emerged on the indian subcontinent in the last few months of 1992 and is the first non-o1 serogroup of v. cholerae to cause epidemic cholera. we have investigated the expression of some of the known virulence factors of classical and el tor o1 strains of v. cholerae in clinical isolates of o139 strains. we show that, in contrast to other non-o1 ...	1994	7903285
cloning and sequencing of vibrio cholerae mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin pilin gene: localization of msha within a cluster of type 4 pilin genes.	the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (msha) pilus that is associated with vibrio cholerae strains of el tor biotype has been shown to be a potential colonization factor and protective antigen. the gene encoding the structural subunit of msha pili was cloned from size-fractionated saci-cleaved chromosomal dna in the expression phage vector lambda zapii. positive clones carried a c. 5.3 kb saci fragment and were identified on the basis of msha expression and hybridization with a synthetic oligonuc ...	1994	7984085
the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has a gene encoding an enzyme first classified as a mucinase in vibrio cholerae.	the human bacterial pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to be the causative agent of the most common chronic infection of man. since its first isolation in 1982, h. pylori has been associated with gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, and more recently, gastric cancer. the proteolytic digestion of gastric mucus by this microorganism has been suggested as an important mechanism by which its pathogenicity is at least partly exerted. here we report the detection of protease activity in h. ...	1994	7984089
diarrheal disease in peru after the introduction of cholera.	surveillance was conducted one day each week from december 1992 through may 1993 to determine the clinical features and etiology of diarrhea among a population in a suburban community of lima, peru. patients who had had three or more loose stools during the previous 24 hr were enrolled at a clinic located in the community or at a nearby regional hospital. a total of 143 cases of diarrhea were detected for an overall rate of 7.1 cases per 1,000 population. the enteropathogens isolated were vibrio ...	1994	7985750
morphology of the viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae as determined by the freeze fixation technique.	the morphology of the nonculturable vibrio cholerae strain tsi-4 was examined by the freeze fixation technique of electron microscopy and subsequently four unique structures were found in the fine structure s of this bacterium. the size of the cell was about 2/3 of the growing cell. although the cell was observed to have an outer membrane as well as the cell membrane and cytoplasm, the outer membrane was undulated and had a surface layer of fine fibers. the peptidoglycan layer was thick and more ...	1994	7988886
cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding vibrio cholerae o1 fimbrial subunit (fimbrillin).	the gene encoding an 18 kda fimbrial subunit of vibrio cholerae o1 was identified in a fimbriate strain bgd17. mixed oligoprimers were prepared based on the amino acid sequence of the n-terminus and that from a cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragment of the fimbrillin. a pcr-amplified 185 bp dna fragment was sequenced. this 185 bp fragment was further extended to 540 bp to 3' and 5' termini by rna-pcr using a primer containing a random hexamer at its 3' end. this fragment did not contain the stop codo ...	1994	7988887
regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria.	in the human large intestine bifidobacteria are a numerically important group of micro-organisms which are considered to exert a range of biological activities related to host health. one aspect is the inhibitory effect of these bacteria on other species, possibly excluding long term colonization by invasive pathogens. it has been suggested that the mechanism of inhibition carried out by bifidobacteria is related to the fermentative production of acids such as acetate and lactate. experiments re ...	1994	7989269
a rapid test for infectious and inflammatory enteritis.	inflammatory illnesses are an indication for specific diagnostic studies and possible antimicrobial therapy. the presence of fecal leukocytes has been used as a marker of inflammatory diarrhea; however, microscopic examination of the fecal smear is unreliable if the specimen is transported, refrigerated, frozen, or collected by swab.	1994	7993149
development of a live, oral, attenuated vaccine against el tor cholera.	vibrio cholerae el tor strains from peru, bangladesh, and bahrain were attenuated by deletion of a genetic element that encodes virulence factors and rs1. the b subunit of ctx (ctxb) was reintroduced into the reca gene of the deletion mutants, rendering them unable to recombine with exogenous genetic elements and generating peru-3, bang-3, and bah-3. fifteen volunteers received one dose of various vaccine strains at 4 x 10(6) to 1 x 10(8) cfu. all strains colonized the gut. a > or = 4-fold rise ...	1994	7995992
analysis of membrane protein interaction: toxr can dimerize the amino terminus of phage lambda repressor.	the toxr protein of vibrio cholerae is an integral membrane protein that co-ordinately regulates virulence determinant expression. toxr directly activates the cholera toxin operon, but maximal activation is achieved in the presence of toxs, an integral membrane protein thought to interact with toxr periplasmic sequences. studies that substitute alkaline phosphatase sequences for the periplasmic domain of toxr have led to a model for toxr activation based on dimerization and toxs interaction. we ...	1994	7997165
immunological memory after immunization with oral cholera b subunit--whole-cell vaccine in swedish volunteers.	the capacity of peroral immunization with either two or three doses of b subunit-whole cell (b-wc) cholera vaccine to induce immunological memory was examined in swedish volunteers by testing the immune responses to a single dose of b-wc vaccine given 10 months after the initial immunization. antibody responses in serum and antibody-secreting cell (asc) responses in peripheral blood were studied, since these responses seem to reflect the gut mucosal iga immune responses after oral immunization w ...	1994	7998416
a rapid public health response to a cryptic outbreak of cholera in hawaii.	in november 1991, toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 infection was confirmed in two unrelated persons in hawaii. cholera had not been acquired in hawaii since 1895. to determine the source and extent of v cholerae o1 infections in hawaii, both patients were interviewed, suspect food sources were investigated, and surveillance of physicians, laboratories, hospitals, and sewage treatment plants was instituted. one patient's husband had serologic titers consistent with recent v cholerae o1 infection; no ...	1994	7998643
differential reactivity of two types of n-glycolyneuraminic acid dimers toward enzymatic and nonenzymatic hydrolysis of their interketosidic linkages.	the kinetics of acid- and sialidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the interketosidic linkages of two different disialic acids, neu5gc alpha 2-->5-oglycolylneu5gc and neu5gc alpha 2-->8neu5gc, were studied. the former sequence was recently identified in the polysialic acid chains of a sialic acid-rich glycoprotein isolated from the egg jelly coat of two different species of sea urchins, and the latter was previously found in the cortical alveolar-derived polysialoglycoprotein from rainbow trout eggs. a ...	1994	7999128
dimerization of bence jones proteins: linking the rate of transcription from an escherichia coli promoter to the association constant of reiv.	homodimers of immunoglobulin vl domains are minimal models of antibodies in that they display an ensemble of six hypervariable loops. bence jones protein rei is a mixture of a complete kappa light chain and the corresponding variable domain (reiv). the known three-dimensional structure of the reiv dimer (epp et al., 1975, biochemistry 14, 4943-4952) provides a basis for studying dimer stabilization by protein engineering. mutant reiv-l94h was constructed and shown to have an equilibrium constant ...	1994	8003258
[value of vibriocidal antibody research in endemic areas of vibrio cholerae 0:1].	we made vibriocidal antibody titration in the serum of some populations in algeria and in mali either during or between cholera epidemics. the seropositivity rate was 43.3% in healthy contacts in alger in 1990 during an epidemic of cholera. for 12/16 healthy contacts examined two times in a 25-day interval, the seropositivity rate increased during the epidemic and the mean of antibody titres rose 8.88 folds. in constantine, 53% of 195 blood donors had significant titres of vibriocidal antibodies ...	1994	8003902
[in vitro sensitivity of vibrio cholerae serotype 0:139 to an intestinal antiseptic tiliquinol-tilbroquinol combination].	o:139 is a new serotype of vibrio cholerae that is not agglutinated by an o:1 antiserum but causes epidemics of cholera. strains of o:139 serotype are resistant to o/129 compound and many antibiotics but are sensitive to tetracyclines and tiliquinol-tilbroquinol (intétrix). the clinical management of the patients infected with serotype o:139 is identical to that of usual choleric patients. however, the immunological difference with o:1 serotype must lead to reconsider both the diagnosis and the ...	1994	8003903
crystal structure of cholera toxin b-pentamer bound to receptor gm1 pentasaccharide.	cholera toxin (ct) is an ab5 hexameric protein responsible for the symptoms produced by vibrio cholerae infection. in the first step of cell intoxication, the b-pentamer of the toxin binds specifically to the branched pentasaccharide moiety of ganglioside gm1 on the surface of target human intestinal epithelial cells. we present here the crystal structure of the cholera toxin b-pentamer complexed with the gm1 pentasaccharide. each receptor binding site on the toxin is found to lie primarily with ...	1994	8003954
[imported cholera infection caused by a new nonagglutinating cholera agent].	within 24 hours of returning from a five-week holiday in pakistan a 15-year-old girl developed vomiting and massive diarrhoea leading to severe dehydration with hypovolaemic shock. the diastolic blood pressure was no longer measurable and prerenal renal failure occurred with a serum creatinine of 4.4 mg/dl and metabolic acidosis (ph 7.21, base excess-16.9 mmol). initially treatment consisted of rehydration (day 1: 9280 ml, day 2: 4850 ml). the patient's condition rapidly improved and she had vol ...	1994	8005066
an epidemic of cholera due to vibrio cholerae o139 in dhaka, bangladesh: clinical and epidemiological features.	we describe the disease spectrum and socio-demographic and epidemiological features of an epidemic of cholera due to a new pathogen, vibrio cholerae o139, in patients attending a very large hospital in the metropolitan city of dhaka, bangladesh. this hospital treats 70,000-90,000 patients a year with diarrhoeal diseases. a 4% systematic sample of 1854 patients attending from january to april 1993 were studied. five hundred and two (27%) of the 1854 patients were culture positive for v. cholerae ...	1994	8005212