Publications

common diarrhea pathogens and the risk of dehydration in young children with acute watery diarrhea: a case-control study.	the role of common diarrheal pathogens in dehydration was examined in children with acute watery diarrhea who attended the treatment center of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, in dhaka. two hundred sixty-nine children with moderate or severe dehydration were matched with 700 children with no dehydration. vibrio cholerae o1 infections were 5.5 times more likely to be associated with dehydration than in cases without this agent. no significant association could ...	1993	8352397
inhibition of sialidases from viral, bacterial and mammalian sources by analogues of 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid modified at the c-4 position.	the inhibition of sialidase activity from influenza viruses a and b, parainfluenza 2 virus, vibrio cholerae, arthrobacter ureafaciens, clostridium perfringens, and sheep liver by a range of 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid analogues modified at the c-4 position has been studied. all substitutions tested resulted in a decrease in the degree of inhibition of the bacterial and mammalian sialidases. for sialidases from influenza viruses a and b, on the other hand, most of the substituti ...	1993	8358225
host range and transfer efficiency of incompatibility group hi plasmids.	hi plasmids are distinguished by their thermosensitive mode of conjugation (transfer efficiency is optimal at 22-30 degrees c) and their capacity to encode multiple antibiotic resistance. these traits have implicated hi plasmids as potential vectors in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic and indigenous bacterial species in water and soil environments. we compared the transfer efficiency of hi plasmids with that of plasmids from 13 other incompatibility groups at 37, 24, a ...	1993	8358670
analysis of enterotoxin synthesis in a vibrio cholerae strain lacking dsba, a periplasmic enzyme involved in disulphide bond formation.		1993	8359462
construction of genetically marked vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strains.	attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strains lacking the gene encoding the a subunit of cholera toxin have proven efficacious in preventing experimental cholera. as these strains move from closed, contained testing environments to large-scale field trials, a readily assayable phenotypic trait to distinguish a vaccine strain from wild-type v. cholerae o1 is desirable. we have constructed three derivatives of the attenuated v. cholerae strain cvd 103 which carry a mercury resistance or urease mar ...	1993	8359676
prevalence of a vibrio cholerae 18-kda antigen in vibrios.	an 18-kda protein that occurs in vibrio cholerae has been described as an in vivo and low-iron regulated outer membrane antigen. monoclonal antibodies which recognized this antigen were protective as passive vaccines in the infant rabbit model of cholera disease. in this study, those monoclonal antibodies were used in three immunological assays for surveillance of various bacteria for the 18-kda antigen. elisa, and western blot assays gave variable results with bacteria or outer membrane prepara ...	1993	8359680
safety, immunogenicity, and excretion pattern of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr in peruvian adults of high and low socioeconomic levels.	groups of 122 peruvian adults of low socioeconomic level (sel) and 125 of high sel received a randomly allocated 5 x 10(9)- or 5 x 10(8)-cfu dose of cvd 103-hgr live oral cholera vaccine or a placebo. the vaccine was well tolerated. vibriocidal seroconversions occurred in 78% of high-sel and 72% of low-sel subjects who ingested the high dose and in 78 and 49%, respectively, of those who received the low dose.	1993	8359923
pasteur oral cholera vaccine: studies of reactogenicity, clinical acceptability and immunogenicity in human volunteers.	pasteur cholera vaccine consists of isolated antigenic fractions from v. cholerae el tor ogawa and inaba. enteric coated microgranules were prepared from antigen lyophilisate. three doses of this vaccine were administered orally to 19 healthy young thai adults at one week intervals. none of the volunteers experienced untowards reactions. the vibriocidal antibody responses manifested a significant antibody rise (> or = 4 fold) to serovar inaba in 8 vaccinees (42.1%) and ogawa in 4 (21.1%). five a ...	1993	8362286
effect of vibrio cholerae toxin on oral immunization of chickens.	cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae has been shown to increase the secretory immune response when given orally with some antigens in mice and rabbits. the present study was designed to determine if cholera toxin was also an effective mucosal adjuvant in chickens. tetanus toxoid was chosen as a model antigen, and response was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of intestinal excreta, bile samples, and serum samples. chickens given 20 micrograms of tetanus toxoid had a significant suppre ...	1993	8363507
use of vaginal tampons in sewer surveys for non-o1. vibrio cholerae.	vaginal tampons were shown to be a practical alternative to conventional moore swabs for isolating vibrio cholerae from sewage. associated laboratory investigations demonstrated improved isolation of v. cholerae by using 12- or 18-h enrichments in alkaline peptone water, in comparison with 6-h enrichments, when cultures were incubated at ambient temperatures.	1993	8368858
nationwide prevalence of the new epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal in india.		1993	8370938
clinical profile of acute diarrhoea cases infected with the new epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae o139: designation of the disease as cholera.	a total of 113 patients suffering from acute watery diarrhoea caused by the novel epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae non-o1, currently assigned to a new serogroup o139, were investigated in order to determine the clinical presentation of the new epidemic strain causing outbreaks of cholera-like infection in the indian subcontinent. estimations of electrolyte concentration in serum and stool were also performed in a representative number of the above cases. the clinical features and blood and sto ...	1993	8370939
[species specific dna probes for identifying vibrio cholerae].	a 1.74 kb hindiii fragment from a vibrio cholerae eltor library of genes was found to be strictly specific for vibrio cholerae strains independent of the biotypes, serotypes and 01-agglutination ability. the fragment was cloned in puc19 vector plasmid. the resultant recombinant plasmid pes78vcs was transformed into escherichia coli strain hb101 resulting in construction of strain km57. the sites for hincii and xhoi were plotted on a restriction map of the cloned fragment. two hindiii-xhoi as wel ...	1993	8371726
[the regional characteristics of the distribution of vibrio cholerae and the methods for its decontamination].		1993	8379144
a kinetic-isotope-effect study of catalysis by vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.	michaelis-menten parameters for hydrolysis of seven aryl n-acetyl alpha-d-neuraminides by vibrio cholerae neuraminidase at ph 5.0 correlate well with the leaving-group pka (delta pk 3.0; beta 1g (v/k) = -0.73, r = -0.93; beta 1g (v) = -0.25; r = -0.95). the beta-deuterium kinetic-isotope effect, beta d2(v), for the p-nitrophenyl glycoside is the same at the optimum ph of 5.0 (1.059 +/- 0.010) as at ph 8.0 (1.053 +/- 0.010), suggesting that isotope effects are fully expressed with this substrate ...	1993	8379920
cloning and characterization of the vibrio cholerae genes encoding the utilization of iron from haemin and haemoglobin.	vibrio cholerae can utilize haemin or haemoglobin as its sole source of iron. four haem utilization mutants of a classical strain of v. cholerae were isolated. these mutations were complemented with phut1, a cosmid clone isolated from a library of wild-type ca401 dna. two independent tn5 insertions into the cloned sequence disrupted function in all of the complemented mutants. escherichia coli 1017 transformed with phut1 failed to utilize haemin as an iron source; a second plasmid containing a d ...	1993	8384684
accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), the third toxin of a vibrio cholerae virulence cassette.	vibrio cholerae causes the potentially lethal disease cholera through the elaboration of the intestinal secretogen cholera toxin. a second toxin of v. cholerae, zot, decreases intestinal tissue resistance by modifying intercellular tight junctions. in this report, a third toxin of v. cholerae, ace (accessory cholera enterotoxin), is described. ace increases short-circuit current in ussing chambers and causes fluid secretion in ligated rabbit ileal loops. the predicted protein sequence of ace sho ...	1993	8389476
vibrio cholerae hlyb is a member of the chemotaxis receptor gene family.		1993	8401237
very efficient extracellular production of cholera toxin b subunit using bacillus brevis.	we have constructed a very efficient synthesis and secretion system for cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) of vibrio cholerae 569b using bacillus-brevis. the constructed expression-secretion vector has the multiple promoters and the signal peptide coding region of the mwp gene, a structural gene for one of the major cell wall proteins of b. brevis strain 47, directly followed by the gene encoding the mature ctb. a large amount of mature ctb (1.4 g per liter of culture) was secreted into the medium. i ...	1993	8405930
genes required for extracellular secretion of enterotoxin are clustered in vibrio cholerae.	pleiotropic transposon insertion mutants of vibrio cholerae that are unable to secrete enterotoxin, ha/protease and chitinase through the outer membrane have been isolated. the gene, epsm, responsible for complementation of two of the tn5 insertion mutations was sequenced. it encodes a putative cytoplasmic membrane protein of 18.5 kda that exhibits similarity to proteins required for extracellular secretion of pullulanase, pectate lyase or elastase in other gram-bacteria. it is present on a 15-k ...	1993	8406031
an outbreak of acute diarrhoeal disease amongst tribal population in tripura.	a massive outbreak of acute diarrhoeal diseases occurred during march-april, 1992 in the north district of tripura. investigation of the outbreak revealed vibrio cholerae 01 biotype elt or as the main etiologic agent in 50 per cent of patients. the outbreak which started amongst the tribal population might have spread due to prevailing illiteracy, poverty, low personal and domestic hygiene and vulnerable water sources (chhara water).	1993	8406643
cvd110, an attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 el tor live oral vaccine strain.	the recent expansion of the seventh cholera pandemic into south america emphasizes the need for a safe, long-lasting, protective, and nonreactogenic vaccine for this disease. since the predominant vibrio cholerae o1 strains in the world today are of the el tor biotype, a bivalent vaccine containing both classical and el tor biotypes may be desirable. we have constructed a new oral vaccine candidate, v. cholerae cvd110 el tor, ogawa, from which all toxin genes so far identified in v. cholerae hav ...	1993	8406837
fatal septicemia and bullae caused by non-01 vibrio cholerae.	bullous lesions associated with non-01 vibrio cholerae developed in a patient with hepatic cirrhosis who had recently ingested raw oysters. he died of overwhelming sepsis despite 5 days of aggressive antibiotic therapy. non-01 v. cholerae was isolated from blood, peritoneal fluid, and bullae. the organism produced a cytotoxic factor that destroyed chinese hamster ovary cells. although septicemia caused by non-01 v. cholerae is uncommon, cutaneous manifestations of this organism are even rarer. o ...	1993	8408840
vibrio spp. isolated from natural waters of the city of yangon, myanmar.	virulence properties of the environmental isolate of vibrios from natural waters of yangon, myanmar were studied. vibrio spp. were isolated for identification by the membrane filtration method and cultured on thio-sulphate-bile-sucrose media. no vibrio cholerae o1 were isolated. v. cholerae non-o1 were the major vibrio species isolated from the samples. none of them were detected for cholera-toxin-like toxin, thermostable direct haemolysin, or heat-stable enterotoxin. sixty-one isolates gave hae ...	1993	8409281
new strains of vibrio cholerae o139 in india and bangladesh: lessons from the recent epidemics.		1993	8409283
lessons from recent outbreaks of vibrio cholerae non-01 diarrhoea in the indian subcontinent.		1993	8409494
virulence patterns of vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta, india.	a collection of 28 strains of vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated during a 3-year period (1989-1991) from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in calcutta, india, were examined with regard to virulence-associated factors. of the 28 isolates (each representing a case), 18 were isolated as the sole infecting agent; the remaining 10 were recovered as co-cultures from cases infected with v. cholerae o1. of the strains isolated in this study, 82% could be serotyped, with serovars o5 (32.1%), o11 an ...	1993	8411093
identification of toxigenic vibrio cholerae from the argentine outbreak by pcr for ctx a1 and ctx a2-b.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect a region of the a1 cholera toxin gene was applied to the identification of 43 vibrio cholerae strains isolated from the recent outbreak in argentina. a good correlation was observed between the gm1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gm1-elisa) to detect the b subunit of the enterotoxin and pcr. however, a v. cholerae non-01 strain that was negative by the elisa test, was positive by the pcr assay for the a1 region. a second pcr test to detect the a2-b ...	1993	8416815
occurrence of 2-o-methyl-n-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronyl)-d-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-manno-pyranose) in lipopolysaccharide from ogawa but not from inaba o forms of o1 vibrio cholerae.	a structural study by gc-ms, methylation analysis, and 1h and 13c nmr was carried out on alpha (1-->2)-linked linear n-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronyl)-d-perosamine homopolymer constituting the o-polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide from o1 vibrio cholerae ogawa and inaba o forms. occurrence of 2-o-methyl-n-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronyl)-d-perosamine was demonstrated at the non-reducing terminus of the perosamine-homopolymer of lipopolysaccharide from the ogawa o form in contrast to the presence ...	1993	8422256
effects of temperature on adp-ribosylation factor stimulation of cholera toxin activity.	the effects of cholera toxin, a secretory product of vibrio cholerae, result from adp-ribosylation of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding (gs) protein of the adenylyl cyclase system. cholera toxin a subunit (cta) also uses agmatine, a simple guanidino compound, several proteins unrelated to gs, and cta itself as alternative adp-ribose acceptors. the effects of toxin occur in the jejunum presumably at body core temperature. with agmatine as a model substrate, the optimal temperature for ct ...	1993	8422366
a protein required for secretion of cholera toxin through the outer membrane of vibrio cholerae.	a gene essential for the secretion of cholera toxin from the periplasm of vibrio cholerae into the extracellular medium has been isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. it encodes a cytoplasmic protein of 56 kda that exhibits a high degree of similarity to gene products required for extracellular protein secretion in several other gram- organisms. sequence similarities in its potential atp-binding site suggest that the protein may act as an energy provider or signal transducer in the pr ...	1993	8423007
secondary vibrio cholerae-specific cellular antibody responses following wild-type homologous challenge in people vaccinated with cvd 103-hgr live oral cholera vaccine: changes with time and lack of correlation with protection.	peripheral blood immunoglobulin a antibody-secreting-cell (asc) responses are thought to reflect the mucosal immune response to locally presented antigens. we evaluated the asc response to cholera toxin (ct) and inaba lipopolysaccharide (lps) in 26 north american volunteers following immunization with a single oral dose of live attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr and again upon homologous wild-type challenge with v. cholerae classical inaba 569b. challenge occurred at either ...	1993	8423098
induction of sos like responses by nitrofurantoin in vibrio cholerae el tor cells.	treatment of vibrio cholerae el tor strain slh22(j) with nitrofurantoin induced dose-dependent prophage 'kappa', the maximum induction being 6-fold the spontaneous induction level. uv-inactivated 'kappa' phages were weigle reactivated, the maximum weigle factor being 1.8 and 2.0 respectively in nitrofurantoin and uv pretreated el tor strain h218 smr. nitrofurantoin treatment also caused significant filamentation of the el tor strain h218 smr and mutation of these cells from ampicillin sensitivit ...	1993	8427549
phylogenetic relationships of marine bacteria, mainly members of the family vibrionaceae, determined on the basis of 16s rrna sequences.	the phylogenetic relationships of 50 reference strains, mostly marine bacteria which require na+ for growth, were determined on the basis of 600 16s rrna nucleotides by using reverse transcriptase sequencing. strains belonging to 10 genera were included (four genera of the family vibrionaceae, the genus aeromonas of the family aeromonadaceae, and the genera alteromonas, marinomonas, shewanella, pseudomonas, and deleya). the sequences were aligned, the similarity values and evolutionary distance ...	1993	8427811
isolation of vibrio cholerae o1 from oysters--mobile bay, 1991-1992.	on july 2, 1991, during routine monitoring, the food and drug administration (fda) isolated toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, serotype inaba, biotype ei tor from oysters and intestinal contents of an oyster-eating fish taken from closed oyster beds in mobile bay. this isolate was indistinguishable from the latin american epidemic strain and differed from the strain of v. cholerae o1 that is endemic to the gulf coast. this report summarizes the public health response to this isolation of v. cholerae ...	1993	8429813
comparison of shiga-like toxin i b-subunit expression and localization in escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae by using trc or iron-regulated promoter systems.	shiga-like toxin i (slt-i) b-subunit expression was examined by using the trc promoter in two different constructs, psbc32 and psbc54, in which 710 bp of dna downstream of the b subunit in psbc32 was deleted. the trc promoter in psbc54 was replaced also with the slt-i iron-regulated promoter to create a third plasmid, psbc61. slt-i b-subunit expression was examined from all three plasmids following transfer into escherichia coli jm105 and the cholera toxin a-subunit gene deletion mutant vibrio c ...	1993	8432592
rapid polymerase chain reaction method for detection of vibrio cholerae in foods.	the polymerase chain reaction was used to selectively amplify sequences within the cholera toxin operon from vibrio cholerae o1. oysters, crabmeat, shrimp, and lettuce were seeded with v. cholerae and then homogenized or washed with alkaline peptone water, followed by short-term (6- to 8-h) enrichment. a detection limit of as few as 1 v. cholerae cfu per 10 g of food was obtained with amplification reactions from crude bacterial lysates. the method is extremely rapid and obviates the need for dn ...	1993	8434922
circulating cellular immune response to oral immunization of humans with cholera toxin b-subunit.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells were taken from subjects before and after oral immunization with cholera toxin b-subunit. cells obtained from naive volunteers before immunization did not proliferate in vitro to b-subunit. oral immunization induced a proliferative response in all volunteers with a peak stimulation index of 20, and was detected up to 1 year later. the proliferative response kinetics suggest the appearance in the blood of primed t cells from the gut coinciding with the disappear ...	1993	8438610
live oral vaccines against cholera: an update.	one hundred years elapsed between the first (live, parenteral) cholera vaccine that entered clinical trials in 1885 and the field trials of two oral inactivated cholera vaccines undertaken in bangladesh in the mid-1980s. the oral inactivated vaccines advanced the art by establishing, convincingly, that oral vaccines could protect (although multiple doses were required) and that (at least in adults) protection could last 3 years. attenuated vibrio cholerae o1 strain cvd 103-hgr (deleted of the ch ...	1993	8438619
location of fructose in lipopolysaccharide isolated from 01 vibrio cholerae nih 41r.	fructose, a rarely occurring sugar constituent of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps), is distributed ubiquitously in lps of 01 vibrio cholerae so far examined, but its location in lps has not hitherto been elucidated. it was found that hydrazinolysis of lps successfully affords a derivative retaining virtually all the fructose of intact lps, but no ester-bound phosphate. structural analysis carried out on the lps derivative prepared by the hydrazinolysis of r-type lps isolated fro ...	1993	8440469
cloning and active site mutagenesis of vibrio cholerae dsba, a periplasmic enzyme that catalyzes disulfide bond formation.	recently, a gene (dsba) involved in the biogenesis of secreted oligomeric enterotoxins in vibrio cholerae was described, which encodes an exported protein possessing a -cys-pro-his-cys- motif similar to that found in the active sites of eukaryotic and prokaryotic thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases (yu, j., webb, h., and hirst, t. r (1992) mol. microbiol. 6, 1949-1958). here, we report the cloning of the dsba gene of v. cholerae and the demonstration that the encoded periphlasmic enzyme has disulfid ...	1993	8440717
identification of the flagellar antigens of vibrio cholerae el tor and their role in protection.	antiserum to the surface antigens of the wild-type flagellate strain kb207 of vibrio cholerae el tor was absorbed with isogenic aflagellate mutant cd12. antibodies remaining in the absorbed serum exhibited specificity to kb207 but not to cd12 and inhibited motility of kb207. proteins from cell-free lysates of kb207 and cd12 were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. cd12 differed from kb207 in the absence of two proteins of 40 and 38 kda. these proteins were dete ...	1993	8447164
identification of a 33 kda antigen associated with an adhesive and colonizing strain of vibrio cholerae el tor and its role in protection.	proteins from the cell-free lysates of the wild-type strain kb207 of vibrio cholerae el tor and the isogenic non-adhesive mutant cd11 were analysed by native and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. a protein of 33 kda present in kb207 was absent from cd11. antiserum to the surface antigens of kb207 was absorbed with cd11. antibodies remaining in the serum after absorption reacted to kb207 but not to cd11 as judged by slide agglutination, double gel diffusion and dot blot elisa. antibo ...	1993	8447165
induction and assessment of immunity at enteromucosal surfaces in humans: implications for vaccine development.	it is now almost axiomatic that vaccines against enteric infections must be able to stimulate the gut lymphoid tissue to be efficacious and that this goal is usually better achieved by administering immunogens orally rather than parenterally. on the basis of the notion of a common mucosal immunologic system that provides immune reactivity not only at the site of antigen deposition but also at remote mucosal sites, there is much interest in developing oral vaccines against infections in the respi ...	1993	8452962
distribution of the zot (zonula occludens toxin) gene among strains of vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01.	the distribution of the zot gene that encodes the zonula occludens toxin, a newly described toxin of vibrio cholerae, among clinical, environmental and food isolates of v. cholerae 01 and non-01 was investigated. both the zot gene and the ctx gene that encode cholera toxin were found in 247 of 257 clinical strains and 62 of 415 environmental or food isolates of v. cholerae 01. the zot gene, but not the ctx gene was found in 37 strains (one clinical strain and 36 environmental or food isolates). ...	1993	8454179
heterogeneity in the molecular species of heat-stable enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae non-o1 expressed by escherichia coli carrying the cloned toxin gene.	the biological activity of the heat-stable enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae non-o1 (nag-st) was found to be predominantly associated with the periplasmic extract (about four-fold higher than the culture supernatant) of a recombinant e. coli (jm109) strain carrying the nag-st toxin gene. four molecular species of nag-st, two each from the periplasmic extract and culture supernatant of jm109, were purified. amino acid sequence analysis of the four nag-st peptides isolated by hplc revealed that they ...	1993	8454187
non-o group 1 vibrio cholerae septicemia in israel.		1993	8454453
gene encoding zonula occludens toxin (zot) does not occur independently from cholera enterotoxin genes (ctx) in vibrio cholerae.	of 167 vibrio cholerae isolates screened for sequences homologous with zonula occludens toxin (zot) or cholera toxin (ctx) genes, 3.0% of non-o1, 100.0% of clinical o1, and 0.0% of environmental o1 strains contained both zot and ctx. zot was present only in strains that were ctx positive; all ctx-positive strains carried zot. the absence of zot-positive, ctx-negative strains suggests zot is not an independent virulence factor for v. cholerae, although zot may play a role in the pathogenesis of t ...	1993	8458975
comparison of vibrio cholerae serotype 01 strains isolated from patients and the aquatic environment.	vibrio cholerae 01 strains of el tor and classical biotypes and ogawa and inaba serotypes were isolated from both patients and pond water, the latter used by the patients from whom the v. cholerae 01 strains had been isolated. paired strains, i.e. from the patient and from the pond used by the patient, were compared. all strains were found to be non-hydrophobic and agglutinating in ammonium sulphate (2.0-2.5 m). they demonstrated similar antibiogram patterns and plasmids were not detected. excep ...	1993	8459488
effect of various digestive enzymes on the interaction of toxoplasma gondii with macrophages.	the participation of resident, elicited, and activated macrophage surface components during internalization of tachyzoites of toxoplasma gondii was analyzed using neuraminidase, phospholipase c, trypsin, protease, and hyaluronidase. treatment of these macrophages with neuraminidase from vibrio cholerae, phospholipase c from bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens, protease, and hyaluronidase prior to their interaction with parasites increased the penetration of host cells by t. gondii. incub ...	1993	8475028
ctx genetic element encodes a site-specific recombination system and an intestinal colonization factor.	in vibrio cholerae, the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxab) are located on a segment of dna (termed the "core" region) that is flanked by two or more copies of a repeated sequence called rs1. together these dna units comprise the ctx genetic element. evidence presented here suggests that rs1 sequences encode a site-specific recombination system, which allows integration of a suicide plasmid carrying rs1 into an 18-base-pair sequence (attrs1) located on the chromosome of nontoxigenic v. cholerae ...	1993	8475125
coordinate regulation of siderophore and exotoxin a production: molecular cloning and sequencing of the pseudomonas aeruginosa fur gene.	a 5.9-kb dna fragment was cloned from pseudomonas aeruginosa pa103 by its ability to functionally complement a fur mutation in escherichia coli. a fur null mutant e. coli strain that contains multiple copies of the 5.9-kb dna fragment produces a 15-kda protein which cross-reacts with a polyclonal anti-e. coli fur serum. sequencing of a subclone of the 5.9-kb dna fragment identified an open reading frame predicted to encode a protein 53% identical to e. coli fur and 49% identical to vibrio choler ...	1993	8478325
activity of four fluoroquinolones against 346 strains of enteric pathogens.		1993	8486583
development of an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for the cholera toxin gene.	an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated 30-mer oligonucleotide probe was developed to detect the cholera toxin gene (ctx) in vibrio cholerae o1. for rapid identification, v. cholerae o1 was grown on selective agar (thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts agar) or in alkaline peptone water and organisms were transferred directly to nylon membranes. lysis of cells, denaturation of dna, neutralization, and hybridization were carried out on the membrane. these procedures required only 3 h for completion. the resu ...	1993	8501233
epidemic of diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae non-o1 that produced heat-stable toxin among khmers in a camp in thailand.	an epidemic of a cholera-like disease occurred among khmers in a camp in aranyaprathet, thailand, in may 1990. of 215 patients with diarrhea, vibrio cholerae o1 was isolated from 25 (12%) and v. cholerae non-o1 was isolated from 15 (7%). five of 15 (33%) non-o1 v. cholerae isolates hybridized with two different oligonucleotide probes previously used to detect v. cholerae non-o1 that produces a heat-stable toxin. this is the first description of an epidemic of diarrhea caused by v. cholerae non-o ...	1993	8501234
an outbreak of cholera in maryland associated with imported commercial frozen fresh coconut milk.	in august 1991, the first outbreak of cholera associated with an imported commercial food product occurred among persons attending a private picnic. an epidemiologic investigation showed infection with toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1, biotype el tor, serotype ogawa, in 4 of 6 persons who had consumed coconut milk imported from thailand. in addition, the us food and drug administration recovered toxigenic v. cholerae o1, biotype el tor, serotype ogawa, from 1 of 6 unopened bags of the same brand (bu ...	1993	8501322
effect of sodium chloride, ph and organic nutrients on the motility of vibrio cholerae non-01.	using a simple method of semi-solid agar (0.2%) in u-tubes, the effect of temperature, nacl, ph and nutrients on the motility of environmental vibrio cholerae non-01 was elucidated. under aerobic respiration succinate and pyruvate, which are metabolic intermediates, increased the motility rate, with succinate having the greatest influence. glucose and benzoic acid reduced the motility rate of most of the strains. optimum motility was obtained at ph 8.6 and 9.1 in all strains examined. acidic ph ...	1993	8502172
release of the outer membrane vesicles from vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus.	we found numerous small vesicles released from the cell by thin sectioning of the plate culture of vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus fixed with the freeze-substitution technique. from the broth media of exponentially growing bacteria we could collect the vesicles by the centrifugation but not enough without fixation. the vesicles are encompassed with a membrane structure similar to the outer membrane of these bacteria. the anti-o (inaba) serum reacted with the surface of the vesicles and t ...	1993	8502178
n-3-hydroxypropionyl-alpha-d-perosamine homopolymer constituting the o-chain of lipopolysaccharides from vibrio bioserogroup 1875 possessing antigenic factor(s) in common with o1 vibrio cholerae.	a structural study was performed by 13c-n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis of the o-chain of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from vibrio bioserogroup 1875 possessing antigenic factor(s) in common with o1 vibrio cholerae. it was demonstrated to contain a linear homopolymer of (1-->2)-linked n-3-hydroxypropionyl-alpha-d-perosamine [4-(3-hydroxypropanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranose], which is very similar to, but not identical with, both (1-->2)-linked linear n-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetrony ...	1993	8503886
recurrent non-0:1 vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a patient with multiple myeloma.	episodes of bacteremia with non-0:1 vibrio cholerae are rarely reported, even though the organism is endemic along the gulf coast of the united states. recurrent episodes of bacteremia with non-0:1 v. cholerae are described even more rarely. a patient is reported who had multiple myeloma and experienced two episodes of bacteremia with non-0:1 v. cholerae.	1993	8508394
vibrio parahaemolyticus has a homolog of the vibrio cholerae toxrs operon that mediates environmentally induced regulation of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene.	in an effort to identify the regulatory gene controlling the expression of the tdh gene, encoding the thermostable direct hemolysin of vibrio parahaemolyticus, we examined total dna of aq3815 (a kanagawa phenomenon-positive strain) for sequences homologous to that of the toxr gene of vibrio cholerae. the extracted dna gave a weak hybridization signal under reduced-stringency conditions with a toxr-specific dna probe. cloning and sequence analysis of the probe-positive sequence revealed an operon ...	1993	8509337
[bacteremia caused by vibrio cholerae 0:1].		1993	8512979
nucleotide sequence encoding the mannose-fucose-resistant hemagglutinin of vibrio cholerae o1 and construction of a mutant.	the region of dna encoding the mannose-fucose-resistant hemagglutinin (mfrha) of vibrio cholerae o1 has been localized, and the nucleotide sequence has been determined. the region contains a single open reading frame encoding 230 amino acids, corresponding to a protein of 26.9 kda. the n terminus of this protein is atypical for a protein localized in the outer membrane. a mutant lacking mfrha activity has been constructed by allelic exchange after inactivation via the insertion of a kanamycin re ...	1993	8514410
imported cholera associated with a newly described toxigenic vibrio cholerae o139 strain--california, 1993.		1993	8515739
evaluation of the efficacy of different antibiotics in inhibiting colonisation of vibrio cholerae o1 in the rabbit intestine.	the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and tetracycline in prevention of colonisation of v. cholerae o1 in the rabbit intestine were tested. v. cholerae o1 highly colonised the gut of rabbits which did not receive any antibiotic. all antibiotics tested inhibited the colonisation of v. cholerae o1 within the rabbit intestine. moreover, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were found to be as effective as tetracycline suggesting that these drugs should be subjected to clinical trials for the treatmen ...	1993	8518514
corresponding type-specificity of vibriocidal and agglutinating activities of vibrio cholerae antisera: relevance to vaccine immunogenicity.	cholera vibrios can be allocated to one of three biotypes (classical, intermediate and el tor), each of which can be sub-divided into two serotypes (ogawa and inaba). vibriocidal tests with absorbed antisera have shown no evidence of biotype specificity in the killing of bacteria, but they have confirmed the role of the two serotype-specific antigens in immunity to cholera. the same presence of serotype specificity, and absence of biotype specificity, has been found by bacterial agglutination, ...	1993	8519314
imported cholera in a 31-year-old peruvian female.	we present the case of a 31-year-old peruvian female with severe dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. the patient was one of a number of travelers arriving in los angeles on an international flight from argentina and peru. because of the travel history and clinical presentation, cholera was suspected and ultimately confirmed by stool culture. the patient's clinical course is outlined, and discussion of the relevant epidemiology and clinical management of cholera is provided. physicians shou ...	1993	8157909
the aquatic environment as a reservoir of vibrio cholerae: a review.		1993	8188990
personal reflections on the discovery of vibrio cholerae 0139 synonym bengal: a tribute to team work and international collaboration.		1993	8188991
differential scanning calorimetry investigations on lps and free lipids a of the bacterial cell wall.	differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) was used to investigate the thermal stability and behaviour of the lipopolysaccharides (lps) of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and their lipid portion. dsc curves of lps show thermal features between 200 and 129 degrees c (depolymerization) and between -13 and -36 degrees c (cooling phase transition). both effects were related to the relative strength of the linkage types in the o-chain structure and to their capacity for intermolecular hydro ...	1993	8190999
comparative antibacterial spectrum of trimethoprim and brodimoprim.	brodimoprim is a new 2,4-diaminobenzylpyrimidine that selectively inhibits bacterial and resistance plasmid dihydrofolate reductases to a similar or greater extent than trimethoprim. brodimoprim reaches equivalent levels in the serum as trimethoprim for the same dosage regimens but, unlike trimethoprim, brodimoprim has a long half-life. brodimoprim has a similar antibacterial spectrum to trimethoprim against bacterial species normally sensitive to this class of drugs although it is not active ag ...	1993	8195832
enteropathogenic bacteria in river ganges in varanasi.	a bacteriological study of the river ganges in varanasi was carried out from december 1985 to november 1987. in all 407 water samples were collected, 335 from bathing ghats and 72 from sewage openings and were examined for the presence of enteropathogenic bacteria. vibrio cholerae 0-1 (1.72%), non 0-1 vibrio cholera (3.69%), vibrio fluvialis (0.74%), aeromonas sp. (0.49%), plesiomonas sp. (0.25%), salmonella sp. (0.98%) and shigella sp. (1.23%) were isolated from both ghats and sewage openings a ...	1993	8157311
new type of cholera.		1993	8157330
vibriophage d10 contains non-permuted dna with cohesive ends.	phage d10, a vibrio cholerae o-1 el tor group x phage, is one of the five newly isolated phages used in the phage typing scheme developed for v. cholerae o-1 biotype el tor and belongs to the myoviridae family. from electron microscopic studies it is shown that phage d10 has a dna genome of 32 +/- 0.2 kb. this is the first report where it has been shown by the construction of a partial denaturation map that this vibriophage genome is nonpermuted and has cohesive ends. the location of the ends of ...	1993	8277281
[cholera in benin (epidemic of 1991)].	authors report on epidemiologic, bacteriology and therapeutic data related to 1991 cholera outbreak in benin in the general context of the 7th world pandemic. 7474 cases were notified from all over the country. vibrio cholerae 01, el tor biotype, was identified in many patients stools and in the surroundings. control measures implemented in this situation are described: early parenteral and mainly oral rehydration, antibiotic treatments for patients and contacts, systematic home control around c ...	1993	8289628
purification and characterization of a protein cryoprotective for vibrio cholerae extracted from the prawn shell surface.	a substance cryoprotective for vibrio cholerae on the prawn shell surface was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. it was a protein of 81 kda and called cryoprotective protein (cpp). the cryoprotective activity of this protein for v. cholerae was sensitive to heat at 100 c and trypsin treatment. in the presence of mg ion the protein can bind to the bacterial cell surface. v. cholerae can adhere to the shell surface of the prawn. the number of adhered bacteria was reduce ...	1993	8295565
[tolerance and immunogenicity of an oral dose of cvd 103-hgr, a live attenuated vibrio cholerae 01 strain: a double-blind study of chilean adults].	cvd 103-hgr is an attenuated, ab+, live, recombinant vaccine strain, developed by deletion of the toxa gen in a virulent vibrio cholerae 01, inada classical strain (569b). in phase ii studies conducted to date, cvd 103-hgr has been well tolerated and immunogenic in volunteers from both industrialized countries and cholera-endemic areas. in this study of safety, immunogenicity and excretion, 81 chilean adults were randomly allocated to receive, in a double blind fashion, a single oral dose of 5 x ...	1993	8296092
use of the vibrio cholerae irga gene as a locus for insertion and expression of heterologous antigens in cholera vaccine strains.	vibrio cholerae may be a particularly effective organism for use in delivering heterologous antigens to stimulate a common mucosal immune response. a live attenuated vaccine strain of v. cholerae was constructed from the ctxa deletion mutant 0395-n1, containing the b subunit of shiga-like toxin i under the transcriptional control of the iron-regulated irga promoter. the b subunit of shiga-like toxin i is identical to the b subunit of shiga toxin (stxb). irga encodes the major iron-regulated oute ...	1993	8296486
effects of vibrio cholerae enterotoxin peptide on glomerular filtration rate and renal proximal tubular sodium transport.	cholera toxin peptide stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity in several tissues and causes severe intestinal water and electrolyte secretion. to evaluate the regulatory function of sodium transport in renal tubules, we studied the effect of cholera toxin peptide on rat kidneys. isolated kidneys from adult male hooded rats weighting 240-335 g were perfused with krebs-henseleit solution containing 60 mg/ml dialyzed bovine serum albumin (bsa). the effects of vibrio cholerae peptide (ct; molecular wei ...	1993	8298533
el tor cholera in india.		1993	8300475
[a possible mechanism for the endemicity of modern cholera (the role of noncultivated forms of vibrio cholerae 01)].	the surface water sources of some cis territories have been screened for cholera toxin genes by the polymerase chain reaction. the vct-genes have been found in the majority of water samples indicating the presence of noncultivated vibrio cholerae cells of an epidemiologic significance. the bacteriological methods failed to isolate the active causative agent of cholera. additional criteria are proposed for epidemiological typing of territories for cholera. the absence of long deletions or inserti ...	1993	8302310
vibrio cholerae non-0:1 meningitis in an infant.		1993	8284127
epidemic diarrhoea due to vibrio cholerae non-o1.		1993	8695332
[cytodiagnosis of the radiologically "occult" and the "in situ" lung neoplasm].	this paper reports on six patients, in whom a so-called "carcinoma in situ" or a radiologically "occult" carcinoma of the lung was diagnosed by means of cytological sputum examinations. on the basis of these cases, the problem of early localization of lung carcinomas is discussed. the cytological diagnosis of an occult lung carcinoma is practically always the result of an incidental sputum examination. nevertheless, the value of "mass screenings" is doubtful, whereas systematic sputum examinatio ...	1993	204560
health effects of the 1991 bangladesh cyclone: report of a unicef evaluation team.	to assess the impact on health of the cyclone and tidal wave that struck the southern coast of bangladesh on the evening of 29 april 1991, a team of health professionals visited cyclone affected areas from 4-27 june, 1991. team members met with health workers and officials of the government of bangladesh and with staff pom nongovernmental organizations, and conducted field surveys in two severely affected areas. mortality among the 135 households surveyed (pre-cyclone population 1,123) was 14 pe ...	1993	20958764
environmental influences on the distribution of the incidence of cholera: a case study in quelimane, mozambique.	cholera continues to cause widespread suffering in many parts of the world. previous research has mainly described modes of transmission and has correctly indicated the role of predisposing socio-economic conditions in affected areas. little field research has been carried out, however, in endemic zones, on the contribution of physical characteristics in environmental reservoirs which prolong the survival time or increase the toxigeneity of vibrio cholerae 01, despite substantial indication of t ...	1993	20958774
[diaket as a root canal filling material].		1993	265789
[care of the injured in the hospital. medico-legal documents furnished them. transmitting care information].		1993	262925
postsynaptic effects of a multiaction giant interneurone on identified snail neurones.		1993	196209
[mandibular reconstruction with reference to joint and nerve substitution].		1993	281312
[free bone transplant as mandibular substitute with special reference to chin reconstruction].		1993	281311
[di gugliemo's syndrome (erythroleukemia)].		1993	266223
gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.		1993	1679184
serum steroid hormones and pituitary function in female epileptic patients during carbamazepine therapy.	ten regularly menstruating women with epilepsy were studied in a 12-month prospective follow-up study to evaluate the short-term effects of carbamazepine (cbz) on serum sex hormone balance and pituitary function. thirteen female epilepsy patients receiving long-term cbz monotherapy (mean medication duration 5.3 years) were also studied. controls were 17 regularly menstruating healthy volunteers. untreated patients had higher free testosterone (ft) and luteinizing hormone (lh) serum concentration ...	1993	2142450
[stannous fluoride and amine hydrofluorides in the prevention of dental caries in adults. results of a 3-year follow-up study].		1993	265780
[plak-out and broxojet 3007. clinical study].	it is known that chlorhexidine, a plaque preventing agent, can cause discolorations and other side effects when used in mouthwashes at the concentration of 0.1% or more. by diluting the amount of chlorhexidine used in a mouthwash in the much greater volume of water used in a pulsating device, one could try to avoid these side-effects and, possible keep the antiplaque properties of chlorhexidine. furthermore, it was interesting to check whether plaque, which is normally not removed by the mechani ...	1993	280956
[results of x-ray therapy and radioisotope teletherapy of laryngeal cancer].		1993	1134242
post-jejunoileal-bypass hepatic disease. its similarity to alcoholic hepatic disease.	the authors studied serial hepatic biopsies of five patients who developed hepatic failure following jejunoileal bypass for extreme obesity, with autopsies of two. the hepatic histologic changes included centrilobular or focal alcoholic hyalin, intrasinusoidal collagenosis, fatty hydropic degeneration, and neutrophilic infiltrate. at least two of the patients were abstinent from alcohol, both prior to and after the surgical procedures. the others, after the bypass procedures, had reduced alcohol ...	1993	46697
[reflections on medico-legal activities at two university-medical centers].		1993	262926
new approach to management of intracranial aneurysms.	in six cases an attempt was made to relieve the tension on intracranial aneurysms by temporarily clamping the internal carotid artery in the neck, so as to increase the expansibility of the artery. this approach was based on the concept (or "a principle") that haemorrhage is caused by the aneurysm having to bear the full force of systolic pulse pressure when atherosclerosis prevents this pressure being taken up by the normally expansile arterial wall. follow-up has been fairly short, but the pre ...	1993	46379