Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the first report of epidemic pertussis by bahaodowle razi from the 15th century anno domini. | pertussis or "whooping cough" is an acute, communicable infection of the respiratory tract caused by the gram-negative bacterium bordetella pertussis. it has been recorded in history of medicine that the first pertussis epidemic was reported in 1578 by a french scientist, guillaume de baillou, in paris. furthermore, the causative agent was first isolated in 1906 by jules jean baptiste vincent bordet and his brother-in-law octave gengou. however, it seems that earlier reports can be found in hist ... | 2015 | 26413316 |
| serum reactome induced by bordetella pertussis infection and pertussis vaccines: qualitative differences in serum antibody recognition patterns revealed by peptide microarray analysis. | pertussis (whooping cough) remains a public health problem despite extensive vaccination strategies. better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and the detailed b. pertussis (bp) target recognition pattern will help in guided vaccine design. we characterized the specific epitope antigen recognition profiles of serum antibodies ('the reactome') induced by whooping cough and b. pertussis (bp) vaccines from a case-control study conducted in 1996 in infants enrolled in a bp vaccine trial ... | 2015 | 26129684 |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine histophilus somni genome; a comparison of new and old isolates. | histophilus somni, a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex, can also cause a variety of systemic disorders, including bronchopneumonia, myocarditis, pericarditis, arthritis, pleuritis, and infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis. the purpose of this study was to determine if currently circulating strains differ from those of the 1980s by identifying genomic changes. single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and insertion and deletion (indel) sites were examined by whole-genome ... | 2015 | 26130851 |
| pertussis: the resurgence of a public health threat. | pertussis is an acute and very contagious pulmonary disease, clinically characterized by periods of coughing and paroxysms that may cause death. the disease afflicts mainly the pediatric population and is life threatening to children under the age of 1 year. since the beginning of the second millennium, the number of cases of pertussis has increased, menacing public health, despite the availability of the pertussis vaccine. the resurgence of the disease among adults and older children creates a ... | 2015 | 26484329 |
| pertussis in young infants: a severe vaccine-preventable disease. | 2015 | 26484327 | |
| treatment of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with epigallocatechin-3-gallate and glatiramer acetate alters expression of heme-oxygenase-1. | we previously demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) synergizes with the immunomodulatory agent glatiramer acetate (ga) in eliciting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the relapsing-remitting eae model. thus, we hypothesized that mice with chronic eae may also benefit from this combination therapy. we first assessed how a treatment with a single dose of ga together with daily application of egcg may modulate eae. although single therapies with a suboptimal dose of ga o ... | 2015 | 26114502 |
| asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of bordetella pertussis. | the recent increase in whooping cough incidence (primarily caused by bordetella pertussis) presents a challenge to both public health practitioners and scientists trying to understand the mechanisms behind its resurgence. three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the resurgence: 1) waning of protective immunity from vaccination or natural infection over time, 2) evolution of b. pertussis to escape protective immunity, and 3) low vaccine coverage. recent studies have suggested a fourth ... | 2015 | 26103968 |
| universal tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (tdap) vaccination of adults: what canadian health care providers know and need to know. | the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (tdap) is recommended for all adults in both canada and the united states. there are few data on the proportion of canadian adults vaccinated with tdap; however, anecdotal reports indicate that uptake is low. this study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of canadian health care providers (hcps) in an attempt to identify potential barriers and facilitators to tdap uptake. hcps were surveyed and a geographic an ... | 2015 | 26090861 |
| topical administration of a suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (socs1) mimetic peptide inhibits ocular inflammation and mitigates ocular pathology during mouse uveitis. | uveitis is a diverse group of potentially sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory diseases and pathology derives from sustained production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the optical axis. although topical or systemic steroids are effective therapies, their adverse effects preclude prolonged usage and are impetus for seeking alternative immunosuppressive agents, particularly for patients with refractory uveitis. in this study, we synthesized a 16 amino acid membrane-penetrating lipophilic su ... | 2015 | 26094775 |
| can immunological principles and cross-disciplinary science illuminate the path to vaccines for hiv and other global health challenges? | vaccines are one of the most impactful and cost-effective public health measures of the twentieth century. however, there remain great unmet needs to develop vaccines for globally burdensome infectious diseases and to allow more timely responses to emerging infectious disease threats. recent advances in the understanding of immunological principles operative not just in model systems but in humans in concert with the development and application of powerful new tools for profiling human immune re ... | 2015 | 25964461 |
| respiratory infections in the u.s. military: recent experience and control. | this comprehensive review outlines the impact of military-relevant respiratory infections, with special attention to recruit training environments, influenza pandemics in 1918 to 1919 and 2009 to 2010, and peacetime operations and conflicts in the past 25 years. outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations of viral and bacterial infections among high-risk groups are presented, including (i) experience by recruits at training centers, (ii) impact on advanced trainees in special settings, (iii) morb ... | 2015 | 26085551 |
| inhibition of system xc(-) transporter attenuates autoimmune inflammatory demyelination. | t cell infiltration into the cns is a significant underlying pathogenesis in autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases. several lines of evidence suggest that glutamate dysregulation in the cns is an important consequence of immune cell infiltration in neuroinflammatory demyelinating diseases; yet, the causal link between inflammation and glutamate dysregulation is not well understood. a major source of glutamate release during oxidative stress is the system xc(-) transporter; however, this ... | 2015 | 26071560 |
| complete genome sequence of bordetella pertussis d420. | bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that has seen resurgence despite the use of vaccines. we present the complete genome sequence of a clinical strain of b. pertussis, d420, which is representative of a currently circulating clade of this pathogen. | 2015 | 26067980 |
| bacterial determinants of importance in the virulence of gallibacterium anatis in poultry. | gallibacterium anatis, a member of the pasteurellaceae family, constitute a part of the normal micro-flora of the upper respiratory tract and the lower genital tract in chickens. however, increasing evidence indicate that g. anatis is also associated with a wide range of pathological changes, particularly in the reproductive organs, which leads to decreased egg production, lowered animal welfare and increased mortality. as a recently defined opportunistic pathogen limited focus has been placed o ... | 2015 | 26063044 |
| conserved omp85 lid-lock structure and substrate recognition in fhac. | omp85 proteins mediate translocation of polypeptide substrates across and into cellular membranes. they share a common architecture comprising substrate-interacting potra domains, a c-terminal 16-stranded β-barrel pore and two signature motifs located on the inner barrel wall and at the tip of the extended l6 loop. the observation of two distinct conformations of the l6 loop in the available omp85 structures previously suggested a functional role of conformational changes in l6 in the omp85 mech ... | 2015 | 26058369 |
| pertussis prevalence in korean adolescents and adults with persistent cough. | we investigated the prevalence of pertussis in korean adolescents and adults with persistent cough. study population was adolescents (aged 11-20 yr) and adults (≥ 21 yr old) who showed persistent cough of 1-8 weeks' duration. pertussis was diagnosed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and serology. a total of 310 subjects participated in this study, and 76 cases (24.5%) met the criteria for laboratory-confirmed pertussis. the majority of the pertussis cases (66/76) were confirmed by ser ... | 2015 | 26130965 |
| the role of g-protein receptor 84 in experimental neuropathic pain. | g-protein receptor 84 (gpr84) is an orphan receptor that is induced markedly in monocytes/macrophages and microglia during inflammation, but its pathophysiological function is unknown. here, we investigate the role of gpr84 in a murine model of traumatic nerve injury. naive gpr84 knock-out (ko) mice exhibited normal behavioral responses to acute noxious stimuli, but subsequent to partial sciatic nerve ligation (pnl), kos did not develop mechanical or thermal hypersensitivity, in contrast to wild ... | 2015 | 26063927 |
| knowledge and acceptability about adult pertussis immunization in korean women of childbearing age. | the adult tetanus, reduced diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (tdap) vaccine has been introduced in order to provide individual protection and reduce the risk of transmitting pertussis to infants. we assessed the knowledge and acceptability of the tdap vaccine around pregnancy. | 2015 | 26069132 |
| inhibition of nos-no system prevents autoimmune orchitis development in rats: relevance of no released by testicular macrophages in germ cell apoptosis and testosterone secretion. | although the testis is considered an immunoprivileged organ it can orchestrate immune responses against pathological insults such as infection and trauma. experimental autoimmune orchitis (eao) is a model of chronic inflammation whose main histopathological features it shares with human orchitis. in eao an increased number of macrophages infiltrate the interstitium concomitantly with progressive germ cell degeneration and impaired steroidogenesis. up-regulation of nitric oxide (no)-no synthase ( ... | 2015 | 26046347 |
| transfer of myelin-reactive th17 cells impairs endogenous remyelination in the central nervous system of cuprizone-fed mice. | multiple sclerosis (ms) is a demyelinating disease of the cns characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. animal models that enable the study of remyelination in the context of ongoing inflammation are greatly needed for the development of novel therapies that target the pathological inhibitory cues inherent to the ms plaque microenvironment. we report the development of an innovative animal model combining cuprizone-mediated demyelination with transfer of myelin-reactive cd4(+) t cells ... | 2015 | 26041928 |
| estimated human and economic burden of four major adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the united states, 2013. | low uptake of routinely recommended adult immunizations is a public health concern. using data from the peer-reviewed literature, government disease-surveillance programs, and the us census, we developed a customizable model to estimate human and economic burden caused by four major adult vaccine-preventable diseases (vpd) in 2013 in the united states, and for each us state individually. to estimate the number of cases for each adult vpd for a given population, we multiplied age-specific inciden ... | 2015 | 26032932 |
| multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins of vibrios. | multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins are a heterogeneous group of toxins found in a number of vibrio species and other gram-negative bacteria. the toxins are composed of conserved repeat regions and an autoprocessing protease domain that together function as a delivery platform for transfer of cytotoxic and cytopathic domains into target eukaryotic cell cytosol. within the cells, the effectors can alter biological processes such as signaling or cytoskeletal structure, p ... | 2015 | 26185092 |
| suppression of peripheral pain by blockade of voltage-gated calcium 2.2 channels in nociceptors induces rankl and impairs recovery from inflammatory arthritis in a mouse model. | a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is the chronic pain that accompanies inflammation and joint deformation. patients with ra rate pain relief as the highest priority; however, few studies have addressed the efficacy and safety of therapies directed specifically toward pain pathways. the ω-conotoxin mviia (ziconotide) is used in humans to alleviate persistent pain syndromes, because it specifically blocks the voltage-gated calcium 2.2 (cav 2.2) channel, which mediates the release of neurotra ... | 2015 | 25733371 |
| bordetella pertussis is an uncommon pathogen in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis during the winter season. | in the united states (u.s.), bordetella pertussis incidence has increased. cough and apnea are common findings in pertussis and also in bronchiolitis, the most common cause of hospitalization in u.s. infants. the objective was to determine the prevalence of b. pertussis infection in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis and to describe its clinical course. | 2015 | 25970109 |
| structure of a bacterial toxin-activating acyltransferase. | secreted pore-forming toxins of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria such as escherichia coli hemolysin (hlya) insert into host-cell membranes to subvert signal transduction and induce apoptosis and cell lysis. unusually, these toxins are synthesized in an inactive form that requires posttranslational activation in the bacterial cytosol. we have previously shown that the activation mechanism is an acylation event directed by a specialized acyl-transferase that uses acyl carrier protein (acp) to cov ... | 2015 | 26016525 |
| dynamics of pertussis transmission in the united states. | past patterns of infectious disease transmission set the stage on which modern epidemiologic dynamics are played out. here, we present a comprehensive account of pertussis (whooping cough) transmission in the united states during the early vaccine era. we analyzed recently digitized weekly incidence records from morbidity and mortality weekly reports from 1938 to 1955, when the whole-cell pertussis vaccine was rolled out, and related them to contemporary patterns of transmission and resurgence d ... | 2015 | 26022662 |
| critical components of the conjugation machinery of the integrative and conjugative element icebs1 of bacillus subtilis. | conjugation, or mating, plays a profound role in bacterial evolution by spreading genes that allow bacteria to adapt to and colonize new niches. icebs1, an integrative and conjugative element of bacillus subtilis, can transfer itself and mobilize resident plasmids. dna transfer is mediated by a type iv secretion system (t4ss). characterized components of the icebs1 t4ss include the conserved virb4-like atpase cone, the bifunctional cell wall hydrolase cwlt, and the presumed vird4-like coupling p ... | 2015 | 26013486 |
| structural, functional, and genetic analyses of the actinobacterial transcription factor rbpa. | gene expression is highly regulated at the step of transcription initiation, and transcription activators play a critical role in this process. rbpa, an actinobacterial transcription activator that is essential in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), binds selectively to group 1 and certain group 2 σ-factors. to delineate the molecular mechanism of rbpa, we show that the mtb rbpa σ-interacting domain (sid) and basic linker are sufficient for transcription activation. we also present the crystal str ... | 2015 | 26040003 |
| harnessing the therapeutic potential of th17 cells. | th17 cells provide protective immunity to infections by fungi and extracellular bacteria as well as cancer but are also involved in chronic inflammation. the cells were first identified by their ability to produce interleukin 17a (il-17a) and, subsequently, associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. th17 cells have some gene profile similarity with stem cells and can remain dormant in mucosal tissues for long periods. indeed, recent studies suggest that functionally distinct subsets ... | 2015 | 26101460 |
| a multiprotein dna translocation complex directs intramycelial plasmid spreading during streptomyces conjugation. | conjugative dna transfer in mycelial streptomyces is a unique process involving the transfer of a double-stranded plasmid from the donor into the recipient and the subsequent spreading of the transferred plasmid within the recipient mycelium. this process is associated with growth retardation of the recipient and manifested by the formation of circular inhibition zones, named pocks. to characterize the unique streptomyces dna transfer machinery, we replaced each gene of the conjugative 12.1-kbp ... | 2015 | 26015502 |
| prime-boost vaccination with toxoplasma lysate antigen, but not with a mixture of recombinant protein antigens, leads to reduction of brain cyst formation in balb/c mice. | infection with the ubiquitous parasite toxoplasma gondii is a threat for immunocompromised patients and pregnant women and effective immune-prophylaxis is still lacking. | 2015 | 26010355 |
| a proteomic characterization of bordetella pertussis clinical isolates associated with a california state pertussis outbreak. | bordetella pertussis (bp) is the etiologic agent of pertussis (whooping cough), a highly communicable infection. although pertussis is vaccine preventable, in recent years there has been increased incidence, despite high vaccine coverage. possible reasons for the rise in cases include the following: bp strain adaptation, waning vaccine immunity, increased surveillance, and improved clinical diagnostics. a pertussis outbreak impacted california (usa) in 2010; children and preadolescents were the ... | 2015 | 26090226 |
| c-di-gmp regulates pseudomonas aeruginosa stress response to tellurite during both planktonic and biofilm modes of growth. | stress response plays an important role on microbial adaptation under hostile environmental conditions. it is generally unclear how the signaling transduction pathway mediates a stress response in planktonic and biofilm modes of microbial communities simultaneously. here, we showed that metalloid tellurite (teo3(2-)) exposure induced the intracellular content of the secondary messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) of pseudomonas aeruginosa. two diguanylate cyclases (dgcs), sadc and siad, were respon ... | 2015 | 25992876 |
| virulence gene regulation by l-arabinose in salmonella enterica. | invasion of the intestinal epithelium is a critical step in salmonella enterica infection and requires functions encoded in the gene cluster known as salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). expression of spi-1 genes is repressed by l-arabinose, and not by other pentoses. transport of l-arabinose is necessary to repress spi-1; however, repression is independent of l-arabinose metabolism and of the l-arabinose-responsive regulator arac. spi-1 repression by l-arabinose is exerted at a single tar ... | 2015 | 25991823 |
| immunostimulatory effects triggered by enterococcus faecalis cect7121 probiotic strain involve activation of dendritic cells and interferon-gamma production. | probiotics can modulate the immune system, conferring beneficial effects on the host. understanding how these microorganisms contribute to improve the health status is still a challenge. previously, we have demonstrated that enterococcus faecalis cect7121 implants itself and persists in the murine gastrointestinal tract, and enhances and skews the profile of cytokines towards the th1 phenotype in several biological models. given the importance of dendritic cells (dcs) in the orchestration of imm ... | 2015 | 25978357 |
| treatment with vitamin d/mog association suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is an animal model to study multiple sclerosis (ms). considering the tolerogenic effects of active vitamin d, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) associated with active vitamin d in eae development. eae was induced in female c57bl/6 mice by immunization with mog emulsified with complete freund's adjuvant plus mycobacterium tuberculosis. animals also received two intraperitoneal doses of bordetella pertus ... | 2015 | 25965341 |
| induction of the nitrate assimilation nira operon and protein-protein interactions in the maturation of nitrate and nitrite reductases in the cyanobacterium anabaena sp. strain pcc 7120. | nitrate is widely used as a nitrogen source by cyanobacteria, in which the nitrate assimilation structural genes frequently constitute the so-called nira operon. this operon contains the genes encoding nitrite reductase (nira), a nitrate/nitrite transporter (frequently an abc-type transporter; nrtabcd), and nitrate reductase (narb). in the model filamentous cyanobacterium anabaena sp. strain pcc 7120, which can fix n2 in specialized cells termed heterocysts, the nira operon is expressed at high ... | 2015 | 25962912 |
| the in-vivo use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to detect inflammation elicits a cytokine response but does not aggravate experimental arthritis. | superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (spion) are used in diagnostic imaging of a variety of different diseases. for such in-vivo application, an additional coating with a polymer, for example polyvinyl alcohol (pva), is needed to stabilize the spion and prevent aggregation. as the particles are foreign to the body, reaction against the spion could occur. in this study we investigated the effects that spion may have on experimental arthritis after intra-articular (i.a.) or intravenous (i.v. ... | 2015 | 25955417 |
| a population response analysis approach to assign class ii hla-epitope restrictions. | identification of the specific hla locus and allele presenting an epitope for recognition by specific tcrs (hla restriction) is necessary to fully characterize the immune response to ags. experimental determination of hla restriction is complex and technically challenging. as an alternative, the restricting hla locus and allele can be inferred by genetic association, using response data in an hla-typed population. however, simple odds ratio (or) calculations can be problematic when dealing with ... | 2015 | 25948811 |
| effects of 39 compounds on calmodulin-regulated adenylyl cyclases ac1 and bacillus anthracis edema factor. | adenylyl cyclases (acs) catalyze the conversion of atp into the second messenger camp. membranous ac1 (ac1) is involved in processes of memory and learning and in muscle pain. the ac toxin edema factor (ef) of bacillus anthracis is involved in the development of anthrax. both acs are stimulated by the eukaryotic ca(2+)-sensor calmodulin (cam). the cam-ac interaction could constitute a potential target to enhance or impair the ac activity of ac1 and ef to intervene in above (patho)physiological m ... | 2015 | 25946093 |
| activation of the alternative pathway of complement during the acute phase of typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) is characterized by haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. we studied the activation state of classical and alternative pathways of complement during the acute phase of shiga toxin-associated hus by performing a prospective study of 18 patients and 17 age-matched healthy controls to evaluate c3, c3c, c4, c4d, bb and sc5b-9 levels. sc5b-9 levels were increased significantly in all patients at admission compared to healthy and end-stage rena ... | 2015 | 25677399 |
| a comparative clinical study to assess safety and reactogenicity of a dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine. | hepatitis b and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) infections are major public health problems in developing countries, including india. hence, combination vaccines containing dtwp, recombinant hepatitis b and hib conjugate vaccines have been developed. here, we report a phase iv study which assessed safety and reactogenicity of a new dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine. three doses of dtwp-hepb+hib vaccine (pentavac, serum institute of india ltd) or tritanrix-hb+hib (glaxosmithkline beecham) were administer ... | 2015 | 25933183 |
| membrane-pore forming characteristics of the bordetella pertussis cyaa-hemolysin domain. | previously, the 126-kda bordetella pertussis cyaa pore-forming/hemolysin (cyaa-hly) domain was shown to retain its hemolytic activity causing lysis of susceptible erythrocytes. here, we have succeeded in producing, at large quantity and high purity, the his-tagged cyaa-hly domain over-expressed in escherichia coli as a soluble hemolytically-active form. quantitative assays of hemolysis against sheep erythrocytes revealed that the purified cyaa-hly domain could function cooperatively by forming a ... | 2015 | 25941766 |
| control of morphological differentiation of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2) by phosphorylation of mrec and pbp2. | during morphological differentiation of streptomyces coelicolor a3(2), the sporogenic aerial hyphae are transformed into a chain of more than fifty spores in a highly coordinated manner. synthesis of the thickened spore envelope is directed by the streptomyces spore wall synthesizing complex sssc which resembles the elongasome of rod-shaped bacteria. the sssc includes the eukaryotic type serine/threonine protein kinase (estpk) pkai, encoded within a cluster of five independently transcribed estp ... | 2015 | 25927987 |
| development and characterization of an effective food allergy model in brown norway rats. | food allergy (fa) is an adverse health effect produced by the exposure to a given food. currently, there is no optimal animal model of fa for the screening of immunotherapies or for testing the allergenicity of new foods. | 2015 | 25923134 |
| host cell type-dependent translocation and phop-mediated positive regulation of the effector ssek1 of salmonella enterica. | salmonella enterica expresses two virulence-related type iii secretion systems (t3sss) encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) and spi2, respectively. ssek1 is a poorly characterized substrate of the spi2-encoded t3ss. here, we show that this effector is essential to get full virulence both in oral and intraperitoneal mice infections, in spite of not having a role in invasion or intracellular proliferation in cultured mammalian cells. in vitro, expression of ssek1 was higher in media ... | 2015 | 25972862 |
| treatment with 1,25(oh)2d3 induced hdac2 expression and reduced nf-κb p65 expression in a rat model of ova-induced asthma. | recent evidence indicates that a deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (1,25[oh]2d3) may influence asthma pathogenesis; however, its roles in regulating specific molecular transcription mechanisms remain unclear. we aimed to investigate the effect of 1,25(oh)2d3 on the expression and enzyme activity of histone deacetylase 2 (hdac2) and its synergistic effects with dexamethasone (dx) in the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine secretion in a rat asthma model. healthy wistar rats were randomly div ... | 2015 | 25923460 |
| prevention of pertussis through adult vaccination. | pertussis is a vaccine preventable respiratory infection. young infants are at high risk of developing severe complications from infection. despite high rates of pediatric vaccine uptake, there continues to be increases in pertussis cases, likely due to waning immunity from childhood vaccine and increased transmission through adults. currently, pertussis booster vaccine (tdap) is recommended for unimmunized adults and for women in the third trimester of each pregnancy; yet adult tdap coverage re ... | 2015 | 25912733 |
| murj and a novel lipid ii flippase are required for cell wall biogenesis in bacillus subtilis. | bacterial surface polysaccharides are synthesized from lipid-linked precursors at the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane before being translocated across the bilayer for envelope assembly. transport of the cell wall precursor lipid ii in escherichia coli requires the broadly conserved and essential multidrug/oligosaccharidyl-lipid/polysaccharide (mop) exporter superfamily member murj. here, we show that bacillus subtilis cells lacking all 10 mop superfamily members are viable with only mi ... | 2015 | 25918422 |
| serum procalcitonin measurement and viral testing to guide antibiotic use for respiratory infections in hospitalized adults: a randomized controlled trial. | viral lower respiratory tract illness (lrti) frequently causes adult hospitalization and is linked to antibiotic overuse. european studies suggest that the serum procalcitonin (pct) level may be used to guide antibiotic therapy. we conducted a trial assessing the feasibility of using pct algorithms with viral testing to guide antibiotic use in a us hospital. | 2015 | 25910632 |
| spatio-temporal remodeling of functional membrane microdomains organizes the signaling networks of a bacterium. | lipid rafts are membrane microdomains specialized in the regulation of numerous cellular processes related to membrane organization, as diverse as signal transduction, protein sorting, membrane trafficking or pathogen invasion. it has been proposed that this functional diversity would require a heterogeneous population of raft domains with varying compositions. however, a mechanism for such diversification is not known. we recently discovered that bacterial membranes organize their signal transd ... | 2015 | 25909364 |
| genetic analysis, structural modeling, and direct coupling analysis suggest a mechanism for phosphate signaling in escherichia coli. | proper phosphate signaling is essential for robust growth of escherichia coli and many other bacteria. the phosphate signal is mediated by a classic two component signal system composed of phor and phob. the phor histidine kinase is responsible for phosphorylating/dephosphorylating the response regulator, phob, which controls the expression of genes that aid growth in low phosphate conditions. the mechanism by which phor receives a signal of environmental phosphate levels has remained elusive. a ... | 2015 | 25953406 |
| a change in vaccine efficacy and duration of protection explains recent rises in pertussis incidence in the united states. | over the past ten years the incidence of pertussis in the united states (u.s.) has risen steadily, with 2012 seeing the highest case number since 1955. there has also been a shift over the same time period in the age group reporting the largest number of cases (aside from infants), from adolescents to 7-11 year olds. we use epidemiological modelling and a large case incidence dataset to explain the upsurge. we investigate several hypotheses for the upsurge in pertussis cases by fitting a suite o ... | 2015 | 25906150 |
| transcriptomic analysis of yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b infecting murine macrophages reveals new mechanisms of extracellular and intracellular survival. | yersinia enterocolitica is typically considered an extracellular pathogen; however, during the course of an infection, a significant number of bacteria are stably maintained within host cell vacuoles. little is known about this population and the role it plays during an infection. to address this question and to elucidate the spatially and temporally dynamic gene expression patterns of y. enterocolitica biovar 1b through the course of an in vitro infection, transcriptome sequencing and different ... | 2015 | 25895974 |
| altered β1-3-adrenoceptor influence on α2-adrenoceptor-mediated control of catecholamine release and vascular tension in hypertensive rats. | α2- and β-adrenoceptors (ar) reciprocally control catecholamine release and vascular tension. disorders in these functions are present in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr). the present study tested if α2ar dysfunctions resulted from altered α2ar/βar interaction. blood pressure (bp) was recorded through a femoral artery catheter and cardiac output by an ascending aorta flow probe. total peripheral vascular resistance (tpr) was calculated. norepinephrine release was stimulated by a 15-min tyra ... | 2015 | 25941491 |
| experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development is aggravated by candida albicans infection. | multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory/autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns) mainly mediated by myelin specific t cells. it is widely believed that environmental factors, including fungal infections, contribute to disease induction or evolution. even though candida infection among ms patients has been described, the participation of this fungus in this pathology is not clear. the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of a candida albicans infection on experimental ... | 2015 | 25969836 |
| combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases. | diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global childhood mortality and morbidity. several recent epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to the impact on childhood growth and survival. despite the well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases, currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and salmonella typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. the recog ... | 2015 | 25891647 |
| the mechanisms of action of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvants: an in vitro vs in vivo paradigm. | adjuvants such as the aluminum compounds (alum) have been dominantly used in many vaccines due to their immunopotentiation and safety records since 1920s. however, how these mineral agents influence the immune response to vaccination remains elusive. many hypotheses exist as to the mode of action of these adjuvants, such as depot formation, antigen (ag) targeting, and the induction of inflammation. these hypotheses are based on many in vitro and few in vivo studies. understanding how cells inter ... | 2015 | 25932368 |
| pertussis prevalence and its determinants among children with persistent cough in urban uganda. | we determined prevalence of pertussis infection and its associated host and environmental factors to generate information that would guide strategies for disease control. | 2015 | 25874411 |
| engineered nanoparticles mimicking cell membranes for toxin neutralization. | protein toxins secreted from pathogenic bacteria and venomous animals rely on multiple mechanisms to overcome the cell membrane barrier to inflict their virulence effect. a promising therapeutic concept toward developing a broadly applicable anti-toxin platform is to administer cell membrane mimics as decoys to sequester these virulence factors. as such, lipid membrane-based nanoparticulates are an ideal candidate given their structural similarity to cellular membranes. this article reviews the ... | 2015 | 25868452 |
| real-time sequence-validated loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), an emerging human coronavirus, causes severe acute respiratory illness with a 35% mortality rate. in light of the recent surge in reported infections we have developed asymmetric five-primer reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays for detection of mers-cov. isothermal amplification assays will facilitate the development of portable point-of-care diagnostics that are crucial for management of emergi ... | 2015 | 25856093 |
| a gateway-based system for fast evaluation of protein-protein interactions in bacteria. | protein-protein interactions are important layers of regulation in all kingdoms of life. identification and characterization of these interactions is one challenging task of the post-genomic era and crucial for understanding of molecular processes within a cell. several methods have been successfully employed during the past decades to identify protein-protein interactions in bacteria, but most of them include tedious and time-consuming manipulations of dna. in contrast, the multisite gateway sy ... | 2015 | 25856398 |
| impaired nk cell responses to pertussis and h1n1 influenza vaccine antigens in human cytomegalovirus-infected individuals. | nk cells contribute to postvaccination immune responses after activation by il-2 from ag-specific memory t cells or by cross-linking of the low-affinity igg receptor, cd16, by ag-ab immune complexes. sensitivity of nk cells to these signals from the adaptive immune system is heterogeneous and influenced by their stage of differentiation. cd56(dim)cd57(+) nk cells are less responsive to il-2 and produce less ifn-γ in response to t cell-mediated activation than do cd56(bright) or cd56(dim)cd57(-) ... | 2015 | 25855356 |
| development and validation of a broad scheme for prediction of hla class ii restricted t cell epitopes. | computational prediction of hla class ii restricted t cell epitopes has great significance in many immunological studies including vaccine discovery. in recent years, prediction of hla class ii binding has improved significantly but a strategy to globally predict the most dominant epitopes has not been rigorously defined. using human immunogenicity data associated with sets of 15-mer peptides overlapping by 10 residues spanning over 30 different allergens and bacterial antigens, and hla class ii ... | 2015 | 25862607 |
| structure of cards toxin, a unique adp-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin from mycoplasma pneumoniae. | mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) infections cause tracheobronchitis and "walking" pneumonia, and are linked to asthma and other reactive airway diseases. as part of the infectious process, the bacterium expresses a 591-aa virulence factor with both mono-adp ribosyltransferase (mart) and vacuolating activities known as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin (cards tx). cards tx binds to human surfactant protein a and annexin a2 on airway epithelial cells and is internalized, leading to ... | 2015 | 25848012 |
| bordetella pertussis lipid a recognition by toll-like receptor 4 and md-2 is dependent on distinct charged and uncharged interfaces. | lipid a in lps activates innate immunity through the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)-md-2 complex on host cells. variation in lipid a has significant consequences for tlr4 activation and thus may be a means by which gram-negative bacteria modulate host immunity. however, although even minor changes in lipid a structure have been shown to affect downstream immune responses, the mechanism by which the tlr4-md-2 receptor complex recognizes these changes is not well understood. we previously showed that ... | 2015 | 25837248 |
| integrin engagement by the helical rgd motif of the helicobacter pylori cagl protein is regulated by ph-induced displacement of a neighboring helix. | arginine-aspartate-glycine (rgd) motifs are recognized by integrins to bridge cells to one another and the extracellular matrix. rgd motifs typically reside in exposed loop conformations. x-ray crystal structures of the helicobacter pylori protein cagl revealed that rgd motifs can also exist in helical regions of proteins. interactions between cagl and host gastric epithelial cell via integrins are required for the translocation of the bacterial oncoprotein caga. here, we have investigated the m ... | 2015 | 25837254 |
| systematic mutagenesis of genes encoding predicted autotransported proteins of burkholderia pseudomallei identifies factors mediating virulence in mice, net intracellular replication and a novel protein conferring serum resistance. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of the severe tropical disease melioidosis, which commonly presents as sepsis. the b. pseudomallei k96243 genome encodes eleven predicted autotransporters, a diverse family of secreted and outer membrane proteins often associated with virulence. in a systematic study of these autotransporters, we constructed insertion mutants in each gene predicted to encode an autotransporter and assessed them for three pathogenesis-associated phenotypes: virulen ... | 2015 | 25830295 |
| distinct roles of the repeat-containing regions and effector domains of the vibrio vulnificus multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin. | vibrio vulnificus is a seafood-borne pathogen that destroys the intestinal epithelium, leading to rapid bacterial dissemination and death. the most important virulence factor is the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin comprised of effector domains in the center region flanked by long repeat-containing regions which are well conserved among martx toxins and predicted to translocate effector domains. here, we examined the role of the repeat-containing regions using a modi ... | 2015 | 25827415 |
| b-cell very late antigen-4 deficiency reduces leukocyte recruitment and susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmunity. | natalizumab, which binds very late antigen-4 (vla-4), is a potent therapy for multiple sclerosis (ms). studies have focused primarily upon its capacity to interfere with t-cell migration into the central nervous system (cns). b cells are important in ms pathogenesis and express high levels of vla-4. here, we report that the selective inhibition of vla-4 expression on b cells impedes cns accumulation of b cells, and recruitment of th17 cells and macrophages, and reduces susceptibility to experime ... | 2015 | 25712734 |
| evaluation of level of agreement in bordetella species identification in three u.s. laboratories during a period of increased pertussis. | while pcr is the most common method used for detecting bordetella pertussis in the united states, most laboratories use insertion sequence 481 (is481), which is not specific for b. pertussis; therefore, the relative contribution of other bordetella species is not understood. the objectives of this study were to evaluate the proportion of other bordetella species misidentified as b. pertussis during a period of increased pertussis incidence, determine the level of agreement in bordetella species ... | 2015 | 25809969 |
| the effect of daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on natural development of antibody-mediated immunity against p. falciparum malaria infection in hiv-exposed uninfected malawian children. | co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, currently recommended in hiv-exposed, uninfected (heu) children as protection against opportunistic infections, also has some anti-malarial efficacy. we determined whether daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis affects the natural development of antibody-mediated immunity to blood-stage plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. | 2015 | 25807475 |
| seroprevalence of pertussis in the gambia: evidence for continued circulation of bordetella pertussis despite high vaccination rates. | bordetella pertussis can cause severe respiratory disease and death in children. in recent years, large outbreaks have occurred in high-income countries; however, little is known about pertussis incidence in sub-saharan africa. | 2015 | 25764094 |
| signatures of adaptation in human invasive salmonella typhimurium st313 populations from sub-saharan africa. | two lineages of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) of multi-locus sequence type st313 have been linked with the emergence of invasive salmonella disease across sub-saharan africa. the expansion of these lineages has a temporal association with the hiv pandemic and antibiotic usage. we analysed the whole genome sequence of 129 st313 isolates representative of the two lineages and found evidence of lineage-specific genome degradation, with some similarities to that observed i ... | 2015 | 25803844 |
| assessment of antibody level and avidity against bordetella pertussis in a cohort of egyptian individuals aged 1-18 years. | pertussis specific antibodies were studied with respect to quality and quantity in a cohort of apparently healthy egyptian children and adolescents, with their age range between 1 and 18 years, in an attempt to get a close and clear insight into the current humoral immunization status in this specified group and to try find a relation between the antibody levels and their avidities in eradication of this devastating infectious disease. our results showed that avidity increase was most marked in ... | 2015 | 26843976 |
| assessment of antibody level and avidity against bordetella pertussis in a cohort of egyptian individuals aged 1-18 years. | pertussis specific antibodies were studied with respect to quality and quantity in a cohort of apparently healthy egyptian children and adolescents, with their age range between 1 and 18 years, in an attempt to get a close and clear insight into the current humoral immunization status in this specified group and to try find a relation between the antibody levels and their avidities in eradication of this devastating infectious disease. our results showed that avidity increase was most marked in ... | 2015 | 26843976 |
| can we translate vitamin d immunomodulating effect on innate and adaptive immunity to vaccine response? | vitamin d (vitd), which is well known for its classic role in the maintenance of bone mineral density, has now become increasingly studied for its extra-skeletal roles. it has an important influence on the body's immune system and modulates both innate and adaptive immunity and regulates the inflammatory cascade. in this review our aim was to describe how vitd might influence immune responsiveness and its potential modulating role in vaccine immunogenicity. in the first instance, we consider the ... | 2015 | 25803545 |
| standardization of the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (eamg) model by immunization of rats with torpedo californica acetylcholine receptors--recommendations for methods and experimental designs. | myasthenia gravis (mg) with antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (achr) is characterized by a chronic, fatigable weakness of voluntary muscles. the production of autoantibodies involves the dysregulation of t cells which provide the environment for the development of autoreactive b cells. the symptoms are caused by destruction of the postsynaptic membrane and degradation of the achr by igg autoantibodies, predominantly of the g1 and g3 subclasses. active immunization of animals with ach ... | 2015 | 25796590 |
| the primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man. | multiple sclerosis (ms) is an enigmatic autoimmune-driven inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (cns), affecting brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. the cause of the disease is not known and the number of effective treatments is limited. despite some clear successes, translation of immunological discoveries in the mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model into effective therapies for ms patients has been difficult. this translation gap between ... | 2015 | 26000330 |
| local hopping mobile dna implicated in pseudogene formation and reductive evolution in an obligate cyanobacteria-plant symbiosis. | insertion sequences (iss) are approximately 1 kbp long "jumping" genes found in prokaryotes. iss encode the protein transposase, which facilitates the excision and reinsertion of iss in genomes, making these sequences a type of class i ("cut-and-paste") mobile genetic elements. iss are proposed to be involved in the reductive evolution of symbiotic prokaryotes. our previous sequencing of the genome of the cyanobacterium 'nostoc azollae' 0708, living in a tight perpetual symbiotic association wit ... | 2015 | 25885210 |
| structural determinants of the interaction between the tpsa and tpsb proteins in the haemophilus influenzae hmw1 two-partner secretion system. | the two-partner secretion (tps) pathway in gram-negative bacteria consists of a tpsa exoprotein and a cognate tpsb outer membrane pore-forming translocator protein. previous work has demonstrated that the tpsa protein contains an n-terminal tps domain that plays an important role in targeting the tpsb protein and is required for secretion. the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae hmw1 and hmw2 adhesins are homologous proteins that are prototype tpsa proteins and are secreted by the hmw1b and hmw2b ... | 2015 | 25777673 |
| fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein inhibits tlr4 activation and suppresses the inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. | tlr4, the innate immunity receptor for bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. there is a need to develop molecules that block either activation through tlr4 or the downstream signaling pathways to inhibit the storm of inflammation typically elicited by bacterial lps, which is a major cause of the high mortality associated with bacterial sepsis. we report in this article that a single i.p. injection of 15 μg fatty acid binding protein from fasciola ... | 2015 | 25780044 |
| immunization with an autotransporter protein of orientia tsutsugamushi provides protective immunity against scrub typhus. | scrub typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by orientia tsutsugamushi infection. recently, the rapid increase of scrub typhus incidence in several countries within the endemic region has become a serious public health issue. despite the wide range of preventative approaches that have been attempted in the past 70 years, all have failed to develop an effective prophylactic vaccine. currently, the selection of the proper antigens is one of the critical barriers to generating cross-protective i ... | 2015 | 25768004 |
| genome sequence of the urethral catheter isolate pseudomonas aeruginosa mh19. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent agent of complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections (cautis). here, we present the improved 7.1-mb draft genome sequence of p. aeruginosa mh19, which was isolated from a patient with an acute hospital-acquired cauti. it includes unique genes not represented in other p. aeruginosa genomes. | 2015 | 25767242 |
| g protein-coupled receptor 35: an emerging target in inflammatory and cardiovascular disease. | g protein-coupled receptor 35 (gpr35) is an orphan receptor, discovered in 1998, that has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic target through its association with a range of diseases. however, a lack of pharmacological tools and the absence of convincingly defined endogenous ligands have hampered the understanding of function necessary to exploit it therapeutically. although several endogenous molecules can activate gpr35 none has yet been confirmed as the key endogenous ligand due to re ... | 2015 | 25805994 |
| transient intermediates in enzymology, 1964-2008. | 2015 | 25752608 | |
| pertussis post-exposure prophylaxis among household contacts: a cost-utility analysis. | recent pertussis outbreaks have prompted re-examination of post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) strategies, when immunization is not immediately protective. chemoprophylaxis is recommended to household contacts; however there are concerns of clinical failure and significant adverse events, especially with erythromycin among infants who have the highest disease burden. newer macrolides offer fewer side effects at higher drug costs. we sought to determine the cost-effectiveness of pep strategies from t ... | 2015 | 25747269 |
| demographic buffering: titrating the effects of birth rate and imperfect immunity on epidemic dynamics. | host demography can alter the dynamics of infectious disease. in the case of perfectly immunizing infections, observations of strong sensitivity to demographic variation have been mechanistically explained through analysis of the susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) model that assumes lifelong immunity following recovery from infection. when imperfect immunity is incorporated into this framework via the susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (sirs) model, with individuals regaining full susc ... | 2015 | 25589567 |
| choice and design of adjuvants for parenteral and mucosal vaccines. | the existence of pathogens that escape recognition by specific vaccines, the need to improve existing vaccines and the increased availability of therapeutic (non-infectious disease) vaccines necessitate the rational development of novel vaccine concepts based on the induction of protective cell-mediated immune responses. for naive t-cell activation, several signals resulting from innate and adaptive interactions need to be integrated, and adjuvants may interfere with some or all of these signals ... | 2015 | 26344951 |
| exploring the risk factors for sudden infant deaths and their role in inflammatory responses to infection. | the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (sids) parallel those associated with susceptibility to or severity of infectious diseases. there is no evidence that a single infectious agent is associated with sids; the common thread appears to be induction of inflammatory responses to infections. in this review, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors for sids are assessed in relation to the hypothesis that many infant deaths result from dysregulation of inflammatory resp ... | 2015 | 25798137 |
| evidence that biosynthesis of the second and third sugars of the archaellin tetrasaccharide in the archaeon methanococcus maripaludis occurs by the same pathway used by pseudomonas aeruginosa to make a di-n-acetylated sugar. | methanococcus maripaludis has two surface appendages, archaella and type iv pili, which are composed of glycoprotein subunits. archaellins are modified with an n-linked tetrasaccharide with the structure sug-1,4-β-mannac3nama6thr-1,4-β-glcnac3naca-1,3-β-galnac, where sug is (5s)-2-acetamido-2,4-dideoxy-5-o-methyl-α-l-erythro-hexos-5-ulo-1,5-pyranose. the pilin glycan has an additional hexose attached to galnac. in this study, genes located in two adjacent, divergently transcribed operons (mmp035 ... | 2015 | 25733616 |
| virulence factors variation among bordetella pertussis isolates in iran. | 2015 | 26261803 | |
| il-17a expression in hiv-specific cd8 t cells is regulated by il-4/il-13 following hiv-1 prime-boost immunization. | although th1 and th2 cytokines can inhibit interleukin (il)-17-secreting t cells, how these cells are regulated under different infectious conditions is still debated. our previous studies have shown that vaccination of il-4 and il-13 gene knockout (ko) mice can induce high-avidity hiv k(d)gag197-205-specific cd8 t cells with better protective efficacy. in this study, when il-13, il-4, stat6 ko, and wild-type balb/c mice were prime-boost immunized with an hiv poxviral modality, elevated numbers ... | 2015 | 25493691 |
| an immunization update for hiv-infected adults in the united states: review of the literature. | 2015 | 25665888 | |
| discrete and structurally unique proteins (tāpirins) mediate attachment of extremely thermophilic caldicellulosiruptor species to cellulose. | a variety of catalytic and noncatalytic protein domains are deployed by select microorganisms to deconstruct lignocellulose. these extracellular proteins are used to attach to, modify, and hydrolyze the complex polysaccharides present in plant cell walls. cellulolytic enzymes, often containing carbohydrate-binding modules, are key to this process; however, these enzymes are not solely responsible for attachment. few mechanisms of attachment have been discovered among bacteria that do not form la ... | 2015 | 25720489 |
| factors affecting uptake of recommended immunizations among health care workers in south australia. | despite the benefits of vaccination for health care workers (hcws), uptake of recommended vaccinations is low, particularly for seasonal influenza and pertussis. in addition, there is variation in uptake within hospitals. while all vaccinations recommended for hcws are important, vaccination against influenza and pertussis are particularly imperative, given hcws are at risk of occupationally acquired influenza and pertussis, and may be asymptomatic, acting as a reservoir to vulnerable patients i ... | 2015 | 25715003 |
| pertussis models to inform vaccine policy. | pertussis remains a challenging public health problem with many aspects of infection, disease and immunity poorly understood. initially controlled by mass vaccination, pertussis resurgence has occurred in some countries with well-established vaccination programs, particularly among adolescents and young adults. several studies have used mathematical models to investigate drivers of pertussis epidemiology and predict the likely impact of different vaccination strategies. we reviewed a number of t ... | 2015 | 25714499 |
| retina-specific t regulatory cells bring about resolution and maintain remission of autoimmune uveitis. | experimental autoimmune uveitis (eau) induced in mice by immunization with the retinal ag interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp) is a model of human autoimmune uveitis. we examined whether t regulatory cells (tregs) found in uveitic eyes are irbp specific, functionally suppressive, and play a role in natural resolution of disease and in maintenance of remission. progressive increase of foxp3(+) treg to t effector cell (teff) ratio in uveitic eyes correlated with resolution of disease ... | 2015 | 25716996 |
| inhibition of pasteurella multocida adhesion to rabbit respiratory epithelium using lectins. | this study aimed to evaluate the ability of a panel of lectins to inhibit the ability of pasteurella multocida to adhere to and affect the rabbit respiratory epithelium. nasal septa from rabbit fetuses were cultured with various lectins before the addition of p. multocida. the percentage of bacteria adhering to the epithelium was evaluated semiquantitatively by indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) staining. the goblet cells (gcs) were counted in semithin sections stained with toluidine blue and serve ... | 2015 | 25810949 |
| dose-response models for selected respiratory infectious agents: bordetella pertussis, group a streptococcus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. | dose-response assessment is one step in quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra). four infectious microbes capable of causing respiratory diseases important to public health, and for which dose-response functions have not been available are: bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), group a streptococcus (pharyngitis), rhinovirus (common cold) and respiratory syncytial virus (common cold). the objective of this study was to fit dose-response functions for these microbes to published experiment ... | 2015 | 25880210 |