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increase in use of non-invasive ventilation for infants with severe bronchiolitis is associated with decline in intubation rates over a decade.to redress the paucity of studies evaluating non-invasive respiratory support in bronchiolitis patients.201222527081
oral versus inhaled ribavirin therapy for respiratory syncytial virus infection after lung transplantation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant contributor to morbidity in adult lung transplant recipients. multiple modes of ribavirin administration have been described in the literature. this study investigated outcomes related to delivery route.201222621746
respiratory viral pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease among young children in the highlands of papua new guinea.acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) commonly result in fatal outcomes in the young children of papua new guinea (png). however, comprehensive studies of the viral aetiology of alri have not been conducted in png for almost 30 years.201222595309
prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in northern brazil.childhood pneumonia and bronchiolitis is a leading cause of illness and death in young children worldwide with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as the main viral cause. rsv has been associated with annual respiratory disease outbreaks and bacterial co-infection has also been reported. this study is the first rsv epidemiological study in young children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in belém city, pará (northern brazil).201222591236
immunogenicity and protective capacity of a virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of viral brochiolitis in infants and young children and is also a significant problem in elderly and immuno-compromised adults. to date there is no efficacious and safe rsv vaccine, partially because of the outcome of a clinical trial in the 1960s with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine (fi-rsv). this vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease upon exposure to the live virus, leading to increased morbidity and the death of two children. subsequ ...201222590614
hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients under 2 years of age with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease.to describe hospitalization rates, burden of disease, and associated risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ari), particularly those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and non-rsv-ari, in a cohort of patients under 2 years of age with congenital heart disease (chd).201222718202
enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with cpg oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children, to date no rsv vaccine is available. to produce an effective subunit vaccine, a truncated secreted version of the f protein (δf) was expressed in mammalian cells, purified and shown to form trimers. the δf protein was then formulated with a cpg oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) and an innate defense regulator (idr) peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles (δf-mp). mice immunized either int ...201222713718
neonatal bronchial hyperresponsiveness precedes acute severe viral bronchiolitis in infants.respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory tract viruses lead to common colds in most infants, whereas a minority develop acute severe bronchiolitis often requiring hospitalization. we hypothesized that such an excessive response to respiratory tract viral infection is caused by host factors reflected in pre-existing increased bronchial responsiveness.201222713595
a comparative study of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis in premature infants within the canadian registry of palivizumab (caress).we examined the dosing regimens, compliance, and outcomes of premature infants who received palivizumab within the canadian registry of palivizumab (caress). infants receiving ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2011 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons were recruited across 30 sites. respiratory illness events were captured monthly. infants ≤32 completed weeks gestational age (ga) (group 1) were compared to 33-35 completed weeks ga infants (group 2) following prophylaxis. in total, 6,65 ...201222546928
baculovirus-based vaccine displaying respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein induces protective immunity against rsv infection without vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases in infancy and early childhood. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv yet. the attachment glycoprotein (g) of rsv is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. recombinant baculovirus has been recently emerged as a new vaccine vector, since it has intrinsic immunostimulatory properties and good bio-safety profile.201222536165
role of human tlr4 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced nf-κb activation, viral entry and replication.tlrs play a key role in innate immune defenses. it was previously reported that purified respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein elicits an inflammatory response in hematopoietic cells, which required expression of tlr4 and its co-receptor cd14. however, a biological role of tlr4 in immunity to rsv, as initially proposed, has remained inconclusive and controversial. here, we directly assess the role of human tlr4 and its co-receptors in nf-κb activation, viral entry and replication usin ...201222535679
respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in a pediatric liver transplant recipient treated with oral ribavirin.the mainstay of therapy for rsv disease is supportive care, although aerosolized ribavirin has been used to treat infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections. aerosolized ribavirin has adverse effects, high cost and teratogenic potential. we report the case of a pediatric liver transplant recipient diagnosed with lower respiratory rsv infection, who was successfully treated with oral ribavirin.201222533837
prospective evaluation of clinical scoring systems in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to the intensive care unit.the objective of this investigation was to compare different scoring systems to assess the severity of illness in infants with bronchiolitis admitted to a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (picu). over an 18-year period (1990-2007), infants with bronchiolitis aged up to 12 months and admitted to the picu were prospectively scored using the pediatric risk of mortality iii (prism iii) score, the organ system failure (osf) score and the acute physiologic score for children (apsc) within 24 h. ...201222526870
the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children at a public pediatric referral hospital in mexico.the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) treated at a public referral children's hospital in mexico.201222525227
specific increase in local il-17 production during recovery from primary rsv bronchiolitis.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is the most important cause of hospital admission for infants during the winter season, the pathogenesis is largely unknown. interleukin-17 (il-17) concentrations were studied in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 21 non-ventilated and 17 ventilated infants admitted to hospital with rsv bronchiolitis at time of admission and discharge from the hospital. on admission, nasopharyngeal concentrations of most cytokines and chemokines were lower in n ...201222585726
an insertion in loop l7 of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is crucial for its antiviral activity.the human eosinophil granule ribonuclease, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (edn) has been shown to have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus-b (rsv-b). other closely related and more active rnases such as rnase a, onconase, and rnase k6 do not have any antiviral activity. a remarkable unique feature of edn is a nine-residue insertion in its carboxy-terminal loop, l7 which is not present in rnase a, and differs in sequence from the corresponding loop in another eosinophil rnase, e ...201222581709
cost utility of palivizumab prophylaxis among pre-term infants in the united states: a national policy perspective.the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab has previously been reported among certain guideline-eligible, high-risk premature infants in medicaid. because guideline authorities base decisions on a national perspective, the economic model of palivizumab was adapted to include all infants, that is, public and privately insured patients (60% of palivizumab use is public, 40% is private).201222574798
managing the morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections in children with congenital heart disease.children with congenital heart disease (chd) are at risk for increased morbidity from viral lower respiratory tract infections because of anatomical cardiac lesions than can worsen an already compromised respiratory status. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains an important pathogen in contributing toward the morbidity in this population. although the acute treatment of rsv largely remains supportive, the development of monoclonal antibodies, such as palivuzumab, has reduced the rsv-related ...201222518179
viral epidemiology and severity of respiratory infections in infants in 2009: a prospective study.viral respiratory infections are common in infants and can be severe. the new pandemic influenza virus h1n1v2009 was feared to cause particularly severe outcomes.201222517337
high risk for rsv bronchiolitis in late preterms and selected infants affected by rare disorders: a dilemma of specific prevention.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent aetiologic agent that causes bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract infection in infants. these infections may be severe and even life-threatening in selected high-risk populations. traditional, well-established, high-risk populations are preterm infants with or without chronic lung disease and children with congenital heart disease. for these children, rsv prophylaxis using palivizumab, a monoclonal anti-rsv humanised antibody against th ...201222633511
childhood asthma in low income countries: an invisible killer?bacterial pneumonia has hitherto been considered the key cause of the high respiratory morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age (under-5s) in low-income countries, while asthma has not been stated as a significant reason. this paper explores the definitions and concepts of pneumonia and asthma/wheezing/bronchiolitis and examines whether asthma in under-5s may be confused with pneumonia. over-diagnosing of bacterial pneumonia can be suspected from the limited association betwee ...201222623048
respiratory syncytial virus in indonesian children. 201222510994
liquid chromatographic resolution of 3-amino-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones on crown ether-based chiral stationary phases.3-amino-5-phenyl (or 5-methyl)-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones, which are chiral precursors of anti-respiratory syncytial virus active agents, were resolved on three different chiral stationary phases (csps) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid or (3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6. among the three csps, the csp that is based on (3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 and containing residual silanol group-protecting n-octyl groups on the silica surface was found to be mos ...201222508444
host response to mechanical ventilation for viral respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis causes severe respiratory tract infection in infants, frequently necessitating mechanical ventilatory support. however, life-saving, mechanical ventilation aggravates lung inflammation. we set up a model to dissect the host molecular response to mechanical ventilation in rsv infection. furthermore, the response to induced hypercapnic acidosis, reported to dampen the inflammatory response to mechanical ventilation in non-infectious models, was asses ...201222496321
hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states, 1993-2008.age-specific comparisons of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rates can inform prevention efforts, including vaccine development plans. previous us studies have not estimated jointly the burden of these viruses using similar data sources and over many seasons.201222495079
production of chemokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection with central nervous system manifestations.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children can be associated with acute encephalopathy. however, the roles of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of such patients remain unevaluated. in this study, a profile of 17 cytokines was determined for eight rsv-infected children with neurological complications. in one patient with high levels of 13 cytokines, a cytokine storm was considered to have occurred. interleukin (il)-6, il-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (mcp)-1, and macro ...201222572852
meteorologic conditions and respiratory syncytial virus activity.the factors that determine the initiation and persistence of yearly epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis are not well known. a limited number of studies have found that meteorologic conditions could be associated with rsv activity.201222572747
respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infection in ghana.acute respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among young children in developing countries. information on the viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections in developing countries is very limited. the study was done to identify viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children less than 5 years.201222490115
[changes and the clinical significance of cd4⁺ cd25⁺ regulatory t cells and th17 cells in peripheral blood of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].to observe the percentages of cd4(+);cd25(+); regulatory t cells (tregs) and th17 cells and the levels of il-10, tgf-β and il-17 in peripheral blood of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. the relationship between above cells, cytokines and rsv bronchiolitis was determined.201222482417
frequency and clinical outcome of respiratory viral infections and mixed viral-bacterial infections in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia.the role of respiratory viral infections (rvis) as a cause of overall fever and neutropenia (fn) episodes in children with cancer has been less characterized than bacterial infections. we conducted a study aimed to determine the frequency of rvi in children with low compared with high risk for invasive bacterial infection (ibi) fn episodes and compare the clinical outcome of rvi and mixed rv-bacterial infections.201222565292
cost-effectiveness of potential infant vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the netherlands.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is one of the major causes of respiratory illness in infants, infecting virtually every child before the age of 2 years. currently, several phase 1 trials with rsv vaccines in infants are ongoing or have been completed. as yet, no efficacy estimates are available for these vaccine candidates. nevertheless, cost-effectiveness estimates might be informative to enable preliminary positioning of an rsv vaccine.201222561315
antibodies to the central conserved region of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein block rsv g protein cx3c-cx3cr1 binding and cross-neutralize rsv a and b strains.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide, and despite decades of effort, there remains no safe and effective vaccine. rsv modifies the host immune response during infection by cx3c chemokine mimicry adversely affecting pulmonary leukocyte chemotaxis and cx3cr1+ rsv-specific t-cell responses. in this study we investigated whether immunization of mice with rsv g protein polypeptides from str ...201222551066
the outcome after severe bronchiolitis is related to gender and virus.the association between bronchiolitis in the first year of life and subsequent asthma, atopy, airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (bhr) is unsettled. genetic predispositions, pre-morbid lung function, environmental interactions and altered immunological responses are risk factors that have been studied. the aim of this study was to assess lung function, bhr and the occurrence of asthma and atopy 11 yr after hospitalization for bronchiolitis in the first year of life, particular ...201222435682
cost-effectiveness analysis of palivizumab among pre-term infant populations covered by medicaid in the united states.medicaid infants are at high risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. the study objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab in a medicaid population.201222435648
6 cmh2o continuous positive airway pressure versus conventional oxygen therapy in severe viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial.to compare the effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (ncpap) and conventional oxygen therapy on the clinical signs of respiratory distress and the respiratory muscle workload in acute viral bronchiolitis.201322431446
hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm infants at <33 weeks gestation without bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the castor study.this study was conducted during the 2008-2009 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) season in france to compare hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis (rsv-confirmed and all types) between very preterm infants (<33 weeks' gestational age, wga) without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and full-term infants (39-41 wga) matched for date of birth, gender and birth location, and to evaluate the country-specific risk factors for bronchiolitis hospitalization. data on hospitalizations were collected both retros ...201322697130
pericardial effusion in an infant with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infection in infants. respiratory syncytial virus infection is also associated with a number of extrapulmonary manifestations, including the cardiac system. pericardial effusion, however, is a very rare occurrence with respiratory syncytial virus infection. we report a very young infant with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis whose clinical course was associated with pericardial effusion, treated conse ...201322694896
intravenous ribavirin for respiratory syncytial viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic sct recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a potential cause of serious morbidity and even mortality among children undergoing hematopoietic sct (hsct). contrary to the available information regarding the aerosolized formulation of ribavirin, there is a paucity of published studies using i.v. ribavirin in adults, and very few single reports on pediatric patients. aerosolized drug administration has been limited by potential toxicity and special air-flow requirements. in this regard, i.v. ribavirin cou ...201323000643
molecular characterization of a respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a hematology unit in heidelberg, germany.in 2011 and 2012, a large outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections affecting 57 laboratory-confirmed patients occurred in an adult hematology unit in heidelberg, germany. during the outbreak investigation, we performed molecular genotyping of rsv strains to differentiate between single versus multiple introductions of the virus into the unit. furthermore, we assessed the time of viral shedding of consecutive samples from the patients in order to better understand the possible imp ...201323100345
the role of non-viral antigens in the cotton rat model of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease.in the 1960s, infant immunization with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) vaccine candidate caused enhanced respiratory disease (erd) following natural rsv infection. because of this tragedy, intensive effort has been made to understand the root causes of how the fi-rsv vaccine induced a pathogenic response to subsequent rsv infection in vaccinees. a well-established cotton rat model of fi-rsv vaccine-enhanced disease has been used by numerous researchers to study the me ...201323153444
adolescent asthma after rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.asthma risk is increased after bronchiolitis in infancy. recent studies have suggested that the risk may be dependent on the causative virus. the aim of the study was to evaluate the asthma risk in adolescence in subjects hospitalized for rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infancy.201323129516
detection, control, and management of a respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a pediatric hematology-oncology department.immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. palivizumab is approved for prevention of rsv in specific populations but not for treatment. few studies demonstrated the safety and successful treatment with intravenous (iv) palivizumab. we describe our experience with iv palivizumab treatment for rsv in a pediatric hematology-oncology department during an outbreak.201323128340
understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection to improve treatment and immunity.despite significant research since it was discovered more than 50 years ago, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) continues to be the leading agent causing infant hospitalization and respiratory distress worldwide. although rsv normally does not cause mortality, this virus is recognized as a major public health and economic burden around the globe. rsv can modulate host immunity leading to an inflammatory response that produces lung damage and virus dissemination in the host airways. remarkably, in ...201323157678
respiratory syncytial virus protects against the subsequent development of ovalbumin-induced allergic responses by inhibiting th2-type γδ t cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of allergy and asthma, but epidemiologic studies in humans still remain inconclusive. the association between rsv infection and allergic diseases may be dependent on an atopic background and previous history of rsv infection. it has been reported that rsv infection before sensitization to an allergen decreased the production of th2-like cytokines in the lung and the levels of allergen-specif ...201323154879
safety and immunogenicity of a sf9 insect cell-derived respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine.we performed a phase 1 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein nanoparticle vaccine.201323153449
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines for infants: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.respiratory viral infections in infants and young children frequently cause illness that can easily progress to hospitalization and death. there are currently no licensed vaccines to prevent respiratory viral disease in children younger than 6 months, reflecting safety concerns and the difficulty in inducing effective immune responses in infants. this review discusses vaccines that have been developed, or are currently being developed, against influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, with a fo ...201323247146
advances in understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection in airway epithelial cells and consequential effects on the immune response.this article reviews aspects of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in airway epithelial cells (aecs), including cytopathogenesis, entry, replication and the induction of immune response to the virus, including a new role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in rsv immunopathology.201323246463
adults 65 years old and older have reduced numbers of functional memory t cells to respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects elderly (≥65 years) adults, causing medically attended illness and hospitalizations. while rsv neutralizing antibody levels correlate inversely with rsv-associated hospitalization in the elderly, the role of rsv-specific t cells in preventing disease in the elderly remains unclear. we examined rsv-specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune profiles in healthy elderly (65 to 85 years) and young (20 to 30 years) adults. rsv neutralization antibody tite ...201323239796
palivizumab immunoprophylaxis effectiveness in children with cystic fibrosis.evidence on the effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab in children with cystic fibrosis (cf) is lacking.201323139089
integrative analysis of longitudinal metabolomics data from a personal multi-omics profile.the integrative personal omics profile (ipop) is a pioneering study that combines genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and autoantibody profiles from a single individual over a 14-month period. the observation period includes two episodes of viral infection: a human rhinovirus and a respiratory syncytial virus. the profile studies give an informative snapshot into the biological functioning of an organism. we hypothesize that pathway expression levels are associated with disease s ...201324958148
[nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm infants: characteristics of the course, treatment and prevention in clinical practice].to study the clinical, laboratory and radiological features of the course of nosocomial bronchiolitis respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) etiology and effectiveness of the therapy in preterm infants in the neonatal hospital conditions.201324640732
from opium tincture to the oprm1 gene: is opioid receptor the missing link in respiratory syncytial virus disease? 201323269153
molecular mechanisms driving respiratory syncytial virus assembly.respiratory syncytial virus is a single-stranded rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family that preferentially assembles and buds from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, forming filamentous structures that contain both viral proteins and the genomic rna. recent studies have described both viral and host factors that are involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly and trafficking of viral proteins to the cell surface. at the cell surface, viral proteins assemble into filaments that probab ...201323252497
formation of a stable mimic of ambient particulate matter containing viable infectious respiratory syncytial virus and its dry-deposition directly onto cell cultures.epidemiological associations of worse respiratory outcomes from combined exposure to ambient particulate matter (pm) and respiratory viral infection suggest possible interactions between pm and viruses. to characterize outcomes of such exposures, we developed an in vitro mimic of the in vivo event of exposure to pm contaminated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). concentration of infectious rsv stocks and a particle levitation apparatus were the foundations of the methodology developed to ge ...201323205519
viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized and outpatient children in buenos aires, argentina.to determine and compare the viral frequency, seasonality and clinical-demographic features in 2 groups of children (hospitalized versus outpatients) with acute respiratory infections.201323190781
global gene expression profiling in infants with acute respiratory syncytial virus broncholitis demonstrates systemic activation of interferon signaling networks.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections and has a high impact on pediatric emergency department utilization. variation in host response may influence the pathogenesis and disease severity. we evaluated global gene expression profiles to better understand the systemic host response to acute rsv bronchiolitis in infants and young children.201323190772
opioid receptors control viral replication in the airways.opioids are frequently used during mechanical ventilation for severe viral infection in infancy. opioid receptors have immunomodulatory properties, but nothing is known about their antiviral effects. we therefore aimed to investigate the role of opioid receptors in virus-induced airway inflammation.201323222260
group- and genotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus in infants and young children with severe pneumonia.the effect of genetic variation on the neutralizing antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is poorly understood. in this study, acute- and convalescent-phase sera were evaluated against different rsv strains. the proportion of individuals with homologous seroconversion was greater than that among individuals with heterologous seroconversion among those infected with rsv group a (50% vs 12.5%; p = .0005) or rsv group b (40% vs 8%; p = .008). seroconversion to ba genotype or non-ba ...201323175761
elevated risk of asthma after hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy.severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infancy is associated with substantial morbidity worldwide; whether it is a risk factor for childhood asthma is contentious. a systematic review of 28 articles was conducted, summarizing estimates of asthma risk after rsv hospitalization during infancy. prevalence estimates of asthma, among those hospitalized for rsv in infancy, were from 8% to 63%, 10% to 92%, and 37%, at ages <5, 5 to 11, and ≥ 12 years, respectively. these rates were highe ...201323269182
the risk of mortality among young children hospitalized for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is the leading cause of childhood morbidity. although also an important cause of childhood mortality worldwide, the impact of key risk factors has not been established. a systematic review of 34 articles reporting case fatality rates in young children hospitalized for severe rsv lrti, according to the presence of underlying rsv risk factors, was conducted. the weighted mean case fatality rate was 1.2% (range, 0-8.3%; medi ...201323269181
molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus during the 2009-2010 season in latvia.for the first time, we studied molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children in latvia. during the study period, ten unique group a and three group b strains were identified and assigned to a single genotype within each group-ga2 for group a and ba-iv for group b.201323275128
endogenous il-21 regulates pathogenic mucosal cd4 t-cell responses during enhanced rsv disease in mice.a role for interleukin-21 (il-21) has recently been found in several diseases, but contribution to mucosal defences has not been described. in balb/c mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), il-21 depletion had little effect in primary infection. however, depletion of mice during priming with recombinant vaccinia expressing rsv g protein (which primes rsv-specific t helper type 2 cells and causes lung eosinophilia during rsv infection) further exacerbated pathology during rsv challe ...201323168836
cd4+ t-cell counts and interleukin-8 and ccl-5 plasma concentrations discriminate disease severity in children with rsv infection.current tools to predict the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection might be improved by including immunological parameters. we hypothesized that a combination of inflammatory markers would differentiate between severe and mild disease in rsv-infected children.201323165450
contribution of respiratory pathogens to influenza-like illness consultations.influenza-like illnesses (ilis) are caused by several respiratory pathogens. these pathogens show weak to strong seasonal activity implying seasonality in ili consultations. in this paper, the contribution of pathogens to seasonality of ili consultations was statistically modelled. virological count data were first smoothed using modulation models for seasonal time series. second, poisson regression was used regressing ili consultation counts on the smoothed time series. using ratios of the esti ...201323217849
vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways.environmental exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants, but it remains unknown whether this infection is transmitted transplacentally from the lungs of infected mothers to the offspring. we sought to test the hypothesis that rsv travels from the respiratory tract during pregnancy, crosses the placenta to the fetus, persists in the lung tissues of the offspring, and modulates pre- and postnatal expression of growth factors, thereby pred ...201323637810
intranasal administration of antibody-bound respiratory syncytial virus particles efficiently primes virus-specific immune responses in mice.infants are protected from a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the first months of life by maternal antibodies or by prophylactically administered neutralizing antibodies. efforts are under way to produce rsv-specific antibodies with increased neutralizing capacity compared to the currently licensed palivizumab. while clearly beneficial during primary infections, preexisting antibodies might affect the onset of adaptive immune responses and the ability to resist subsequent rs ...201323637394
severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in underserved populations and the association with unhealthy diets during pregnancy. 201323634858
immune monitoring of children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201323634732
monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory infections in children. it results in about 3.4 million hospitalisations annually in children under five. palivizumab is an anti-rsv monoclonal antibody, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 15 mg/kg once every 30 days. the efficacy and safety of palivizumab has been evaluated in multicentre, randomised controlled trials (rcts) and a large number of economic evaluations (ees) have tested ...201323633336
viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age -- a systematic review and meta-analysis.to estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (iv), parainfluenza viruses (piv), adenoviruses (av), and coronaviruses (cv) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (alri).201323630140
risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus illness among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), although not typically considered an important pathogen in adults, may cause acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). it is unclear which copd patients are at highest risk for developing serious rsv illness. our objective was to identify risk factors for rsv illness among adult patients with copd. we conducted a pooled analysis of data from copd patients in 2 previously published longitudinal studies that examined rsv infection in hig ...201323536980
rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood-onset asthma.both genetic variation at the 17q21 locus and virus-induced respiratory wheezing illnesses are associated with the development of asthma. our aim was to determine the effects of these two factors on the risk of asthma in the childhood origins of asthma (coast) and the copenhagen prospective study on asthma in childhood (copsac) birth cohorts.201323534543
a label-free potentiometric sensor principle for the detection of antibody-antigen interactions.we report here on a new potentiometric biosensing principle for the detection of antibody-antigen interactions at the sensing membrane surface without the need to add a label or a reporter ion to the sample solution. this is accomplished by establishing a steady-state outward flux of a marker ion from the membrane into the contacting solution. the immunobinding event at the sensing surface retards the marker ion, which results in its accumulation at the membrane surface and hence in a potential ...201323534536
respiratory syncytial virus interaction with human airway epithelium.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major human respiratory pathogen, our knowledge of how it causes disease in humans is limited. airway epithelial cells are the primary targets of rsv infection in vivo, so the generation and exploitation of rsv infection models based on morphologically and physiologically authentic well-differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (wd-paecs) provide timely developments that will help to bridge this gap. h ...201323523320
senecio scandens buch.-ham.: a review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity.the aerial parts of senecio scandens buch.-ham. (family asteraceae) have a long history in traditional chinese medicine as a treatment for various ailments, such as bacterial diarrhea, enteritis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory tract infections.201323747644
[gene sequence and antigenic epitope variation within the f protein of respiratory syncytial virus in sichuan, china].to investigate the variation of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) and neutralizing epitopes in f protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) isolated in sichuan.201323745249
palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis.respiratory syncytial virus infection causes acute lung infection in infants and young children worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. children with cystic fibrosis are prone to recurrent lung inflammation, bacterial colonisation and subsequent chronic airway disease, putting them at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring intensive care and respiratory support. no treatment currently exists, hence prevention is important. palivizumab is effective ...201323737087
novel respiratory syncytial virus a genotype, germany, 2011-2012. 201323735287
comparing influenza and rsv viral and disease dynamics in experimentally infected adults predicts clinical effectiveness of rsv antivirals.antivirals reduce influenza viral replication and illness measures, particularly if initiated early, within 48 h of symptom onset. whether experimental antivirals that reduce respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) load would also reduce disease is unknown. this study compares viral and disease dynamics in humans experimentally infected with influenza or rsv.201323714753
development of a sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay that provides specimen-to-result diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in 30 minutes.rapid isothermal amplification methods have recently been introduced, and some of these methods offer significant advantages over pcr. the objective of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (m-lamp) assay for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b (rsv a and b). we designed six primers each for the matrix gene of rsv a and the polymerase gene of rsv b and developed an m-lamp assay by using a commercially available ...201323761156
il-17a induces signal transducers and activators of transcription-6-independent airway mucous cell metaplasia.mucous cell metaplasia is a hallmark of asthma, and may be mediated by signal transducers and activators of transcription (stat)-6 signaling. il-17a is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with severe asthma, and il-17a also increases mucus production in airway epithelial cells. asthma therapeutics are being developed that inhibit stat6 signaling, but the role of il-17a in inducing mucus production in the absence of stat6 remains unknown. we hypothesized that il-17a induces ...201323392574
disparities between black and white children in hospitalizations associated with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in 3 us counties--2002-2009.few us studies have assessed racial disparities in viral respiratory hospitalizations among children. this study enrolled black and white children under 5 years of age who were hospitalized for acute respiratory illness (ari) in 3 us counties during october-may 2002-2009. population-based rates of hospitalization were calculated by race for ari and laboratory-confirmed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), using us census denominators. relative rates of hospitalization between racial ...201323436899
th17 lymphocytes in respiratory syncytial virus infection.infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) affects approximately 33 million infants annually worldwide and is a major cause of hospitalizations. helper t lymphocytes (th) play a central role in the immune response during such infections. however, th lymphocytes that produce interleukin 17 (il-17), known as th17 lymphocytes, in addition to been protective can also cause pathology that accompany this type of infection. the protective effects of th17 is associated with better prognosis in most ...201323462708
prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory infection and apnea in infants presenting to the emergency department.the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus in children presenting to us emergency departments with lower respiratory tract infection or apnea (n = 4172) was evaluated outside the traditional respiratory syncytial virus season (september to october and april to may) relative to january to february. the mid-atlantic and southeast demonstrated positivity rates in september to october comparable with rates observed during january to february.201323429553
efficacy and safety of an intranasal virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a in mice and cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus infection remains a serious health problem, not only in infants but also in immunocompromised adults and the elderly. an effective and safe vaccine is not available due to several obstacles: non-replicating rsv vaccines may prime for excess th2-type responses and enhanced respiratory disease (erd) upon natural rsv infection of vaccine recipients. we previously found that inclusion of the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) ligand monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in reconstituted ...201323499594
an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outpatients: good outcome without specific antiviral treatment.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of seasonal respiratory viral infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (hsct) patients. the efficacy of treatment, however, remains controversial. we describe an outbreak of 31 cases of rsv that occurred in an hsct outpatient care unit in the fall season from march through may 2010, with a good outcome without any specific antiviral treatment.201322783905
comparison of diagnostic tools with multiplex polymerase chain reaction for pediatric lower respiratory tract infection: a single center study.acute respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. most have a viral etiology, with pneumococcus as an important pathogen. this single-center study compared the use of conventional diagnostic tools and two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) examinations for determining pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) among children aged <5 years.201323031535
corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists prevent double-stranded rna-induced upregulation of b7-h1 on airway epithelium.airway viral infections provoke exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. b7-h1 is a costimulatory molecule that is implicated in an escape mechanism of viruses from host immune systems. this escape may be associated with the persistence of viral infection and lead to exacerbation of underlying diseases. we have shown that an analog of viral double-stranded rna, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly ic), upregulated the expression of b7-h1 on airway epithelial cells, an ...201322948082
frequency of common viruses in etiology of acute respiratory tract infections.to determine the frequency rate of c. pneumoniae, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza virus, metapneumovirus, adenovirus', parainfluenza virus and coronavirus in acute respiratory tract infections in children.201323054853
clinical and pharmacological aspects of immunoprophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of respiratory tract infection in infants and young children throughout the world. although preterm birth has been considered for years the major risk factor for severe disease and hospitalization, recent findings indicate that prematurity is not a necessary condition, but one of the independent risk factors for severe rsv infection, together with chronic lung diseases, congenital heart disease and immunodeficiency. furthermore, over 50% of ...201322935064
hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and disease severity in twins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract disease and hospitalization in infants and young children. infants of multiple births, who are often premature, might be more susceptible to developing a more severe rsv infection than singletons.201324511652
decrease in formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) enhanced disease with rsv g glycoprotein peptide immunization in balb/c mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a high priority target for vaccine development. one concern in rsv vaccine development is that a non-live virus vaccine would predispose for enhanced disease similar to that seen with the formalin inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) vaccine. since a mab specific to rsv g protein can reduce pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia seen after rsv infection of fi-rsv vaccinated mice, we hypothesized that rsv g peptides that induce antibodies with similar reactivity may limi ...201324376637
challenges and opportunities for respiratory syncytial virus vaccines.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes a significant proportion of the global burden of respiratory disease. here we summarize the conclusions of a series of chapters written by investigators describing and interpreting what is known about the virology, clinical manifestations, immunity, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of rsv relevant to vaccine development. several technological and conceptual advances have recently occurred that make rsv vaccine development more feasible, and this collected k ...201324362701
human airway epithelial cell cultures for modeling respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important human respiratory pathogen with narrow species tropism. limited availability of human pathologic specimens during early rsv-induced lung disease and ethical restrictions for rsv challenge studies in the lower airways of human volunteers has slowed our understanding of how rsv causes airway disease and greatly limited the development of therapeutic strategies for reducing rsv disease burden. our current knowledge of rsv infection and pathology is ...201324362700
the mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus disease.the laboratory mouse is the species of choice for most immunological studies, ranging from simple vaccine testing to the intricate dissection of fundamental immunopathogenic mechanisms. although not fully mouse adapted, some strains of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replicate in the murine respiratory tract and induce specific t and b cell responses. passive transfer of neutralising antibody is protective and assist in viral clearance. in addition, many of rsv's complex behaviours are recapit ...201324362699
the cotton rat sigmodon hispidus model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.the cotton rat sigmodon hispidus is a new world rodent that has become an important model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. this small animal is relatively permissive to rsv and can be infected throughout life. it recapitulates the pathology associated with the fi-rsv vaccine-enhanced disease, the phenomenon of maternally transmitted immunity and the ability of passive immunity to suppress efficacy of rsv vaccines. different highly susceptible human cohort scenarios have been model ...201324362698
subunit and virus-like particle vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus.despite its impact on global health, there is no vaccine available for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. failure to develop a licensed vaccine is not due to lack of effort, as numerous vaccine candidates have been characterized in preclinical and clinical studies spanning five decades. the vaccine candidates thus far explored can be generally divided into four categories: (1) whole inactivated virus, (2) replication competent, attenuated virus including recombinant v ...201324362695
live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccines.live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines offer several advantages for immunization of infants and young children: (1) they do not cause vaccine-associated enhanced rsv disease; (2) they broadly stimulate innate, humoral, and cellular immunity, both systemically and locally in the respiratory tract; (3) they are delivered intranasally; and (4) they replicate in the upper respiratory tract of young infants despite the presence of passively acquired maternally derived rsv neutrali ...201324362694
respiratory syncytial virus disease: prevention and treatment.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most clinically important viruses infecting young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. over the past decade, the most significant advance in the prevention of rsv disease has been the development of high-titered antibody products. infection control is the only other strategy to prevent rsv disease. a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the fusion (f) protein palivizumab, (synagis®, medimmune, inc., gaithersburg, md), is give ...201324362693
consequences of immature and senescent immune responses for infection with respiratory syncytial virus.infants in the first 6 months of life and older adults (>65 years of age) are disproportionately burdened with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated morbidity and mortality. while other factors play a role in the risk these groups assume, shortcomings of the immune response make a substantial contribution to the predisposition to severe disease. ineffectual antibody production with misdirected cytokine responses and excess inflammation in the airways are common to both groups. however, th ...201324362692
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