Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| id learning unit: understanding and interpreting testing for clostridium difficile. | understanding and interpreting the molecular tests for clostridium difficile is challenging because there are several different types of assays and most laboratories combine multiple tests in order to assess for presence of disease. this learning unit demonstrates the basic principles of each test along with its strengths and weaknesses, and illustrates how the tests are used in clinical practice. | 2014 | 25734081 |
| immune-based treatment and prevention of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) causes over 500,000 infections per year in the us, with an estimated 15,000 deaths and an estimated cost of $1-3 billion. moreover, a continual rise in the incidence of severe c. difficile infection (cdi) has been observed worldwide. currently, standard treatment for cdi is the administration of antibiotics. while effective, these treatments do not prevent and may contribute to a disease recurrence rate of 15-35%. prevention of recurrence is one of the most c ... | 2014 | 25668664 |
| [clostridium difficile spores and its relevance in the persistence and transmission of the infection]. | c. difficile is an anaerobic spore former pathogen and the most important etiologic agent of nosocomial and community acquired antibiotics associated diarrheas. c. difficile infections (cdi) are responsible for an elevated rate of morbidity in developed and developing countries. although the major virulence factors responsible for clinical symptoms of cdi are the two toxins tcda and tcdb, c. difficile spores are the main vehicle of infection, persistence and transmission of cdi. recent work has ... | 2014 | 25679927 |
| [performance of prognostic index in severe clostridium difficile-associated infection: retrospective analysis in a university hospital]. | by consensus severe, clostridium difficile-associated infection (cdai) is one that results in hospitalization in icu, colectomy or death within 30 days. multiple prognostic indices (ip) attempt to predict these adverse events. | 2014 | 25679920 |
| surveillance snapshot of clostridium difficile infection in hospitals across queensland detects binary toxin producing ribotype uk 244. | in north america and europe, the binary toxin positive clostridium difficile strains of the ribotypes 027 and 078 have been associated with death, toxic megacolon and other adverse outcomes. following an increase in c. difficile infections (cdis) in queensland, a prevalence study involving 175 hospitals was undertaken in early 2012, identifying 168 cases of cdi over a 2 month period. patient demographics and clinical characteristics were recorded, and c. difficile isolates were ribotyped and tes ... | 2014 | 25631588 |
| antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women. take resistance into account. | acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma, common in women. the bacterium responsible is usually escherichia coli. empirical antibiotic therapy should be initiated promptly to prevent serious complications. as of 2014, which empirical antibiotic regimen should be offered to non-pregnant adult women with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, while awaiting the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing? we reviewed the available evidence using the stan ... | 2014 | 25629148 |
| the role of bifidobacterium lactis b94 plus inulin in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children. | in contrast to many other studies of probiotic species, the number of publications evaluating bifidobacterium lactis and its combinations with prebiotics as treatments for acute infectious diarrhea is limited. we investigated the synbiotic effects of b. lactis b94 plus inulin on acute infectious diarrhea. | 2014 | 25599772 |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. | over the past 15 years, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has increased both in incidence and severity. traditional risk factors for cdi are similar in ibd and non-ibd populations, but there is a significant proportion of ibd patients which have distinctive characteristics. patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) are more susceptible to cdi and have more severe outcomes than those with crohn's disease (cd). cdi may be difficult to distinguish f ... | 2014 | 25599768 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection: the ochsner experience. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) accounts for 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is the most commonly recognized cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings. the incidence of cdi is rising, while the effectiveness of antibiotics for treatment decreases with recurrent episodes. the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for cure of cdi has been reported since 1958, and the worldwide cure rate is reported to be 93%. we report our experience with fmt for the ... | 2014 | 25598718 |
| clinical characteristics of symptomatic clostridium difficile infection in children: conditions as infection risks and whether probiotics is effective. | this study investigated the clinical presentations of symptomatic clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children. | 2014 | 25587523 |
| does gastrointestinal dysmotility predispose to recurrent or severe forms of clostridium difficile infections? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. a limited number of studies have looked at the risk factors for recurrent cdi. mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (mngie) is a rare multisystemic disorder that causes gastrointestinal dysmotility. herein we present a patient with mngie who suffered recurrent and severe c. difficile infection despite appropriate treatment. we aim to bring the gastroenterologist's attention to gastrointest ... | 2014 | 25580313 |
| clostridium difficile with moxifloxacin/clindamycin resistance in vegetables in ohio, usa, and prevalence meta-analysis. | we (i) determined the prevalence of clostridium difficile and their antimicrobial resistance to six antimicrobial classes, in a variety of fresh vegetables sold in retail in ohio, usa, and (ii) conducted cumulative meta-analysis of reported prevalence in vegetables since the 1990s. six antimicrobial classes were tested for their relevance as risk factors for c. difficile infections (cdis) (clindamycin, moxifloxacin) or their clinical priority as exhaustive therapeutic options (metronidazole, van ... | 2014 | 25580297 |
| the potential for emerging therapeutic options for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is mainly a nosocomial pathogen and is a significant cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it is also implicated in the majority of cases of pseudomembranous colitis. recently, advancements in next generation sequencing technology (ngs) have highlighted the extent of damage to the gut microbiota caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics, often resulting in c. difficile infection (cdi). currently the treatment of choice for cdi involves the use of metronidazole and vancomycin. ... | 2014 | 25564777 |
| [risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among cancer patients]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection and the risk factors for acquisition of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) among cancer patients who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy. | 2014 | 25567310 |
| fecal transplantation treatment of antibiotic-induced, noninfectious colitis and long-term microbiota follow-up. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and is considered as a treatment for other gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. we followed up the relief of symptoms and long-term, over-a-year microbiota stabilization in a 46-year-old man, who underwent fmt for antibiotic-induced, non-cdi colitis nine months after being treated for cdi by fmt. fecal and mucosal microbiota was analyzed before the second fmt and during 14 months after ... | 2014 | 25548572 |
| probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea: do we have a verdict? | probiotics use has increased tremendously over the past ten years. this was coupled with a surge of data relating their importance in clinical practice. antibiotic-associated diarrhea, whose frequency has risen recently, was one of the earliest targets with data published more than ten years ago. unfortunately, available trials suffer from severe discrepancies associated with variability and heterogeneity of several factors. most published randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyse ... | 2014 | 25548477 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium butyricum strain nor 33234, isolated from an elderly patient with diarrhea. | clostridium butyricum is one of the species frequently present in patients' stool samples. however, the identification of this species is sometimes difficult. here, we present the draft genome of clostridium butyricum nor 33234, which was isolated from a patient with suspected clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhea and resembles clostridium clostridioforme in biochemical tests. | 2014 | 25540356 |
| proton pump inhibitors increase the risk for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection in critically ill patients. | proton pump inhibitors (ppi) have been linked to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) but there are few data specific to icu patients. we evaluated duration of ppi exposure as a potential risk factor for hospital-acquired cdi in the icu. | 2014 | 25540023 |
| emphysematous cystitis due to recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | a 78-year-old woman with long-standing obstipation presented herself to the hospital with diarrhoea and progressive abdominal cramping since 2 days. acute abdomen developed and an emergency exploratory laparotomy was indicated, which showed no signs of bowel ischaemia. after admission to the internal ward, stool clostridium difficile pcr was tested positive. hence the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis became apparent. abdominal imaging demonstrated multiple gas foci in the wall of the bladde ... | 2014 | 25519862 |
| changes to clinician attire have done more harm than good. | the introduction of 'bare below the elbows' policies to facilitate handwashing led to the disappearance of the white coat from medical and surgical wards. while rates of key healthcare acquired infections in hospitals, e.g. clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, have fallen, argument continues around the contribution of hand hygiene and dress codes to these changes. conversely, the number of complaints against clinicians continues to rise, and respect ... | 2014 | 25516900 |
| epidemiology and predictors of recurrence of clostridium difficile infection in a north italian tertiary care hospital. | 2014 | 25532010 | |
| rheological properties of erythrocytes in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a bacterial infection of the digestive tract. acute infections are accompanied by increased risk for venous thromboembolism (vte). to date, there have been no studies of the rheological properties of blood during the course of digestive tract infections. the aim of our study was to examine the effects of cdi on red blood cell (rbc) rheology, specifically rbc deformability, rbc aggregation, and plasma viscosity. in addition, the activity of glucose 6 phosp ... | 2014 | 25531703 |
| international patents granted for clostridium difficile program. | 2014 | 25507269 | |
| characterization of comorbid factors in hip fracture related in-hospital mortality. | it is important to delineate factors which influence in-hospital mortality rates following a hip fracture. the current study aimed to identify the nature and frequency of comorbidities prevalent in this patient cohort. a retrospective chart review of cases of in-patient mortality following admission for a hip fracture was performed. these cases (n=127) were characterized for comorbidities, complications, medical status indicators, and other contributory factors. cardiovascular 104 (81.9%), respi ... | 2014 | 25507116 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation. | the use of faeces for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases was described in 4th century chinese medicine for the treatment of severe diarrhoea.1 more recently there has been renewed interest in this unconventional biological therapy, particularly for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to a lesser extent inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). faecal microbiota transplantation† (fmt) involves the introduction of enteric bacteria from the faeces of healthy donors ... | 2014 | 25505015 |
| impacts of infection with different toxigenic clostridium difficile strains on faecal microbiota in children. | increasing evidence suggests that altered intestinal microbial composition and function result in an increased risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad); however, the specific changes of intestinal microbiota in children suffering from cdad and their associations with c. difficile strain toxigenicity are poorly understood. high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that reduced faecal bacterial diversity and dramatic shifts of microbial composition were found in children with cdad. th ... | 2014 | 25501371 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal diseases. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a treatment to restore the normal microbial composition of the gut by introducing fecal microbiota obtained from a healthy donor into a diseased individual. there has been a growing interest in the use of fmt as a treatment of various diseases including clostridium difficile infection (cdi), inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. despite the increasing application of fmt, there are no standard protocols. many aspects of fmt procedures ... | 2014 | 25500625 |
| clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice. | to investigate the effect of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection in an interleukin 10-deficient (il-10(-/-)) mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. | 2014 | 25493020 |
| europe-wide call to combat c. difficile. | experts from across europe gathered last week to discuss ways to control and improve diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile, after research found an estimated 40,000 cases are missed annually. | 2014 | 25492752 |
| microbial bile acid metabolic clusters: the bouncers at the bar. | colonization resistance refers to the ability of the colonic microbiota to prevent invasion by pathogens including clostridium difficile. in a recent article, buffie et al. (2014) have demonstrated that a single metabolic cluster present in the normal, colonic microflora is responsible for preventing c. difficile invasion of healthy hosts. | 2014 | 25525784 |
| prevalence and characterization of clostridium difficile in beef and mutton meats of isfahan region, iran. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. during last few years, the mortality rate of c. difficile infection (cdi) increased in healthcare facilities. this organism has become a major public health concern in developed nations. because of the increasing incidence of acquired-cdi (ca-cdi) and notable genetic overlap between c. difficile isolates from animals and humans, meat has defined as one of the probable transmission route of c. diffiicle to humans. | 2014 | 25485054 |
| clostridium difficile virulence factors: insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen. | the worldwide emergence of epidemic strains of clostridium difficile linked to increased disease severity and mortality has resulted in greater research efforts toward determining the virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms used by this organism to cause disease. c. difficile is an opportunist pathogen that employs many factors to infect and damage the host, often with devastating consequences. this review will focus on the role of the 2 major virulence factors, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b ... | 2014 | 25483328 |
| implementation of polymerase chain reaction to rule out clostridium difficile infection is associated with reduced empiric antibiotic duration of therapy. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test has higher sensitivity and a faster turnaround time than the enzyme immunoassay (eia) for identification of clostridium difficile, although the clinical implications of these variables are not well described. | 2014 | 25477583 |
| the impact of horizontal gene transfer on the biology of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is now recognised as the main cause of healthcare associated diarrhoea. over the recent years there has been a change in the epidemiology of cdi with certain related strains dominating infection. these strains have been termed hyper-virulent and have successfully spread across the globe. many c. difficile strains have had their genomes completely sequenced allowing researchers to build up a very detailed picture of the contribution of horizontal gene transfe ... | 2014 | 25476764 |
| [recommendations for the use of faecal microbiota transplantation "stool transplantation": consensus of the austrian society of gastroenterology and hepatology (öggh) in cooperation with the austrian society of infectious diseases and tropical medicine]. | the intestinal microbiota has a pivotal role in the maintenance of health of the human organism, especially in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms. alterations in the microbiota, also termed dysbiosis, seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), also known as stool transplantation, is a therapeutic procedure aiming at restoring an altered intestinal microbiota by administration of stool microor ... | 2014 | 25474284 |
| vitamin d deficiency is associated with community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a case-control study. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly recognized as an important community acquired pathogen causing disease (ca-cdi). vitamin d [25(oh)d] has immune modulatory effects and plays an important role in intestinal immunity. the role of vitamin d in ca-cdi has not been examined previously. | 2014 | 25471926 |
| tigecycline for the treatment of severe and severe complicated clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. metronidazole and vancomycin are the primary treatment options for cdi, but increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance and severe, refractory disease have prompted the need for alternative agents. tigecycline has previously demonstrated favorable in vitro activity against c. difficile isolates, but clinical data on its use in the treatment of cdi are severely lacking. the objective of this study was to describe our ... | 2014 | 25466443 |
| portable uv light as an alternative for decontamination. | we evaluated the capability of a commercially available hand-held device that emits ultraviolet (uv) light to disinfect plain surfaces. eight bacterial species were tested, including clostridium difficile ribotype 027 and 3 other spore-forming species. even bacterial spores could be successfully inactivated within a few seconds of irradiation. uv light may provide an alternative for the decontamination of medical products, such as mobile phones or tablet computers, that cannot be treated otherwi ... | 2014 | 25465267 |
| comparative performance of the genexpert c. difficile pcr assay and c. diff quik chek complete kit assay for detection of clostridium difficile antigen and toxins in symptomatic community-onset infections. | to evaluate the performance of the genexpert c. difficile assay and c. diff quik chek complete (qcc) kit for the detection of toxins from fecal specimens and cooked meat broth (cmb) culture using toxigenic stool culture as reference method, for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection (cdi) in a community setting. | 2014 | 25462186 |
| underdiagnosis of clostridium difficile across europe: the european, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point-prevalence study of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhoea (euclid). | variations in testing for clostridium difficile infection can hinder patients' care, increase the risk of transmission, and skew epidemiological data. we aimed to measure the underdiagnosis of c difficile infection across europe. | 2014 | 25455988 |
| hidden burden of undiagnosed clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25455970 | |
| severity and frequency of community-onset clostridium difficile infection on an australian tertiary referral hospital campus. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly being found in populations without traditional risk factors. we compared the relative frequency, risk factors, severity, and outcomes of community-onset cdi with hospital-acquired infection. | 2014 | 25449250 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in a residential home. | this article reports a significant outbreak of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infection in a residential care home in the uk. five of six affected residents died within one month of diagnosis. investigation of the facility revealed problems with hand hygiene and environmental cleaning. affected residents had received a mean of 2.7 antibiotic courses in the two months preceding diagnosis. it is important to recognize that c. difficile outbreaks can occur in residential homes. there is a need ... | 2014 | 25447200 |
| long-term efficacy of a self-disinfecting coating in an intensive care unit. | cleaning and disinfecting fomites can effectively remove/kill pathogens on surfaces, but studies have shown that more than one-half the time, surfaces are not adequately cleaned or are recontaminated within minutes. this study evaluated a product designed to create a long-lasting surface coating that provides continuous disinfecting action. | 2014 | 25444265 |
| clostridium difficile infection: prevention, treatment, and surgical management. | clostridium difficile is increasing in both incidence and severity. although metronidazole and vancomycin remain the gold standard for medical management, and surgical colectomy the gold standard for surgical management, new treatment alternatives, including the creation of a diverting loop ileostomy along with colonic lavage and vancomycin enemas, are being investigated that may lead to changes in the current treatment algorithms. the most exciting development in the treatment options for c dif ... | 2014 | 25440127 |
| review of the emerging treatment of clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation and insights into future challenges. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common health care-associated infections in the united states. currently, there are no standardized methods to prepare or deliver the fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). various methods are used to prepare the fmt, which is usually administered via nasogastric tube, colonoscopy, or by enema. several clinical trials are underway to assess the true efficacy and safety of fmt for cdi. these trials include cdi studies assessing fmt via col ... | 2014 | 25439277 |
| the impact of proton pump inhibitors on the human gastrointestinal microbiome. | potent gastric acid suppression using proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is common in clinical practice but may have important effects on human health that are mediated through changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome. in the esophagus, ppis change the normal bacterial milieu to decrease distal esophageal exposure to inflammatory gram-negative bacteria. in the stomach, ppis alter the abundance and location of gastric helicobacter pylori and other bacteria. in the small bowel, ppis cause polymicrobi ... | 2014 | 25439276 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection treated with home fecal transplantation: a case report. | clostridium difficile infection causes severe diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. a course of metronidazole is the initial treatment; however up to 40% of patients have at least one recurrence. some patients have recurrent infections requiring further treatment with vancomycin, others need multiple courses of expensive treatment. fecal transplantation has been proposed as an effective treatment option for patients with recurrences. we report the case of a patient with recurrent clostridium ... | 2014 | 25430511 |
| right hemicolectomy in a severely anemic jehovah's witness patient with an extremely low preoperative hemoglobin level and the decision to operate. | severe anemia is associated with high mortality, and patients with this condition are typically treated with packed blood red cells. patients of jehovah's witness faith, however, do not accept blood transfusion therapy. the authors report the case of a jehovah's witness patient who presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to clostridium difficile colitis. because the patient refused blood transfusion therapy, he underwent a right hemicolectomy with a preoperative hemoglobin level ... | 2014 | 25429083 |
| prolonged use of a proton pump inhibitor reduces microbial diversity: implications for clostridium difficile susceptibility. | the role of the gut microbiome in arresting pathogen colonization and growth is important for protection against clostridium difficile infection (cdi). observational studies associate proton pump inhibitor (ppi) use and cdi incidence. we hypothesized that ppi use affected the distal gut microbiome over time, an effect that would be best explored by time-longitudinal study of healthy subjects on ppi in comparison to treatment-naïve cdi subjects. this study enrolled nine healthy human subjects and ... | 2014 | 25426290 |
| antibiotic stewardship in orthopaedic surgery: principles and practice. | a thorough knowledge of the principles of antibiotic stewardship is a crucial part of high-quality orthopaedic surgical care. these principles include (1) determining appropriate indications for antibiotic administration, (2) choosing the correct antibiotic based on known or expected pathogens, (3) determining the correct dosage, and (4) determining the appropriate duration of treatment. antibiotic stewardship programs have a multidisciplinary staff that can help guide antibiotic selection and d ... | 2014 | 25425612 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of clostridium difficile is similar worldwide over two decades despite widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics: an analysis done at the university hospital of zurich. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a major health problem worldwide. antibiotic use, in general, and clindamycin and ciprofloxacin, in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cdi. here, we hypothesized that antibiotics that are highly active in vitro against c. difficile are less frequently associated with cdi than others. the primary goals of our study were to determine if antibiotic susceptibility and cdi are associated and whether the antimicrobial susceptibility of ... | 2014 | 25425433 |
| stability and recovery of dificid(®) (fidaxomicin) 200-mg crushed tablet preparations from three delivery vehicles, and administration of an aqueous dispersion via nasogastric tube. | fidaxomicin is approved for the treatment of adults with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, many of whom have difficulty swallowing an intact tablet. the study objective was to evaluate the stability and recovery of crushed dificid(®) (fidaxomicin) 200-mg tablets dispersed in water, applesauce, or ensure(®) brand liquid nutritional supplement, and to determine the recovery of fidaxomicin from the administration of an aqueous dispersion of a crushed dificid(®) tablet through a nasogastric ... | 2014 | 25424419 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in seasoned hamburgers and seven processing plants in iran. | the recent increment of the incidence of community associated clostridium difficile infection (ca)-cdi has led to speculation that this disease is associated to foodborne transmission. therefore it is critical to establish the community sources of cdi in order to implement the appropriate interventions. the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of c. difficile in seasoned hamburger and examine the sources of c. difficile dispersal in hamburger processing plants. a total of 211 s ... | 2014 | 25420512 |
| international patents granted for clostridium difficile program. | 2014 | 25420285 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with cystic fibrosis. | 2014 | 25419780 | |
| antimicrobial peptide resistance mechanisms of gram-positive bacteria. | antimicrobial peptides, or amps, play a significant role in many environments as a tool to remove competing organisms. in response, many bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist these peptides and prevent amp-mediated killing. the development of amp resistance mechanisms is driven by direct competition between bacterial species, as well as host and pathogen interactions. akin to the number of different amps found in nature, resistance mechanisms that have evolved are just as varied and may con ... | 2014 | 25419466 |
| characterization of comorbid factors in hip fracture related in-hospital mortality. | it is important to delineate factors which influence in-hospital mortality rates following a hip fracture. the current study aimed to identify the nature and frequency of comorbidities prevalent in this patient cohort. a retrospective chart review of cases of in-patient mortality following admission for a hip fracture was performed. these cases (n=127) were characterized for comorbidities, complications, medical status indicators, and other contributory factors. cardiovascular 104 (81.9%), respi ... | 2014 | 25417388 |
| report into clostridium difficile deaths at vale of leven reveals poor care and lack of leadership. | an inquiry into the deaths of patients from clostridium difficile at the vale of leven hospital in scotland has criticised nurses for providing substandard care. | 2014 | 26982537 |
| visual detection of bacterial pathogens via pna-based padlock probe assembly and isothermal amplification of dnazymes. | we have developed a self-reporting isothermal system for visual bacterial pathogen detection with single base resolution. the new dna diagnostic is based on combination of peptide nucleic acid (pna) technology, rolling circle amplification (rca) and dnazymes. pnas are used as exceedingly selective chemical tools that bind genomic dna at a predetermined sequence under nondenaturing conditions. after assembly of the pna-dna construct a padlock probe is circularized on the free strand. the probe in ... | 2014 | 25415469 |
| whole genome sequencing reveals potential spread of clostridium difficile between humans and farm animals in the netherlands, 2002 to 2011. | farm animals are a potential reservoir for human clostridium difficile infection (cdi), particularly pcr ribotype 078 which is frequently found in animals and humans. here, whole genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) analysis was used to study the evolutionary relatedness of c. difficile 078 isolated from humans and animals on dutch pig farms. all sequenced genomes were surveyed for potential antimicrobial resistance determinants and linked to an antimicrobial resistance phenotype. we sequ ... | 2014 | 25411691 |
| invited commentary on clostridium difficile increases the risk for venous thromboembolism. | 2014 | 25441599 | |
| excess length of stay and mortality due to clostridium difficile infection: a multi-state modelling approach. | the burden of healthcare-associated infections, such as healthcare-acquired clostridium difficile (ha-cdi), can be expressed in terms of additional length of stay (los) and mortality. however, previous estimates have varied widely. although some have considered time of infection onset (time-dependent bias), none considered the impact of severity of ha-cdi; this was the primary aim of this study. | 2014 | 25441017 |
| electrical injuries. biological values measurements as a prediction factor of local evolution in electrocutions lesions. | taking into account the incidence and the severity of electrocutions, we consider it extremely necessary to find effective, appropriate and particularized therapeutic solutions aimed at improving the survival, decreasing the mortality, ensuring a superior functional and aesthetic effect and facilitating the social reintegration. given the severity of the general condition of the electrically injured patient and the fact that any worsening of the lesions has a systemic echo, the selection of the ... | 2014 | 25408731 |
| clostridium difficile infection: guideline-based diagnosis and treatment. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the pathogen that most commonly causes nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease. optimized algorithms for diagnosis, treatment, and hygiene can help lower the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of c. difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25404529 |
| antibiotic self-stewardship: trainee-led structured antibiotic time-outs to improve antimicrobial use. | antibiotic use is an important quality improvement target. nearly 50% of antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate. to combat overuse, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) proposed "time-outs" to reevaluate antibiotics. | 2014 | 25402404 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the postcolectomy patient. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after total colectomy has been increasingly recognized over the past decade. c. difficile enteritis (cde) is a rare occurrence, whereas c. difficile pouchitis (cdp) has been reported in approximately 10% of symptomatic patients seen at a referral center for pouch dysfunction. similar to colonic cdi in the general population, antibiotic use and comorbid diseases may be risk factors for cde. in contrast, the postoperative use of antibiotics does not seem to be ... | 2014 | 25401722 |
| quantitative fecal lactoferrin as a biomarker for severe clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have increased over the past decade, especially among hospitalized patients. in this study, we determined the value of published criteria for severe cdi in predicting 3 month mortality, as well as the utility of fecal lactoferrin as a biomarker for severe cdi. | 2014 | 25401164 |
| alert microorganisms isolated from patients hospitalized in małopolskie province in 2010-2012. | healthcare centers undertake supervisory activities to control health care-associated infections (hcais) by elaborating procedures, identifying alert microorganisms and analyzing data collected. the aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of alert microorganisms in hospital wards in 2010-2012. | 2014 | 25391008 |
| factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in a hospital in beijing, china. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in patients treated with antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other drugs that alter the normal equilibrium of the intestinal flora. a better understanding of the risk factors for c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) could be used to reduce the incidence of cdad and the costs associated with its treatment. the aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for cdad in a cohort of chinese patients in a beijing ... | 2014 | 25387676 |
| intestinal microbiota in health and disease: role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis. | the pool of microbes inhabiting our body is known as "microbiota" and their collective genomes as "microbiome". the colon is the most densely populated organ in the human body, although other parts, such as the skin, vaginal mucosa, or respiratory tract, also harbour specific microbiota. this microbial community regulates some important metabolic and physiological functions of the host, and drives the maturation of the immune system in early life, contributing to its homeostasis during life. alt ... | 2014 | 25386066 |
| strategies to prevent clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. | 2014 | 25376069 | |
| long-term clinical outcome of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients: a single center study. | antibiotic usage and increasingly aging populations have led to increased incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in worldwide. recent studies in korea have also reported increasing cdi incidence; however, there have been no reports on the long-term outcomes of cdi. we therefore investigated the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with cdi, including delayed recurrence, associated risk factors and mortality. | 2014 | 25374496 |
| risk factors for delayed recurrence of clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25374490 | |
| icu-onset clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in china: a prospective cohort study. | a prospective study was conducted to investigate the incidence, clinical profiles and outcome of icu-onset cdi in a 50-bed medical icu at a university hospital in china. stools were collected from patients who developed icu-onset diarrhea and was screened for tcda (toxin a gene) and tcdb (toxin b gene) by pcr. cdi cases were compared with the icu-onset non-cdi diarrhea cases for demographics, comorbidities, potential risk factors, major laboratory findings and outcomes. stool samples from cdi ca ... | 2014 | 25372033 |
| factors affecting treatment and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections. | the antimicrobial agents vancomycin and metronidazole have been used to treat clostridium difficile infections (cdis). however, it remains unclear why patients are at risk of treatment failure and recurrence. therefore, this study retrospectively examined 98 patients with cdis who were diagnosed based on the detection of toxin-positive c. difficile to determine the risk factors affecting drug treatment responses and the recurrence of cdi. no significant difference was observed in the cure rate o ... | 2014 | 25366486 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment strategies for initial clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is costly. current guidelines recommend metronidazole as first-line therapy and vancomycin as an alternative. recurrence is common. faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective therapy for recurrent cdi (rcdi). this study explores the cost-effectiveness of fmt, vancomycin and metronidazole for initial cdi. we constructed a decision-analytic computer simulation using inputs from published literature to compare fmt with a 10-14-day course of oral me ... | 2014 | 25366338 |
| a hospital-based study of the clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in children. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity in hospitalized children. we describe the recent epidemiology of pediatric cdi at a children's hospital, compare community-associated (ca) and hospital-associated (ha) infections and identify risk factors for severe disease. | 2014 | 25361022 |
| development of taqman-based quantitative pcr for sensitive and selective detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in human stools. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea, but is also found in asymptomatic subjects that are potentially involved in transmission of c. difficile infection. a sensitive and accurate detection method of c. difficile, especially toxigenic strains is indispensable for the epidemiological investigation. | 2014 | 25360662 |
| cost-effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplant in treating clostridium difficile infection in canada. | 2014 | 27202489 | |
| cost-effectiveness of fidaxomicin therapy for clostridium difficile infection in hungary. | 2014 | 27202484 | |
| economic evaluation of fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) also known as clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in spain. | 2014 | 27202478 | |
| cost-effectiveness of fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in sweden. | 2014 | 27202472 | |
| the burden of clostridium difficile (cdi) infection in hospitals, in denmark, finland, norway and sweden. | 2014 | 27202459 | |
| fidaxomicin therapy for patients with clostridium difficile infection: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. | 2014 | 27202426 | |
| cdad-daysyms™: a new patient-reported outcome tool for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2014 | 27201895 | |
| cost-utility analysis of fidaxomicin compared to vancomycin in the management of severe clostridium difficile infection in poland. | 2014 | 27200779 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in two tertiary-care hospitals in perth, western australia: a cross-sectional study. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed over time and between countries. it is therefore essential to monitor the characteristics of patients at risk of infection and the circulating strains to recognize local and global trends, and improve patient management. from december 2011 to may 2012 we conducted a prospective, observational epidemiological study of patients with laboratory-confirmed cdi at two tertiary teaching hospitals in perth, western australia to determ ... | 2014 | 25356346 |
| the role of local and systemic cytokines in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | it is widely accepted that the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is multifactorial, dependent on pathogen virulence factors produced by the organism as well as disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, the alteration in intestinal flora and the immune response of the host. in particular, the immune response in the course of cdi and the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cdi is not fully understood. the aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between proi ... | 2014 | 25371529 |
| jama patient page. clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25369506 | |
| [sensory aphasia during therapy with metronidazole--an important differential diagnosis of acute cerebral ischemia]. | a 74-year old man was admitted after neurosurgical treatment of a lumbar vertebral fracture. he had a slight paresis of the right leg in combination with bladder dysfunction. | 2014 | 25369045 |
| comparison of supplemented brucella agar and modified clostridium difficile agar for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile. | antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of clostridium difficile is increasingly important because of the rise in resistant strains. the standard medium for the ast of c. difficile is supplemented brucella agar (sba), but we found that the growth of c. difficile on sba was not optimal. because active growth is critical for reliable ast, we developed a new, modified c. difficile (mcd) agar. c. difficile grew better on mcd agar than on sba. | 2014 | 25368819 |
| clostridium difficile infection: current, forgotten and emerging treatment options. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in incidence and severity, and is now among the most common nosocomial infections. several agents are available for the initial treatment of cdi, some of which are rarely used, and none of which is clearly superior for initial clinical cure. fidaxomicin appears to offer a benefit in terms of preventing recurrent disease, although the cost-benefit ratio is debated. recurrent cdi is a major challenge, occurring after 15-30% of initial episodes. t ... | 2014 | 25350805 |
| [high hospital standardized mortality ratio does not always indicate low quality]. | hospital standardized mortality ratio (hsmr) is increasingly used to assess quality of care. at frederiksberg hospital hsmr increased significantly during the first and second quarter in 2012. we therefore reviewed records of all deceased, including patients deceased during the comparative period in 2011 (n = 413). information about cancer and infection with clostridium difficile was specifically noted. we found that the increasing hsmr reflected an increase in the number of terminal cancer pati ... | 2014 | 25350706 |
| significant publications on infectious diseases pharmacotherapy in 2013. | the most important articles on infectious diseases (id) pharmacotherapy published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2013, as nominated and selected by panels of pharmacists and others with id expertise, are summarized. | 2014 | 25349243 |
| update on the pathogenesis and management of pouchitis. | pouchitis is an inflammatory complication after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa). ipaa is the surgical treatment of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who require colectomy. initial episodes of acute pouchitis generally respond to antibiotics but significant numbers of cases eventually become dependent on or refractory to antibiotics. management of chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis is challenging and can ultimately lead to pouch failure. the ... | 2014 | 25348740 |
| systemically administered igg anti-toxin antibodies protect the colonic mucosa during infection with clostridium difficile in the piglet model. | the use of anti-toxin human monoclonal antibodies (hmab) as treatment for c. difficile infection has been investigated in animal models and human clinical trials as an alternative to or in combination with traditional antibiotic therapy. while hmab therapy appears to be a promising option, how systemically administered igg antibodies protect the colonic mucosa during clostridium difficile infection is unknown. using the gnotobiotic piglet model of clostridium difficile infection, we administered ... | 2014 | 25347821 |
| [experience with fecal transplantation in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | during the past years a dramatic change has been observed in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections. | 2014 | 25344853 |
| acid suppression therapy does not predispose to clostridium difficile infection: the case of the potential bias. | an adverse effect of acid-suppression medications on the occurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been a common finding of many, but not all studies. we hypothesized that association between acid-suppression medications and cdi is due to the residual confounding in comparison between patients with infection to those without, predominantly from non-tested and less sick subjects. we aimed to evaluate the effect of acid suppression therapy on incidence of cdi by comparing patients wi ... | 2014 | 25343667 |
| utility of clostridium difficile toxin b for inducing anti-tumor immunity. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) is a key virulence factor of bacterium and induces intestinal inflammatory disease. because of its potent cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities, we investigated the utility of tcdb in developing anti-tumor immunity. tcdb induced cell death in mouse colorectal cancer ct26 cells, and the intoxicated cells stimulated the activation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and subsequent t cell activation in vitro. immunization of balb/c mice with toxin-tr ... | 2014 | 25340750 |