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[pharmacokinetics of cefotiam in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].the pharmacokinetics of cefotiam (ctm) was investigated in 7 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). one gram of ctm was infused either intravenously (i.v. group) or intraperitoneally (i.p. group). in the i.v. group, the serum concentration of ctm at 6 hours after infusion was 25.9 mg/l and the half-life value was 5.09 hours, while the peak value of ctm in dialysate was 12.4 mg/l. in the i.p. group without peritonitis, the dialysate concentration of ctm at 6 hours a ...20113165474
high progesterone/estradiol ratio in follicular fluid at oocyte aspiration for in vitro fertilization as a predictor of possible pregnancy.eighteen women undergoing in vitro fertilization (ivf) procedures were studied. all had optimal (900 to 1600 pg/ml) peak serum estradiol (e2) response to the same stimulation regimen with clomiphene citrate and menotropins; fertilization rate was above 64%; and two to four embryos in two to eight cell stages were replaced in each patient. all were considered to have optimal chances for conception. the authors compared progesterone (p), e2, and p/e2 ratio in serum and follicular fluid (ff) at the ...20113131157
preliminary report of haemoproteus tinnunculi infection in a breeding population of american kestrels (falco sparverius).a population of american kestrels breeding in southeastern pennsylvania was examined for hematozoa. haemoproteus tinnunculi infected 17 of 23 (74%) of the adults. parasitemia ranged from two to 252, with a median of 32 infected erythrocytes per 10,000. parasitemia and body weight of female kestrels were negatively correlated. this parasite was not observed in the six juvenile or 38 nestling kestrels examined. trypanosoma sp. was detected by culture in three of seven (43%) adults, but not in the ...20113127602
the first international standard for antibodies to double stranded dna.this paper announces the availability of the first international standard for anti-double-stranded dna (anti-dsdna). the material, coded wo/80, was obtained after recalcification of plasma taken from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. vials were filled with 500 microliters serum and freeze dried. the serum contains no other autoantibodies in measurable quantities. the vials should be stored at -20 degrees c. the standard should be used for establishing national, regional, or local stan ...20113052322
[ultrasonic capsulotomy]. 20113241728
[artificial nutrition and alcoholic cirrhosis].malnutrition is observed in 60 p. cent of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. it is characterized by weight loss, hypoproteinemia, and a negative nitrogen balance. it is due to multiple causes. this malnutrition increases the risk of disturbances in the immune system, susceptibility to infection, and postoperative complications. re-nutrition by standard methods of feeding often is inadequate or impractical. use of artificial nutrition is often made necessary either by enteral or parenteral route. ...20113145703
delta-aminolaevulinate synthase: mechanism of its response to malathion. 20113202912
autotransplantation of maxillary canine teeth. a follow-up of 35 cases up to 4 years.35 cases of autotransplantation of nonendodontically treated maxillary canines were followed for up to 4 years and were assessed according to loss of the transplanted tooth, onset of sensibility, mobility, intact lamina dura and presence of tooth resorption. the results of this study compare favourably with other studies and favour the hypothesis that little is to be gained by not endodontically treating autotransplanted teeth immediately after splint removal. it is also suggested that immobiliz ...20113088156
myoclonus and mitochondrial myopathy.the cns diseases that are associated with mitochondrial myopathy have been reviewed in this chapter. the disorders causing myoclonus have been compared to those in which myoclonus has been reported. both groups have been associated with lactate and pyruvate accumulation, and both have a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic findings. deficiency of components of the respiratory chain has been offered as an explanation for the mitochondrial accumulation in the muscles of these patients. skeleta ...20113080847
coarctation of the aorta in prenatal life: an echocardiographic, anatomical, and functional study.in a prospective echocardiographic study of over 2000 pregnancies, 24 fetuses were found to have dilatation of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery when these structures were compared with those of the left heart. in 18 of these cases the diagnosis of coarctation or interruption of the aorta was correctly inferred from these findings. on direct echocardiographic examination of the aortic arch, arch hypoplasia or interruption of the aortic arch was recognisable prenatally in 10 of these 18 ca ...20113355726
[submicrosecond imaging of membrane potential under a pulsed-laser fluorescence microscope--electroporation of cell membrane visualized]. 20113249077
[submicrosecond imaging of membrane potential under a pulsed-laser fluorescence microscope--electroporation of cell membrane visualized]. 20113249077
[experiences with continent ileostomy (kock pouch) as bladder substitute in a general hospital].it is reported on the experiences with 13 patients who received in the urological department of the marienhospital gelsenkirchen after radical cysto-prostatectomy a continent anti-reflux ileostomy (kock pouch). after a short literature review and a presentation of the operative technique modified by skinner the indications of a radical cystectomy with construction of a kock pouch in the treatment of local invasively bladder cancer are described. the survival rates and the perioperative complicat ...20113223105
[experiences with continent ileostomy (kock pouch) as bladder substitute in a general hospital].it is reported on the experiences with 13 patients who received in the urological department of the marienhospital gelsenkirchen after radical cysto-prostatectomy a continent anti-reflux ileostomy (kock pouch). after a short literature review and a presentation of the operative technique modified by skinner the indications of a radical cystectomy with construction of a kock pouch in the treatment of local invasively bladder cancer are described. the survival rates and the perioperative complicat ...20113223105
a survey of family planning in the philippines.a multicenter survey of 400 married filipino women 15-40 years of age conducted in 1986 by family health international and the international health foundation provided valuable information on contraceptive use in the philippines, as well as factors influencing such practices. the respondents, who were drawn from 10 urban communities in metro manila and 10 rural communities in nueva ecija province, averaged 31.5 years of age and had a mean number of 2.9 children. 32% of respondents indicated they ...20113192555
basic principles of intravenous nutritional support.parenteral nutrition has been one of the major advances in clinical medicine in the 20th century. by maintaining or re-establishing optimal nutritional status, one can help to ensure an optimal response to appropriate medical or surgical management of the primary disease process. in order to plan an appropriate nutritional regimen, the health-care provider must be equipped to pursue the following thought processes: understand the consequences of malnutrition. identify the patient who may benefit ...20113082576
phrenic nerve paralysis following pediatric cardiac surgery. role of diaphragmatic plication.eighteen children sustained unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis (pnp) after cardiac surgical procedures. ten (group i), under 7 months (mean: 2.9 +/- 2.2), required long-term ventilatory assistance (mean: 23.9 +/- 13.0 days); they failed to be weaned from the ventilator. all underwent diaphragmatic plication (dp). dp was performed late in 7 cases (group ia) with a mean time of 30.8 days between surgery and dp, and early in 3 others (group ib) with a mean time of 10.2 days. eight children (group i ...20113182930
evolution of sex-chromosomes and formation of w-chromatin in snakes. 20114326042
acute renal failure associated with acute pyelonephritis and consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 20113080108
clinical adoptive chemoimmunotherapy with allogeneic alloactivated hla-haploidentical lymphocytes: controlled induction of graft-versus-host-reactions.a total of 13 cancer patients were treated with adoptive chemoimmunotherapy (acit) using alloactivated hla haploidentical lymphocytes. donor lymphocytes were activated in vitro using a pool of irradiated allogeneic lymphocytes (mlc-cells) and some further expanded by culturing in t-cell growth factor (tcgf-cells). the first 6 patients received i.v. cyclophosphamide (cpm) followed 24 h later by escalating doses of mlc-cells, then 7 days later they received an infusion of tcgf-cells. minimal toxic ...20113257904
how patients know that nurses care about them. 20113216234
the endocrine responses to general anesthesia. 20113049390
ana president urges empowerment of staff nurses. 20113205705
how important are randomized clinical trials for clinical practice? 20113202012
effects of cost sharing on physiological health, health practices, and worry.in a randomized trial of the effects of medical insurance on spending and the health status of the nonaged, we previously reported that patients with limited cost sharing had approximately one-third less use of medical services, similar general self-assessed health, and worse blood pressure, functional far vision, and dental health than those with free care. of the 20 additional measures of physiological health studied here on 3,565 adults, people with cost sharing scored better on 12 measures a ...20113119520
[ultrasonics and directional doppler. study of superficial phlebitis of the lower extremities].the objective of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonic methods: ultrasonography and doppler c.w. in the diagnosis of superficial varicose phlebitis. especially, measurement of the venous pressure (v.p.) at the posterior tibial (p.t.) and the greater saphenous vein (g.s.v.) in clino and orthostatism, have proved to be useful. in ten cases, one patient with a varicose in the thigh, was also found to have a femoral vein thrombosis secondary to a deep thrombus entering the junction. ...20113043475
tomorrow's doctors in the making.most medical schools still pay too little attention to primary health care, partly because of a failing in communication between governments and medical education systems. the world federation for medical education has embarked on a major program aimed at helping to improve this situation. reports, materials and surveys are being gathered by the federation's regional associations and regional conferences have been or will be held in africa, the americas, europe, the middle east, southeast asia a ...20113252835
tomorrow's doctors in the making.most medical schools still pay too little attention to primary health care, partly because of a failing in communication between governments and medical education systems. the world federation for medical education has embarked on a major program aimed at helping to improve this situation. reports, materials and surveys are being gathered by the federation's regional associations and regional conferences have been or will be held in africa, the americas, europe, the middle east, southeast asia a ...20113252835
[structural and ultrastructural study of the kidney of the tench, tinca tinca l., after experimental poisoning by the absorption of lead nitrate]. 20113142178
inst-risk ii: an approach to forecasting relative risk of future institutional placement.this article describes a model development process that represents a useful step in classifying populations in terms of risk of institutionalization (inst-risk ii). a four-category risk classification system--"high risk, some risk, low risk, and very low risk"--was developed, based on combinations of measures of functional status, age, health status, demographics, and social supports. our review of variables found by other researchers to be related to high risk of institutional placement, as wel ...20113182290
the biochemistry of endogenous organosulphur compounds.the role and metabolism of methionine and cysteine in mammals are described. an outline of the history of glutathione, of its function in maintaining the thiol status of the cell and of its protective action against oxidative stress, is given. the importance of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione-s-transferases in endogenous metabolism and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is described. the relationship between cysteine and glutathione is considered together with the inter- ...20113155361
third molar eruption in a 12-year-old girl. 20113165662
guidelines for the use of vitamins, trace elements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in infants and children receiving total parenteral nutrition: report of the subcommittee on pediatric parenteral nutrient requirements from the committee on clinical practice issues of the american society for clinical nutrition. 20113142247
progress in understanding the pathophysiology of treatment-related fluctuations in parkinson's disease. 20113067652
[the extension of deep venous thrombosis treated by intravenous heparin: apropos of 12 cases]. 20113048545
altered images. 20113143092
cervical cord extradural haematoma with familial cutaneous haemangiomas.this case report confirms the link between familial cutaneous haemangiomas and haemangiomas of the spinal extradural space. haemorrhage from a cervical extradural haemangioma may cause a haematoma resulting in an anterior cord syndrome. recovery is possible with early diagnosis and surgical decompression at the involved level. if the diagnosis is not made the patient may die from this extradural cervical compression. diagnosis involves myelography with spinal angiography to confirm the site and ...20113267309
arterialisation of transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide.we compared previously calculated global correction factors for oxygen and carbon dioxide arterial/transcutaneous ratios with individual in vivo calibrations from the first arterial sample. in infants beyond the neonatal period and older children in vivo calibration confers little benefit over the use of a global calibration correction factor for transcutaneous carbon dioxide, and may reduce the precision with which arterial oxygen can be estimated from transcutaneous oxygen.20113144247
[molecular mass of tetanus toxoid protein]. 20114655751
synthesis of some novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazine derivatives for antimicrobial evaluation.a new series of novel bis[1, 2, 4]triazolo[3, 4-b][1, 3, 4]thiadiazines 7a-j has been synthesized by the reaction of [5, 5'-methylenebis(3-methylbenzofuran-7, 5-diyl)]bis[(4-amino-5-thioxo-4, 5-dihydro-1h-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl)methanone] (6) with a variety of phenacyl bromides in ethanol under reflux for 6 h. all the newly synthesized compounds were tested for in vitro activity against certain strains of bacteria such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, shigella dysenteriae and shigella f ...201124062120
a contribution of mdfa to resistance to fluoroquinolones in shigella flexneri.in this study, we measured the drug resistance conferred by mdfa mutations in two shigella flexneri strains. a mutant in mdfa genes was constructed by polymerase chain reaction-based, one-step inactivation of chromosomal genes. the antimicrobial susceptibility of parent and mutant strains to fluoroquinolones was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (mics). the △mdfa mutants were somewhat more susceptible to fluoroquinolones than the parent strains. the low level changes in mics of the ...201124159476
shigellosis outbreak at addis ababa university: march-april 2010.between 2006 and 2008, there have been various reports of diarrhea with blood in ethiopia and also reports of shigelloses outbreaks in some parts of the country. in march 2010, addis ababa university (aau) technology campus reported occurrence of an outbreak of diarrheal illness among students.201123409399
antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of mikania cordata (burm.f.) b.l. robinson leaves.the purpose of the present study to examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extract of leaves of mikania cordata (burm.f.) b.l. robinson. to determine antibacterial activities, the extract was tested against four gram positive and six gram negative bacteria at three concentrations (500, 800, 1000 μg disc(-1)) through disc diffusion method. the extract showed moderate antibacterial actions and that was increased by increasing the concentration of the sample. the maximum anti ...201124826008
cephalosporin-resistant shigella flexneri over 9 years (2001-09) in india.to determine the pattern and antimicrobial resistance genes of cephalosporin resistance in shigella flexneri and shigella dysenteriae over 9 years.201222410619
decreased susceptibility to antimicrobials among shigella flexneri isolates in manipal, south india--a 5 year hospital based study.shigellosis is endemic in many developing countries and an important cause of bloody diarrhea worldwide. our study was undertaken as a continuation of our earlier study during 2001 - 2006.the aim of this study was to monitor changes in shigella serogroups and resistance patterns to antimicrobials among shigella isolates. two thousand one hundred fecal samples were obtained from patients with diarrhea during june 2006-june 2011. isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques as s ...201223413708
[calpain activation by shigella flexneri regulates key steps in the life and death of bacterium's epithelial niche]. 201223290392
multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr), characterization of shigella spp. over two decades in tianjin china.to understand the change of the dominant serogroup of shigella spp., their antimicrobial resistance over more than two decades in tianjin, their phylogenetic similarity and to determine their evolutionary biology by using rep-pcr and mlst in order to study their epidemiological character. multi-locus sequence typing was performed to determine their lineage and phylogenetic similarity. rep-pcr typing was used to study the homology of their genomic dna. the isolated rate of group d shigella in 200 ...201223205184
chromosomal and plasmid-encoded factors of shigella flexneri induce secretogenic activity ex vivo.shigella flexneri is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that causes millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea annually, resulting in significant global mortality. watery diarrhea is thought to arise in the jejunum, and subsequent bloody diarrhea occurs as a result of invasion of the colonic epithelium. previous literature has demonstrated that shigella encodes enterotoxins, both chromosomally and on the 220 kilobase virulence plasmid. the shigellaenterotoxins 1 and 2 (shet1 ...201223166804
shigellosis outbreak associated with contaminated well water in a rural elementary school: sichuan province, china, june 7-16, 2009.we investigated a shigellosis outbreak in an elementary school to identify the source of infection, mode of transmission and risk factors for illness.201223071767
outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella flexneri 2a links innate and adaptive immunity in a tlr2-dependent manner and involvement of il-12 and nitric oxide.we determine that ompa of shigella flexneri 2a is recognized by tlr2 and consequently mediates the release of proinflammatory cytokines and activates nf-κb in hek 293 cells transfected with tlr2. we also observe that in raw macrophages tlr2 is essential to instigate the early immune response to ompa via nf-κb activation and secretion of cytokines and no. consistent with these results, tlr2 knockdown using sirna abolishes the initiation of immune responses. processing and presentation of ompa dep ...201222343631
emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins in shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates from china.we report here on the first identification of shigella flexneri subserotype 1c in china. we also report the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins in this subserotype 1c for the first time. isolates of seven strains circulating in china yielded three new sequence types and seven pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, thus demonstrating the existence of high genetic diversity within the isolates. overall, the seven isolates showed reduced susceptibility t ...201222329572
the structures of coiled-coil domains from type iii secretion system translocators reveal homology to pore-forming toxins.many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria utilize type iii secretion systems (t3sss) to alter the normal functions of target cells. shigella flexneri uses its t3ss to invade human intestinal cells to cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) that is responsible for over one million deaths per year. the shigella type iii secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and an exposed oligomeric needle. host altering effectors are secreted through this energized unidire ...201222321794
characterization of sfpgda, a shigella flexneri peptidoglycan deacetylase required for bacterial persistence within polymorphonuclear neutrophils.peptidoglycan deacetylases protect the gram-positive bacteria cell wall from host lysozymes by deacetylating peptidoglycan. sequence analysis of the genome of shigella flexneri predicts a putative polysaccharide deacetylase encoded by the plasmidic gene orf185, renamed here sfpgda. we demonstrated a peptidoglycan deacetylase (pgd) activity with the purified sfpgda in vitro. to investigate the role sfpgda in virulence, we constructed a sfpgda mutant and studied its phenotype in vitro. the mutant ...201222307019
an expert panel report of a proposed scientific model demonstrating the effectiveness of antibacterial handwash products.in 2005, a us food and drug administration nonprescription drug advisory committee (ndac) review of consumer antiseptic handwash product studies concluded that the data regarding existing products failed to demonstrate any association between specific log reductions of bacteria achieved by antiseptic handwashing and reduction of infection. the ndac recommended that consumer antibacterial handwashing products should demonstrate a reduction in infection compared with non-antibacterial handwash pro ...201222300895
interaction of mxig with the cytosolic complex of the type iii secretion system controls shigella virulence.gram-negative bacteria use the type 3 secretion system (t3ss) to colonize host cells. t3sss are ring-shaped macromolecular complexes specific for the transport of effector molecules into host cells. it was recently suggested that a cytosolic ring-shaped protein complex delivers effector molecules to the t3ss. however, how transport of effector proteins is regulated is not known. here, we report the high-resolution x-ray crystal structure of the whole cytosolic domain of mxig (mxig(1-126)), a maj ...201222247334
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of clausena heptaphylla.there is wide spread interest in drugs derived from plants as green medicine is believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects.201223181593
metal based new triazoles: their synthesis, characterization and antibacterial/antifungal activities.a series of new triazoles and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial/antifungal properties. the new schiff bases ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were prepared by the condensation reaction of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyridine and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde. the structures of the ligands have been established on the basis of their physical, spectral (ir, ...201222982389
molecular cloning and characterization of nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-1 (nod1) receptor in the indian major carp, rohu (labeo rohita), and analysis of its inductive expression and down-stream signalling molecules following ligands exposure and gram-negative bacterial infections.nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-1 (nod1) is a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (prr), and is a member of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family. it senses a wide range of bacteria and viruses or their products, and plays a key role in inducing innate immunity. in this report, nod1 gene was cloned and characterized in rohu (labeo rohita), a fish species of highest commercial importance in the indian subcontinent. the full-length rohu nod1 (rnod1) cdna comprised of 3168 bp with a ...201222530240
emergence and stability of high-pressure resistance in different food-borne pathogens.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) processing is becoming a valuable nonthermal food pasteurization technique, although there is reasonable concern that bacterial hhp resistance could compromise the safety and stability of hhp-processed foods. while the degree of natural hhp resistance has already been shown to vary greatly among and within bacterial species, a still unresolved question remains as to what extent different food-borne pathogens can actually develop hhp resistance. in this study, we t ...201222344661
lessons from anaplasma phagocytophilum: chromatin remodeling by bacterial effectors.bacterial pathogens can alter global host gene expression via histone modifications and chromatin remodeling in order to subvert host responses, including those involved with innate immunity, allowing for bacterial survival. shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes, chlamydia trachomatis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum express effector proteins that modify host histones and chromatin structure. a. phagocytophilum modulates granulocyte respiratory burst in part by dampening transcription of sever ...201223082961
synthesis of s-triazine-based thiazolidinones as antimicrobial agents.a novel series of thiazolidinone derivatives, namely 4-{4-dimethylamino-6-[4-oxo-2-phenyl-5-(4-pyridin-2-yl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-thiazolidin-3-yl]-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yloxy}-1-methyl-1h-quinolin-2-ones, have been synthesized from the key intermediate 4-(4-amino-6-dimethylamino-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yloxy)-1-methyl-1h-quinolin-2-one (5). compound 5 was condensed with various aldehydes to give schiff base derivatives, which after cyclization gave thiazolidinones that were linked with 1-pyridin-2-yl-pip ...201222624326
synthesis of benzimidazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2ylthio-n-phenyl (benzothiazolyl) acetamides as antibacterial, antifungal and antituberculosis agents.to affiliate multiple bioactivities in a compact heteronuclei, two series of benzimidazole based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and assessed in vitro for their efficacy as antimicrobial agents against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneri), four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus clavatus, candida albicans) and mycobacterium tuberc ...201222516426
investigations of antimicrobial activity of some cameroonian medicinal plant extracts against bacteria and yeast with gastrointestinal relevance.resistance against antibiotics of many bacteria is accumulating. therefore, searches for new substances with antimicrobial activity have become an urgent necessity. medicinal plants are frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases (intestinal infection, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.).201222583961
milk microbiome signatures of subclinical mastitis-affected cattle analysed by shotgun sequencing.metagenomic analysis of milk samples collected from kankrej, gir (bos indicus) and crossbred (bos taurus × b. indicus) cattle harbouring subclinical mastitis was carried out by next-generation sequencing 454 gs-flx technology to elucidate the microbial community structure of cattle milk.201222277077
activation of type iii interferon genes by pathogenic bacteria in infected epithelial cells and mouse placenta.bacterial infections trigger the expression of type i and ii interferon genes but little is known about their effect on type iii interferon (ifn-λ) genes, whose products play important roles in epithelial innate immunity against viruses. here, we studied the expression of ifn-λ genes in cultured human epithelial cells infected with different pathogenic bacteria and in the mouse placenta infected with listeria monocytogenes. we first showed that in intestinal lovo cells, induction of ifn-λ genes ...201222720036
quantitative rt-pcr profiling of the rabbit immune response: assessment of acute shigella flexneri infection.quantitative reverse transcription pcr analysis is an important tool to monitor changes in gene expression in animal models. the rabbit is a widely accepted and commonly used animal model in the study of human diseases and infections by viral, fungal, bacterial and protozoan pathogens. only a limited number of rabbit genes have, however, been analyzed by this method as the rabbit genome sequence remains unfinished. recently, increasing coverage of the genome has permitted the prediction of a gro ...201222675469
architecture of the major component of the type iii secretion system export apparatus.type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are bacterial membrane-embedded nanomachines designed to export specifically targeted proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm. secretion through t3ss is governed by a subset of inner membrane proteins termed the 'export apparatus'. we show that a key member of the shigella flexneri export apparatus, mxia, assembles into a ring essential for secretion in vivo. the ring-forming interfaces are well-conserved in both nonflagellar and flagellar homologs, implying that ...201223222644
a novel plasmid-encoded serotype conversion mechanism through addition of phosphoethanolamine to the o-antigen of shigella flexneri.shigella flexneri is the major pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in developing countries. s. flexneri is divided into at least 16 serotypes based on the combination of antigenic determinants present in the o-antigen. all the serotypes (except for serotype 6) share a basic o-unit containing one n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and three l-rhamnose residues, whereas differences between the serotypes are conferred by phage-encoded glucosylation and/or o-acetylation. serotype xv is a newly emerged and the ...201223049947
storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria.microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ...201222524115
distinct roles of secreted htra proteases from gram-negative pathogens in cleaving the junctional protein and tumor suppressor e-cadherin.the periplasmic chaperone and serine protease htra is important for bacterial stress responses and protein quality control. recently, we discovered that htra from helicobacter pylori is secreted and cleaves e-cadherin to disrupt the epithelial barrier, but it remained unknown whether this maybe a general virulence mechanism. here, we show that important other pathogens including enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and campylobacter jejuni, but not neisseria gonorrhoeae, cleaved ...201222337879
spontaneous formation of ipab ion channels in host cell membranes reveals how shigella induces pyroptosis in macrophages.the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri invades the colonic epithelium and causes bacillary dysentery. s. flexneri requires the virulence factor invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab) to invade host cells, escape from the phagosome and induce macrophage cell death. the mechanism by which ipab functions remains unclear. here, we show that purified ipab spontaneously oligomerizes and inserts into the plasma membrane of target cells forming cation selective ion channels. after internalization, ipa ...201222951981
nlrc4 inflammasome-mediated production of il-1β modulates mucosal immunity in the lung against gram-negative bacterial infection.bacterial flagellin is critical to mediate nlrc4 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation. however, shigella flexneri, a nonflagellated bacterium, and a flagellin (flic) knockout strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to activate nlrc4 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. furthermore, the flagellin-deficient flic strain of p. aeruginosa was used in a mouse model of peritonitis to show the requirement of nlrc4. in a model of pulmonary p. aeruginosa infection, flagellin was shown to be essen ...201222547706
functional analysis of nopm, a novel e3 ubiquitin ligase (nel) domain effector of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234.type 3 effector proteins secreted via the bacterial type 3 secretion system (t3ss) are not only virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria, but also influence symbiotic interactions between nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria (rhizobia) and leguminous host plants. in this study, we characterized nopm (nodulation outer protein m) of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, which shows sequence similarities with novel e3 ubiquitin ligase (nel) domain effectors from the human pathogens shigella flexneri and salomone ...201222615567
ifnγ inhibits the cytosolic replication of shigella flexneri via the cytoplasmic rna sensor rig-i.the activation of host cells by interferon gamma (ifnγ) is essential for inhibiting the intracellular replication of most microbial pathogens. although significant advances have been made in identifying ifnγ-dependent host factors that suppress intracellular bacteria, little is known about how ifnγ enables cells to recognize, or restrict, the growth of pathogens that replicate in the host cytoplasm. the replication of the cytosolic bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri is significantly inhibited ...201222912573
temperature depended role of shigella flexneri invasion plasmid on the interaction with acanthamoeba castellanii.shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium causing the diarrhoeal disease shigellosis in humans. the virulence genes required for invasion are clustered on a large 220 kb plasmid encoding type three secretion system (ttss) apparatus and virulence factors such as adhesions and invasion plasmid antigens (ipa). the bacterium is transmitted by contaminated food, water, or from person to person. acanthamoebae are free-living amoebae (fla) which are found in diverse environments and isolated from ...201222518151
common changes in global gene expression induced by rna polymerase inhibitors in shigella flexneri.characterization of expression profile of organisms in response to antimicrobials provides important information on the potential mechanism of action of the drugs. the special expression signature can be used to predict whether other drugs act on the same target. here, the common response of shigella flexneri to two inhibitors of rna polymerase was examined using gene expression profiling. consistent with similar effects of the two drugs, the gene expression profiles indicated that responses of ...201222428000
high load of multi-drug resistant nosocomial neonatal pathogens carried by cockroaches in a neonatal intensive care unit at tikur anbessa specialized hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia. 201222958880
expanding the use of a fluorogenic method to determine activity and mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.previously we described a rapid fluorogenic method to measure the activity of five bacteriocins produced by mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis against b. cereus 183. here we standardize this method to efficiently determine the activity of bacteriocins against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. it was determined that the crucial parameter required to obtain reproducible results was the number of cells used in the assay, that is, ~4 × 10(8) cell/ml and ~7 × 10(8) cell/ml, respec ...201222919330
expression of shigella flexneri gluq-rs gene is linked to dksa and controlled by a transcriptional terminator.glutamyl queuosine-trna(asp) synthetase (gluq-rs) is a paralog of the catalytic domain of glutamyl-trna synthetase and catalyzes the formation of glutamyl-queuosine on the wobble position of trna(asp). here we analyze the transcription of its gene in shigella flexneri, where it is found downstream of dksa, which encodes a transcriptional regulator involved in stress responses.201223035718
intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected rabbit with entamoeba histolytica by eric-pcr.enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-pcr was applied to analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected rabbits with entamoeba histolytica. the dynamic changes in different parts of digestive system including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum in healthy and infected rabbits at different time points were also tested. the intestinal microbial community of the control healthy rabbits was steady, and the total nu ...201222562215
in vitro antimicrobial activity on clinical microbial strains and antioxidant properties of artemisia parviflora.artemisia parviflora leaf extracts were evaluated for potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. antimicrobial susceptibility assay was performed against ten standard reference bacterial strains. antioxidant activity was analyzed using the ferric thiocyanate and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) assays. radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content were compared. phytochemical analyses were performed to identify the major bioactive constitution of the plant extract.201223171441
outer membrane protein a (ompa): a new player in shigella flexneri protrusion formation and inter-cellular spreading.outer membrane protein a (ompa) is a multifaceted predominant outer membrane protein of escherichia coli and other enterobacteriaceae whose role in the pathogenesis of various bacterial infections has recently been recognized. here, the role of ompa on the virulence of shigella flexneri has been investigated. an ompa mutant of wild-type s. flexneri 5a strain m90t was constructed (strain hnd92) and it was shown to be severely impaired in cell-to-cell spreading since it failed to plaque on hela ce ...201223166731
pa2800 plays an important role in both antibiotic susceptibility and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa.pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen which causes a variety of infections. p. aeruginosa infections are often difficult to treat due to the pathogen's resistance to many antibiotics. previously, it has been reported that a transposon insertion mutant in gene pa2800 of p. aeruginosa pao1 was more sensitive to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. further characterization of this gene, a vacj homolog, in this study indicated that this gene plays an important role in both antibiotic susc ...201222878555
shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from europe.shigella are human-adapted escherichia coli that have gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa and cause dysentery(1,2), spreading efficiently via low-dose fecal-oral transmission(3,4). historically, s. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality(4-6). classical approa ...201222863732
from lin-benzoguanines to lin-benzohypoxanthines as ligands for zymomonas mobilis trna-guanine transglycosylase: replacement of protein-ligand hydrogen bonding by importing water clusters.the foodborne illness shigellosis is caused by shigella bacteria that secrete the highly cytotoxic shiga toxin, which is also formed by the closely related enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec). it has been shown that trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is essential for the pathogenicity of shigella flexneri. herein, the molecular recognition properties of a guanine binding pocket in zymomonas mobilis tgt are investigated with a series of lin-benzohypoxanthine- and lin-benzoguanine-based inh ...201222736391
role of anionic charges of periplasmic glucans of shigella flexneri in overcoming detergent stress.osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are synthesized by the members of the family enterobacteriaceae when grown under low osmotic growth conditions. enteropathogens such as shigella flexneri spend considerable time outside the host environment such as irrigation waters where low nutrient low osmolarity conditions normally may exist. we recently demonstrated that opgs of s. flexneri are required for optimal growth under low osmolarity low nutrient conditions. based on homology of the opg bios ...201222730962
shigella flexneri o-antigens revisited: final elucidation of the o-acetylation profiles and a survey of the o-antigen structure diversity.shigella flexneri is an important human pathogen causing shigellosis. strains of s. flexneri are serologically heterogeneous and, based on o-antigens, are currently classified into 14 types. structures of the o-antigens (o-polysaccharides) of s. flexneri have been under study since 1960s but some gaps still remained. in this work, using one- and two-dimensional (1) h- and (13) c-nmr spectroscopy, the o-polysaccharides of several s. flexneri types were reinvestigated, and their structures were ei ...201222724405
antimicrobial activity of sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on some pathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on the probiotic organism lactobacillus acidophilus.polyphenolic extracts (pe) of edible flower of sesbania grandiflora were tested to evaluate its antimicrobial effect against some common pathogenic bacteria and growth promoting property against probiotic organism lactobacillus acidophilus. the antimicrobial activity of s. grandiflora flower pe against selected pathogens was evaluated using both in vitro and in situ methods. in vitro studies suggested that pe has inhibitory effect against staphylococcus aureus, shigella flexneri 2a, salmonella t ...201222583547
conversion of viable but nonculturable enteric bacteria to culturable by co-culture with eukaryotic cells.viable but nonculturable (vbnc) vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139, v. parahaemolyticus, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic e. coli, enteropathogenic e. coli, shigella flexneri, and salmonella enterica were converted to the culturable state by co-culture with selected eukaryotic cells, e.g., ht-29, caco-2, t84, hela, intestine 407, and cho cells.201222537150
molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the microbiota in ulcerated and non-ulcerated regions in the patients with crohn's disease.the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota has been established in crohn's disease (cd), but the molecular characterization of this dysbiosis in chinese subjects with cd remains unclear. this study aims to investigate the predominant bacterial composition of the faecal and mucosal-associated microbiota in chinese cd patients using culture-independent techniques.201222529960
binding affects the tertiary and quaternary structures of the shigella translocator protein ipab and its chaperone ipgc.shigella flexneri uses its type iii secretion system (t3ss) to promote invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells as the first step in causing shigellosis, a life-threatening form of dysentery. the shigella type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) consists of a basal body that spans the bacterial envelope and an exposed needle that injects effector proteins into target cells. the nascent shigella t3sa needle is topped with a pentamer of the needle tip protein invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad). bil ...201222497344
ethnopharmacological study of plants from pondoland used against diarrhoea.waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea are common world wide, including in bizana, south africa where the majority of rural dwellers depend largely on water from unprotected sources. the people from bizana use medicinal plants as their first line of health care to cure and prevent diarrhoea.201222338648
recognition of enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella flexneri by dendritic cells: distinct dendritic cell activation states.the innate and adaptive immune responses of dendritic cells (dcs) to enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) infection were compared with dc responses to shigella flexneri infection. eiec triggered dcs to produce interleukin (il)-10, il-12 and tumour necrosis factor (tnf)-α, whereas s. flexneri induced only the production of tnf-α. unlike s. flexneri, eiec strongly increased the expression of toll like receptor (tlr)-4 and tlr-5 in dcs and diminished the expression of co-stimulatory molecules tha ...201222310548
icsa autotransporter passenger promotes increased fusion protein expression on the cell surface.autotransporters are attractive cell surface display vehicles as they lack complex adaptor proteins necessary for protein export. recent reports have suggested that the native effector domain (α domain) and translocation domain (β domain) interact with each other to drive translocation of the effector domain to the outer membrane. in this report we compared the expression, surface localisation and folding of tem-1 β-lactamase (bla) and maltose binding protein (male or mbp) fused to either full l ...201222309506
glutamate decarboxylase-dependent acid resistance in orally acquired bacteria: function, distribution and biomedical implications of the gadbc operon.for successful colonization of the mammalian host, orally acquired bacteria must overcome the extreme acidic stress (ph < 2.5) encountered during transit through the host stomach. the glutamate-dependent acid resistance (gdar) system is by far the most potent acid resistance system in commensal and pathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes and lactococcus lactis. gdar requires the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (gadb), an intracellular plp-dependent enzyme which ...201222995042
microbiota, innate immune system, and gastrointestinal muscle: ongoing studies.to test the activities of culture-extracted or commercially available toll-like receptors (tlrs) ligands to establish their direct impact on target gastrointestinal motor cells.201222955360
structurally distinct bacterial tbc-like gaps link arf gtpase to rab1 inactivation to counteract host defenses.rab gtpases are frequent targets of vacuole-living bacterial pathogens for appropriate trafficking of the vacuole. here we discover that bacterial effectors including vira from nonvacuole shigella flexneri and espg from extracellular enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) harbor tbc-like dual-finger motifs and exhibits potent rabgap activities. specific inactivation of rab1 by vira/espg disrupts er-to-golgi trafficking. s. flexneri intracellular persistence requires vira tbc-like gap activity ...201222939626
differential modulation of intracellular survival of cytosolic and vacuolar pathogens by curcumin.curcumin, a principal component of turmeric, acts as an immunomodulator regulating the host defenses in response to a diseased condition. the role of curcumin in controlling certain infectious diseases is highly controversial. it is known to alleviate symptoms of helicobacter pylori infection and exacerbate that of leishmania infection. we have evaluated the role of curcumin in modulating the fate of various intracellular bacterial pathogens. we show that pretreatment of macrophages with curcumi ...201222890770
systemic shigellosis in south africa.systemic disease due to shigellae is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), malnutrition, and other immunosuppressed states. we examined the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of systemic shigellosis in south africa, where rates of hiv infection are high.201222474223
effect of x-ray treatments on pathogenic bacteria, inherent microbiota, color, and texture on parsley leaves.this work is a part of systematic studies of the effect of x-ray treatments on fresh produce. the main objective of this investigation was to study the effects of x-ray treatments in reducing the concentration of artificially inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and shigella flexneri, and inherent microbiota on parsley leaves. the secondary objective was to study the effects of x-ray treatments on color and texture parameters on treated parsley leaves ...201223035726
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