Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| structure-function analysis reveals that the pseudomonas aeruginosa tps4 two-partner secretion system is involved in cupb5 translocation. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium, synonymous with cystic fibrosis patients, which can cause chronic infection of the lungs. this pathogen is a model organism to study biofilms: a bacterial population embedded in an extracellular matrix that provide protection from environmental pressures and lead to persistence. a number of chaperone-usher pathways, namely cupa-cupe, play key roles in these processes by assembling adhesive pili on the bacterial surface. one of th ... | 2015 | 25641651 |
| insights into the respiratory tract microbiota of patients with cystic fibrosis during early pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. | pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a major role in cystic fibrosis (cf) progression. therefore, it is important to understand the initial steps of p. aeruginosa infection. the structure and dynamics of cf respiratory tract microbial communities during the early stages of p. aeruginosa colonization were characterized by pyrosequencing and cloning-sequencing. the respiratory microbiota showed high diversity, related to the young age of the cf cohort (mean age 10 years). wide inter- and intra-individual ... | 2015 | 26266076 |
| the variability of the order burkholderiales representatives in the healthcare units. | the order burkholderiales became more abundant in the healthcare units since the late 1970s; it is especially dangerous for intensive care unit patients and patients with chronic lung diseases. the goal of this investigation was to reveal the real variability of the order burkholderiales representatives and to estimate their phylogenetic relationships. | 2015 | 26114111 |
| use of 16s rrna gene for identification of a broad range of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. | according to world health organization statistics of 2011, infectious diseases remain in the top five causes of mortality worldwide. however, despite sophisticated research tools for microbial detection, rapid and accurate molecular diagnostics for identification of infection in humans have not been extensively adopted. time-consuming culture-based methods remain to the forefront of clinical microbial detection. the 16s rrna gene, a molecular marker for identification of bacterial species, is ub ... | 2015 | 25658760 |
| structural and functional studies of the pseudomonas aeruginosa minor pilin, pile. | many bacterial pathogens, including pseudomonas aeruginosa, use type iva pili (t4ap) for attachment and twitching motility. t4ap are composed primarily of major pilin subunits, which are repeatedly assembled and disassembled to mediate function. a group of pilin-like proteins, the minor pilins fimu and pilvwxe, prime pilus assembly and are incorporated into the pilus. we showed previously that minor pilin pile depends on the putative priming subcomplex pilvwx and the non-pilin protein pily1 for ... | 2015 | 26359492 |
| phylogenetic and amino acid conservation analyses of bacterial l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase and of its zymogen-maturation protein reveal a putative interaction domain. | all organisms must synthesize the enzymatic cofactor coenzyme a (coa) from the precursor pantothenate. most bacteria can synthesize pantothenate de novo by the condensation of pantoate and β-alanine. the synthesis of β-alanine is catalyzed by l-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (pand), a pyruvoyl enzyme that is initially synthesized as a zymogen (pro-pand). active pand is generated by self-cleavage of pro-pand at gly24-ser25 creating the active-site pyruvoyl moiety. in salmonella enterica, this cleavage ... | 2015 | 26276430 |
| the bordetella secreted regulator bspr is translocated into the nucleus of host cells via its n-terminal moiety: evaluation of bacterial effector translocation by the escherichia coli type iii secretion system. | bordetella bronchiseptica is genetically related to b. pertussis and b. parapertussis, which cause respiratory tract infections in humans. these pathogens possess a large number of virulence factors, including the type iii secretion system (t3ss), which is required for the delivery of effectors into the host cells. in a previous study, we identified a transcriptional regulator, bspr, that is involved in the regulation of the t3ss-related genes in response to iron-starved conditions. a unique fea ... | 2015 | 26247360 |
| beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold. | for the past 25 years, phage display technology has been an invaluable tool for studies of protein-protein interactions. however, the inherent biological, biochemical, and biophysical properties of filamentous bacteriophage, as well as the ease of its genetic manipulation, also make it an attractive platform outside the traditional phage display canon. this review will focus on the unique properties of the filamentous bacteriophage and highlight its diverse applications in current research. part ... | 2015 | 26300850 |
| an sos regulon under control of a noncanonical lexa-binding motif in the betaproteobacteria. | the sos response is a transcriptional regulatory network governed by the lexa repressor that activates in response to dna damage. in the betaproteobacteria, lexa is known to target a palindromic sequence with the consensus sequence ctgt-n8-acag. we report the characterization of a lexa regulon in the iron-oxidizing betaproteobacterium sideroxydans lithotrophicus. in silico and in vitro analyses show that lexa targets six genes by recognizing a binding motif with the consensus sequence gaacgaacgt ... | 2015 | 25986903 |
| brkautodisplay: functional display of multiple exogenous proteins on the surface of escherichia coli by using brka autotransporter. | bacterial surface display technique enables the exogenous proteins or polypeptides displayed on the bacterial surface, while maintaining their relatively independent spatial structures and biological activities. the technique makes recombinant bacteria possess the expectant functions, subsequently, directly used for many applications. many proteins could be used to achieve bacterial surface display, among them, autotransporter, a member of the type v secretion system of gram-negative bacteria, h ... | 2015 | 26337099 |
| a single serine residue determines selectivity to monovalent metal ions in metalloregulators of the merr family. | merr metalloregulators alleviate toxicity caused by an excess of metal ions, such as copper, zinc, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, or gold, by triggering the expression of specific efflux or detoxification systems upon metal detection. the sensor protein binds the inducer metal ion by using two conserved cysteine residues at the c-terminal metal-binding loop (mbl). divalent metal ion sensors, such as merr and zntr, require a third cysteine residue, located at the beginning of the dimerization (α ... | 2015 | 25691529 |
| the lipid-modifying multiple peptide resistance factor is an oligomer consisting of distinct interacting synthase and flippase subunits. | phospholipids are synthesized at the inner leaflet of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane but have to be translocated to the outer leaflet to maintain membrane lipid bilayer composition and structure. even though phospholipid flippases have been proposed to exist in bacteria, only one such protein, mprf, has been described. mprf is a large integral membrane protein found in several prokaryotic phyla, whose c terminus modifies phosphatidylglycerol (pg), the most common bacterial phospholipid, with ... | 2015 | 25626904 |
| edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish. | the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ... | 2015 | 26459509 |
| edwardsiella tarda esce (orf13 protein) is a type iii secretion system-secreted protein that is required for the injection of effectors, secretion of translocators, and pathogenesis in fish. | the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda is crucial for its intracellular survival and pathogenesis in fish. the orf13 gene (esce) of e. tarda is located 84 nucleotides (nt) upstream of esrc in the t3ss gene cluster. we found that esce is secreted and translocated in a t3ss-dependent manner and that amino acids 2 to 15 in the n terminus were required for a completely functional t3ss in e. tarda. deletion of esce abolished the secretion of t3ss translocators, as well as the secr ... | 2015 | 26459509 |
| targeting virulence not viability in the search for future antibacterials. | new antibacterials need new approaches to overcome the problem of rapid antibiotic resistance. here we review the development of potential new antibacterial drugs that do not kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, but combat disease instead by targeting bacterial virulence. | 2015 | 24552512 |
| circlator: automated circularization of genome assemblies using long sequencing reads. | the assembly of dna sequence data is undergoing a renaissance thanks to emerging technologies capable of producing reads tens of kilobases long. assembling complete bacterial and small eukaryotic genomes is now possible, but the final step of circularizing sequences remains unsolved. here we present circlator, the first tool to automate assembly circularization and produce accurate linear representations of circular sequences. using pacific biosciences and oxford nanopore data, circlator correct ... | 2015 | 26714481 |
| full genomic characterization of a saffold virus isolated in peru. | while studying respiratory infections of unknown etiology we detected saffold virus in an oropharyngeal swab collected from a two-year-old female suffering from diarrhea and respiratory illness. the full viral genome recovered by deep sequencing showed 98% identity to a previously described saffold strain isolated in japan. phylogenetic analysis confirmed the peruvian saffold strain belongs to genotype 3 and is most closely related to strains that have circulated in asia. this is the first docum ... | 2015 | 26610576 |
| diagnostic accuracy of c-reactive protein and procalcitonin in suspected community-acquired pneumonia adults visiting emergency department and having a systematic thoracic ct scan. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) requires prompt treatment, but its diagnosis is complex. improvement of bacterial cap diagnosis by biomarkers has been evaluated using chest x-ray infiltrate as the cap gold standard, producing conflicting results. we analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers in suspected cap adults visiting emergency departments for whom cap diagnosis was established by an adjudication committee which founded its judgment on a systematic multidetector thoracic ct scan. | 2015 | 26472401 |
| viral and atypical bacterial aetiologies of infection in hospitalised patients admitted with clinical suspicion of influenza in thailand, vietnam and indonesia. | influenza constitutes a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. there is limited information about the etiology of infection presenting clinically as influenza in hospitalized adults and children in southeast asia. such data are important for future management of respiratory infections. | 2015 | 25980749 |
| ifn-γ priming effects on the maintenance of effector memory cd4(+) t cells and on phagocyte function: evidences from infectious diseases. | although it has been established that effector memory cd4(+) t cells play an important role in the protective immunity against chronic infections, little is known about the exact mechanisms responsible for their functioning and maintenance, as well as their effects on innate immune cells. here we review recent data on the role of ifn-γ priming as a mechanism affecting both innate immune cells and effector memory cd4(+) t cells. suboptimal concentrations of ifn-γ are seemingly crucial for the opt ... | 2015 | 26509177 |
| surfactant protein d binds to coxiella burnetii and results in a decrease in interactions with murine alveolar macrophages. | coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of q fever. infections are usually acquired after inhalation of contaminated particles, where c. burnetii infects its cellular target cells, alveolar macrophages. respiratory pathogens encounter the c-type lectin surfactant protein d (sp-d) during the course of natural infection. sp-d is a component of the innate immune response in the lungs and other mucosal surfaces. many gram-negative pulmonary path ... | 2015 | 26366725 |
| role of atypical pathogens and the antibiotic prescription pattern in acute bronchitis: a multicenter study in korea. | the role of atypical bacteria and the effect of antibiotic treatments in acute bronchitis are still not clear. this study was conducted at 22 hospitals (17 primary care clinics and 5 university hospitals) in korea. outpatients (aged ≥ 18 yr) who had an acute illness with a new cough and sputum (≤ 30 days) were enrolled in 2013. multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to detect five atypical bacteria. a total of 435 patients were diagnosed as having acute bronchitis (vs. p ... | 2015 | 26425041 |
| ifn-γ induction by neutrophil-derived il-17a homodimer augments pulmonary antibacterial defense. | the role of interleukin-17a (il-17a) in host defense against legionella pneumophila remains elusive. to address this issue, we used il17a(-/-), il17f(-/-), and il17a/il17f(-/-) mice on a c57bl/6 (non-permissive) background and il-17 neutralizing abs in mice on an a/j (permissive) background. higher bacterial (l. pneumophila) counts in the lung and blood along with reduced neutrophil recruitment were detected in il17a(-/-), but not il17f(-/-), mice. we found that neutrophils produce il-17a homodi ... | 2015 | 26349661 |
| ifn-γ induction by neutrophil-derived il-17a homodimer augments pulmonary antibacterial defense. | the role of interleukin-17a (il-17a) in host defense against legionella pneumophila remains elusive. to address this issue, we used il17a(-/-), il17f(-/-), and il17a/il17f(-/-) mice on a c57bl/6 (non-permissive) background and il-17 neutralizing abs in mice on an a/j (permissive) background. higher bacterial (l. pneumophila) counts in the lung and blood along with reduced neutrophil recruitment were detected in il17a(-/-), but not il17f(-/-), mice. we found that neutrophils produce il-17a homodi ... | 2015 | 26349661 |
| a rare case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage secondary to acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. | diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (dah) is a rare presentation of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. while histoplasmosis has been reported to cause hemoptysis and alveolar hemorrhage in children, the english language literature lacks any adult case reports documenting this association. we report a case of pulmonary histoplasmosis where the initial presentation was pneumonia with a subsequent diagnosis of dah. | 2015 | 26435863 |
| whole-genome sequencing for tracing the transmission link between two ard outbreaks caused by a novel hadv serotype 7 variant, china. | from december 2012 to february 2013, two outbreaks of acute respiratory disease caused by hadv-7 were reported in china. we investigated possible transmission links between these two seemingly unrelated outbreaks by integration of epidemiological and whole-genome sequencing (wgs) data. wgs analyses showed that the hadv-7 isolates from the two outbreaks were genetically indistinguishable; however, a 12 bp deletion in the virus-associated rna gene distinguished the outbreak isolates from other had ... | 2015 | 26338697 |
| cross-reactions in igm elisa tests to legionella pneumophila sg1 and bordetella pertussis among children suspected of legionellosis; potential impact of vaccination against pertussis? | the objective of this study was preliminary evaluation of igm cross-reaction in sera collected from children hospitalized because of suspected legionellosis. sera with positive igm results to l. pneumophila sgs1-7, b. pertussis or with simultaneous detection of igm antibodies to l. pneumophila sgs1-7 and b. pertussis, or igm to l. pneumophila sgs1-7 and m. pneumoniae in routine tests, were selected. in total, an adapted pre-absorption test was used for the serological confirmation of legionellos ... | 2015 | 26557032 |
| problem of immunoglobulin m co-detection in serological response to bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens among children suspected of legionellosis. | the objective of this research was an analysis of the serological response to respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens, in 156 children admitted to hospital in warsaw with a suspicion of legionellosis. levels of immunoglobulin (ig) m to bordetella pertussis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenoviruses, human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) t. 1-4 and influenza t. a + b viruses were determined retrospectively by elisas. in the prospective examinations (only legionella pneum ... | 2015 | 26557031 |
| mapping type iv secretion signals on the primase encoded by the broad-host-range plasmid r1162 (rsf1010). | the plasmid r1162 (rsf1010) encodes a primase essential for its replication. this primase makes up the c-terminal part of moba, a multifunctional protein with the relaxase as a separate n-terminal domain. the primase is also translated separately as the protein repb'. here, we map two signals for type iv secretion onto the recently solved structure of repb'. one signal is located internally within repb' and consists of a long α-helix and an adjacent disordered region rich in arginines. the secon ... | 2015 | 26381189 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in patients with hematologic malignancy. | human rhinoviruses (hrvs) are common causes of upper respiratory tract infection (urti) in hematologic malignancy (hm) patients. predictors of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) including the impact of hrv species and types are poorly understood. | 2015 | 26370315 |
| isothermal detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae directly from respiratory clinical specimens. | mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) across patient populations of all ages. we have developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay that enables rapid, low-cost detection of m. pneumoniae from nucleic acid extracts and directly from various respiratory specimen types. the assay implements calcein to facilitate simple visual readout of positive results in approximately 1 h, making it ideal for use in primary care facilities and resource-p ... | 2015 | 26179304 |
| identification of divergent type vi secretion effectors using a conserved chaperone domain. | the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a lethal weapon used by many bacteria to kill eukaryotic predators or prokaryotic competitors. killing by the t6ss results from repetitive delivery of toxic effectors. despite their importance in dictating bacterial fitness, systematic prediction of t6ss effectors remains challenging due to high effector diversity and the absence of a conserved signature sequence. here, we report a class of t6ss effector chaperone (tec) proteins that are required for effect ... | 2015 | 26150500 |
| pneumonia outbreak caused by chlamydophila pneumoniae among us air force academy cadets, colorado, usa. | during october 2013-may 2014, there were 102 cases of pneumonia diagnosed in us air force academy cadets. a total of 73% of tested nasal washes contained chlamydophila pneumoniae. this agent can be considered to be present on campus settings during outbreaks with numerous, seemingly disconnected cases of relatively mild pneumonia. | 2015 | 25988545 |
| vitamin d every day to keep the infection away? | within the last decade, vitamin d has emerged as a central regulator of host defense against infections. in this regard, vitamin d triggers effective antimicrobial pathways against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens in cells of the human innate immune system. however, vitamin d also mediates potent tolerogenic effects: it is generally believed that vitamin d attenuates inflammation and acquired immunity, and thus potentially limits collateral tissue damage. nevertheless, several studies indic ... | 2015 | 26035244 |
| bacterial pathogens and community composition in advanced sewage treatment systems revealed by metagenomics analysis based on high-throughput sequencing. | this study used 454 pyrosequencing, illumina high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis to investigate bacterial pathogens and their potential virulence in a sewage treatment plant (stp) applying both conventional and advanced treatment processes. pyrosequencing and illumina sequencing consistently demonstrated that arcobacter genus occupied over 43.42% of total abundance of potential pathogens in the stp. at species level, potential pathogens arcobacter butzleri, aeromonas hydrophila a ... | 2015 | 25938416 |
| secretion of flagellar proteins by the pseudomonas aeruginosa type iii secretion-injectisome system. | the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes an injectisome-type iii secretion system (injectisome-t3ss) to elicit cytotoxicity toward epithelial cells and macrophages. macrophage killing results from the cytotoxic properties of the translocated effector proteins (exos, exot, exou, and exoy) and inflammasome-mediated induction of pyroptosis. inflammasome activation can occur following nlrc4-mediated recognition of cytosolic translocated flagellin (flic). in the present study, we de ... | 2015 | 25845843 |
| spatiotemporal regulation of a legionella pneumophila t4ss substrate by the metaeffector sidj. | modulation of host cell function is vital for intracellular pathogens to survive and replicate within host cells. most commonly, these pathogens utilize specialized secretion systems to inject substrates (also called effector proteins) that function as toxins within host cells. since it would be detrimental for an intracellular pathogen to immediately kill its host cell, it is essential that secreted toxins be inactivated or degraded after they have served their purpose. the pathogen legionella ... | 2015 | 25774515 |
| survey and rapid detection of bordetella pertussis in clinical samples targeting the bp485 in china. | bordetella pertussis is an important human respiratory pathogen. here, we describe a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of b. pertussis in clinical samples based on a visual test. the lamp assay detected the bp485 target sequence within 60 min with a detection limit of 1.3 pg/μl, a 10-fold increase in sensitivity compared with conventional pcr. all 31 non-pertussis respiratory pathogens tested were negative for lamp detection, indicating the high specifi ... | 2015 | 25798436 |
| etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: a 3-year prospective study in norway. | despite recent advances in microbiological techniques, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still not well described. we applied polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and conventional methods to describe etiology of cap in hospitalized adults and evaluated their respective diagnostic yields. | 2015 | 25887603 |
| chances and limitations of nanosized titanium dioxide practical application in view of its physicochemical properties. | nanotechnology is a field of science that is nowadays developing in a dynamic way. it seems to offer almost endless opportunities of contribution to many areas of economy and human activity, in general. thanks to nanotechnology, the so-called nanomaterials can be designed. they present structurally altered materials, with their physical, chemical and biological properties entirely differing from properties of the same materials manufactured in microtechnology. nanotechnology creates a unique opp ... | 2015 | 25852354 |
| association between helicobacter spp. infections and hepatobiliary malignancies: a review. | hepatobiliary cancers are highly lethal cancers that comprise a spectrum of invasive carcinomas originating in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma, the bile ducts intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, the gallbladder and the ampulla of vater (collectively known as biliary tract cancers). these tumors account for approximately 13% of all annual cancer-related deaths worldwide and for 10%-20% of deaths from hepatobiliary malignancies. cholangiocarcinoma (cca) is a dev ... | 2015 | 25663761 |
| essential domains of anaplasma phagocytophilum invasins utilized to infect mammalian host cells. | anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease of humans and domestic animals. the obligate intracellular bacterium uses its invasins ompa, asp14, and aipa to infect myeloid and non-phagocytic cells. identifying the domains of these proteins that mediate binding and entry, and determining the molecular basis of their interactions with host cell receptors would significantly advance understanding of a. phagocytophilum infection. here, we identified the ompa bindin ... | 2015 | 25658707 |
| identification of a novel human rhinovirus c type by antibody capture vidisca-454. | causative agents for more than 30 percent of respiratory infections remain unidentified, suggesting that unknown respiratory pathogens might be involved. in this study, antibody capture vidisca-454 (virus discovery cdna-aflp combined with roche 454 high-throughput sequencing) resulted in the discovery of a novel type of rhinovirus c (rv-c). the virus has an rna genome of at least 7054 nt and carries the characteristics of rhinovirus c species. the gene encoding viral protein 1, which is used for ... | 2015 | 25606972 |
| communicable diseases and outbreak control. | infectious disease during an emergency condition can raise the death rate 60 times in comparison to other causes including trauma. an epidemic, or outbreak, can occur when several aspects of the agent (pathogen), population (hosts), and the environment create an ideal situation for spread. overcrowding, poor regional design and hygiene due to poverty, dirty drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to conditions that allow easier transmission of disease. once it has ... | 2015 | 27437528 |
| communicable diseases and outbreak control. | infectious disease during an emergency condition can raise the death rate 60 times in comparison to other causes including trauma. an epidemic, or outbreak, can occur when several aspects of the agent (pathogen), population (hosts), and the environment create an ideal situation for spread. overcrowding, poor regional design and hygiene due to poverty, dirty drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to conditions that allow easier transmission of disease. once it has ... | 2015 | 27437528 |
| vaccines through centuries: major cornerstones of global health. | multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. the story began with hippocrates 400 b.c. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. no further discoveries were recorded until 1100 a.d. when the smallpox vaccine was described. during the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and edwar ... | 2015 | 26636066 |
| structure, function, and assembly of adhesive organelles by uropathogenic bacteria. | bacteria assemble a wide range of adhesive proteins, termed adhesins, to mediate binding to receptors and colonization of surfaces. for pathogenic bacteria, adhesins are critical for early stages of infection, allowing the bacteria to initiate contact with host cells, colonize different tissues, and establish a foothold within the host. the adhesins expressed by a pathogen are also critical for bacterial-bacterial interactions and the formation of bacterial communities, including biofilms. the a ... | 2015 | 26542038 |
| a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase of the gram-positive pathogen corynebacterium diphtheriae is essential for viability, pilus assembly, toxin production and virulence. | the gram-positive pathogen corynebacterium diphtheriae exports through the sec apparatus many extracellular proteins that include the key virulence factors diphtheria toxin and the adhesive pili. how these proteins attain their native conformations after translocation as unfolded precursors remains elusive. the fact that the majority of these exported proteins contain multiple cysteine residues and that several membrane-bound oxidoreductases are encoded in the corynebacterial genome suggests the ... | 2015 | 26294390 |
| roads to the development of improved pertussis vaccines paved by immunology. | current acellular pertussis vaccines have various shortcomings, which may contribute to their suboptimal efficacy and waning immunity in vaccinated populations. this calls for the development of new pertussis vaccines capable of inducing long-lived protective immunity. immunization with whole cell pertussis vaccines and natural infection with bordetella pertussis induce distinct and more protective immune responses when compared with immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines. therefore, the ... | 2015 | 26347400 |
| changes in clinical presentation and epidemiology of respiratory pathogens associated with acute respiratory illness in military trainees after reintroduction of adenovirus vaccine. | background. adenovirus (ad) has long been the predominant cause of acute respiratory illness (ari) in military trainees. in 2011, live oral ad vaccines for serotypes 4 and 7 were reintroduced into us basic military training populations. this study evaluated the impact on clinical presentations and other respiratory pathogens. methods. the center for advanced molecular detection at joint base san antonio-lackland prospectively collects demographic, clinical, and polymerase chain reaction data f ... | 2015 | 26380351 |
| effect of culture-independent diagnostic tests on future emerging infections program surveillance. | the centers for disease control and prevention emerging infections program (eip) network conducts population-based surveillance for pathogens of public health importance. central to obtaining estimates of disease burden and tracking microbiological characteristics of these infections is accurate laboratory detection of pathogens. the use of culture-independent diagnostic tests (cidts) in clinical settings presents both opportunities and challenges to eip surveillance. because cidts offer better ... | 2015 | 26291736 |
| cultivation of an adaptive domestic network for surveillance and evaluation of emerging infections. | accomplishments of this program have provided numerous dividends and might benefit areas outside infectious diseases. | 2015 | 26289824 |
| bordetella pertussis evolution in the (functional) genomics era. | the incidence of whooping cough caused by bordetella pertussis in many developed countries has risen dramatically in recent years. this has been linked to the use of an acellular pertussis vaccine. in addition, it is thought that b. pertussis is adapting under acellular vaccine mediated immune selection pressure, towards vaccine escape. genomics-based approaches have revolutionized the ability to resolve the fine structure of the global b. pertussis population and its evolution during the era of ... | 2015 | 26297914 |
| strategies and new developments to control pertussis, an actual health problem. | the aim of this article is to describe the current epidemiological situation of pertussis, as well as different short-term strategies that have been implemented to alleviate this threat. the state of the art of the development of new vaccines that are expected to provide long-lasting immunity against pertussis was also included. | 2015 | 26260328 |
| direct detection of erythromycin-resistant bordetella pertussis in clinical specimens by pcr. | resistance of bordetella pertussis to erythromycin has been increasingly reported. we developed an allele-specific pcr method for rapid detection of erythromycin-resistant b. pertussis directly from nasopharyngeal (np) swab samples submitted for diagnostic pcr. based on the proven association of erythromycin resistance with the a2047g mutation in the 23s rrna of b. pertussis, four primers, two of which were designed to be specific for either the wild-type or the mutant allele, were used in two d ... | 2015 | 26224847 |
| practical review of immunizations in adult patients with cancer. | compared with the general population, patients with cancer in general are more susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections, either by an increased risk due to the malignancy itself or immunosuppressive treatment. the goal of immunizations in these patients is therefore to provide protection against these infections, and to decrease the number of vulnerable patients who can disseminate these organisms. the proper timing of immunization with cancer treatment is key to achieving better vaccine pr ... | 2015 | 26110220 |
| chitosan as an adjuvant for a helicobacter pylori therapeutic vaccine. | the aim of the present study was to delineate the therapeutic effect of a helicobacter pylori vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant, as well as to identify the potential mechanism against h. pylori infection when compared with an h. pylori vaccine, with cholera toxin (ct) as an adjuvant. mice were first infected with h. pylori and, following the establishment of an effective infection model, were vaccinated using an h. pylori protein vaccine with chitosan as an adjuvant. levels of h. pylori colon ... | 2015 | 26095723 |
| a ten-year case-control study of passive smoke exposure as a risk factor for pertussis in children. | the authors conducted a matched case-control study of laboratory-confirmed pertussis cases, occurring from 1/1/1996 to 12/31/2005, in children up to 12 years of age who were members of a large managed care organization. sixty-five laboratoryconfirmed cases of pertussis were identified. using multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis, the authors did not detect a statistically significant association between pertussis and household passive exposure to cigarette smoking. | 2015 | 26176570 |
| monoclonal antibody combinations that present synergistic neutralizing activity: a platform for next-generation anti-toxin drugs. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are among the fastest-growing therapeutics and are being developed for a broad range of indications, including the neutralization of toxins, bacteria and viruses. nevertheless, mabs potency is still relatively low when compared to conventional polyclonal ab preparations. moreover, the efficacy of an individual neutralizing mab may significantly be hampered by the potential absence or modification of its target epitope in a mutant or subtype of the infectious agent. t ... | 2015 | 26035486 |
| new players in the toxin field: polymorphic toxin systems in bacteria. | bacteria have evolved numerous strategies to increase their competitiveness and fight against each other. indeed, a large arsenal of antibacterial weapons is available in order to inhibit the proliferation of competitor cells. polymorphic toxin systems (pts), recently identified by bioinformatics in all major bacterial lineages, correspond to such a system primarily involved in conflict between related bacterial strains. they are typically composed of a secreted multidomain toxin, a protective i ... | 2015 | 25944858 |
| updates in vaccination: recommendations for adult inflammatory bowel disease patients. | treatment regimens for inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) incorporate the use of a variety of immunosuppressive agents that increase the risk of infections. prevention of many of these infections can be achieved by the timely and judicious use of vaccinations. ibd patients tend to be under-immunized. some of the contributing factors are lack of awareness regarding the significance of vaccinating ibd patients, misperception about safety of vaccinations in immunocompromised patients, ambiguity about ... | 2015 | 25805924 |
| complement evasion by bordetella pertussis: implications for improving current vaccines. | bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough or pertussis, a highly contagious disease of the respiratory tract. despite high vaccination coverage, reported cases of pertussis are rising worldwide and it has become clear that the current vaccines must be improved. in addition to the well-known protective role of antibodies and t cells during b. pertussis infection, innate immune responses such as the complement system play an essential role in b. pertussis killing. in order to evade this complemen ... | 2015 | 25686752 |
| a native outer membrane vesicle vaccine confers protection against meningococcal colonization in human ceacam1 transgenic mice. | the effect of protein-based meningococcal vaccines on prevention of nasopharyngeal colonization has been difficult to investigate experimentally because a reliable animal colonization model did not exist. | 2015 | 25662856 |
| vaccinations for pregnant women. | in the united states, eradication and reduction of vaccine-preventable diseases through immunization has directly increased life expectancy by reducing mortality. although immunization is a public priority, vaccine coverage among adult americans is inadequate. the institute of medicine, the community preventive services task force, and other public health entities have called for the development of innovative programs to incorporate adult vaccination into routine clinical practice. obstetrician- ... | 2015 | 25560127 |
| the sugar kinase that is necessary for the catabolism of rhamnose in rhizobium leguminosarum directly interacts with the abc transporter necessary for rhamnose transport. | rhamnose catabolism in rhizobium leguminosarum was found to be necessary for the ability of the organism to compete for nodule occupancy. characterization of the locus necessary for the catabolism of rhamnose showed that the transport of rhamnose was dependent upon a carbohydrate uptake transporter 2 (cut2) abc transporter encoded by rhastpq and on the presence of rhak, a protein known to have sugar kinase activity. a linker-scanning mutagenesis analysis of rhak showed that the kinase and transp ... | 2015 | 26416834 |
| nopc is a rhizobium-specific type 3 secretion system effector secreted by sinorhizobium (ensifer) fredii hh103. | sinorhizobium (ensifer) fredii hh103 is a broad host-range nitrogen-fixing bacterium able to nodulate many legumes, including soybean. in several rhizobia, root nodulation is influenced by proteins secreted through the type 3 secretion system (t3ss). this specialized secretion apparatus is a common virulence mechanism of many plant and animal pathogenic bacteria that delivers proteins, called effectors, directly into the eukaryotic host cells where they interfere with signal transduction pathway ... | 2015 | 26569401 |
| abundant toxin-related genes in the genomes of beneficial symbionts from deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussels. | bathymodiolus mussels live in symbiosis with intracellular sulfur-oxidizing (sox) bacteria that provide them with nutrition. we sequenced the sox symbiont genomes from two bathymodiolus species. comparison of these symbiont genomes with those of their closest relatives revealed that the symbionts have undergone genome rearrangements, and up to 35% of their genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. many of the genes specific to the symbionts were homologs of virulence genes. we di ... | 2015 | 26371554 |
| genomic insights into intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms in achromobacter xylosoxidans. | achromobacter xylosoxidans is an opportunistic pathogen known to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics; however, the knowledge about the drug resistance mechanisms is limited. we used a high-throughput sequencing approach to sequence the genomes of the a. xylosoxidans type strain atcc 27061 and a clinical isolate, a. xylosoxidans x02736, and then we used different bioinformatics tools to analyze the drug resistance genes in these bacteria. we obtained the complete genome sequence for a. xy ... | 2015 | 25487802 |
| clinical features of children hospitalized with influenza a and b infections during the 2012-2013 influenza season in italy. | influenza is a major public health issue worldwide. it is characterized by episodes of infection that involve hundreds of millions of people each year. since that in the seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 the circulation of flub was decreasing we evaluated the clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, admitting department, and length of stay in children who contracted influenza admitted to bambino gesù children's hospital, during the 2012-2013 influenza season, with the aim to establish i ... | 2015 | 26743673 |
| clinical features of children hospitalized with influenza a and b infections during the 2012-2013 influenza season in italy. | influenza is a major public health issue worldwide. it is characterized by episodes of infection that involve hundreds of millions of people each year. since that in the seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 the circulation of flub was decreasing we evaluated the clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, admitting department, and length of stay in children who contracted influenza admitted to bambino gesù children's hospital, during the 2012-2013 influenza season, with the aim to establish i ... | 2015 | 26743673 |
| viral infection in adults with severe acute respiratory infection in colombia. | to identify the viral aetiology in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (sari) admitted to sentinel surveillance institutions in bogotá in 2012. | 2015 | 26576054 |
| poor memory b cell generation contributes to non-protective responses to dtap vaccine antigens in otitis-prone children. | we recently identified a cohort of children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media (aom) who fail to generate protective antibody titres to otopathogens and several vaccine antigens. in this study we determined the antibody levels against dtap vaccine antigens, diphtheria toxoid (dt), tetanus toxoid (tt) and acellular pertussis toxoid (pt) in sera from 15 stringently defined otitis-prone (sop) children and 20 non-otitis-prone (nop) children. we found significantly lower concentrations of ... | 2015 | 26138025 |
| clinical characteristics of protracted bacterial bronchitis in chinese infants. | protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb) is the common cause of chronic cough in children worldwide, but its etiology has not been fully recognized in china. we retrospectively investigated a total of 66 hospitalized infants under the age of three years with chronic wet cough enrolled in the affiliated children's hospital of soochow university from october 2010 to march 2014. all patients underwent bronchoscopy and broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) samples were processed for microbiological and cytolog ... | 2015 | 26338462 |
| vaccine targets against moraxella catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis is a prominent pathogen that causes acute otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems globally. no vaccine is currently available for m. catarrhalis. promising m. catarrhalis target antigens have been characterized in animal models and should soon enter human clinical trials. | 2015 | 26565427 |
| vaccine targets against moraxella catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis is a prominent pathogen that causes acute otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems globally. no vaccine is currently available for m. catarrhalis. promising m. catarrhalis target antigens have been characterized in animal models and should soon enter human clinical trials. | 2015 | 26565427 |
| virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. | respiratory diseases are a very common source of morbidity and mortality among children. health care providers often face a dilemma when encountering a febrile infant or child with respiratory tract infection. the reason expressed by many clinicians is the trouble to confirm whether the fever is caused by a virus or a bacterium. the aim of this review is to update the current evidence on the virus-induced bacterial infection. we present several clinical as well in vitro studies that support the ... | 2015 | 26345407 |
| the efficacy of qingfengganke granule in treating postinfectious cough in pathogenic wind invading lungs syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | postinfectious cough (pic) significantly affects cough-related quality of life but still lacks effective treatments. this study aims to investigate the efficacy of qingfengganke granule (qfgkg) in treating pic induced by pathogenic wind invading lungs syndrome. | 2015 | 26257822 |
| evaluation of four commercial multiplex molecular tests for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections. | acute respiratory infections (aris) are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. documentation of respiratory specimens can help for an appropriate clinical management with a significant effect on the disease progress in patient, the antimicrobial therapy used and the risk of secondary spread of infection. here, we compared the performances of four commercial multiplex kits used in french university hospital diagnostic microbiology laboratories for the detection of ari pat ... | 2015 | 26107509 |
| a fusion protein derived from moraxella catarrhalis and neisseria meningitidis aimed for immune modulation of human b cells. | moraxella igd-binding protein (mid) is a well characterized trimeric autotransporter that specifically targets the igd of b cells. we fused the membrane anchor of the meningococcal autotransporter nhha with the igd-binding region of mid (aa 962-1200) to create a chimeric protein designated as nid. the aim was to use this specific targeting to provide a better vaccine candidate against meningococci, in particular serogroup b by enhancing the immunogenicity of nhha. nid was thereafter recombinantl ... | 2015 | 26042357 |
| the autotransporter bpab contributes to the virulence of burkholderia mallei in an aerosol model of infection. | burkholderia mallei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the zoonosis glanders. previous studies indicated that the genome of the organism contains eight genes specifying autotransporter proteins, which are important virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria. in the present study, we report the characterization of one of these autotransporters, bpab. database searches identified the bpab gene in ten b. mallei isolates and the predicted proteins were 99-100% identical. comparative seque ... | 2015 | 25993100 |
| identification of viral and bacterial pathogens from hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness in lusaka, zambia, 2011-2012: a cross-sectional study. | morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections are higher in resource-limited countries than developed countries, but limited studies have been conducted in resource-limited settings to examine pathogens from patients with acute respiratory infections. influenza surveillance has been conducted in zambia since 2008; however, only 4.3% of patients enrolled in 2011-2012 were positive for influenza. therefore, we examined non-influenza respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respira ... | 2015 | 25888024 |
| validation of a new aspergillus real-time pcr assay for direct detection of aspergillus and azole resistance of aspergillus fumigatus on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. | azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus is increasingly reported. here, we describe the validation of the aspergenius, a new multiplex real-time pcr assay consisting of two multiplex real-time pcrs, one that identifies the clinically relevant aspergillus species, and one that detects the tr34, l98h, t289a, and y121f mutations in cyp51a and differentiates susceptible from resistant a. fumigatus strains. the diagnostic performance of the aspergenius assay was tested on 37 bronchoalveolar lavage ... | 2015 | 25568431 |
| mechanisms of bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract. | respiratory tract infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. chief among these are infections involving the lower airways. the opportunistic bacterial pathogens responsible for most cases of pneumonia can cause a range of local and invasive infections. however, bacterial colonization (or carriage) in the upper airway is the prerequisite of all these infections. successful colonizers must attach to the epithelial lining, grow on the nutrient-limited mucosal surface, e ... | 2015 | 26488280 |
| bacterial exotoxins and the inflammasome. | the inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that play an important role in innate immune sensing. activation of inflammasomes leads to activation of caspase-1 and maturation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1β and il-18. in certain myeloid cells, this activation can also lead to an inflammatory cell death (pyroptosis). inflammasome sensor proteins have evolved to detect a range of microbial ligands and bacterial exotoxins either through direct interactio ... | 2015 | 26617605 |
| rapid, semiquantitative assay to discriminate among compounds with activity against replicating or nonreplicating mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the search for drugs that can kill replicating and nonreplicating mycobacterium tuberculosis faces practical bottlenecks. measurement of cfu and discrimination of bacteriostatic from bactericidal activity are costly in compounds, supplies, labor, and time. testing compounds against m. tuberculosis under conditions that prevent the replication of m. tuberculosis often involves a second phase of the test in which conditions are altered to permit the replication of bacteria that survived the first ... | 2015 | 26239979 |
| proteomic contributions to our understanding of vaccine and immune responses. | vaccines are one of the greatest public health successes; yet, due to the empirical nature of vaccine design, we have an incomplete understanding of how the genes and proteins induced by vaccines contribute to the development of both protective innate and adaptive immune responses. while the advent of genomics has enabled new vaccine development and facilitated understanding of the immune response, proteomics identifies potentially new vaccine antigens with increasing speed and sensitivity. in a ... | 2015 | 26172619 |
| specificity and evolutionary conservation of the escherichia coli rna pyrophosphohydrolase rpph. | bacterial rna degradation often begins with conversion of the 5'-terminal triphosphate to a monophosphate by the rna pyrophosphohydrolase rpph, an event that triggers rapid ribonucleolytic attack. besides its role as the master regulator of 5'-end-dependent mrna decay, rpph is important for the ability of pathogenic bacteria to invade host cells, yet little is known about how it chooses its targets. here, we show that escherichia coli rpph (ecrpph) requires at least two unpaired nucleotides at t ... | 2015 | 25657006 |
| diversity of the epsilonproteobacteria dsb (disulfide bond) systems. | the bacterial proteins of the dsb family-important components of the post-translational protein modification system-catalyze the formation of disulfide bridges, a process that is crucial for protein structure stabilization and activity. dsb systems play an essential role in the assembly of many virulence factors. recent rapid advances in global analysis of bacteria have thrown light on the enormous diversity among bacterial dsb systems. while the escherichia coli disulfide bond-forming system is ... | 2015 | 26106374 |
| genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria. | initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ... | 2015 | 25653643 |
| genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria. | initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ... | 2015 | 25653643 |
| fine mapping of the interaction between c4b-binding protein and outer membrane proteins liga and ligb of pathogenic leptospira interrogans. | the complement system consists of more than 40 proteins that participate in the inflammatory response and in pathogen killing. complement inhibitors are necessary to avoid the excessive consumption and activation of this system on host cells. leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by spirochetes from the genus leptospira. pathogenic leptospires are able to escape from complement activation by binding to host complement inhibitors factor h [fh] and c4b-binding protein (c4bp) while non-patho ... | 2015 | 26517116 |
| use of a new high resolution melting method for genotyping pathogenic leptospira spp. | leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis that is endemic in tropical areas, such as reunion island. the species leptospira interrogans is the primary agent in human infections, but other pathogenic species, such as l. kirschner and l. borgpetersenii, are also associated with human leptospirosis. | 2015 | 26154161 |
| development of a new real-time pcr system for simultaneous detection of bacteria and fungi in pathological samples. | a novel system for simultaneous detection of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in pathological samples was developed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) system. this system, designated the "multi-microbial real-time pcr", has the potential to simultaneously detect 68 bacterial and 9 fungal species in a 96-well plate format. all probe-primer sets were designed to produce amplicons smaller than 210 bp using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples as input. the specificity and sensitivit ... | 2015 | 26823918 |
| vaccineda: prediction, design and genome-wide screening of oligodeoxynucleotide-based vaccine adjuvants. | immunomodulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (imodns) are the short dna sequences that activate the innate immune system via toll-like receptor 9. these sequences predominantly contain unmethylated cpg motifs. in this work, we describe vaccineda (vaccine dna adjuvants), a web-based resource developed to design imodn-based vaccine adjuvants. we collected and analyzed 2193 experimentally validated imodns obtained from the literature. certain types of nucleotides (e.g., t, gt, tc, tt, cgt, tcg, ttt) are ... | 2015 | 26212482 |
| prescribing azithromycin. | azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half-life and excellent tissue penetration. it is primarily used for the treatment of respiratory, enteric and genitourinary infections and may be used in preference to other macrolides for some sexually transmitted and enteric infections. azithromycin has additional immunomodulatory effects and has been used in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases for this purpose. potential major adverse effects include cardiovascular arrhy ... | 2015 | 26648627 |
| intrinsic challenges in ancient microbiome reconstruction using 16s rrna gene amplification. | to date, characterization of ancient oral (dental calculus) and gut (coprolite) microbiota has been primarily accomplished through a metataxonomic approach involving targeted amplification of one or more variable regions in the 16s rrna gene. specifically, the v3 region (e. coli 341-534) of this gene has been suggested as an excellent candidate for ancient dna amplification and microbial community reconstruction. however, in practice this metataxonomic approach often produces highly skewed taxon ... | 2015 | 26563586 |
| comparative genome analysis of prevotella intermedia strain isolated from infected root canal reveals features related to pathogenicity and adaptation. | many species of the genus prevotella are pathogens that cause oral diseases. prevotella intermedia is known to cause various oral disorders e.g. periodontal disease, periapical periodontitis and noma as well as colonize in the respiratory tract and be associated with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis. it is of clinical significance to identify the main drive of its various adaptation and pathogenicity. in order to explore the intra-species genetic differences among strains of prevotella int ... | 2015 | 25765460 |
| genomic perspectives on the evolution and spread of bacterial pathogens. | since the first complete sequencing of a free-living organism, haemophilus influenzae, genomics has been used to probe both the biology of bacterial pathogens and their evolution. single-genome approaches provided information on the repertoire of virulence determinants and host-interaction factors, and, along with comparative analyses, allowed the proposal of hypotheses to explain the evolution of many of these traits. these analyses suggested many bacterial pathogens to be of relatively recent ... | 2015 | 26702036 |
| structural and functional features of a developmentally regulated lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. | mammalian lipopolysaccharide (lps) binding proteins (lbps) occur mainly in extracellular fluids and promote lps delivery to specific host cell receptors. the function of lbps has been studied principally in the context of host defense; the possible role of lbps in nonpathogenic host-microbe interactions has not been well characterized. using the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri model, we analyzed the structure and function of an lbp family protein, e. scolopes lbp1 (eslbp1), and provide evidenc ... | 2015 | 26463160 |
| outer membrane lipoprotein biogenesis: lol is not the end. | bacterial lipoproteins are lipid-anchored proteins that contain acyl groups covalently attached to the n-terminal cysteine residue of the mature protein. lipoproteins are synthesized in precursor form with an n-terminal signal sequence (ss) that targets translocation across the cytoplasmic or inner membrane (im). lipid modification and ss processing take place at the periplasmic face of the im. outer membrane (om) lipoproteins take the localization of lipoproteins (lol) export pathway, which end ... | 2015 | 26370942 |