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bactericidal effects of 405 nm light exposure demonstrated by inactivation of escherichia, salmonella, shigella, listeria, and mycobacterium species in liquid suspensions and on exposed surfaces.the bactericidal effect of 405 nm light was investigated on taxonomically diverse bacterial pathogens from the genera salmonella, shigella, escherichia, listeria, and mycobacterium. high-intensity 405 nm light, generated from an array of 405-nm light-emitting diodes (leds), was used to inactivate bacteria in liquid suspension and on exposed surfaces. l. monocytogenes was most readily inactivated in suspension, whereas s. enterica was most resistant. in surface exposure tests, l. monocytogenes wa ...201222566760
functional cloning and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes from the chicken gut microbiome.culture-independent sampling in conjunction with a functional cloning approach identified diverse antibiotic resistance genes for different classes of antibiotics in gut microbiomes from both conventionally raised and free-range chickens. many of the genes are phylogenetically distant from known resistance genes. two unique genes that conferred ampicillin and spectinomycin resistance were also functional in campylobacter, a distant relative of the escherichia coli host used to generate the genom ...201222286984
commercially distributed meat as a potential vehicle for community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.the incidence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) infection has been increasing; however, the sources of infection remain unclear. therefore, we investigated the involvement of meat as a possible mediator of ca-mrsa infection. we examined the distribution of mrsa strains in commercially distributed raw meat samples (n = 197) and diarrheal stool samples of outpatients (n = 1,287) that were collected in oita prefecture, japan, between 2003 and 2009 for routi ...201222307310
first comprehensive evaluation of the m.i.c. evaluator device compared to etest and clsi reference dilution methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical strains of anaerobes and other fastidious bacterial species.the new m.i.c. evaluator strip uses test methodology and the recording of results that are similar to those of etest. for this first assessment, 102 clinical strains of anaerobic bacteria from 12 genera and 155 strains from 7 genera and 8 species of fastidious bacteria were tested by m.i.c. evaluator, etest, and agar dilution or broth microdilution as a reference standard. ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, levofloxacin, metronida ...201222238439
transcriptional and posttranscriptional events control copper-responsive expression of a rhodobacter capsulatus multicopper oxidase.the copper-regulated rhodobacter capsulatus cuto (multicopper oxidase) gene confers copper tolerance and is carried in the tricistronic orf635-cuto-cutr operon. transcription of cuto strictly depends on the promoter upstream of orf635, as demonstrated by lacz reporter fusions to nested promoter fragments. remarkably, orf635 expression was not affected by copper availability, whereas cuto and cutr were expressed only in the presence of copper. differential regulation was abolished by site-directe ...201222287514
campylobacter jejuni disrupts protective toll-like receptor 9 signaling in colonic epithelial cells and increases the severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation associated with a dysregulated immune response to commensal bacteria in susceptible individuals. the relapse of ibd may occur following an infection with campylobacter jejuni. apical epithelial toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) activation by bacterial dna is reported to maintain colonic homeostasis. we investigated whether a prior c. jejuni infection disrupts epithelial tlr9 signaling and increases the severity of dis ...201222311925
functional and genetic characterization of the tap efflux pump in mycobacterium bovis bcg.efflux pumps extrude a wide variety of chemically unrelated compounds conferring multidrug resistance and participating in numerous physiological processes. mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses many efflux pumps, and their roles in drug resistance and physiology are actively investigated. in this work we found that tap mutant cells showed changes in morphology and a progressive loss of viability upon subcultivation in liquid medium. transcriptome analysis in mycobacterium bovis bcg revealed that ...201222232275
non-invasive genotyping of helicobacter pylori caga, vaca, and hopq from asymptomatic children.helicobacter pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood, but little is known about its natural history in asymptomatic children, primarily due to the paucity of non-invasive diagnostic methods. h. pylori strains harboring caga and specific alleles of hopq and vaca are associated with increased risk for gastric cancer. many studies of h. pylori virulence markers in children have the bias that symptomatic subjects are selected for endoscopy, and these children may harbor the most virulent s ...201222404439
a preliminary study of pneumonia etiology among hospitalized children in kenya.pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood death in the developing world. higher-quality etiological data are required to reduce this mortality burden.201222403235
cysq of cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoa, may have been acquired from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is the movement of genetic material between kingdoms and is considered to play a positive role in adaptation. cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic protozoan that causes an infectious disease. its genome sequencing reported 14 bacteria-like proteins in the nuclear genome. among them, cgd2_1810, which has been annotated as cysq, a sulfite synthesis pathway protein, is listed as one of the candidates of genes horizontally transferred from bacterial origin. in this re ...201223105923
helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function.the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases and helminth infections led to suggestions that helminths could improve inflammatory conditions, which was then tested using animal models. this has translated to clinical investigations aimed at the safe and controlled reintroduction of helminthic exposure to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases (so-called 'helminthic therapy') in an effort to mitigate the inflammatory response. in this review, we summarize the results of recent clinical trials of ...201222464690
haemophilus influenzae and oxidative stress.haemophilus influenzae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract. h. influenzae can, however, move out of its commensal niche and cause multiple respiratory tract diseases. such diseases include otitis media in young children, as well as exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and bronchitis. during the course of colonization and infection, h. influenzae must withstand oxidative stress generated by multiple reactive oxygen species produ ...201222919631
structure of escherichia coli aspartate α-decarboxylase asn72ala: probing the role of asn72 in pyruvoyl cofactor formation.the crystal structure of the asn72ala site-directed mutant of escherichia coli aspartate α-decarboxylase (adc) has been determined at 1.7 å resolution. the refined structure is consistent with the presence of a hydrolysis product serine in the active site in place of the pyruvoyl group required for catalysis, which suggests that the role of asn72 is to protect the ester formed during adc activation from hydrolysis. in previously determined structures of activated adc, including the wild type and ...201222505409
chemoinformatic identification of novel inhibitors against mycobacterium tuberculosis l-aspartate α-decarboxylase.l-aspartate α-decarboxylase (adc) belongs to a class of pyruvoyl dependent enzymes and catalyzes the conversion of aspartate to β-alanine in the pantothenate pathway, which is critical for the growth of several micro-organisms, including mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). its presence only in micro-organisms, fungi and plants and its absence in animals, particularly human, make it a promising drug target. we have followed a chemoinformatics-based approach to identify potential drug-like inhibitor ...201222470451
sialylation of campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides: impact on phagocytosis and cytokine production in mice.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is a post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy, frequently associated with antecedent campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) infection. the presence of sialic acid on c. jejuni lipo-oligosaccharide (los) is considered a risk factor for development of gbs as it crucially determines the structural homology between los and gangliosides, explaining the induction of cross-reactive neurotoxic antibodies. sialylated c. jejuni are recognised by tlr4 and sialoadhesin; however, the fu ...201222470569
a 3-month-old baby with h1n1 and guillain-barré syndrome.majority of children with pandemic influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 experience mild illness with full recovery without treatment. a previously healthy two and a half month-old girl was admitted to our paediatric intensive care unit because of severe respiratory failure with a (h1n1)pdm09 infection. despite initial clinical improvement all attempts to extubate to non-invasive ventilation were unsuccessful and 2 to 3 weeks after symptom onset she started periods of cardiovascular instability and a progress ...201222605827
multiple peptidoglycan modification networks modulate helicobacter pylori's cell shape, motility, and colonization potential.helical cell shape of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to promote virulence through viscosity-dependent enhancement of swimming velocity. however, h. pylori csd1 mutants, which are curved but lack helical twist, show normal velocity in viscous polymer solutions and the reason for their deficiency in stomach colonization has remained unclear. characterization of new rod shaped mutants identified csd4, a dl-carboxypeptidase of peptidoglycan (pg) tripeptide monomers and c ...201222457625
peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme pgp1 is required for helical cell shape and pathogenicity traits in campylobacter jejuni.the impact of bacterial morphology on virulence and transmission attributes of pathogens is poorly understood. the prevalent enteric pathogen campylobacter jejuni displays a helical shape postulated as important for colonization and host interactions. however, this had not previously been demonstrated experimentally. c. jejuni is thus a good organism for exploring the role of factors modulating helical morphology on pathogenesis. we identified an uncharacterized gene, designated pgp1 (peptidogly ...201222457624
microarray-based method for screening of immunogenic proteins from bacteria.detection of immunogenic proteins remains an important task for life sciences as it nourishes the understanding of pathogenicity, illuminates new potential vaccine candidates and broadens the spectrum of biomarkers applicable in diagnostic tools. traditionally, immunoscreenings of expression libraries via polyclonal sera on nitrocellulose membranes or screenings of whole proteome lysates in 2-d gel electrophoresis are performed. however, these methods feature some rather inconvenient disadvantag ...201222436172
the campylobacter jejuni ciac virulence protein is secreted from the flagellum and delivered to the cytosol of host cells.campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. acute c. jejuni-mediated disease (campylobacteriosis) involves c. jejuni invasion of host epithelial cells using adhesins (e.g., cadf and flpa) and secreted proteins [e.g., the campylobacter invasion antigens (cia)]. the genes encoding the cia proteins are up-regulated upon co-culture of c. jejuni with epithelial cells. one of the cia proteins, ciac, is required for maximal invasion of host cells by c. jejuni. previo ...201222919623
phase variable genes of campylobacter jejuni exhibit high mutation rates and specific mutational patterns but mutability is not the major determinant of population structure during host colonization.phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. multiple genes of campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyc/g tracts. a modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyc/g tracts within c. jejuni genomes. switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (g8) and cj0031 (g9). al ...201222434884
high expression hampers horizontal gene transfer.horizontal gene transfer (hgt), the movement of genetic material from one species to another, is a common phenomenon in prokaryotic evolution. although the rate of hgt is known to vary among genes, our understanding of the cause of this variation, currently summarized by two rules, is far from complete. the first rule states that informational genes, which are involved in dna replication, transcription, and translation, have lower transferabilities than operational genes. the second rule asserts ...201222436996
antimicrobial effect and mode of action of terpeneless cold-pressed valencia orange essential oil on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antistaphylococcal effect and elucidate the mechanism of action of orange essential oil against antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains.201222372962
insights from genomic comparisons of genetically monomorphic bacterial pathogens.some of the most deadly bacterial diseases, including leprosy, anthrax and plague, are caused by bacterial lineages with extremely low levels of genetic diversity, the so-called 'genetically monomorphic bacteria'. it has only become possible to analyse the population genetics of such bacteria since the recent advent of high-throughput comparative genomics. the genomes of genetically monomorphic lineages contain very few polymorphic sites, which often reflect unambiguous clonal genealogies. some ...201222312053
quo vadis? - monitoring campylobacter in germany.campylobacter is a poorly recognized foodborne pathogen, leading the statistics of bacterially caused human diarrhoea in europe during the last years. in this review, we present qualitative and quantitative german data obtained in the framework of specific monitoring programs and from routine surveillance. these also comprise recent data on antimicrobial resistances of food isolates. due to the considerable reduction of in vitro growth capabilities of stressed bacteria, there is a clear discrepa ...201224611125
colonization properties of campylobacter jejuni in chickens.campylobacter is the most common bacterial food-borne pathogen worldwide. poultry and specifically chicken and raw chicken meat is the main source for human campylobacter infection. whilst being colonized by campylobacter spp. chicken in contrast to human, do scarcely develop pathological lesions. the immune mechanisms controlling campylobacter colonization and infection in chickens are still not clear. previous studies and our investigations indicate that the ability to colonize the chicken var ...201224611122
quorum sensing dependent phenotypes and their molecular mechanisms in campylobacterales.quorum sensing comprises the mechanism of communication between numerous bacteria via small signalling molecules, termed autoinducers (ai). using quorum sensing, bacteria can regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in virulence, toxin production, motility, chemotaxis and biofilm formation, thus contributing to adaptation as well as colonisation. the current understanding of the role of quorum sensing in the lifecycle of campylobacterales is still incomplete. campylobacterales belong t ...201224611121
chemotaxis in campylobacter jejuni.chemotaxis is the common way of flagellated bacteria to direct their locomotion to sites of most favourable living conditions, that are sites with the highest concentrations of energy sources and the lowest amounts of bacteriotoxic substances. the general prerequisites for chemotaxis are chemoreceptors, a chemosensory signal-transduction system and the flagellar apparatus. epsilonproteobacteria like campylobacter sp. show specific variations of the common chemotaxis components. chev, a chew-like ...201224611118
analysis of campylobacter jejuni isolates of various sources for loci associated with guillain-barré syndrome.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of the guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and related diseases. these autoimmune diseases are caused by antibodies cross-reacting with the peripheral (gbs) and central neural tissue (miller fisher syndrome - mfs, bicker-staff's brainstem encephalitis - bbe), leading to acute polyneuropathy. recently, specific gene loci in c. jejuni have been distinguished which are associated with the onset of gbs, despite a molecular or phenotypic clustering. in this study, we u ...201224611117
acid-shock of campylobacter jejuni induces flagellar gene expression and host cell invasion.the bacterial pathogen campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the developed world, with the organism being transmitted by ingestion of contaminated and undercooked poultry. exposure to acid is an inevitable stressor for c. jejuni during gastric passage, yet the effect of low ph on c. jejuni virulence is still poorly understood. here, we investigate the effect of acid-shock on c. jejuni viability, gene expression and host-cell invasion. c. jejuni strain nctc 111 ...201224611116
campylobacter jejuni infection of infant mice: acute enterocolitis is followed by asymptomatic intestinal and extra-intestinal immune responses.campylobacter (c.) jejuni is among the leading bacterial agents causing enterocolitis worldwide. despite the high prevalence of c. jejuni infections and its significant medical and economical consequences, intestinal pathogenesis is poorly understood. this is mainly due to the lack of appropriate animal models. in the age of 3 months, adult mice display strong colonization resistance (cr) against c. jejuni. previous studies underlined the substantial role of the murine intestinal microbiota in m ...201224611115
systematic metabolic engineering for improvement of glycosylation efficiency in escherichia coli.recently, efforts to increase the toolkit which escherichia coli cells possess for recombinant protein production in industrial applications, has led to steady progress towards making glycosylated therapeutic proteins. although the desire to make therapeutically relevant complex proteins with elaborate human-type glycans is a major goal, the relatively poor efficiency of the n-glycosylation process of foreign proteins in e. coli remains a hindrance for industry take-up. in this study, a systemat ...201222342719
to b or not to b: a question of resolution?in choosing and refining any crystallographic structural model, there is tension between the desire to extract the most detailed information possible and the necessity to describe no more than what is justified by the observed data. a more complex model is not necessarily a better model. thus, it is important to validate the choice of parameters as well as validating their refined values. one recurring task is to choose the best model for describing the displacement of each atom about its mean p ...201222505267
structures of helicobacter pylori shikimate kinase reveal a selective inhibitor-induced-fit mechanism.shikimate kinase (sk), which catalyzes the specific phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of shikimic acid in the presence of atp, is the enzyme in the fifth step of the shikimate pathway for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. this pathway is present in bacteria, fungi, and plants but absent in mammals and therefore represents an attractive target pathway for the development of new antimicrobial agents, herbicides, and antiparasitic agents. here we investigated the detailed structure-activi ...201222438938
identification and analysis of flagellar coexpressed determinants (feds) of campylobacter jejuni involved in colonization.the flagellum of campylobacter jejuni provides motility essential for commensal colonization of the intestinal tract of avian species and infection of humans resulting in diarrhoeal disease. additionally, the flagellar type iii secretion system has been reported to secrete proteins such as ciai that influence invasion of human intestinal cells and possibly pathogenesis. the flagellar regulatory system ultimately influences σ(28) activity required for expression of the flaa major flagellin and ot ...201222375824
polynucleotide phosphorylase has an impact on cell biology of campylobacter jejuni.polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase), encoded by the pnp gene, is known to degrade mrna, mediating post-transcriptional regulation and may affect cellular functions. the role of pnpase is pleiotropic. as orthologs of the two major ribonucleases (rnase e and rnase ii) of escherichia coli are missing in the campylobacter jejuni genome, in the current study the focus has been on the c. jejuni ortholog of pnpase. the effect of pnpase mutation on c. jejuni phenotypes and proteome was investigated. t ...201222919622
chronic toxoplasma infection modifies the structure and the risk of host behavior.the intracellular parasite toxoplasma has an indirect life cycle, in which felids are the definitive host. it has been suggested that this parasite developed mechanisms for enhancing its transmission rate to felids by inducing behavioral modifications in the intermediate rodent host. for example, toxoplasma-infected rodents display a reduction in the innate fear of predator odor. however, animals with toxoplasma infection acquired in the wild are more often caught in traps, suggesting that there ...201222431975
functional roles of gangliosides in neurodevelopment: an overview of recent advances.gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that are most abundant in the nervous system. they are localized primarily in the outer leaflets of plasma membranes and participated in cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and signal transduction and are integral components of cell surface microdomains or lipid rafts along with proteins, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. ganglioside-rich lipid rafts play an important role in signaling events affecting neural development and the pathogenesis o ...201222410735
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: the role of n-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid in biology.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an exclusive human pathogen, which has evolved a number of unique mechanisms to survive within the human environment. an important part of this is the ability of the organism to take up and incorporate sialic acid into its surface structures. this protects the organism against host adaptive and innate immune factor as well as serving as a mechanism for sustaining itself within biofilms. recent evidence suggests that this also may be the source of the ...201222919611
new trends in impedimetric biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.the development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for the foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection is of great importance to ensure food safety and security. in recent years impedimetric biosensors which integrate biological recognition technology and impedance have gained widespread application in the field of bacteria detection. this paper presents an overview on the progress and application of impedimetric biosensors for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, particularly the new tre ...201222737018
computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.acra-acrb-tolc efflux pumps extrude drugs of multiple classes from bacterial cells and are a leading cause for antimicrobial resistance. thus, they are of paramount interest to those engaged in antibiotic discovery. accurate prediction of antibiotic efflux has been elusive, despite several studies aimed at this purpose. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ratios of 32 β-lactam antibiotics were collected from literature. 3-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship on the β-lacta ...201222483632
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (fortunella crassifolia swingle) peel.the aim of this study was to determine the main constituents of the essential oil isolated from fortunella crassifolia swingle peel by hydro-distillation, and to test the efficacy of the essential oil on antimicrobial activity. twenty-five components, representing 92.36% of the total oil, were identified by gc-ms analysis. the essential oil showed potent antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative (e. coli and s. typhimurium) and gram-positive (s. aureus, b. cereus, b. subtilis, l. bulgari ...201222489157
crystal structures of putative phosphoglycerate kinases from b. anthracis and c. jejuni.phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) is indispensable during glycolysis for anaerobic glucose degradation and energy generation. here we present comprehensive structure analysis of two putative pgks from bacillus anthracis str. sterne and campylobacter jejuni in the context of their structural homologs. they are the first pgks from pathogenic bacteria reported in the protein data bank. the crystal structure of pgk from bacillus anthracis str. sterne (bapgk) has been determined at 1.68 å while the struc ...201222403005
biofilm and planktonic enterococcus faecalis elicit different responses from host phagocytes in vitro.enterococcus faecalis is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract but can also cause serious opportunistic infections. in addition to high levels of antibiotic resistance, the ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and on in-dwelling devices within the host complicates treatment strategies and successful outcomes of antibiotic therapy. despite rapid advances made in recent years in understanding the genomics and virulence of this organism, much remains to be learned regarding the ...201222333034
quantitative proteomics of intracellular campylobacter jejuni reveals metabolic reprogramming.campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of bacterial food-borne illness in the usa and europe. an important virulence attribute of this bacterial pathogen is its ability to enter and survive within host cells. here we show through a quantitative proteomic analysis that upon entry into host cells, c. jejuni undergoes a significant metabolic downshift. furthermore, our results indicate that intracellular c. jejuni reprograms its respiration, favoring the respiration of fumarate. these results expl ...201222412372
haemophilus parasuis encodes two functional cytolethal distending toxins: cdtc contains an atypical cholesterol recognition/interaction region.haemophilus parasuis is the causative agent of glässer's disease of pigs, a disease associated with fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis. we report here h. parasuis encodes two copies of cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), which these two cdts showed the uniform toxin activity in vitro. we demonstrate that three cdt peptides can form an active tripartite holotoxin that exhibits maximum cellular toxicity, and cdta and cdtb form a more active toxin than cdtb and cdtc. moreover, t ...201222412890
a metalloproteinase secreted by streptococcus pneumoniae removes membrane mucin muc16 from the epithelial glycocalyx barrier.the majority of bacterial infections occur across wet-surfaced mucosal epithelia, including those that cover the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract. the apical surface of all these mucosal epithelia is covered by a heavily glycosylated glycocalyx, a major component of which are membrane-associated mucins (mams). mams form a barrier that serves as one of the first lines of defense against invading bacteria. while opportunistic bacteria rely on pre-existing defe ...201222412870
luxs and quorum-sensing in campylobacter.several intercellular bacterial communication mechanisms have been identified in a broad range of bacterial species. these systems, collectively termed quorum-sensing systems, have been demonstrated to play significant roles in a variety of bacterial processes including motility, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes, and animal colonization. campylobacter jejuni is known to possess a luxs/ autoinducer-2 (ai-2) mediated system that have been partially characterized over the last decad ...201222919614
evolutionarily conserved paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α (pilrα) domain mediates its interaction with diverse sialylated ligands.paired immunoglobulin-like receptor (pilr) α is an inhibitory receptor that recognizes several ligands, including mouse cd99, pilr-associating neural protein, and herpes simplex virus-1 glycoprotein b. the physiological function(s) of interactions between pilrα and its cellular ligands are not well understood, as are the molecular determinants of pilrα/ligand interactions. to address these uncertainties, we sought to identify additional pilrα ligands and further define the molecular basis for pi ...201222396535
host epithelial cell invasion by campylobacter jejuni: trigger or zipper mechanism?campylobacter jejuni, a spiral-shaped gram-negative pathogen, is a highly frequent cause of gastrointestinal foodborne illness in humans worldwide. clinical outcome of c. jejuni infections ranges from mild to severe diarrheal disease, and some other complications including reactive arthritis and guillain-barré syndrome. this review article highlights various c. jejuni pathogenicity factors, host cell determinants, and proposed signaling mechanisms involved in human host cell invasion and their p ...201222919617
tyrosine phosphorylation and bacterial virulence.protein phosphorylation on tyrosine has emerged as a key device in the control of numerous cellular functions in bacteria. in this article, we review the structure and function of bacterial tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. phosphorylation is catalyzed by autophosphorylating adenosine triphosphate-dependent enzymes (bacterial tyrosine (by) kinases) that are characterized by the presence of walker motifs. the reverse reaction is catalyzed by three classes of enzymes: the eukaryotic-like phosphat ...201222388693
a fluoroquinolone resistance associated mutation in gyra affects dna supercoiling in campylobacter jejuni.the prevalence of fluoroquinolone (fq)-resistant campylobacter has become a concern for public health. to facilitate the control of fq-resistant (fq(r)) campylobacter, it is necessary to understand the impact of fq(r) on the fitness of campylobacter in its natural hosts as understanding fitness will help to determine and predict the persistence of fq(r)campylobacter. previously it was shown that acquisition of resistance to fq antimicrobials enhanced the in vivo fitness of fq(r)campylobacter. in ...201222919613
signature tagged mutagenesis in the functional genetic analysis of gastrointestinal pathogens.signature tagged mutagenesis is a genetic approach that was developed to identify novel bacterial virulence factors. it is a negative selection method in which unique identification tags allow analysis of pools of mutants in mixed populations. the approach is particularly well suited to functional genetic analysis of the gastrointestinal phase of infection in foodborne pathogens and has the capacity to guide the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. in this review we outline the techni ...201222555467
how a sugary bug gets through the day: recent developments in understanding fundamental processes impacting campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis.campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterial pathogen that poses a significant health burden worldwide. lacking many hallmark virulence factors, it is becoming increasingly clear that c. jejuni pathogenesis involves different strategies compared with other well-characterized enteric organisms. this includes the involvement of basic biological processes and cell envelope glycans in a number of aspects related to pathogenesis. the past few years have seen significant progres ...201222555465
storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria.microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ...201222524115
epsilonproteobacteria in humans, new zealand.using pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, we examined 49 fecal samples from healthy volunteers and 128 diarrhea specimens to assess the distribution of epsilonproteobacteria that might be routinely overlooked. our results suggest that certain taxa that are not routinely examined for could account for a proportion of diarrhea of previously unknown etiology.201222377283
occurrence and persistence of bacterial pathogens and indicator organisms in beach sand along the california coast.this report documents the presence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in sand at 53 california marine beaches using both culture-dependent and -independent (pcr and quantitative pcr [qpcr]) methods. fecal indicator bacteria were widespread in california beach sand, with escherichia coli and enterococci detected at 68% and 94% of the beaches surveyed, respectively. somatic coliphages and a bacteroidales human-specific fecal marker were detected at 43% and 13% of the beaches, respectively ...201222247142
dna replication and strand asymmetry in prokaryotic and mitochondrial genomes.different patterns of strand asymmetry have been documented in a variety of prokaryotic genomes as well as mitochondrial genomes. because different replication mechanisms often lead to different patterns of strand asymmetry, much can be learned of replication mechanisms by examining strand asymmetry. here i summarize the diverse patterns of strand asymmetry among different taxonomic groups to suggest that (1) the single-origin replication may not be universal among bacterial species as the endos ...201222942672
treatment of dysphagia with pyridostigmine bromide in a patient with the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of guillain-barré syndrome.a 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. the electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. the repetitive nerve stimulation study (rns) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (cmaps). the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (vfss) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. he was diagnosed as havi ...201222506249
molecular epidemiology of human campylobacter jejuni shows association between seasonal and international patterns of disease.we sought to explain seasonality and other aspects of campylobacter jejuni epidemiology by integrating population genetic and epidemiological analysis in a large 3-year longitudinal, two-centre, population-based study. epidemiological information was collected for 1505 isolates, which were multilocus sequence-typed. analyses compared pathogen population structure between areas, over time, and between clinical presentations. pooled analysis was performed with published international datasets. sub ...201222370165
genetic recombination in bacillus subtilis: a division of labor between two single-strand dna-binding proteins.we have investigated the structural, biochemical and cellular roles of the two single-stranded (ss) dna-binding proteins from bacillus subtilis, ssba and ssbb. during transformation, ssbb localizes at the dna entry pole where it binds and protects internalized ssdna. the 2.8-å resolution structure of ssbb bound to ssdna reveals a similar overall protein architecture and ssdna-binding surface to that of escherichia coli ssb. ssba, which binds ssdna with higher affinity than ssbb, co-assembles ont ...201222373918
the 30th anniversary of campylobacter, helicobacter, and related organisms workshops-what have we learned in three decades?as we commemorate the 30(th) anniversary of the campylobacter, helicobacter, and related organisms (chro) workshops with this special frontiers edition, we look back upon three decades of research and provide some highlights from the 16(th) international chro meeting. although theodor escherich himself provided drawings of campylobacters back in the 1880s, campylobacter jejuni was not identified until the 1950s. helicobacter pylori was first described to be the causative agent of stomach ulcers ...201222919612
identification and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from animal sources.campylobacter spp. are together with salmonella spp. the leading causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. the most commonly isolated species in humans are campylobacter jejuni and c. coli. the isolation, identification, and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. from poultry and raw meat from slaughterhouses, has been investigated for the first time in greece. during the period from august 2005 to november 2008 a total of 1080 samples were collected: (a) 830 fecal samples fro ...201222375138
transcriptome complexity and riboregulation in the human pathogen helicobacter pylori.the gram-negative epsilonproteobacterium helicobacter pylori is considered as one of the major human pathogens and many studies have focused on its virulence mechanisms as well as genomic diversity. in contrast, only very little is known about post-transcriptional regulation and small regulatory rnas (srnas) in this spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacterium. considering the absence of the common rna chaperone hfq, which is a key-player in post-transcriptional regulation in enterobacteria, h. pylor ...201222919606
phase variable expression of capsular polysaccharide modifications allows campylobacter jejuni to avoid bacteriophage infection in chickens.bacteriophages are estimated to be the most abundant entities on earth and can be found in every niche where their bacterial hosts reside. the initial interaction between phages and campylobacter jejuni, a common colonizer of poultry intestines and a major source of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, is not well understood. recently, we isolated and characterized a phage f336 resistant variant of c. jejuni nctc11168 called 11168r. comparisons of 11168r with the wildtype lead to the i ...201222919603
defense and adaptation: the complex inter-relationship between campylobacter jejuni and mucus.mucus colonization is an essential early step toward establishing successful infection and disease by mucosal pathogens. there is an emerging literature implicating specific mucin sub-types and mucin modifications in protecting the host from campylobacter jejuni infection. however, mucosal pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to breach the mucus layer and c. jejuni in particular appears to harbor specific adaptations to better colonize intestinal mucus. for example, components of mucu ...201222919607
new insight into the transcarbamylase family: the structure of putrescine transcarbamylase, a key catalyst for fermentative utilization of agmatine.transcarbamylases reversibly transfer a carbamyl group from carbamylphosphate (cp) to an amine. although aspartate transcarbamylase and ornithine transcarbamylase (otc) are well characterized, little was known about putrescine transcarbamylase (ptc), the enzyme that generates cp for atp production in the fermentative catabolism of agmatine. we demonstrate that ptc (from enterococcus faecalis), in addition to using putrescine, can utilize l-ornithine as a poor substrate. crystal structures at 2.5 ...201222363663
highly sensitive detection of staphylococcus aureus directly from patient blood.rapid detection of bloodstream infections (bsis) can be lifesaving. we investigated the sample processing and assay parameters necessary for highly-sensitive detection of bloodstream bacteria, using staphylococcus aureus as a model pathogen and an automated fluidic sample processing-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) platform as a model diagnostic system.201222363564
tetrahydrodipicolinate n-succinyltransferase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase from pseudomonas aeruginosa: structure analysis and gene deletion.the diaminopimelic acid pathway of lysine biosynthesis has been suggested to provide attractive targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. here we report the characterization of two enzymes from this pathway in the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa, utilizing structural biology, biochemistry and genetics. we show that tetrahydrodipicolinate n-succinyltransferase (dapd) from p. aeruginosa is specific for the l-stereoisomer of the amino substrate l-2-aminopimelate, and its d-ena ...201222359568
antibacterial and antifungal activities of new acylated derivatives of epigallocatechin gallate.(-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (egcg) has useful antiviral, antimicrobial, antitoxin, and antitumor properties. previously, mori et al. (2008) found that addition of long acyl chains (c16-18) to egcg enhanced its anti-influenza virus activity up to 44-fold. the chemical stability of egcg against oxidative degradation was also enhanced by acylation. we further evaluated the in vitro activity spectrum of the egcg derivatives against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. a series of egcg o-acyl der ...201222355295
campylobacter polysaccharide capsules: virulence and vaccines.campylobacter jejuni remains a major cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is associated with numerous sequelae, including guillain barré syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. c. jejuni is unusual for an intestinal pathogen in its ability to coat its surface with a polysaccharide capsule (cps). these capsular polysaccharides vary in sugar composition and linkage, especially those involving heptoses of unusual configuration and o-methyl phosph ...201222919599
distinct roles of secreted htra proteases from gram-negative pathogens in cleaving the junctional protein and tumor suppressor e-cadherin.the periplasmic chaperone and serine protease htra is important for bacterial stress responses and protein quality control. recently, we discovered that htra from helicobacter pylori is secreted and cleaves e-cadherin to disrupt the epithelial barrier, but it remained unknown whether this maybe a general virulence mechanism. here, we show that important other pathogens including enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, and campylobacter jejuni, but not neisseria gonorrhoeae, cleaved ...201222337879
guillain-barré syndrome due to cmv reactivation after cardiac transplantation.a 40-year-old male patient suffered from end-stage heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy and received orthotopic cardiac transplantation in june 2005. the instantaneous postoperative course was uneventful, but, seven months later, he suffered from paralysis in the lower extremities finally resulting in quadriplegia and was admitted to hospital. after laboratory testings the diagnosis of a guillain-barré syndrome due to cytomegalovirus reactivation was confirmed.201224860678
glycoconjugates play a key role in campylobacter jejuni infection: interactions between host and pathogen.glycan based interactions between host and pathogen are critical in many bacterial and viral diseases. glycan interactions range from initial receptor based adherence to protecting the infective agent from the host's immune response through molecular mimicry. campylobacter jejuni is an ideal model for studying the role of glycans in host-pathogen interactions, as well as the role of bacterial surface glycoconjugates in infection. using glycan array analysis, c. jejuni has been shown to interact ...201222919601
unveiling mycoplasma hyopneumoniae promoters: sequence definition and genomic distribution.several mycoplasma species have had their genome completely sequenced, including four strains of the swine pathogen mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. nevertheless, little is known about the nucleotide sequences that control transcriptional initiation in these microorganisms. therefore, with the objective of investigating the promoter sequences of m. hyopneumoniae, 23 transcriptional start sites (tsss) of distinct genes were mapped. a pattern that resembles the σ(70) promoter -10 element was found upstre ...201222334569
evidence for conserved function of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in helicobacter genus.the confounding consequences of helicobacter bilis infection in experimental mice populations are well recognized, but the role of this bacterium in human diseases is less known. limited data are available on virulence determinants of this species. in helicobacter pylori, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γgt) contributes to the colonization of the gastric mucosa and to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. the role of γgt in h. bilis infections remains unknown. the annotated genome sequence of h. bilis rev ...201222348013
peptide markers of aminoacyl trna synthetases facilitate taxa counting in metagenomic data.taxa counting is a major problem faced by analysis of metagenomic data. the most popular method relies on analysis of 16s rrna sequences, but some studies employ also protein based analyses. it would be advantageous to have a method that is applicable directly to short sequences, of the kind extracted from samples in modern metagenomic research. this is achieved by the technique proposed here.201222325056
the automatic annotation of bacterial genomes.with the development of ultra-high-throughput technologies, the cost of sequencing bacterial genomes has been vastly reduced. as more genomes are sequenced, less time can be spent manually annotating those genomes, resulting in an increased reliance on automatic annotation pipelines. however, automatic pipelines can produce inaccurate genome annotation and their results often require manual curation. here, we discuss the automatic and manual annotation of bacterial genomes, identify common probl ...201222408191
the automatic annotation of bacterial genomes.with the development of ultra-high-throughput technologies, the cost of sequencing bacterial genomes has been vastly reduced. as more genomes are sequenced, less time can be spent manually annotating those genomes, resulting in an increased reliance on automatic annotation pipelines. however, automatic pipelines can produce inaccurate genome annotation and their results often require manual curation. here, we discuss the automatic and manual annotation of bacterial genomes, identify common probl ...201222408191
nutrient acquisition and metabolism by campylobacter jejuni.the gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni is able to colonize numerous different hosts and compete against the gut microbiota. to do this, it must be able to efficiently acquire sufficient nutrients from its environment to support its survival and rapid growth in the intestine. however, despite almost 50 years of research, many aspects as to how c. jejuni accomplishes this feat remain poorly understood. c. jejuni lacks many of the common metabolic pathways necessary for the use of gluco ...201222919597
anti-ganglioside antibody internalization attenuates motor nerve terminal injury in a mouse model of acute motor axonal neuropathy.in the guillain-barré syndrome subform acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman), campylobacter jejuni enteritis triggers the production of anti-ganglioside abs (agabs), leading to immune-mediated injury of distal motor nerves. an important question has been whether injury to the presynaptic neuron at the neuromuscular junction is a major factor in aman. although disease modeling in mice exposed to agabs indicates that complement-mediated necrosis occurs extensively in the presynaptic axons, evidence ...201222307327
campylobacter concisus - a new player in intestinal disease.over the last decade campylobacter concisus, a highly fastidious member of the campylobacter genus has been described as an emergent pathogen of the human intestinal tract. historically, c. concisus was associated with the human oral cavity and has been linked with periodontal lesions, including gingivitis and periodontitis, although currently its role as an oral pathogen remains contentious. evidence to support the role of c. concisus in acute intestinal disease has come from studies that have ...201222919596
a case of salmonella gastroenteritis following ingestion of raw venison sashimi.an interesting case of gastroenteritis due to salmonella birkenhead following ingestion of raw venison sashimi is described. a 65-year-old man presented with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. on exam he was hypotensive, tachycardic, with evidence of severe dehydration following ingestion of raw venison sashimi produced with game meat hunted on the hawaiian island of lana'i. he responded rapidly to vigorous volume resuscitation, and stool cultures later were positive for salmonella birkenhead. non-t ...201222454811
declining guillain-barré syndrome after campylobacteriosis control, new zealand, 1988-2010.infection with campylobacter spp. commonly precedes guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). we therefore hypothesized that gbs incidence may have followed a marked rise and then decline in campylobacteriosis rates in new zealand. we reviewed records for 1988-2010: hospitalization records for gbs case-patients and campylobacteriosis case-patients plus notifications of campylobacteriosis. we identified 2,056 first hospitalizations for gbs, an average rate of 2.32 hospitalizations/100,000 population/year. a ...201222304786
new insights into the immunological changes in il-10-deficient mice during the course of spontaneous inflammation in the gut mucosa.il-10 is a regulatory cytokine that plays a major role in the homeostasis of the gut and this is illustrated by the fact that il-10(-/-) mice develop spontaneous colitis. in this study, il-10(-/-) mice were analyzed for immunological changes during colitis development. we found a reduced frequency of regulatory t cells cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) and higher frequency of activated t cells in the colon that precedes the macroscopic signs of the disease. production of il-17 and ifn-γ was higher in the co ...201222400037
polytetrafluoroethylene toxicosis in recently hatched chickens (gallus domesticus).two groups of chickens (gallus domesticus; white leghorn; age, 4 d and 2 wk) housed in a university research vivarium were found dead or moribund without prior signs of illness. the overall mortality rates were 92.3% (60 of 65 birds) for the 4-d-old birds and 80% (8 of 10) for the 2-wk-old birds. all chicks were housed in brooders with heat lamps in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. primary gross findings were mild to moderate dehydration and hepatic lipidosis. the most consistent his ...201222330651
evaluation of the solar water disinfection process (sodis) against cryptosporidium parvum using a 25-l static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (cpc).water samples of 0, 5, and 30 nephelometric turbidity units (ntu) spiked with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to natural sunlight using a 25-l static solar reactor fitted with a compound parabolic collector (cpc). the global oocyst viability was calculated by the evaluation of the inclusion/exclusion of the fluorogenic vital dye propidium iodide and the spontaneous excystation. after an exposure time of 8 hours, the global oocyst viabilities were 21.8 ± 3.1%, 31.3 ± 12.9%, and 45.0 ± ...201222302852
siglecs as sensors of self in innate and adaptive immune responses.siglecs are expressed on most white blood cells of the immune system and are known to modulate the activity of cell signaling receptors via regulatory motifs in their cytoplasmic domains. this immunoglobulin subfamily of coreceptors recognize sialic acid containing glycans as ligands, which are found on glycoproteins and glycolipids of all mammalian cells. by virtue of their ability to recognize this common structural element, siglecs are increasingly recognized for their ability to help immune ...201222288608
unique iron coordination in iron-chelating molecule vibriobactin helps vibrio cholerae evade mammalian siderocalin-mediated immune response.iron is essential for the survival of almost all bacteria. vibrio cholerae acquires iron through the secretion of a catecholate siderophore called vibriobactin. at present, how vibriobactin chelates ferric ion remains controversial. in addition, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of ferric vibriobactin by the siderophore transport system and its delivery into the cytoplasm specifically have not been clarified. in this study, we report the high-resolution structures of the ferric vibriobac ...201222291019
conserved signal peptide recognition systems across the prokaryotic domains.the twin-arginine translocation (tat) pathway is a protein targeting system found in bacteria, archaea, and chloroplasts. proteins are directed to the tat translocase by n-terminal signal peptides containing srrxflk "twin-arginine" amino acid motifs. the key feature of the tat system is its ability to transport fully folded proteins across ionically sealed membranes. for this reason the tat pathway has evolved for the assembly of extracytoplasmic redox enzymes that must bind cofactors, and so fo ...201222289056
extreme heat resistance of food borne pathogens campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, and salmonella typhimurium on chicken breast fillet during cooking.the aim of this research was to determine the decimal reduction times of bacteria present on chicken fillet in boiling water. the experiments were conducted with campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, and escherichia coli. whole chicken breast fillets were inoculated with the pathogens, stored overnight (4°c), and subsequently cooked. the surface temperature reached 70°c within 30 sec and 85°c within one minute. extremely high decimal reduction times of 1.90, 1.97, and 2.20 min were obtained for c. j ...201222389647
incidence of listeria spp. in dairy cows feed and raw milk in latvia.feed is a risk factor for poisoning the farm environment thus also fresh milk with pathogenic microorganisms of listeria genus species. listeria ivanovii, listeria innocua, and listeria seeligeri were isolated from 9.2%, but listeria monocytogenes from 20.0% of feed samples. most often different fodders (9.3%) and silage (4.7%) were contaminated with listeria monocytogenes. listeria genus species were isolated more often from feed prepared and used in organic dairy farm than from that used in co ...201223738125
the occurrence of chlamydia spp. in pigs with and without clinical disease.within the genera chlamydia, the development of refined diagnostic techniques has allowed the identification of four species that are capable of infecting pigs. the epidemiology, clinical, and zoonotic impacts of these species are however largely unknown. the study aimed to investigate the presence of chlamydia spp. in the intestines of growing pigs and in conjunctival swabs from finisher pigs, and relate the findings to clinical signs.201222280482
microbial biosafety of pilot-scale bioreactor treating mtbe and tba-contaminated drinking water supply.a pilot-scale sand-based fluidized bed bioreactor (fbbr) was utilized to treat both methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe) and tert-butyl alcohol (tba) from a contaminated aquifer. to evaluate the potential for re-use of the treated water, we tested for a panel of water quality indicator microorganisms and potential waterborne pathogens including total coliforms, escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella spp., campylobacter jejuni, aeromonas hydrophila, legionella pneumophila, vibrio cholerae, yersinia ...201222321859
exploiting the campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation system for glycoengineering vaccines and diagnostic tools directed against brucellosis.immune responses directed towards surface polysaccharides conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing colonization and infection of bacterial pathogens. presently, the production of these conjugate vaccines requires intricate synthetic chemistry for obtaining, activating, and attaching the polysaccharides to protein carriers. glycoproteins generated by engineering bacterial glycosylation machineries have been proposed to be a viable alternative to traditional conjugation methods.201222276812
essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components.essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. the chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. the interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling fo ...201222291693
electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry in proteomics.mass spectrometry has rapidly evolved to become the platform of choice for proteomic analysis. while cid remains the major fragmentation method for peptide sequencing, electron transfer dissociation (etd) is emerging as a complementary method for the characterization of peptides and post-translational modifications (ptms). here, we review the evolution of etd and some of its newer applications including characterization of ptms, non-tryptic peptides and intact proteins. we will also discuss some ...201222246976
external quality assessment of national public health laboratories in africa, 2002-2009.to describe findings from an external quality assessment programme involving laboratories in africa that routinely investigate epidemic-prone diseases.201222461714
persistence of diarrheal pathogens is associated with continued recruitment of plasmablasts in the circulation.intestinal antigen encounter leads to recirculation of antigen-specific plasmablasts via lymphatics and blood back to the intestine. investigating these gut-originating cells in blood provides a less invasive tool for studying intestinal immune responses, with the limitation that the cells disappear from the circulation in two weeks. no data exist on situations where pathogens persist in the intestine. patients with salmonella, yersinia, or campylobacter gastroenteritis and volunteers receiving ...201222312405
preparation and electrophoretic separation of bodipy-fl-labeled glycosphingolipids.several glycosphingolipids were labeled with the fluorphore bodipy-fl and analyzed using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. gm1-, laccer-, and cer-bodipy-fl were prepared through acylation using the n-hydroxysuccinimide ester of bodipy-fl. several other glycosphingolipids including gt1a-, gd1a-, gm2-, gm3-, gd3-, and glccer-bodipy-fl were enzymatically synthesized. micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with a tris/ches/sds/α-cyclodextrin buffer produc ...201222321948
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