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lipase activity in insect oral secretions mediates defense responses in arabidopsis thaliana.how plants perceive herbivory is not yet well understood. we investigated early responses of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana to attack from the generalist grasshopper herbivore, schistocerca gregaria (caelifera). when compared to wounding alone, schistocerca gregaria attack and the application of grasshopper oral secretions (gs) to puncture wounds elicited a rapid accumulation of various oxylipins, including 13-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (opda), jasmonic aci ...201121546453
rhinocerebral zygomycosis in a diabetic patient.rhinocerebral zygomycosis is the most frequent form of fungal infection caused by members of the zygomycetes class. a fatal case of rhinocerebral zygomycosis caused by rhizopus (oryzae) arrhizus with histopathological and mycological diagnosis is reported in a diabetic patient.201121552748
successful treatment of rhino-orbital mucormycosis by a new combination therapy with liposomal amphotericin b and micafungin.mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive fungal infection that usually occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus or in immunocompromised patients. sinus involvement is the most common clinical presentation and the rates of mortality increase with the orbital extension. the treatment of mucormycosis includes aggressive surgical debridement and systemic antifungal therapy. early diagnosis and prompt initiation of effective antifungal drugs are essential for successful outcome. however, the role of or ...201121592699
improved expression of rhizopus oryzae α-amylase in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris.in our previous study, the α-amylase from rhizopus oryzae (roamy) was expressed in escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae but the obtained recombinant roamy (rroamy) yields were too low. the aim of the present research was to obtain high-level expressions of roamy in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. to this end, we constructed p. pastoris strains with the capability to express recombinant α-amylase under the control of constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gap) a ...201121616151
biofilm formation by zygomycetes: quantification, structure and matrix composition.most of the studies on fungal biofilms have focused on candida in yeasts and aspergillus in mycelial fungi. biofilm formation by zygomycetes has not been reported yet. in this study, we evaluated the biofilm-forming capacity of rhizopus oryzae, lichtheimia corymbifera, rhizomucor pusillus and apophysomyces elegans. at appropriate seeding spore densities, rh. oryzae (105 cfu ml-1), l. corymbifera (104 cfu ml-1) and r. pusillus (104 cfu ml-1) produced highly intertwined, adherent structures on fla ...201121636650
pulmonary zygomycosis: a clinicopathological study.zygomycosis is an emerging infection worldwide. pulmonary zygomycosis (pz) is uncommon with only few reported series from india.201121654982
[metabolism of rhizopus oryzae with xylose or glucose as carbon resource].as one of the most abandon and cheapest recyclable bio-resources, cellulosic biomass appear to be the promising new energy if the two major components, glucose and xylose, are efficiently used.201121796980
in vitro interaction of caspofungin and immunosuppressives against agents of mucormycosis.objectives mucormycosis is a rare but refractory mycosis with high mortality. few therapeutic options are available and novel strategies are needed. calcineurin inhibitors are known to have antifungal activity, including synergy with various antifungals. we examined the interaction of caspofungin with calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus against glomeromycetes. methods twenty-six strains of glomeromycetes representing seven species (rhizopus arrhizus, rhizopus microsporus, mucor sp., rhizomucor ...201121795260
voriconazole pre-exposure selects for breakthrough mucormycosis in a mixed model of aspergillus fumigatus-rhizopus oryzae pulmonary infection.mucormycosis is an uncommon fungal infection that has been increasingly reported in severely immunocompromised patients receiving aspergillus-active antifungals. although clinical studies and pre-clinical animal models have suggested a unique predisposition for breakthrough mucormycoses in patients receiving voriconazole, no study has specifically evaluated the selection dynamics of various aspergillus -active antifungal classes in vivo. we utilized an aspergillus fumigatus:rhizopus oryzae (10:1 ...201121788730
rna silencing of lactate dehydrogenase gene in rhizopus oryzae.rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous fungus, belonging to the order mucorales. it can ferment a wide range of carbohydrates hydrolyzed from lignocellulosic materials and even cellobiose to produce ethanol. however, r. oryzae also produces lactic acid as a major metabolite, which reduces the yield of ethanol. in this study, we show that significant reduction of lactic acid production could be achieved by short (25nt) synthetic sirnas targeting the ldha gene. the average yield of lactic acid productio ...201121769297
a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis in a leukemic patient with a literature review from turkey.mucormycosis (zygomycosis) is a rare, invasive, opportunistic fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses, caused by a fungus of the order mucorales. we report a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis caused by rhizopus oryzae in an acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient and review the 79 mucormycosis cases reported in the last decade from turkey. in our case, the diagnosis was made with endoscopic appearance, computerized tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and culture of the surgical materials. follow ...201121761152
immobilized rhizopus oryzae lipase catalyzed synthesis of palm stearin and cetyl alcohol wax esters: optimization by response surface methodology.waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. their principal natural sources are animals (sperm whale oil) and vegetables (jojoba) which are expensive and not easily available. wax esters synthesized by enzymatic transesterification, using palm stearin as raw material, can be considered as an alternative to natural ones.201121682865
a statistical approach for optimization of simultaneous production of +¦-glucosidase and endoglucanase by rhizopus oryzae from solid-state fermentation of water hyacinth using central composite design.the production cost of +¦-glucosidase and endoglucanase could be reduced by using water hyacinth, an aquatic weed, as the sole carbon source and using cost-efficient fermentation strategies like solid-state fermentation (ssf). in the present study, the effect of different production conditions on the yield of +¦-glucosidase and endoglucanase by rhizopus oryzae mtcc 9642 from water hyacinth was investigated systematically using response surface methodology. a central composite experimental design ...201121687577
changes in lipid, fatty acids and phospholipids composition of whole rice bran after solid-state fungal fermentation.the aim of this study was to evaluate fermented rice bran phospholipids, lipids and fatty acid content in a fermentation solid system with rhizopus oryzae fungus. for this, aliquots were withdrawn every 24h over 120h. the content of phospholipids was determined by colorimetric method. esterified fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography, then identified and quantified. the total lipids from fermented rice bran (fb) decreased from 20.4% to 11.2% in the range between 0h and 120h of fermenta ...201121715163
construction of the yeast whole-cell rhizopus oryzae lipase biocatalyst with high activity.surface display is effectively utilized to construct a whole-cell biocatalyst. codon optimization has been proven to be effective in maximizing production of heterologous proteins in yeast. here, the cdna sequence of rhizopus oryzae lipase (rol) was optimized and synthesized according to the codon bias of saccharomyces cerevisiae, and based on the saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surface display system with +¦-agglutinin as an anchor, recombinant yeast displaying fully codon-optimized rol with high ...201121726061
fungi isolated from olive ecosystems and screening of their potential biotechnological use.this study investigated the fungi diversity of fresh olive (olea europaea l.) fruits, olive paste (crushed olives) and olive pomace (solid waste) and screened and quantified enzymatic activities with biotechnological applications. fungi were randomly isolated from olive cultivars from castilla la mancha region (spain). identification included comparison of their polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplicons of the its1-5.8s-its2 ribosomal dna region, followed by nucleotide sequence analysis. fourtee ...201121689797
immobilization and stability of a rhizopus oryzae lipase expressed in pichia pastoris: comparison between native and recombinant variants.the stability of a soluble extract containing a recombinant lipase from rhizopus oryzae (cursive) lipase (rrol) produced by pichia pastoris (cursive), as well as that for the commercial extract containing the lipase produced by the native organism (nrol), was investigated. the results showed higher residual activity values of the commercial protein compared with the recombinant one. moreover, two different kinds of support, the polypropylene powder ep100 and eupergit®c, were tested to immobilize ...201121681981
optimization of fumaric acid production by rhizopus delemar based on the morphology formation.the effects of temperature, agitation rate and medium composition, including concentrations of glucose, soybean peptone, and inorganic ions, on pellet formation and pellet diameter of rhizopus delemar (rhizopus oryzae) nrrl1526 during pre-culture were studied. inorganic ions and soybean peptone had negative and positive effects on pellet formation, respectively. the initial glucose and soybean peptone concentrations directly affected pellet diameter. within a certain range, pellet diameter decre ...201121880482
production of cyanophycin in rhizopus oryzae through the expression of a cyanophycin synthetase encoding gene.cyanophycin or cyanophycin granule peptide is a protein that results from non-ribosomal protein synthesis in microorganisms such as cyanobacteria. the amino acids in cyanophycin can be used as a feedstock in the production of a wide range of chemicals such as acrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, 1,4-butanediamine, and urea. in this study, an auxotrophic mutant (rhizopus oryzae m16) of the filamentous fungus r. oryzae 99-880 was selected to express cyanophycin synthetase encoding genes. these genes o ...201121972133
Improved activity and stability of Rhizopus oryzae lipase via immobilization for citronellol ester synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide.In present work, Rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilized on a film prepared using blend of hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was investigated for synthesis of citronellol esters with supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO(2)) as a reaction medium. The transesterification reaction was optimized for various reaction parameters like effect of molar ratio, acyl donor, time, temperature, enzyme concentration, effect of pressure and co-solvent to achieve the maximum yield of d ...201121884733
Expression and characterization of recombinant Rhizopus oryzae lipase for enzymatic biodiesel production.The Rhizopus oryzae lipase containing prosequence was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant lipase subunit showed a molecular mass of 32 kDa. The maximum activity of recombinant lipase obtained from Mut(s) recombinant was 90 IU/ml. The enzyme was stable in broad ranges of temperatures and pH, with the optimal temperature at 35 °C and pH 7.0. The crude recombinant R. oryzae lipase can be directly used for the transesterification of plant oils at high-water content of 60-100% (w/w) based on oi ...201121852124
a case of intestinal mucormycosis in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).a 3-year-old female common marmoset was euthanatized because of wasting. grossly, a perforating lesion was present in the jejunum and hemorrhagic lesions in the cecum and colon. histopathologically, these gross lesions were a perforated jejunal ulcer and necrotizing colitis, respectively. necrotizing colitis was characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis along with numerous ribbon-shaped aseptate hyphae. these aseptate hyaline hyphae were positively stained with pas and gms, and reacted immunoh ...201122020147
Mould routine identification in the clinical laboratory by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.MALDI-TOF MS recently emerged as a valuable identification tool for bacteria and yeasts and revolutionized the daily clinical laboratory routine. But it has not been established for routine mould identification. This study aimed to validate a standardized procedure for MALDI-TOF MS-based mould identification in clinical laboratory.201122194834
stability of lipase immobilized on o-pentynyl dextran.o-pentynyl dextran (pyd), an amphiphilic polysaccharide derivative with a degree of substitution (ds) of 0.43 was compared with ion exchange resins lewatit vp oc 1600, amberlite xad 761 and duolite a568 for immobilization of lipase from rhizopus arrhizus by adsorption method. the immobilized enzymes were employed for esterification of octanoic acid with geraniol in n-hexane as model reaction. pyd showed higher lipase adsorption and with 249 μmol min(-1 )g(-1) significant higher esterification ac ...201121932061
evaluation of tertiary treatment by fungi, enzymatic and photo-fenton oxidation on the removal of phenols from a kraft pulp mill effluent: a comparative study.pulp and paper mills generate pollutants associated to their effluents depending upon the type of process, type of the wood materials, process technology applied, management practices, internal recirculation of the effluent for recovery, the amount of water used in the industrial process and type of secondary treatment. this study is the first that reports a simultaneous evaluation of the effects of tertiary treatments by fungi (rhizopus oryzae and pleurotus sajor caju), by enzyme (laccase) and ...201120683764
enantioselective production of benzoin from benzoin acetate via kinetic resolution and deracemization using rhizopus oryzae.abstract: in this study, the production of enantiopure benzoin from rac-benzoin acetate was achieved by lipase catalyzed kinetic resolution combined with deracemization using rhizopus oryzae (cbs111718). the growth cells were pretreated with 20 khz and 30 khz ultrasound irradiation and mechanical homogenization. approximately 100% conversion and 96% enantiomeric excess of the product (s-benzoin) were obtained by applying 20 khz ultrasound irradiation at ph 6. the deracemization process involves ...201120858042
biodiesel production by a mixture of candida rugosa and rhizopus oryzae lipases using a supercritical carbon dioxide process.in this study, various factors, such as temperature, pressure, agitation speed, water content, and the concentration and ratio of immobilized rol and crl were investigated for the efficient enzymatic production of biodiesel using a supercritical carbon dioxide process. furthermore, a stepwise reaction method for the maintenance of immobilized lipase activity was optimized. optimal conditions for biodiesel production were determined to be as follows: 130 bar pressure, 45 °c temperature, 250 rpm a ...201120813518
production of l-lactic acid by rhizopus oryzae using semicontinuous fermentation in bioreactor.semicontinuous fermentation using pellets of rhizopus oryzae has been recognized as a promising technology for l-lactic acid production. in this work, semicontinuous fermentation of r. oryzae as 3.819 for l-lactic acid production has been developed with high l-lactic acid yield and volumetric productivity. the effects of factors such as inoculations, caco₃ addition time, and temperature on l-lactic acid yield and r. oryzae morphology were researched in detail. the results showed that optimal fer ...201120824489
heterologous expression and efficient ethanol production of a rhizopus glucoamylase gene in saccharomyces cerevisiae.glucoamylases are inverting exo-acting starch hydrolases releasing β-glucose from the non-reducing ends of starch and related substrates. due to the absence of glucoamylase in saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is not capable of utilizing starch directly as energy sources without enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis for its ethanol production. in this study, we heterologously expressed a previously isolated rhizopus arrhizus glucoamylase gene in s. cerevisiae host. the expressed glucoamylase enzyme was se ...201120238168
improved oxygen transfer and increased l-lactic acid production by morphology control of rhizopus oryzae in a static bed bioreactor.rhizopus oryzae was immobilized on a cotton matrix in a static bed bioreactor. compared with free cells in a stirred tank bioreactor, immobilized r. oryzae in this bioreactor gave higher lactic acid production but lower ethanol production. the highest lactic acid production rate (2.09 g/l h) with the final concentration of 37.83 g/l from 70 g/l glucose was achieved when operating the bioreactor at 700 rpm and 0.5 vvm air. to better understand the relationship between shear effects (agitation and ...201120703501
entrapment of mycelial fragments in calcium alginate: a general technique for the use of immobilized filamentous fungi in biocatalysis.transformation reactions on 3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene using free fungal cells were compared with those carried out by macerated mycelia, immobilized in calcium alginate beads. six fungi were utilized in this study, namely rhizopus oryzae atcc 11145, mucor plumbeus atcc 4740, cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans atcc 8688a, aspergillus niger atcc 9142, phanerochaete chrysosporium atcc 24725 and whetzelinia sclerotiorum atcc 18687. the results show, for the first time, that encapsulated myce ...201222064215
Alternative routes of acetyl-CoA synthesis identified by comparative genomic analysis: involvement in the lipid production of oleaginous yeast and fungi.For a bio-based economy, microbial lipids offer a potential solution as alternative feedstocks in the oleochemical industry. The existing genome data for the promising strains, oleaginous yeasts and fungi, allowed us to investigate candidate orthologous sequences that participate in their oleaginicity. Comparative genome analysis of the non-oleaginous (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Ashbya gossypii) and oleaginous strains (Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae ...201222016567
genomic characteristics comparisons of 12 food-related filamentous fungi in trna gene set, codon usage and amino acid composition.filamentous fungi are widely exploited in food industry due to their abilities to secrete large amounts of enzymes and metabolites. the recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided an opportunity to explore the genomic characteristics of these food-related filamentous fungi. in this paper, we selected 12 representative filamentous fungi in the areas of food processing and safety, which were aspergillus clavatus, a. flavus, a. fumigatus, a. nidulans, a. niger, a. oryzae, a. terreus ...201222305983
comparison of laxative and antioxidant activities of raw, processed and fermented polygoni multiflori radix.to observe the anti-oxidative activity and adverse laxative effect of raw, traditional processed and fermented products of polygoni multiflori radix (pmr), and furthermore, to evaluate the fermentation method used in the processing procedure of pmr.201223302534
glucose and lactose as cryoprotectants for fungal strains immobilised in sodium alginate: an emphasis on the conservation of the zygomycetes rhizopus and mucor.this research aimed at investigating the cryoprotectant action of glucose and lactose on strains of malassezia spp. and zygomycetes immobilised in sodium alginate. twelve strains of malassezia spp. (nine m. furfur, two m. globosa and one m. sympodialis) and 12 zygomycetes (five rhizopus oryzae and seven mucor hiemales) were immobilised in sodium alginate, within plastic beads, maintained in appropriate media containing glucose and lactose at concentrations of 9% and 23% and preserved at temperat ...201223278948
esterification of polyglycerol with polycondensed ricinoleic acid catalysed by immobilised rhizopus oryzae lipase.the enzymatic method for synthesising polyglycerol polyricinoleate (pgpr), a food additive named e-476, was successfully carried out in the presence of immobilised rhizopus oryzae lipase in a solvent-free medium. the great advantage of using the commercial preparation of r. oryzae lipase is that it is ten times cheaper than the commercial preparation of r. arrhizus lipase, the biocatalyst used in previous studies. the reaction, which is really a reversal of hydrolysis, takes place in the presenc ...201223263570
Antifungal susceptibility and phylogeny of opportunistic members of the order mucorales.The in vitro susceptibilities of 66 molecularly identified strains of the Mucorales to eight antifungals (amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and 5-fluorocytosine) were tested. Molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit to reveal taxon-specific susceptibility profiles. The impressive phylogenetic diversity of the Mucorales was reflected in susceptibilities differing at family, genus, and species l ...201222075600
pathogenesis of mucormycosis.mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection that occurs in patients who are immunocompromised because of diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, organ transplantation, and/or increased serum levels of available iron. because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, cancer, and organ transplantation, the number of patients at risk for this deadly infection is increasing. despite aggressive therapy, which includes disfiguring surgical debridement and frequently adjunctive toxic antifungal t ...201222247441
how does antifungal pharmacology differ for mucormycosis versus aspergillosis?over the last decade, advances in diagnostic systems and the introduction of new antifungal agents have significantly improved outcomes in immunocompromised patients who develop invasive aspergillosis. however, mortality rates remain relatively unchanged for less common, but highly aggressive, mold infections such as mucormycosis. recent genome sequencing of rhizopus oryzae revealed evidence of a whole-genome duplication event during the evolution of this pathogen. consequently, r. oryzae has a ...201222247448
efficient heterologous expression and secretion in aspergillus oryzae of a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment v(hh) against egfr.we have constructed a filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae that secretes a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment (v(hh)) that binds specifically to epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in a culture medium. a major improvement in yield was achieved by fusing the v(hh) with a taka-amylase a signal sequence (staa) and a segment of 28 amino acids from the n-terminal region of rhizopus oryzae lipase (n28). the yields of secreted, immunologically active anti-egfr v(hh) reached 73.8 mg/1 in ...201222644525
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of clausena heptaphylla.there is wide spread interest in drugs derived from plants as green medicine is believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects.201223181593
a simple and accurate two-step long dna sequences synthesis strategy to improve heterologous gene expression in pichia.in vitro gene chemical synthesis is a powerful tool to improve the expression of gene in heterologous system. in this study, a two-step gene synthesis strategy that combines an assembly pcr and an overlap extension pcr (aoe) was developed. in this strategy, the chemically synthesized oligonucleotides were assembled into several 200-500 bp fragments with 20-25 bp overlap at each end by assembly pcr, and then an overlap extension pcr was conducted to assemble all these fragments into a full length ...201222574193
[identification of filamentous fungi isolated from clinical samples by two different methods and their susceptibility results].molds are widely distributed in nature. aspergillus spp. represent the most frequently observed causative agents, however less frequent pathogens fusarium, scedosporium and zygomycetes have also been considered the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts. the aims of this study were to identify filamentous fungi isolated from clinical specimens by conventional and molecular methods, and to detect their antifungal susceptibilities. a total of 6742 cli ...201222399173
identification and characterization of antifungal compounds using a saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter bioassay.new antifungal drugs are urgently needed due to the currently limited selection, the emergence of drug resistance, and the toxicity of several commonly used drugs. to identify drug leads, we screened small molecules using a saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter bioassay in which s. cerevisiae heterologously expresses hik1, a group iii hybrid histidine kinase (hhk) from magnaporthe grisea. group iii hhks are integral in fungal cell physiology, and highly conserved throughout this kingdom; they are ab ...201222574132
silver-nano biohybride material: synthesis, characterization and application in water purification.a green chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) through in situ reduction of silver nitrate (agno(3)) by a fungal strain of rhizopus oryzae is described along with the promising eco-friendly role of the synthesized nano-silver bioconjugate (nsbc) material in water purification process. the nsbc has been characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron (hrtem) microscopy, and fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy. the nsbc exhibits strong antibact ...201223021961
bioconversion of 7-hydroxyflavanone: isolation, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of twenty-one phase i and phase ii microbial metabolites.microbial metabolism of 7-hydroxyflavanone (1) with fungal culture cunninghamella blakesleeana (atcc 8688a), yielded flavanone 7-sulfate (2), 7,4'-dihydroxyflavanone (3), 6,7-dihydroxyflavanone (4), 6-hydroxyflavanone 7-sulfate (5), and 7-hydroxyflavanone 6-sulfate (6). mortierella zonata (atcc 13309) also transformed 1 to metabolites 2 and 3 as well as 4'-hydroxyflavanone 7-sulfate (7), flavan-4-cis-ol 7-sulfate (8), 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone (9), 7,8-dihydroxyflavanone (10), 8-hydroxyflavanone 7 ...201222976322
[quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease].to establish the diagnostic assays of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease and evaluate their accuracy in clinical samples.201222781455
mucormycosis in a liver allograft: salvage re-transplantation and targeted immunosuppressive management.zygomycetes infection is associated with a high mortality in transplant populations. we describe a child with liver allograft rhizopus oryzae infection who was salvaged by liver re-transplantation. a 10-year-old child presented with anastomotic bile leak that was repaired. a combined antibiotics and voriconazole regimen was introduced for escherichia coli and candida krusei growth in the peritoneal fluid. despite broad antibiotic and antifungal coverage, the patient continued to have an ongoing ...201222897560
heterologous expression systems for lipases: a review.the production of heterologous lipases is one of the most promising strategies to increase the productivity of the bioprocesses and to reduce costs, with the final objective that more industrial lipase applications could be implemented. in this chapter, an overview of the most common microbial expression systems for the overproduction of microbial lipases is presented. prokaryotic system as escherichia coli and eukaryotic systems as saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris are analyzed and c ...201222426719
effect of particle size and ammonium sulfate concentration on rice bran fermentation with the fungus rhizopus oryzae.the effects of rice bran particle size (0.18-0.39mm) and ammonium sulfate concentration in the nutrient solution (2-8g/l) on biomass production, protein and phenolic content generated by solid state fermentation with the fungus rhizopus oryzae (cct 1217) were studied. particle size had a positive effect on biomass production and a negative effect (p⩽0.05) on protein and phenolic contents. ammonium sulfate concentration had a positive effect (p⩽0.05) on biomass and phenolic content gain. cultivat ...201222940295
microbial enhance of chitosan production by rhizopus arrhizus using agroindustrial substrates.this study investigated the potential of rhizopus arrhizus ucp 402 for producing chitosan using corn steep liquor and honey as agroindustrial nitrogen and carbon sources. a complete factorial design was used to assess the improved biomass and chitosan production. the results were evaluated using pareto charts (statistica 7.0 software). the chitosan obtained was characterized by x-ray diffraction. the cristallinity index (i(c)), and infrared spectroscopy (ftir) were used to evaluate the degree of ...201222543505
soft rot of rhizopus oryzae as a postharvest pathogen of banana fruit in korea.soft rot on banana fruit caused by rhizopus oryzae was identified for the first time in korea. colonies were white to light brown and formed numerous sporangiospores. optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30℃. sporangia were globose and 30~200 µm. sporangiophores were usually straight, 8~20 µm, and rhizoids usually in groups of 3~5. columella were globose to sub-globose and 90~110 µm. sporangiospores were sub-globose or oval and 4~10 µm. based on its mycological characteristics, molecular ...201223115518
mucormycosis of pouch of douglas in a diabetic woman.mucormycosis is a severe fungal infection which is rare in clinical practice. this infection is usually acquired by inhalation; other portals of entry are ingestion and traumatic implantation, especially in immuno-compromised patients. here, we present a case of mucormycosis in a 44-year-old diabetic woman. the patient had collection of fluid in the pouch of douglas (pod) and history of bleeding per vagina. hysterectomy was done which showed a blackish serosal surface of the posterior uterus. su ...201223055648
identification of aero-allergens from rhizopus oryzae: an immunoproteomic approach.airborne fungal spores bearing allergens are the causative agent for inducing immediate hypersensitive reaction in sensitive individuals. in this study the potential aeroallergens have been reported for the first time from rhizopus oryzae a common airborne mold. clinical data based on spt was further confirmed by elisa. ige reactive bands were revealed by one-dimensional immunoblotting. a 44 kda major reactive band was found in all immunoblots. for precise identification of allergens, an immuno- ...201223041133
immobilization of lipase from mucor miehei and rhizopus oryzae into mesoporous silica--the effect of varied particle size and morphology.immobilization of enzymes usually improves the recyclability and stability and can sometimes also improve the activity compared to enzymes free in solution. mesoporous silica is a widely studied material as host for immobilized enzymes because of its large internal surface area and tunable pores. it has previously been shown that the pore size is critical both for the loading capacity and for the enzymatic activity; however, less focus has been given to the influence of the particle size. in thi ...201222750108
zygomycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus and rhizopus oryzae in madhya pradesh (m.p.) central india: a report of two cases.zygomycosis encompasses infections due to two distinct orders of fungi, mucorales and entomophthorales. with rare exception, entomophthorales are restricted to tropical areas. by contrast, mucorales are ubiquitous opportunistic fungi, which play a crucial part in the natural decay process. in human pathology, they may be opportunistic agents and be responsible for rare infection called (mucormycosis) zygomycosis. we report two cases of zygomycosis from madhya pradesh, central india, one caused b ...201222437261
enzymatic transesterification of palm stearin and olein blends to produce zero-trans margarine fat.food industries aim to replace trans fat in their products by formulations having equivalent functionality and economic viability. enzymatic transesterification can be a technological option to produce trans free fats targeting commercial applications.201222889174
two unique ligand-binding clamps of rhizopus oryzae starch binding domain for helical structure disruption of amylose.the n-terminal starch binding domain of rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (rosbd) has a high binding affinity for raw starch. rosbd has two ligand-binding sites, each containing a ligand-binding clamp: a polyn clamp residing near binding site i is unique in that it is expressed in only three members of carbohydrate binding module family 21 (cbm21) members, and a y32/f58 clamp located at binding site ii is conserved in several cbms. here we characterized different roles of these sites in the binding o ...201222815939
metabolic engineering of rhizopus oryzae: effects of overexpressing pyc and pepc genes on fumaric acid biosynthesis from glucose.fumaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid used as a food acidulant and in manufacturing synthetic resins, can be produced from glucose in fermentation by rhizopus oryzae. however, the fumaric acid yield is limited by the co-production of ethanol and other byproducts. to increase fumaric acid production, overexpressing endogenous pyruvate carboxylase (pyc) and exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc) to increase the carbon flux toward oxaloacetate were investigated. compared to the wild type, the ...201222814110
synthesis of 2-monoacylglycerols and structured triacylglycerols rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzyme catalyzed reactions.this paper studies the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (stags) by a four-step process: (i) obtaining 2-monoacylglycerols (2-mags) by alcoholysis of cod liver oil with several alcohols, catalyzed by lipases novozym 435, from candida antartica and df, from rhizopus oryzae, (ii) purification of 2-mags, (iii) formation of stags by esterification of 2-mags with caprylic acid catalyzed by lipase df, from r. oryzae, and (iv) purification of these stags. for the alcoholysis of cod liver oil, ab ...201222759534
homology modeling and phylogenetic relationships of catalases of an opportunistic pathogen rhizopus oryzae.a homology modeling methodology was developed and used to obtain the 3d structures for four putative catalases of rhizopus oryzae in order to assess their functionality.201222749862
deterioration of bioplastic carrier bags in the environment and assessment of a new recycling alternative.increasing environmental concerns and the introduction of technologies based on renewable resources have stimulated the replacement of persistent petroleum-derived plastics with biodegradable plastics from biopolymers. as a consequence, a variety of products are currently manufactured from bioplastic, including carrier bags. this series of studies investigated the deterioration of carrier bags made with mater-bi (mb), a starch-based bioplastic, in soil, compost and two aquatic ecosystems, a litt ...201222717162
biomineralization mechanism of gold by zygomycete fungi rhizopus oryzae.in recent years, there has been significant progress in the biological synthesis of nanomaterials. however, the molecular mechanism of gold biomineralization in microorganisms of industrial relevance remains largely unexplored. here we describe the biosynthesis mechanism of gold nanoparticles (aunps) in the fungus rhizopus oryzae . reduction of aucl(4)(-) [au(iii)] to nanoparticulate au(0) (aunps) occurs in both the cell wall and cytoplasmic region of r. oryzae . the average size of the as-synth ...201222708541
crosslinked aggregates of rhizopus oryzae lipase as industrial biocatalysts: preparation, optimization, characterization, and application for enantioselective resolution reactions.lipase from rhizopus oryzae (rol) was immobilized as crosslinked enzyme aggregate (clea) via precipitation with ammonium sulfate and simultaneous crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. the optimum conditions of the immobilization process were determined. lipase cleas showed a twofold increase in activity when tween 80-pretreated lipase was used for clea preparation. cleas were shown to have several advantages compared to free lipase. cleas were more stable at 50°c and 60°c as well as for a wide range ...201222685034
enhanced alpha-ketoglutaric acid production in yarrowia lipolytica wsh-z06 by regulation of the pyruvate carboxylation pathway.in previous research, a thiamine-auxotrophic yeast for alpha-ketoglutaric acid (kga) overproduction was screened in our laboratory and named yarrowia lipolytica wsh-z06 (cctcc no. m207143). however, the high concentration of by-products (mainly pyruvate) limited its application on an industrial scale. to enhance kga production and reduce pyruvate (pa) accumulation, the pyruvate carboxylation pathway was regulated. by overexpressing the pyruvate carboxylase genes scpyc1 from saccharomyces cerevis ...201222678027
[simultaneous determination of organic acids and saccharides in lactic acid fermentation broth from biomass using high performance liquid chromatography].abstract: a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of organic acids and saccharides in lactic acid fermentation broth from biomass was developed. a bio-rad aminex hpx-87h column was used at 55 degrees c. the mobile phase was 5 mmol/l sulfuric acid solution at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. the samples were detected by a refractive index detector (rid). the results showed that six organic acids and three saccharides in fermentation broth were completely sepa ...201222667093
outbreak of cutaneous zygomycosis associated with the use of adhesive tape in haematology patients.we report an outbreak of cutaneous rhizopus oryzae infection associated with adhesive polyethylene tapes used to stabilize peripheral venous catheters in four patients. all patients were suffering from haematological diseases; the infection severity was proportional to the duration of neutropenia. intervention with systemic antifungal treatment and surgical debridement was required for resolution of the infection. the entire batch of tapes was withdrawn and the outbreak subsided.201222633275
production of lactic acid from xylose and wheat straw by rhizopus oryzae.rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5378 was the best among 56 strains of r. oryzae for the production of lactic acid from xylose. this strain produced lactic acid from wheat straw powder by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, with a yield of 0.23 g/g from cellulose and hemicellulose in wheat straw.201222578599
metabolic flux profiling of recombinant protein secreting pichia pastoris growing on glucose:methanol mixtures.the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris has emerged as one of the most promising yeast hosts for the production of heterologous proteins. mixed feeds of methanol and a multicarbon source instead of methanol as sole carbon source have been shown to improve product productivities and alleviate metabolic burden derived from protein production. nevertheless, systematic quantitative studies on the relationships between the central metabolism and recombinant protein production in p. pastoris are stil ...201222569166
comparative analysis for the production of fatty acid alkyl esterase using whole cell biocatalyst and purified enzyme from rhizopus oryzae on waste cooking oil (sunflower oil).the petroleum fuel is nearing the line of extinction. recent research and technology have provided promising outcomes to rely on biodiesel as the alternative and conventional source of fuel. the use of renewable source - vegetable oil constitutes the main stream of research. in this preliminary study, waste cooking oil (wco) was used as the substrate for biodiesel production. lipase enzyme producing fungi rhizopus oryzae 262 and commercially available pure lipase enzyme were used for comparative ...201222537973
characterization of the cellular immune responses to rhizopus oryzae with potential impact on immunotherapeutic strategies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.infections due to mucormycetes have a poor outcome, in particular in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). in order to evaluate the cellular host response against mucormycetes, we enriched and cultivated anti-rhizopus oryzae t cells from healthy individuals. these cells were characterized as memory/effector t(h)1 cells, they proliferated upon restimulation, they exhibited cross-reactivity to some but not all mucorales species tested, and they increased the activity of phagoc ...201222529315
metabolic engineering of rhizopus oryzae for the production of platform chemicals.rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous fungus belonging to the zygomycetes. it is among others known for its ability to produce the sustainable platform chemicals l: -(+)-lactic acid, fumaric acid, and ethanol. during glycolysis, all fermentable carbon sources are metabolized to pyruvate and subsequently distributed over the pathways leading to the formation of these products. these platform chemicals are produced in high yields on a wide range of carbon sources. the yields are in excess of 85 % of th ...201222526790
metabolic profiling of a rhizopus oryzae fumaric acid production mutant generated by femtosecond laser irradiation.femtosecond laser irradiation was employed to induce mutations in rhizopus oryzae, leading to increases in fumaric acid production. compared to the parental strain, mutant strain fm19 exhibited an increase in titer and yield of 56.3% and 36.6%, respectively, corresponding to a titer of 49.4 g/l and a yield of 0.56 g fumaric acid per g glucose. metabolic profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that higher levels of carbon (embden-meyerhof-parnas and tricarboxylic acid cycle) an ...201222516248
direct fermentation of l (+)-lactic acid from cassava pulp by solid state culture of rhizopus oryzae.this study shows that rhizopus oryzae is capable of directly utilizing cassava pulp alone to l-lactic acid in solid state fermentation (ssf). ph control at 6.0 helped prevent end product inhibition. increasing lactate titer was observed at the higher initial moistened water due to the higher degree of substrate swelling and hydrolysis. with shaking, limited ethanol production but no change in lactate titer was observed. rigorous shaking gave better oxygen transfer but presumably caused cell dama ...201222476767
reconstruction of cytosolic fumaric acid biosynthetic pathways in saccharomyces cerevisiae.fumaric acid is a commercially important component of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and industrial materials, yet the current methods of production are unsustainable and ecologically destructive.201222335940
characterization of smallest active monomeric lipase from novel rhizopus strain: application in transesterification.an extracellular lipase-producing fungus was isolated from oil-rich soil. this fungus belongs to the genus rhizopus and clades with rhizopus oryzae. lipase was purified to homogeneity from this novel fungal source using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by q-sepharose chromatography. the extracellular lipase was purified 8.6-fold, and enzymatic properties were studied. the molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 17 kd by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electro ...201222328259
inverted binding due to a minor structural change in berberine enhances its phospholipase a2 inhibitory effect.biotransformation of berberine by rhizopus oryzae leads to its demethylation, producing hydroxyl derivatives, as revealed by fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and electro spray ionization-mass spectrometric analyses. surface plasmon resonance and enzyme kinetic studies showed that biotransformed derivatives of berberine had a higher inhibitory potential than berberine towards phospholipase a(2). x-ray crystal structures demonstrated that biotransformed berberin ...201222305795
a global analysis of mucormycosis in france: the retrozygo study (2005-2007).mucormycosis is a deadly invasive fungal infection whose characteristics are only partially understood.201222247443
antifungal activity of thymus vulgaris l. essential oil and its constituent phytochemicals against rhizopus oryzae: interaction with ergosterol.mucormycoses are emerging infections that have high rates of morbidity and mortality. they show high resistance to antifungal agents, and there is a limited therapeutic arsenal currently available, therefore, there is a great need to give priority to testing therapeutic agents for the treatment of mucormycosis. along this line, the use of essential oils and phytoconstituents has been emphasized as a new therapeutic approach. the objective of this work was to investigate the antifungal activity o ...201223519243
aqueous extracts of rhizopus oryzae induced nitric oxide production in rat hepatocyte cell line rln-10.aqueous extracts of rhizopus oryzae (aq-rou) have a broad range of physiological activity. here we identified a new physiological effect of aq-rou in rat hepatocyte cell line rln-10. aq-rou induced the accumulation of nitrite, a stable metabolite nitric oxide (no), in cell culture medium and induced potent diaminofluorescein-fm diacetate staining in the cells. real-time reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr analysis showed marked inducible no synthase gene expression. additionally, markedly enhanced ex ...201323832357
solvent-free synthesis of flavour esters through immobilized lipase mediated transesterification.the synthesis of methyl butyrate and octyl acetate through immobilized rhizopus oryzae nrrl 3562 lipase mediated transesterification was studied under solvent-free conditions. the effect of different transesterification variables, namely, molarity of alcohol, reaction time, temperature, agitation, addition of water, and enzyme amount on molar conversion (%) was investigated. a maximum molar conversion of 70.42% and 92.35% was obtained in a reaction time of 14 and 12 h with the transesterificatio ...201323819043
hyperthermia sensitizes rhizopus oryzae to posaconazole and itraconazole action through apoptosis.the high mortality rate of mucormycosis with currently available monotherapy has created interest in studying novel strategies for antifungal agents. with the exception of amphotericin b (amb), the triazoles (posaconazole [pcz] and itraconazole [icz]) are fungistatic in vitro against rhizopus oryzae . we hypothesized that growth at a high temperature (42°c) results in fungicidal activity of pcz and icz that is mediated through apoptosis. r. oryzae had high mic values for pcz and icz (16 to 64 μg ...201323817366
kinetic properties of two rhizopus exo-polygalacturonase enzymes hydrolyzing galacturonic acid oligomers using isothermal titration calorimetry.the kinetic characteristics of two rhizopus oryzae exo-polygalacturonases acting on galacturonic acid oligomers (galpa) were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (itc). rpg15 hydrolyzing (galpa)2 demonstrated a k m of 55 μm and k cat of 10.3 s(-1) while rpg16 was shown to have greater affinity for (galpa)2 with a k m of 16 μm, but lesser catalytic activity with a k cat of 3.9 s(-1). both enzymes were inhibited by the product, galacturonic acid, with app k i values of 886 and 501 μm ...201323813338
rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to rhizopus oryzae in a diabetic patient: a case report.mucormycosis is an opportunistic fulminant fungal infection, which affects nose and paranasal sinuses by direct invasion or through the blood vessels mainly in diabetic and immunocompromised patients. in the present study, a rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in a 24-year-old female with diabetes mellitus as underlying disease was reported. computed tomography (ct scan) demonstrated an increase in the soft tissue densities in the left nasal cavity, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and destruction o ...201323721995
mitochondrial respiratory pathways inhibition in rhizopus oryzae potentiates activity of posaconazole and itraconazole via apoptosis.the incidence of mucormycosis has increased drastically in immunocompromised patients. also the array of targets whose inhibition results in mucorales death is limited. recently, researchers identified mitochondria as important regulators of detoxification and virulence mechanisms in fungi. in this context, targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain may provide a new platform for antifungal development. we hypothesized that targeting respiratory pathways potentiates triazoles activity via apo ...201323696824
mass production of spores of lactic acid-producing rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5384 on agar plate.mass production of sporangiospores (spores) of rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5384 (identical to nrrl 395 and atcc 9363) on potato-dextrose-agar medium was studied aiming at starting its l(+)-lactic acid fermentation directly from spore inoculation. various parameters including harvest time, sowed spore density, size of agar plate, height of air space, and incubation mode of plate (agar-on-bottom or agar-on-top) were studied. ordinarily used shallow petri dishes were found out to be unsuitable for the ful ...201323658025
gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis caused by rhizopus oryzae: a case report and review of primary cutaneous mucormycosis in china over past 20 years.cutaneous mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection caused by zygomycetes that can be rapidly fatal if unrecognized. we describe the clinical, histopathological, fungal and molecular features of a case of gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis. the patient presented with great necrosis on his right forearm at the site of detained intravenous cannula needle. he had type ii diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. koh mount of black eschar showed many broad, aseptate fungal hyphae with right-angl ...201323615822
rational medium optimization based on comparative metabolic profiling analysis to improve fumaric acid production.to rationally guide fumaric acid production improvement, metabolic profiling approach was performed to analyze metabolite changes of rhizopus oryzae fm19 under different fermentation conditions. a correlation between the metabolic profiling and fumaric acid production was revealed by principal component analysis as well as partial least squares. citric acid, oxaloacetic acid, 2-oxoglutarate, lactic acid, proline, alanine, valine, leucine were identified to be mainly responsible for the metabolis ...201323570778
role of met93 and thr96 in the lid hinge region of rhizopus chinensis lipase.we engineered rhizopus chinensis lipase to study its critical amino acid role in catalytic properties. based on the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional model of the lipase, residues located in its lid hinge region (met93 and thr96) were replaced with corresponding amino acid residues (ile93 and asn96) found in the lid hinge region of rhizopus oryzae lipase. the substitutions in the lid hinge region affected not only substrate specificity but also the thermostability of the lipase. both lip ...201323546870
comparative analysis of solid-state bioprocessing and enzymatic treatment of finger millet for mobilization of bound phenolics.the present work investigates the probable bioprocessing technique to mobilize the bound phenolics naturally found in finger millet cell wall for enriching it with dietary antioxidants. comparative study was performed between the exogenous enzymatic treatment and solid-state fermentation of grain (ssf) with a food grade organism rhizopus oryzae. ssf results indicated that at the 6th day of incubation, total phenolic content (18.64 mg gallic acid equivalent/gds) and antioxidant property (dpph rad ...201323456252
high-level expression and characterization of a chimeric lipase from rhizopus oryzae for biodiesel production.production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is receiving increasing attention. tung oil, called "china wood oil" is one kind of promising non-edible biodiesel oil in china. to our knowledge, tung oil has not been used to produce biodiesel by enzymatic method. the enzymatic production of biodiesel has been investigated extensively by using rhizopus oryzae lipase as catalyst. however, the high cost of r. oryzae lipase remains a barrier for its industrial applications. through different heterologo ...201323432946
rhinocerebral mucormycosis: literature review apropos of a rare entity.mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection that affects immunocompromised patients, and the rhinoorbitocerebral presentation is the most common clinical form of the disease, often associated with diabetes mellitusthe treatment is complex and involves amphotericin b and surgery. studies show increasing success without or with minimal surgeries. the authors present the case of a diabetic woman with a 1-month history of intranasal and right periorbital pain associated with progressive deficit of vario ...201323389725
[fungal sinusitis: report of two cases of indolent form of fungus usually invasive, up treatment and care].unlike aspergillus sinusitis, sinus infections by mucormycosis are often invasive and have a lethal potential. we report two cases of chronic sinusitis with unilateral uncomplicated diagnosis of mucormycosis confirmed by pathology or mycology and discuss the therapeutic strategy.201324974408
tacrolimus enhances the potency of posaconazole against rhizopus oryzae in vitro and in an experimental model of mucormycosis.we hypothesized that tacrolimus, an inhibitor of the calcineurin pathway, would enhance the in vivo activity of posaconazole against rhizopus oryzae, the mucorales species most commonly associated with mucormycosis.201323242544
rhizopus oryzae hyphae are damaged by human natural killer (nk) cells, but suppress nk cell mediated immunity.mucormycosis has a high mortality and is increasingly diagnosed in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. in this setting, there is a growing interest to restore host defense to combat infections by adoptively transferring donor-derived immunocompetent cells. natural killer (nk) cells exhibit antitumor and antiinfective activity, but the interaction with mucormycetes is unknown. our data demonstrate that both unstimulated and il-2 prestimulated human nk cells damage rhizopus oryza ...201323201314
molecular characterization of β-fructofuranosidases from rhizopus delemar and amylomyces rouxii.of the 19 strains of rhizopus delemar deposited as rhizopus oryzae, seven of them, nbrc 4726, nbrc 4734, nbrc 4746, nbrc 4754, nbrc 4773, nbrc 4775, and nbrc 4801, completely hydrolyzed exogenous sucrose and fructooligosaccharides. the sucrose-hydrolyzing enzyme was purified from the culture filtrate of r. delemar nbrc 4754 and classified to β-fructofuranosidase, similar to that of amylomyces rouxii cbs 438.76. fragments including β-fructofuranosidase genes (suca) of seven strains of r. delemar ...201323180124
[effects of nitrogen-limitation on xylose metabolism and key enzymes activity in rhizopus oryzae].we studied the effects of nitrogen concentration on xylose metabolism and organic acid production in rhizopus oryzae.201324617260
optimization of marine waste based-growth media for microbial lipase production using mixture design methodology.lipase production by staphylococcus xylosus and rhizopus oryzae was investigated using a culture medium based on a mixture of synthetic medium and supernatants generated from tuna by-products and ulva rigida biomass. the proportion of the three medium components was optimized using the simplex-centroid mixture design method (scmd). results indicated that the experimental data were in good agreement with predicted values, indicating that scmd was a reliable method for determining the optimum mixt ...201324350480
[evaluation of zygomycosis cases by pooled analysis method reported from turkey].zygomycosis is a rapidly-progressive invasive fungal disease with high mortality rates. mucor, rhizopus, rhizomucor and absidia species classified in mucorales order, are the main causative agents of zygomycosis. uncontrolled diabetes, hematologic malignancies, long term corticosteroid use and immunosuppressive therapies are the main predisposing factors for mucormycosis. in this study, we aimed to evaluate the mucormycosis cases from turkey published in national and international databases in t ...201324237440
l (+)-lactic acid production by pellet-form rhizopus oryzae nrrl 395 on biodiesel crude glycerol.given its availability and low price, glycerol derived from biodiesel industry has become an ideal feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. a solution to reduce the negative environmental problems and the cost of biodiesel is to use crude glycerol as carbon source for microbial growth media in order to produce valuable organic chemicals. in the present paper, crude glycerol was used as carbon substrate for production of l (+)-lactic acid using pelletized fungus r. oryzae nrrl 395 on ...201324112554
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