Publications

identification of brain transcriptional variation reproduced in peripheral blood: an approach for mapping brain expression traits.	genome-wide gene expression studies may provide substantial insight into gene activities and biological pathways differing between tissues and individuals. we investigated such gene expression variation by analyzing expression profiles in brain tissues derived from eight different brain regions and from blood in 12 monkeys from a biomedically important non-human primate model, the vervet (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). we characterized brain regional differences in gene expression, focusing on t ...	2009	19692348
resource brief: the national non-human primate dna bank.	a national non-human primate (nhp) dna bank has been established by the national primate research centers and the national center for research resources, nih, providing a new resource for comparative genomic studies. the collection includes genomic dna samples from macaques, chimpanzees, baboons, vervets, marmosets, sooty mangabeys and titi monkeys. the repository includes dnas from 697 unrelated animals, suitable for comparing allele representation within and between species. another 474 dnas a ...	2009	19706346
prevalence of antibodies and cell mediated immune response against leishmania major in feral nonhuman primates from kenya.	in kenya, leishmania major is responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). natural infection with l. major of a vervet monkey and experimental susceptibility of some nonhuman primates (nhps) from kenya has been established. however, there has been no comprehensive study of the prevalence of zoonotic cl in kenya. and also, no investigation has been done to assess whether nhps could be potential reservoir hosts of l. major even when the involvement of reservoir animals is obligatory in tran ...	2009	18983806
neuronal reduction in frontal cortex of primates after prenatal alcohol exposure.	children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (fasd) show behavioral and intellectual impairments that indicate frontal lobe dysfunction, but the extent of damage to this region has not been clarified by brain imaging studies. this study uses the st kitts vervet monkey, a species that voluntarily consumes beverage alcohol, to examine the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure. pregnant vervets were allowed to drink the equivalent of 3-5 standard drinks four times a week during the third trimester ...	2009	18987558
inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter improves behavioral flexibility in rats and monkeys.	poor cognitive control, including reversal learning deficits, has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in stimulant-dependent humans, and in animal models of these disorders; these conditions have each been associated with abnormal catecholaminergic function within the prefrontal cortex.	2009	18604598
demography and life histories of sympatric patas monkeys, erythrocebus patas, and vervets, cercopithecus aethiops, in laikipia, kenya.	mortality patterns are thought to be strong selective forces on life history traits, with high adult mortality and low immature mortality favoring early and rapid reproduction. patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) have the highest potential rates of population increase for their body size of any haplorhine primate because they reproduce both earlier and more often. we report here 10 yr of comparative demographic data on a population of patas monkeys and a sympatric population of vervet monkeys (ce ...	2009	20976285
reduced soma size of the m-neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus following foetal alcohol exposure in non-human primates.	visual impairment is commonly reported as a consequence of heavy prenatal ethanol exposure in humans. children generally display characteristic cranio-facial dysmorphology and represent typical severe cases of foetal alcohol syndrome. binge-like rodent model systems have concluded that third trimester equivalent ethanol exposure results in widespread apoptosis in the visual system from the retina to the visual cortex. neither clinical nor animal studies address the consequences of more moderate ...	2010	20661554
postrelease success of two rehabilitated vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) troops in kwazulu-natal, south africa.	in south africa, the most common primate in rehabilitation centres is the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). here we evaluated the efficacy of releasing two vervet monkey troops into the wild, using the standard methods employed by an established rehabilitation centre. two troops were assembled over 2-3 years. coloured ear tags identified adults, subadults and juveniles. radiocollars were placed on all the adults and subadults of both troops (41% of all individuals). each troop was released a ...	2010	20668387
prevalence of hypermucoid klebsiella pneumoniae among wild-caught and captive vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the island of st. kitts.	invasive, hypermucoid klebsiella pneumoniae causes severe abscess formation in humans and in certain species of nonhuman primates. we conducted a survey of captive and wild-caught african green monkeys, or vervets (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), on the caribbean island of st. kitts to assess their carriage rate of klebsiella spp. forty percent of rectal swabs from captive monkeys were positive for k. pneumoniae, and 20% of wild-caught animals were positive. two wild-caught monkeys (4%) were posi ...	2010	20688708
computational physiology of the basal ganglia in parkinson's disease.	the normal activity of basal ganglia neurons is characterized by poisson-like (random) firing patterns. correlations between neurons of the same structure are weak or non-existent. by contrast, synchronous oscillations are commonly found in the basal ganglia of human patients and animal models of parkinson's disease. the frequency of these oscillations is often similar to that of the parkinsonian tremor, but their role in generating the tremor or other parkinsonian symptoms is still under debate ...	2010	20696324
the ultrastructure of the sertoli cell of the vervet monkey, chlorocebus aethiops.	the ultrastructure of the sertoli cell of the vervet monkey was studied using both scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques. sem micrographs revealed perforated sleeve-like processes which encased mature elongated spermatids which are ready for spermiation. tem micrographs showed a large sertoli cell nucleus characterized by many lobes (4-5) and consisting of a homogenous nucleoplasm and a distinctive nucleolus. the nucleus occupies a significant portion of the basal region of t ...	2010	20828773
a web-based brain atlas of the vervet monkey, chlorocebus aethiops.	vervet monkeys are a frequently studied animal model in neuroscience research. although equally distantly related to humans, the ancestors of vervets diverged from those of macaques and baboons more than 11 million years ago, antedating the divergence of the ancestors of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. to facilitate anatomic localization in the vervet brain, two linked on-line electronic atlases are described, one based on registered mri scans from hundreds of vervets (http://www.loni.ucla.edu ...	2010	20923706
retrospective analysis of suspected rabies cases reported at bugando referral hospital, mwanza, tanzania.	the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of humans being bitten by rabies-suspected animals, and the victims' adherence to post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) regimen.	2010	20927280
contrasting nephropathic responses to oral administration of extract of cultured penicillium polonicum in rat and primate.	liquid- or solid substrate-cultured penicillium polonicum administered in feed to rats over several days evokes a histopathological response in kidney involving apoptosis and abnormal mitosis in proximal tubules. the amphoteric toxin is yet only partly characterized, but can be isolated from cultured sporulating biomass in a fraction that is soluble in water and ethanol, and exchangeable on either anion- or cation-exchange resins. after several weeks of treatment renal proximal tubule distortion ...	2010	22069673
evolutionary patterns of killer cell ig-like receptor genes in old world monkeys.	killer cell ig-like receptors (kirs) modulate the cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells. kir genes are encoded in the leucocyte receptor complex and are characterized by their high haplotypic diversity and polymorphism. the kir system has been studied in only three species of old world monkeys, the rhesus macaque, the cynomolgus macaque, and the sabaeus monkey, displaying a complexity rivaling that of hominids (human and apes). here we analyzed bacterial artificial chromosome draft sequences ...	2010	21185924
contact with human facilities appears to enhance technical skills in wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).	technical abilities of primates are typically tested in the laboratory. it has been argued that close contact between animals and humans may lead to an increase in skills due to an 'enculturation' of subjects. here, we provide evidence that exposure to human facilities may improve wild vervet monkeys' technical skills in a social learning task using the 'artificial fruit' approach. two of our 6 study groups had access to human facilities within their territories. only members of these 2 groups w ...	2010	21212682
changes in ranging and agonistic behavior of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) after predator-induced group fusion.	socio-ecological theory predicts that group fusion in female-philopatric primate species will be rare because females experience increased costs by associating with non-relatives. indeed, fusion has been reported only 14 times in only 4 female-philopatric cercopithecines despite many years of observation. here, we describe changes in ranging and agonistic behavior of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) after the fusion of two groups, the sole group fusion during 11 years of observation, indu ...	2010	20213654
selective attention to philopatric models causes directed social learning in wild vervet monkeys.	human behaviour is often based on social learning, a mechanism that has been documented also in a variety of other vertebrates. however, social learning as a means of problem-solving may be optimal only under specific conditions, and both theoretical work and laboratory experiments highlight the importance of a potential model's identity. here we present the results from a social learning experiment on six wild vervet monkey groups, where models were either a dominant female or a dominant male. ...	2010	20236972
linear and conformation specific antibodies in aged beagles after prolonged vaccination with aggregated abeta.	previously we showed that anti-abeta peptide immunotherapy significantly attenuated alzheimer's-like amyloid deposition in the central nervous system of aged canines. in this report we have characterized the changes that occurred in the humoral immune response over 2.4years in canines immunized repeatedly with aggregated abeta(1-42) (an1792) formulated in alum adjuvant. we observed a rapid and robust induction of anti-abeta antibody titers, which were associated with an anti-inflammatory t helpe ...	2010	20451612
clinicopathologic characterization of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in vervet monkeys.	diabetes mellitus (dm) is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by persistent fasting hyperglycemia, and it can be of either polygenic or monogenic origin. animal models have played an important role in elucidating the pathophysiology of the polygenic type 1 and type 2 dm forms; however, useful animal models of the monogenic forms do not exist. the authors describe 4 cases of naturally occurring dm in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), 1 of which has clinicopathologic f ...	2010	20460450
do females pay attention to secondary sexual coloration in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops)?	several primate species show sexual dichromatism with males displaying conspicuous coloration of the pelage or skin. studies of scrotal coloration in male vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) suggest that it is an important intrasexual signal, with relatively dark, colourful males dominating paler males. to date, no studies have examined the influence of male colour on intersexual social interactions in vervet monkeys. the primary goal of the present study was to evaluate whether female vervet ...	2010	19876610
high-fiber diet promotes weight loss and affects maternal behavior in vervet monkeys.	the dramatic increase in obesity in western societies has shifted the emphasis in nutrition research from the problems of undernutrition to the adverse consequences of being overweight. as with humans, old world monkeys are at increased risk for type ii diabetes and other chronic diseases when they gain excessive weight. to prevent overweight and obesity, promote animal health, and provide a more natural level of fiber in the diet, the standard commercial monkey chow diet at a vervet monkey bree ...	2010	19937736
simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment.	although few simian rotaviruses (rvs) have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. to explore the origins of simian rvs, the complete genome sequences of strains ptrv (g8p[1]), rrv (g3p[3]), and tuch (g3p[24]) were determined. these data allowed the genotype constellations of each virus to be determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the simian strains with each other and with nonsimian rvs to be elucidated. the results indicate that ptr ...	2010	19939934
partial recovery of hemiparesis following hemispherectomy in infant monkeys.	hemiparesis, unilateral weakness or partial paralysis, is a common outcome following hemispherectomy in humans. we use the non-human primate as an invaluable translational model for our understanding of developmental plasticity in response to hemispherectomy. three infant vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabeus) underwent hemispherectomy at a median age of 9 weeks and two additional monkeys at 48 months. gross motor assessment was conducted in a large open field that contained a horizontal bar spanni ...	2010	19969043
characterization of francisella tularensis strains, comparing their carbon source utilization.	thirteen francisella tularensis strains were isolated from 22 seropositive brown hares (lepus europaeus) originating from different parts of hungary, and further two from a patas monkey (erythrocebus patas) and vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). the isolates were identified as f. tularensis ssp. holarctica on the basis of culture, morphological and biochemical characteristics. the identification was verified by polymerase chain reaction and the sequencing of the partial 16s rrna gene. utiliza ...	2010	19538455
fetal and maternal factors associated with infant mortality in vervet monkeys.	causes of infant death remain unknown in significant proportions of human and non-human primate pregnancies.	2011	20637047
ongoing beta-cell turnover in adult nonhuman primates is not adaptively increased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.	ß-cell turnover and its potential to permit ß-cell regeneration in adult primates are unknown. our aims were 1) to measure ß-cell turnover in adult nonhuman primates; 2) to establish the relative contribution of ß-cell replication and formation of new ß-cells from other precursors (defined thus as ß-cell neogenesis); and 3) to establish whether there is an adaptive increase in ß-cell formation (attempted regeneration) in streptozotocin (stz)-induced diabetes in adult nonhuman primates.	2011	21270238
restoring hsp70 deficiencies improves glucose tolerance in diabetic monkeys.	we evaluated heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) changes in diabetes mellitus (dm) in a nonhuman primate model. to this end, two studies were conducted in dm vervet monkeys. 1) normal control and streptozotocin-induced dm monkeys (stz-dm) that were differentiated into moderately or poorly controlled dm by judicious insulin administration were evaluated. liver was collected at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wk after streptozotocin, exposed to ex vivo heat shock at 42°c, and immunoblotted for heat shock factor 1 ...	2011	21325107
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the tnf gene are associated with obesity-related phenotypes in vervet monkeys.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been extensively characterized in humans, with numerous reports of associations with obesity-related phenotypes as well an array of infectious, immune-mediated, and inflammatory disease phenotypes. controlling for the multitude of environmental risk factors in human studies has been a major confounder of efforts to elucidate the role and relative contribution of tnf promoter snps. as part of an ongoing initiative to ...	2011	21331060
detection and genetic characterization of enteroviruses circulating among wild populations of chimpanzees in cameroon: relationship with human and simian enteroviruses.	enteroviruses (evs), members of the family picornaviridae, are a genetically and antigenically diverse range of viruses causing acute infections in humans and several old world monkey (owm) species. despite their known wide distribution in primates, nothing is currently known about the occurrence, frequency, and genetic diversity of enteroviruses infecting apes. to investigate this, 27 chimpanzee and 27 gorilla fecal samples collected from undisturbed jungle areas with minimal human contact in c ...	2011	21345956
distribution of collateral fibers in the monkey cervical spinal cord detected with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.	diffusion anisotropy monitored with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dwmri) is a sensitive marker to monitor developmental or pathological microstructural changes in spinal cord. the white matter is often treated as a unidirectional axonal bundle but collateral fibers branching off the main spinal pathways contradicts this assumption and affects the diffusion anisotropy. it is the aim of this study to investigate to what extent collateral fibers are apparent in diffusion tensor dat ...	2011	21352926
characterization and validation of a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model in the vervet monkey.	streptozotocin (stz), preferentially toxic to pancreatic beta cells, is commonly used to model type 1 diabetes mellitus (dm) in numerous species, including nonhuman primates.	2011	21356321
a novelty seeking phenotype is related to chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity reflected by hair cortisol.	reduced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa) activity is associated with greater novelty seeking in humans. hair cortisol represents an integrated proxy measure of total cortisol production/release over an extended period of time and may be a valuable tool for tracking the hpa system. sampling approaches (collection of blood, saliva, urine, or feces) for socially housed nonhuman primates present a number of technical challenges for collection particularly when repeated sampling is necessary. her ...	2011	21396388
heritability and genetic correlation of hair cortisol in vervet monkeys in low and higher stress environments.	chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (hpa) system is a risk factor for a variety of physical and mental disorders, and yet the complexity of the system has made it difficult to define the role of genetic and environmental factors in producing long-term individual differences in hpa activity. cortisol levels in hair have been suggested as a marker of total hpa activation over a period of several months. this study takes advantage of a pedigreed nonhuman primate colony to inves ...	2011	21411232
influence of trypanocidal therapy on the haematology of vervet monkeys experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	the aim of this study was to characterise the sequential haematological changes in vervet monkeys infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and subsequently treated with sub-curative diminazene aceturate (da) and curative melarsoprol (melb) trypanocidal drugs. fourteen vervet monkeys, on a serial timed-kill pathogenesis study, were infected intravenously with 10(4) trypanosomes of a stabilate t. b. rhodesiense ketri 2537. they were treated with da at 28 days post infection (dpi) and with melb ...	2011	21420376
planum temporale grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), vervet (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus (macaca mulatta) and bonnet (macaca radiata) monkeys.	brain asymmetries, particularly asymmetries within regions associated with language, have been suggested as a key difference between humans and our nearest ancestors. these regions include the planum temporale (pt) - the bank of tissue that lies posterior to heschl's gyrus and encompasses wernicke's area, an important brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. in the human brain, both the surface area and the grey matter volume of the pt are larger in the left compared to r ...	2011	21447349
coordinately regulated alternative splicing of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake.	genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake are transcriptionally regulated in response to cellular sterol content in a coordinated manner. a number of these genes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgcr) and ldl receptor (ldlr), undergo alternative splicing, resulting in reductions of enzyme or protein activity. here we demonstrate that cellular sterol depletion suppresses, and sterol loading induces, alternative splicing of multiple genes involved in the mai ...	2011	21559365
dorsal striatal d2-like receptor availability covaries with sensitivity to positive reinforcement during discrimination learning.	deviations in reward sensitivity and behavioral flexibility, particularly in the ability to change or stop behaviors in response to changing environmental contingencies, are important phenotypic dimensions of several neuropsychiatric disorders. neuroimaging evidence suggests that variation in dopamine signaling through dopamine d(2)-like receptors may influence these phenotypes, as well as associated psychiatric conditions, but the specific neurocognitive mechanisms through which this influence ...	2011	21593313
weight loss, weakness and lymphadenopathy in two vervet monkeys (chlorocebus spp.).		2011	21597498
environmental stress alters genetic regulation of novelty seeking in vervet monkeys.	considerable attention has been paid to identifying genetic influences and gene-environment interactions that increase vulnerability to environmental stressors, with promising but inconsistent results. a nonhuman primate model is presented here that allows assessment of genetic influences on response to a stressful life event for a behavioral trait with relevance for psychopathology. genetic and environmental influences on free choice novelty seeking behavior were assessed in a pedigreed colony ...	2011	21631727
induced cooperation to access a shareable reward increases the hierarchical segregation of wild vervet monkeys.	until now cooperation experiments in primates have paid little attention to how cooperation can emerge and what effects are produced on the structure of a social group in nature. i performed field experiments with three groups of wild vervet monkeys in south africa. i induced individuals to repeatedly approach and operate food containers. at least two individuals needed to operate the containers in order to get the reward. the recurrent partner associations observed before the experiment only pa ...	2011	21799760
the effect of housing and environmental enrichment on stereotyped behavior of adult vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).	little information is available on the response of vervet monkeys to different housing conditions or on the suitability of enrichment devices or methods for vervet monkeys. in this study, the authors evaluated the occurrence of stereotyped behavior in adult vervet monkeys under various conditions of housing and enrichment. the variables included cage size, cage level (upper or lower), enrichment with a foraging log, enrichment with an exercise cage and presence of a mate. the authors first deter ...	2011	21691296
authentication of african green monkey cell lines using human short tandem repeat markers.	tools for authenticating cell lines are critical for quality control in cell-based biological experiments. currently there are methods to authenticate human cell lines using short tandem repeat (str) markers based on the technology and procedures successfully used in the forensic community for human identification, but there are no str based methods for authenticating nonhuman cell lines to date. there is significant homology between the human and vervet monkey genome and we utilized these simil ...	2011	22059503
Possible thermoregulatory functions of the internal vertebral venous plexus in man and various other mammals: Evidence from comparative anatomical studies.	Comparative anatomy was used to collect more evidence for a thermoregulatory function of the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP). The venous connections of the IVVP were studied and compared in various mammals in order to find evidence for the existence of climate related anatomical adaptations. Humans and vervet monkeys were chosen as representatives of mammals living in moderate climates, the IVVP of the dolphin was studied because this animal is always surrounded by cold water. The spring ...	2011	21913229
does alzheimer's disease exist in all primates? alzheimer pathology in non-human primates and its pathophysiological implications (ii).	introduction: in the ageing process there are some species of non-human primates which can show some of the defining characteristics of the alzheimer's disease (ad) of man, both in neuropathological changes and cognitive-behavioural symptoms. the study of these species is of prime importance to understand ad and develop therapies to combat this neurodegenerative disease. development: in this second part of the study, these ad features are discussed in the most important non-experimental ad model ...	2011	21871692
Anatomic brain asymmetry in vervet monkeys.	Asymmetry is a prominent feature of human brains with important functional consequences. Many asymmetric traits show population bias, but little is known about the genetic and environmental sources contributing to inter-individual variance. Anatomic asymmetry has been observed in Old World monkeys, but the evidence for the direction and extent of asymmetry is equivocal and only one study has estimated the genetic contributions to inter-individual variance. In this study we characterize a range o ...	2011	22205941
Aged vervet monkeys developing transthyretin amyloidosis with the human disease-causing Ile122 allele: a valid pathological model of the human disease.	Mutant forms of transthyretin (TTR) cause the most common type of autosomal-dominant hereditary systemic amyloidosis. In addition, wild-type TTR causes senile systemic amyloidosis, a sporadic disease seen in the elderly. Although spontaneous development of TTR amyloidosis had not been reported in animals other than humans, we recently determined that two aged vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) spontaneously developed systemic TTR amyloidosis. In this study here, we first determined that ag ...	2011	22184092
Bush Animal Attacks: Management of complex injuries in a resource-limited setting.	ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Though animal-related injuries and fatalities have been documented throughout the world, the variety of attacks by wild animals native to rural East Africa are less commonly described. Given the proximity of our northwestern Tanzania hospital to Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and the Serengeti National Park, and presentation of several patients attacked by bush animals and suffering a variety of complex injuries, we sought to report the pattern of attacks and surgical ...	2011	22189007
Hair cortisol levels track phylogenetic and age related differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in non-human primates.	Hair has been shown to archive a uniquely time averaged signal of endocrine activity, and holds attractive advantages for both laboratory and field research. Prior research has explored the potential of hair hormone analysis to examine hormone-behavior relationships. To date, no research has focused on the potential of the technique to investigate age-related changes or taxon differences in endocrine function. It is known that non-human primate infants of many taxa exhibit high cortisol levels a ...	2011	21893059
lipid metabolism and other metabolic changes in vervet monkeys experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	background human african trypanosomiasis is associated with metabolic changes which have not been well characterized. methods chlorocebus aethiops were experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and late-stage disease induced at 28 days post-infection. ear prick blood for glucose determination and blood samples were obtained at weekly intervals for 56 days. analysis was carried out using dry chemistry analysis. results in early infection, there was a significant increase in c ...	2011	22070162
Expression and localization of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 and the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase in the retina of vervet monkeys.	The presence of a widespread endocannabinoid (eCB) system within the nervous system, including the retina, has been demonstrated in recent years. Expression patterns of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are available for rodents, but data for humans and monkeys are scarce. We, therefore, thoroughly examined the distribution pattern of CB1R and FAAH throughout the retina of the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabeus) using confocal microscopy. Our resu ...	2011	22142900
Diversity and host specificity of Blastocystis in syntopic primates on Rubondo Island, Tanzania.	The isolated ecosystem of Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania is an interesting model site, inhabited by an assembly of primate species with various histories: two introduced primate species, Pantroglodytes (chimpanzee) and Colobus guereza (colobus), and a single indigenous species Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus (vervet monkey). Apart from important lessons for future introduction/re-introduction projects, Rubondo National Park offers a unique place to study the patterns of transmission of ...	2011	21854778
atlas-guided segmentation of vervet monkey brain mri.	the vervet monkey is an important nonhuman primate model that allows the study of isolated environmental factors in a controlled environment. analysis of monkey mri often suffers from lower quality images compared with human mri because clinical equipment is typically used to image the smaller monkey brain and higher spatial resolution is required. this, together with the anatomical differences of the monkey brains, complicates the use of neuroimage analysis pipelines tuned for human mri analysi ...	2011	22253661
a comparative study of growth patterns in crested langurs and vervet monkeys.	the physical growth patterns of crested langurs and vervet monkeys are investigated for several unilinear dimensions. long bone lengths, trunk height, foot length, epiphyseal fusion of the long bones and the pelvis, and cranial capacity are compared through six dental growth stages in male trachypithecus cristatus (crested langurs) and cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkeys). results show that the body elements of crested langurs mature differently than those of vervets. in some dimensions, lang ...	2011	22567303
the release of a troop of rehabilitated vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) in kwazulu-natal, south africa: outcomes and assessment.	rehabilitation and release have become central to the management and welfare of primate species in south africa such as the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops). however, limited research means that it is unknown whether rehabilitation is a successful management strategy for this species. this study describes the release of a troop of rehabilitated vervet monkeys and evaluates the results of 1 year of post-release monitoring. the released animals exhibited wild behaviours and established a home ...	2011	22516926
red-green color vision in three catarrhine primates.	the evolution of the red-green visual subsystem in trichromatic primates has been linked to foraging advantages, specifically the detection of either ripe fruits or young leaves amid mature foliage, and to the intraspecific socio-sexual communication, namely the signal of the male rank, the mate choice and the reproductive strategies in females. new data should be added to the debate regarding the evolution of trichromatic color vision. three catarrhine primates were observed to achieve this goa ...	2012	23336029
nutritional benefits of crematogaster mimosae ants and acacia drepanolobium gum for patas monkeys and vervets in laikipia, kenya.	patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) are midsized primates that feed extensively on the gum of acacia drepanolobium and the ants are housed in swollen thorns of this acacia. their diet resembles that expected more of smaller bodied primates. patas monkeys are also more like smaller bodied primates in reproducing at high rates. we sought to better understand the convergence of patas monkeys with smaller bodied primates by comparing their feeding behavior on ants and gum with that of closely related ...	2012	23280312
immunization with leishmania vaccine-alum-bcg and montanide isa 720 adjuvants induces low-grade type 2 cytokines and high levels of igg2 subclass antibodies in the vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) model.	the availability of hundreds of adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for the selection of adjuvant formulation based on sound immunological principles for human vaccines. as cytokines elaborated by activated t cells are required for the regulation of isotype switch during b-cell development, a study of th2 cytokines and subclass distribution of the antibodies may shed new light on the processes involved in the polarization of the immune responses during vaccination st ...	2012	22862788
safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants.	in this study, we report on the safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth), responses of the leishmania donovani whole cell sonicate antigen delivered in conjunction with alum-bcg (albcg), montanide isa 720 (misa) or monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in groups of vervet monkeys. following three intradermal injections of the inoculums on days 0, 28 and 42, safety and dth responses were assessed. preliminary tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) and interferon gamma (ifn-γ) levels were also mea ...	2012	22370752
leishmania donovani whole cell antigen delivered with adjuvants protects against visceral leishmaniasis in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops).	in a previous immunogenicity and efficacy study in mice, montanide isa 720 (misa) was indicated to be a better adjuvant than bacillus calmette guerin vaccine (bcg) for a leishmania vaccine. in the present study, we report the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of leishmania donovani (l. donovani) sonicated antigen delivered with alum-bcg (albcg), misa or monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in vervet monkeys following intradermal inoculums. vaccinated and control animals were challenged with virulent ...	2012	23554725
combination and monotherapy of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice using plant extracts and herbicides.	leishmaniasis is a growing health problem in many parts of the world. efforts to find new chemotherapeutics for leishmaniasis remain a priority. this study was carried out to determine the effect of combination and monotherapies using plant extracts and herbicides on leishmania major infection in balb/c mice.	2012	23135005
parasitology of five primates in mahale mountains national park, tanzania.	parasitological surveillance in primates has been performed using coprological observation and identification of specimens from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in mahale mountains national park, tanzania (mahale). in this study, we conducted coprological surveillance to identify the fauna of parasite infection in five primate species in mahale: red colobus (procolobus badius tephrosceles), red-tailed monkeys (cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops p ...	2012	22661394
pharmacology of db844, an orally active aza analogue of pafuramidine, in a monkey model of second stage human african trypanosomiasis.	novel drugs to treat human african trypanosomiasis (hat) are still urgently needed despite the recent addition of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (nect) to who model lists of essential medicines against second stage hat, where parasites have invaded the central nervous system (cns). the pharmacology of a potential orally available lead compound, n-methoxy-6-{5-[4-(n-methoxyamidino) phenyl]-furan-2-yl}-nicotinamidine (db844), was evaluated in a vervet monkey model of second stage hat, ...	2012	22848769
aging does not reduce heat shock protein 70 in the absence of chronic insulin resistance.	heat shock protein (hsp)70 decreases with age. often aging is associated with coincident insulin resistance and higher blood glucose levels, which also associate with lower hsp70. we aimed to understand how these factors interrelate through a series of experiments using vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeous). monkeys (n = 284, 4-25 years) fed low-fat diets showed no association of muscle hsp70 with age (r = .04, p = .53), but levels were highly heritable. insulin resistance was induced i ...	2012	22403054
evidence for scent marking in vervet monkeys?	we used data from two troops of free-ranging vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) to assess the proposition that the conspicuous chest rubbing observed in this species constitutes scent-marking behavior. our data indicate that chest-rubbing behavior is associated with higher-ranking males who are more likely to do so during the breeding season in areas where territorial encounters occur. we found no indication that chest rubbing was triggered directly by encounters between troops. we conclude t ...	2012	22402771
assessment of the release of rehabilitated vervet monkeys into the ntendeka wilderness area, kwazulu-natal, south africa: a case study.	in south africa, vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) are frequently persecuted, resulting in large numbers of injured and/or orphaned animals. rehabilitation centres aim to care for these monkeys and ultimately return them to the wild whenever possible. however, it is unknown whether rehabilitation is successful in its goal of creating wild-living, independent, self-sustaining troops due to limited published research in this area. this study describes the release and subsequent fate of a troop ...	2012	22258755
25(oh)d3 and cardiovascular risk factors in female nonhuman primates.	to determine if interindividual differences in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3) (25(oh)d(3)) have pathophysiologic significance, we evaluated a cohort of female monkeys, seeking to identify associations with clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factors, including age, abdominal obesity (waist circumference), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c).	2012	22876774
a non-human primate system for large-scale genetic studies of complex traits.	non-human primates provide genetic model systems biologically intermediate between humans and other mammalian model organisms. populations of caribbean vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are genetically homogeneous and large enough to permit well-powered genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits relevant to human health, including expression quantitative trait loci (eqtl). previous transcriptome-wide investigation in an extended vervet pedigree identified 29 heritable transcripts ...	2012	22556363
comparison of fresh to fixed weights of the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) placenta and its relation to gestational age.	focus on the placenta as an agent of fetal development and offspring health outcomes is growing. primate research facilities or zoos may collect and fix placental tissue for long-term storage, but little is known about the effects of formalin fixation on the non-human primate placenta.	2012	22296111
spontaneous emergence, imitation and spread of alternative foraging techniques among groups of vervet monkeys.	animal social learning has become a subject of broad interest, but demonstrations of bodily imitation in animals remain rare. based on voelkl and huber's study of imitation by marmosets, we tested four groups of semi-captive vervet monkeys presented with food in modified film canisters ("aethipops'). one individual was trained to take the tops off canisters in each group and demonstrated five openings to them. in three groups these models used their mouth to remove the lid, but in one of the gro ...	2012	23071698
maternal and offspring dopamine d4 receptor genotypes interact to influence juvenile impulsivity in vervet monkeys.	the merging of psychological and genetic methodologies has led to an increasing appreciation of environmental moderators of the relationships between genotype and phenotype. here we used a nonhuman-primate model to study the moderating effect of the mother's genotype on the association of a dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) gene polymorphism with juvenile impulsivity, assessed in a standardized social-challenge test. the results showed that juvenile carriers of the rare 5-repeat variant of the exon ii ...	2012	22961771
evidence for ape and human specializations in geniculostriate projections from vglut2 immunohistochemistry.	vesicular glutamate transporters (vgluts) reuptake glutamate into synaptic vesicles at excitatory synapses. vglut2 is localized in the cortical terminals of neuronal somas located in the main sensory nuclei of the thalamus. thus, immunolabeling of cortex with antibodies to vglut2 can reveal geniculostriate terminal distributions in species in which connectivity cannot be studied with tract-tracing techniques, permitting broader comparative studies of cortical specializations. here, we used vglut ...	2012	22889767
myosin heavy chain isoform expression in the vastus lateralis muscle of aging african green vervet monkeys.	non-human primates (nhp) represent an emerging animal model for the study of physical function, and provide opportunities for exploration of relationships of muscle biomolecular changes with age. one such primate model, the african green vervet monkey, has been used extensively in biomedical research but little is known regarding skeletal muscle composition, expression of myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms, and changes with age. in the present study we examined the effects of age on vastus latera ...	2012	22617406
similarity in food cleaning techniques within matrilines in wild vervet monkeys.	social learning and the formation of traditions rely on the ability and willingness to copy one another. a central question is under which conditions individuals adapt behaviour to social influences. here, we demonstrate that similarities in food processing techniques emerge on the level of matrilines (mother-offspring) but not on the group level in an experiment on six groups of wild vervet monkeys that involved grapes covered with sand. monkeys regularly ate unclean grapes but also used four c ...	2012	22558201
developmental patterns of hair cortisol in male and female nonhuman primates: lower hair cortisol levels in vervet males emerge at puberty.	studies have yielded inconsistent results with regard to effects of age and sex on short-term markers of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa) activity. hair cortisol provides a retrospective proxy measure of the cumulative activity of the hpa axis over the preceding 3- to 4-month period. in order to describe potential developmental trends in this biomarker, we assessed hair cortisol levels between 1 and 12 years of age in a cross-sectional study of 350 vervets (222 females and 128 males). monkey ...	2012	22497987
paracetamol prevents hyperglycinemia in vervet monkeys treated with valproate.	valproate administration increases the level of the inhibitory transmitter, glycine, in the urine and plasma of patients and experimental animals. nonketotic hyperglycinemia (nkh), an autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism, causes increased glycine concentrations in blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (csf), most likely due to a defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme or possibly deficits in glycine transport across cell membranes. we investigated the relationship between the hypergl ...	2012	22350964
force-generation capacity of single vastus lateralis muscle fibers and physical function decline with age in african green vervet monkeys.	previous studies on the contractile properties of human myofibrils reported increase, decrease, or no change with aging, perhaps due to the differences in physical activity, diet, and other factors. this study examined physical performance and contractile characteristics of myofibrils of vastus lateralis (vl) muscle in young adult and old african green vervet monkeys. animals were offered the same diet and lived in the same enclosures during development, so we were able to examine skeletal muscl ...	2013	22923428
rod photoreceptors express gpr55 in the adult vervet monkey retina.	cannabinoids exert their actions mainly through two receptors, the cannabinoid cb1 receptor (cb1r) and cannabinoid cb2 receptor (cb2r). in recent years, the g-protein coupled receptor 55 (gpr55) was suggested as a cannabinoid receptor based on its activation by anandamide and tetrahydrocannabinol. yet, its formal classification is still a matter of debate. cb1r and cb2r expression patterns are well described for rodent and monkey retinas. in the monkey retina, cb1r has been localized in its neur ...	2013	24244730
significant genotype by diet (g × d) interaction effects on cardiometabolic responses to a pedigree-wide, dietary challenge in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).	nutrient composition of a diet (d) has been shown to interact with genetic predispositions (g) to affect various lipid phenotypes. our aim in this study was to confirm g × d interaction and determine whether the interaction extends to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as glycemic measures and body weight. subjects were vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; n = 309) from a multigenerational pedigreed colony initially fed with a plant-based diet, standard primate diet (18% calories f ...	2013	23315630
assessing the pulsatility of luteinizing hormone in female vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).	specific alterations in the pulsatility of luteinizing hormone (lh) are linked to obesity-related subfertility in ovulatory women. vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are an old world nonhuman primate that develops obesity and has a menstrual cycle similar to humans. we evaluated follicular-phase lh pulses in 12 adult normal-weight female vervets. serum was collected every 10 min for 4 h by using a tether device in conscious, freely moving monkeys on menstrual cycle days 2 through 5. s ...	2013	24210020
effects of a western-type diet on plasma lipids and other cardiometabolic risk factors in african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).	our goal was to assess a nonhuman primate diet that mimicked the western-type diet of humans with regard to palatability and the diet's effects on plasma lipid concentrations and other cardiometabolic risk factors. we evaluated male (n = 8) and female (n = 11) african green monkeys (vervets; chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) that initially were fed a standard diet. each cohort then was divided into 2 groups, which received either standard chow or the western diet. food consumption and fecal quality ...	2013	23849442
development of amyloid burden in african green monkeys.	the vervet is an old world monkey increasingly being used as a model for human diseases. in addition to plaques and tangles, an additional hallmark of alzheimer's disease is damage to neurons that synthesize noradrenaline (na). we characterized amyloid burden in the posterior temporal lobe of young and aged vervets, and compared that with changes in na levels and astrocyte activation. total amyloid beta (aβ)40 and aβ42 levels were increased in the aged group, as were numbers of amyloid plaques d ...	2013	23601810
the effects of alcohol on the nonhuman primate brain: a network science approach to neuroimaging.	animal studies have long been an important tool for basic research as they offer a degree of control often lacking in clinical studies. of particular value is the use of nonhuman primates (nhps) for neuroimaging studies. currently, studies have been published using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) to understand the default-mode network in the nhp brain. network science provides an alternative approach to neuroimaging allowing for evaluation of whole-brain connectivity. in this study, ...	2013	23905720
safety, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy studies of oral db868 in a first stage vervet monkey model of human african trypanosomiasis.	there are no oral drugs for human african trypanosomiasis (hat, sleeping sickness). a successful oral drug would have the potential to reduce or eliminate the need for patient hospitalization, thus reducing healthcare costs of hat. the development of oral medications is a key objective of the consortium for parasitic drug development (cpdd). in this study, we investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of a new orally administered cpdd diamidine prodrug, 2,5-bis[5-(n-methoxyamidino)- ...	2013	23755309
pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β deposition in the brains of humans, non-human primates, canines, and alzheimer disease-like transgenic mouse models.	amyloid-β (aβ) peptides, starting with pyroglutamate at the third residue (pyroglu-3 aβ), are a major species deposited in the brain of alzheimer disease (ad) patients. recent studies suggest that this isoform shows higher toxicity and amyloidogenecity when compared to full-length aβ peptides. here, we report the first comprehensive and comparative ihc evaluation of pyroglu-3 aβ deposition in humans and animal models. pyroglu-3 aβ immunoreactivity (ir) is abundant in plaques and cerebral amyloid ...	2013	23747948
müller cells express the cannabinoid cb2 receptor in the vervet monkey retina.	the presence of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (cb1r) has been largely documented in the rodent and primate retinae in recent years. there is, however, some controversy concerning the presence of the cb2 receptor (cb2r) within the central nervous system. only recently, cb2r has been found in the rodent retina, but its presence in the primate retina has not yet been demonstrated. the aim of this study was twofold: 1) to characterize the distribution patterns of cb2r in the monkey retina and comp ...	2013	23630038
potent social learning and conformity shape a wild primate's foraging decisions.	conformity to local behavioral norms reflects the pervading role of culture in human life. laboratory experiments have begun to suggest a role for conformity in animal social learning, but evidence from the wild remains circumstantial. here, we show experimentally that wild vervet monkeys will abandon personal foraging preferences in favor of group norms new to them. groups first learned to avoid the bitter-tasting alternative of two foods. presentations of these options untreated months later r ...	2013	23620053
social coordination: patience is a virtue for vervet monkeys.	free-ranging vervet monkeys can solve a complex, multi-player coordination problem, learning to remain outside a 'forbidden circle' imposed by one member of the troop, in the absence of any social learning, communication, or policing by more dominant animals.	2013	23618664
vervet monkeys solve a multiplayer "forbidden circle game" by queuing to learn restraint.	in social dilemmas, the ability of individuals to coordinate their actions is crucial to reach group optima. unless exacted by power or force, coordination in humans relies on a common understanding of the problem, which is greatly facilitated by communication. the lack of means of consultation about the nature of the problem and how to solve it may explain why multiagent coordination in nonhuman vertebrates has commonly been observed only when multiple individuals react instantaneously to a sin ...	2013	23541727
age-related degenerative functional, radiographic, and histological changes of the shoulder in nonhuman primates.	nonhuman primates have similar shoulder anatomy and physiology compared to humans, and may represent a previously underutilized model for shoulder research. this study sought to identify naturally occurring bony and muscular degeneration in the shoulder of nonhuman primates and to assess relationships between structural and functional aspects of the shoulder and measures of physical function of the animals. we hypothesized that age-related degenerative changes in the shoulders of nonhuman primat ...	2013	23352182
prenatal exposure to bisphenol a impacts midbrain dopamine neurons and hippocampal spine synapses in non-human primates.	prevalent use of bisphenol-a (bpa) in the manufacture of resins, plastics and paper products has led to frequent exposure of most people to this endocrine disruptor. some rodent studies have suggested that bpa can exert detrimental effects on brain development. however as rodent models cannot be relied on to predict consequences of human exposure to bpa during development, it is important to investigate the effects of bpa on non-human primate brain development. previous research suggests that bp ...	2013	23337607
il-6 is upregulated in late-stage disease in monkeys experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	the management of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is constrained by lack of simple-to-use diagnostic, staging, and treatment tools. the search for novel biomarkers is, therefore, essential in the fight against hat. the current study aimed at investigating the potential of il-6 as an adjunct parameter for hat stage determination in vervet monkey model. four adult vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) were experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and treated subcuratively at ...	2013	24194772
conservation challenge: human-herbivore conflict in chebera churchura national park, ethiopia.	an investigation on human-herbivore conflict was carried out in ccnp between 2011 and 2012 in seven randomly selected villages (chebera, serri, yora, shita, delba, chuchra, chewda) around the park. a total of 312 household samples were identified for interview. group discussion and field observation were also carried out. among the respondents, the majority (83.9%) faced crop damage. african elephant (loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibious), african buffalo (syncerus caffer), ...	2013	24506044
locomotor anatomy and behavior of patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) with comparison to vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops).	patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) living in african savanna woodlands and grassland habitats have a locomotor system that allows them to run fast, presumably to avoid predators. long fore- and hindlimbs, long foot bones, short toes, and a digitigrade foot posture were proposed as anatomical correlates with speed. in addition to skeletal proportions, soft tissue and whole body proportions are important components of the locomotor system. to further distinguish patas anatomy from other old world ...	2013	24187623
thoracic radiographic anatomy in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus).	the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) is used commonly in cardiorespiratory biomedical research. this study was performed to establish reference values for thoracic structures and to describe the normal radiographic appearance of the vervet monkey thorax.	2013	23848259
abdominal ultrasonography of the normal st. kitts vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus).	normal ultrasonography of non-reproductive abdominal and male reproductive anatomy in the vervet monkey were prospectively assessed. this has not been previously reported.	2013	23126241
barbados green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) recognize ancestral alarm calls after 350 years of isolation.	vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) produce alarm calls and anti-predator behaviors that are specific to a threatening predator's mode of attack. upon hearing a leopard alarm, the monkeys will run up trees where they are relatively safe. in contrast, eagle alarms prompt the monkeys to run under bushes and snake alarms stimulate bipedal standing. early researchers proposed that the meaning of each alarm call is conveyed by observational learning. if this true then absence of the predator tha ...	2013	24129028
discordance between spatial distributions of y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes in african green monkeys ( chlorocebus spp.): a result of introgressive hybridization or cryptic diversity?	introgressive hybridization may cause substantial discordances among phylogenies based on different genetic markers. such discordances have been found in diverse mammal species including primates. a recent study of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) revealed several poly- and paraphyletic relationships in african green monkeys (chlorocebus), suggesting contemporary and/or ancient introgressive hybridization among almost all parapatric species of the genus. however, mtdna analyses alone do not allow us to ...	2013	24098065
in vivo evaluation of antiviral compounds on respiratory syncytial virus using a juvenile vervet monkey (chlorocebus pygerythrus) infection model.	several animal models with varying susceptibilities to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection have been developed to study the specific aspects of rsv disease. many of these models are used for testing antiviral compounds or in vaccine efficacy studies during preclinical evaluation. in this chapter, we describe the study design of an efficacy study of an rsv inhibitor, performed in a juvenile vervet monkey model for rsv.	2013	23821283
variation in scrotal color among widely distributed vervet monkey populations (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus and chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).	vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) exhibit bright blue scrotal skin which may function to mediate social interactions by acting as a socio-sexual signal. previous research on scrotal coloration among vervet monkeys was limited to experimental work on captive ch. a. sabaeus, the least colorful vervet subspecies, and two field studies of the more colorful ch. a. pygerythrus. in a study of free-ranging and captive vervet monkeys in south africa (ch. pygerythrus), west africa (ch. a. sabaeus) and ...	2013	23606216